Results for 'Krahmer Emiel'
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- Computational Generation of Referring Expressions: A Survey.EmielKrahmer &Kees van Deemter -unknownThis article offers a survey of computational research on referring expressions generation (REG). It introduces the REG problem and describes early work in this area, discussing what basic assumptions lie behind it, and showing how its remit has widened in recent years. We discuss computational frameworks underlying REG, and demonstrate a recent trend that seeks to link up REG algorithms with well-established Knowledge Representation traditions. Considerable attention is given to recent efforts at evaluating REG algorithms and the lessons that they (...) allow us to learn. The article concludes with a discussion of the way forward in REG, focussing on references in larger and more realistic settings. (shrink)
- Is It That Difficult to Find a Good Preference Order for the Incremental Algorithm?EmielKrahmer,Ruud Koolen &Mariët Theune -2012 -Cognitive Science 36 (5):837-841.In a recent article published in this journal (van Deemter, Gatt, van der Sluis, & Power, 2012), the authors criticize the Incremental Algorithm (a well-known algorithm for the generation of referring expressions due to Dale & Reiter, 1995, also in this journal) because of its strong reliance on a pre-determined, domain-dependent Preference Order. The authors argue that there are potentially many different Preference Orders that could be considered, while often no evidence is available to determine which is a good one. (...) In this brief note, however, we suggest (based on a learning curve experiment) that finding a Preference Order for a new domain may not be so difficult after all, as long as one has access to a handful of human-produced descriptions collected in a semantically transparent way. We argue that this is due to the fact that it is both more important and less difficult to get a good ordering of the head than of the tail of a Preference Order. (shrink)
- A partial account of presupposition projection.David Beaver &EmielKrahmer -2001 -Journal of Logic, Language and Information 10 (2):147-182.In this paper it is shown how a partial semantics for presuppositions can be given which is empirically more satisfactory than its predecessors, and how this semantics can be integrated with a technically sound, compositional grammar in the Montagovian fashion. Additionally, it is argued that the classical objection to partial accounts of presupposition projection, namely that they lack “flexibility,” is based on a misconception. Partial logics can give rise to flexible predictions without postulating any ad hoc ambiguities. Finally, it is (...) shown how the partial foundation can be combined with a dynamic system of common-ground maintenance to account for accommodation. (shrink)
- The Effect of Scene Variation on the Redundant Use of Color in Definite Reference.Ruud Koolen,Martijn Goudbeek &EmielKrahmer -2013 -Cognitive Science 37 (2):395-411.This study investigates to what extent the amount of variation in a visual scene causes speakers to mention the attribute color in their definite target descriptions, focusing on scenes in which this attribute is not needed for identification of the target. The results of our three experiments show that speakers are more likely to redundantly include a color attribute when the scene variation is high as compared with when this variation is low (even if this leads to overspecified descriptions). We (...) argue that these findings are problematic for existing algorithms that aim to automatically generate psychologically realistic target descriptions, such as the Incremental Algorithm, as these algorithms make use of a fixed preference order per domain and do not take visual scene variation into account. (shrink)
- How Distractor Objects Trigger Referential Overspecification: Testing the Effects of Visual Clutter and Distractor Distance.Ruud Koolen,EmielKrahmer &Marc Swerts -2016 -Cognitive Science 40 (7):1617-1647.In two experiments, we investigate to what extent various visual saliency cues in realistic visual scenes cause speakers to overspecify their definite object descriptions with a redundant color attribute. The results of the first experiment demonstrate that speakers are more likely to redundantly mention color when visual clutter is present in a scene as compared to when this is not the case. In the second experiment, we found that distractor type and distractor color affect redundant color use: Speakers are most (...) likely to overspecify if there is at least one distractor object present that has the same type, but a different color than the target referent. Reliable effects of distractor distance were not found. Taken together, our results suggest that certain visual saliency cues guide speakers in determining which objects in a visual scene are relevant distractors, and which not. We argue that this is problematic for algorithms that aim to generate human-like descriptions of objects, since these generally select properties that help to distinguish a target from all objects that are present in a scene. (shrink)No categories
- Description theory, LTAGs and Underspecified Semantics.Reinhard Muskens &EmielKrahmer -1998 - In Anne Abeillé, Tilman Becker, Giorgio Satta & K. Vijay-Shanker,Fourth International Workshop on Tree Adjoining Grammars and Related Frameworks. Institute for Research in Cognitive Science. pp. 112-115.An attractive way to model the relation between an underspecified syntactic representation and its completions is to let the underspecified representation correspond to a logical description and the completions to the models of that description. This approach, which underlies the Description Theory of Marcus et al. 1983 has been integrated in Vijay-Shanker 1992 with a pure unification approach to Lexicalized Tree-Adjoining Grammars (Joshi et al. 1975, Schabes 1990). We generalize Description Theory by integrating semantic information, that is, we propose to (...) tackle both syntactic and semantic underspecification using descriptions. (shrink)
- How Cognitive Load Influences Speakers' Choice of Referring Expressions.Jorrig Vogels,EmielKrahmer &Alfons Maes -2015 -Cognitive Science 39 (6):1396-1418.We report on two experiments investigating the effect of an increased cognitive load for speakers on the choice of referring expressions. Speakers produced story continuations to addressees, in which they referred to characters that were either salient or non-salient in the discourse. In Experiment 1, referents that were salient for the speaker were non-salient for the addressee, and vice versa. In Experiment 2, all discourse information was shared between speaker and addressee. Cognitive load was manipulated by the presence or absence (...) of a secondary task for the speaker. The results show that speakers under load are more likely to produce pronouns, at least when referring to less salient referents. We take this finding as evidence that speakers under load have more difficulties taking discourse salience into account, resulting in the use of expressions that are more economical for themselves. (shrink)No categories
- Alignment in Interactive Reference Production: Content Planning, Modifier Ordering, and Referential Overspecification.Martijn Goudbeek &EmielKrahmer -2012 -Topics in Cognitive Science 4 (2):269-289.Psycholinguistic studies often look at the production of referring expressions in interactive settings, but so far few referring expression generation algorithms have been developed that are sensitive to earlier references in an interaction. Rather, such algorithms tend to rely on domain-dependent preferences for both content selection and linguistic realization. We present three experiments showing that humans may opt for dispreferred attributes and dispreferred modifier orderings when these were primed in a preceding interaction (without speakers being consciously aware of this). In (...) addition, we show that speakers are more likely to produce overspecified references, including dispreferred attributes (although minimal descriptions with preferred attributes would suffice), when these were similarly primed. (shrink)
- Communicative Gestures and Memory Load.Lisette Mol,EmielKrahmer,Alfons Maes &Marc Swerts -2009 - In N. A. Taatgen & H. van Rijn,Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.
- Editorial: Models of Reference.Kees van Deemter,EmielKrahmer,Albert Gatt &Roger P. G. van Gompel -2016 -Frontiers in Psychology 7.
- The effect of interaction topic and social ties on media choice and the role of four underlying mechanisms.Daniëlle N. M. Bleize,Emiel J.Krahmer,Alexander P. Schouten,Marjolijn L. Antheunis &Emmelyn A. J. Croes -2018 -Communications 43 (1):47-73.This study employed a scenario-based approach whereby participants were asked to choose which communication channel they prefer in certain situations. The first aim was to determine the effect of the topic of interactions and social ties on channel choice. The second aim was to examine the underlying mechanisms in the relation between interaction topic and social ties and channel choice. A questionnaire was administered among 238 participants, who were presented five communication scenarios with topics of low and high intimacy and (...) four social ties, ranging from weak to strong. Results revealed that preference for face-to-face communication was highest, followed by audio-only computer-mediated communication and text-based CMC. Preference for FtF communication was higher when people valued feeling co-present and decreased when people valued feeling anonymous. Our results showed that communication channel choice is strategic and the choice for FtF ommunication, audio-only and text-based CMC largely depends on controllability, anonymity and co-presence. (shrink)No categories
- Talking about Relations: Factors Influencing the Production of Relational Descriptions.Adriana Baltaretu,Emiel J.Krahmer,Carel van Wijk &Alfons Maes -2016 -Frontiers in Psychology 7.
- Children’s spontaneous emotional expressions while receiving wanted prizes in the presence of peers.Mandy Visser,EmielKrahmer &Marc Swerts -2015 -Frontiers in Psychology 6.
- Realistic About Reference Production: Testing the Effects of Domain Size and Saturation.Ruud Koolen &EmielKrahmer -2024 -Cognitive Science 48 (6):e13473.Experiments on visually grounded, definite reference production often manipulate simple visual scenes in the form of grids filled with objects, for example, to test how speakers are affected by the number of objects that are visible. Regarding the latter, it was found that speech onset times increase along with domain size, at least when speakers refer to nonsalient target objects that do not pop out of the visual domain. This finding suggests that even in the case of many distractors, speakers (...) perform object‐by‐object scans of the visual scene. The current study investigates whether this systematic processing strategy can be explained by the simplified nature of the scenes that were used, and if different strategies can be identified for photo‐realistic visual scenes. In doing so, we conducted a preregistered experiment that manipulated domain size and saturation; replicated the measures of speech onset times; and recorded eye movements to measure speakers’ viewing strategies more directly. Using controlled photo‐realistic scenes, we find (1) that speech onset times increase linearly as more distractors are present; (2) that larger domains elicit relatively fewer fixation switches back and forth between the target and its distractors, mainly before speech onset; and (3) that speakers fixate the target relatively less often in larger domains, mainly after speech onset. We conclude that careful object‐by‐object scans remain the dominant strategy in our photo‐realistic scenes, to a limited extent combined with low‐level saliency mechanisms. A relevant direction for future research would be to employ less controlled photo‐realistic stimuli that do allow for interpretation based on context. (shrink)
- Developmental Changes in Children’s Processing of Redundant Modifiers in Definite Object Descriptions.Ruud Koolen,EmielKrahmer &Marc Swerts -2016 -Frontiers in Psychology 7.
- Conceptualization in reference production: Probabilistic modeling and experimental testing.Roger P. G. van Gompel,Kees van Deemter,Albert Gatt,Rick Snoeren &Emiel J.Krahmer -2019 -Psychological Review 126 (3):345-373.No categories
- Toward a Computational Psycholinguistics of Reference Production.Kees van Deemter,Albert Gatt,Roger P. G. van Gompel &EmielKrahmer -2012 -Topics in Cognitive Science 4 (2):166-183.This article introduces the topic ‘‘Production of Referring Expressions: Bridging the Gap between Computational and Empirical Approaches to Reference’’ of the journal Topics in Cognitive Science. We argue that computational and psycholinguistic approaches to reference production can benefit from closer interaction, and that this is likely to result in the construction of algorithms that differ markedly from the ones currently known in the computational literature. We focus particularly on determinism, the feature of existing algorithms that is perhaps most clearly at (...) odds with psycholinguistic results, discussing how future algorithms might include non-determinism, and how new psycholinguistic experiments could inform the development of such algorithms. (shrink)
- Child-Robot Interactions for Second Language Tutoring to Preschool Children.Paul Vogt,Mirjam de Haas,Chiara de Jong,Peta Baxter &EmielKrahmer -2017 -Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 11.
- Color in Reference Production: The Role of Color Similarity and Color Codability.Jette Viethen,Thomas van Vessem,Martijn Goudbeek &EmielKrahmer -2017 -Cognitive Science 41 (S6):1493-1514.It has often been observed that color is a highly preferred attribute for use in distinguishing descriptions, that is, referring expressions produced with the purpose of identifying an object within a visual scene. However, most of these observations were based on visual displays containing only colors that were maximally different in hue and for which the language of experimentation possessed basic color terms. The experiments described in this paper investigate whether speakers’ preference for color is reduced if the color of (...) the target referent is similar to that of the distractors. Because colors that look similar are often also harder to distinguish linguistically, we also examine the impact of the codability of color values. As a third factor, we investigate the salience of available alternative attributes and its impact on the use of color. The results of our experiments show that, while speakers are indeed less likely to use color when the colors in a display are similar, this effect is mostly due to the difficulty in naming similar colors. Color use for color with a basic color term is affected only when the colors of target and distractors are very similar (yet still distinguishable). The salience of our alternative attribute size, manipulated by varying the difference in size between target and distractors, had no impact on the use of color. (shrink)
- Production and Comprehension of Pantomimes Used to Depict Objects.Karin van Nispen,W. Mieke E. van de Sandt-Koenderman &EmielKrahmer -2017 -Frontiers in Psychology 8.
- Imposing Cognitive Constraints on Reference Production: The Interplay Between Speech and Gesture During Grounding.Ingrid Masson-Carro,Martijn Goudbeek &EmielKrahmer -2016 -Topics in Cognitive Science 8 (4):819-836.Past research has sought to elucidate how speakers and addressees establish common ground in conversation, yet few studies have focused on how visual cues such as co-speech gestures contribute to this process. Likewise, the effect of cognitive constraints on multimodal grounding remains to be established. This study addresses the relationship between the verbal and gestural modalities during grounding in referential communication. We report data from a collaborative task where repeated references were elicited, and a time constraint was imposed to increase (...) cognitive load. Our results reveal no differential effects of repetition or cognitive load on the semantic-based gesture rate, suggesting that representational gestures and speech are closely coordinated during grounding. However, gestures and speech differed in their execution, especially under time pressure. We argue that speech and gesture are two complementary streams that might be planned in conjunction but that unfold independently in later stages of language production, with speakers emphasizing the form of their gestures, but not of their words, to better meet the goals of the collaborative task. (shrink)
- Color in Reference Production: The Role of Color Similarity and Color Codability.Jette Viethen,Thomas Vessem,Martijn Goudbeek &EmielKrahmer -2017 -Cognitive Science 41 (S6):1493-1514.It has often been observed that color is a highly preferred attribute for use in distinguishing descriptions, that is, referring expressions produced with the purpose of identifying an object within a visual scene. However, most of these observations were based on visual displays containing only colors that were maximally different in hue and for which the language of experimentation possessed basic color terms. The experiments described in this paper investigate whether speakers’ preference for color is reduced if the color of (...) the target referent is similar to that of the distractors. Because colors that look similar are often also harder to distinguish linguistically, we also examine the impact of the codability of color values. As a third factor, we investigate the salience of available alternative attributes and its impact on the use of color. The results of our experiments show that, while speakers are indeed less likely to use color when the colors in a display are similar, this effect is mostly due to the difficulty in naming similar colors. Color use for color with a basic color term is affected only when the colors of target and distractors are very similar. The salience of our alternative attribute size, manipulated by varying the difference in size between target and distractors, had no impact on the use of color. (shrink)No categories
- Reference Production as Search: The Impact of Domain Size on the Production of Distinguishing Descriptions.Gatt Albert,KrahmerEmiel,van Deemter Kees &P. G. van Gompel Roger -2017 -Cognitive Science 41 (S6):1459-1492.When producing a description of a target referent in a visual context, speakers need to choose a set of properties that distinguish it from its distractors. Computational models of language production/generation usually model this as a search process and predict that the time taken will increase both with the number of distractors in a scene and with the number of properties required to distinguish the target. These predictions are reminiscent of classic findings in visual search; however, unlike models of reference (...) production, visual search models also predict that search can become very efficient under certain conditions, something that reference production models do not consider. This paper investigates the predictions of these models empirically. In two experiments, we show that the time taken to plan a referring expression—as reflected by speech onset latencies—is influenced by distractor set size and by the number of properties required, but this crucially depends on the discriminability of the properties under consideration. We discuss the implications for current models of reference production and recent work on the role of salience in visual search. (shrink)
- Automatic imitation of pro- and antisocial gestures: Is implicit social behavior censored?Emiel Cracco,Oliver Genschow,Ina Radkova &Marcel Brass -2018 -Cognition 170 (C):179-189.No categories
- Reaction time indices of automatic imitation measure imitative response tendencies.Emiel Cracco &Marcel Brass -2019 -Consciousness and Cognition 68 (C):115-118.
- Remarks to the hittite dictionary from Chicago-CHD S/2.Susanne Heinhold-Krahmer -2008 -Journal of the American Oriental Society 128 (1):113-119.No categoriesExport citation
Bookmark - Wissen im Entwurf.Benjamin Meyer-Krahmer -2012 -NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin 20 (4):337-345.
- Motor simulation of multiple observed actions.Emiel Cracco &Marcel Brass -2018 -Cognition 180 (C):200-205.No categories
- Lettres de Charles de Coux à l'abbé de Haerne (1831-1832): l'école mennaisienne et la Belgique.Emiel Lamberts &Gaston Braive -1971 -Revue D’Histoire Ecclésiastique 66:887-928.No categories
- Die franzosische Nietzsche-Ausgabe und das Nietzsche-Archiv.C.Krahmer -1999 -Nietzsche Studien 28:270-301.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- ESG Integration and the Investment Management Process: Fundamental Investing Reinvented.Emiel van Duuren,Auke Plantinga &Bert Scholtens -2016 -Journal of Business Ethics 138 (3):525-533.We investigate how conventional asset managers account for environmental, social, and governance factors in their investment process. We do so on the basis of an international survey among fund managers. We find that many conventional managers integrate responsible investing in their investment process. Furthermore, we find that ESG information in particular is being used for red flagging and to manage risk. We find that many conventional fund managers have already adopted features of responsible investing in the investment process. Furthermore, we (...) argue and show that ESG investing is highly similar to fundamental investing. We also reveal that there is a substantial difference in the ways in which U.S. and European asset managers view ESG. (shrink)
- Anticipated imitation of multiple agents.Carl Michael Galang,Emiel Cracco &Marcel Brass -2024 -Cognition 249 (C):105831.
- Naming God today.Herman-Emiel Mertens &Lieven Boeve (eds.) -1994 - Leuven, Belgium: Uitgeverij Peeters.
- A direct test of the similarity assumption — Focusing on differences as compared with similarities decreases automatic imitation.Oliver Genschow,Emiel Cracco,Pieter Verbeke,Mareike Westfal &Jan Crusius -2021 -Cognition 215 (C):104824.
- ESG Integration and the Investment Management Process: Fundamental Investing Reinvented.Bert Scholtens,Auke Plantinga &Emiel Duuren -2016 -Journal of Business Ethics 138 (3):525-533.We investigate how conventional asset managers account for environmental, social, and governance factors in their investment process. We do so on the basis of an international survey among fund managers. We find that many conventional managers integrate responsible investing in their investment process. Furthermore, we find that ESG information in particular is being used for red flagging and to manage risk. We find that many conventional fund managers have already adopted features of responsible investing in the investment process. Furthermore, we (...) argue and show that ESG investing is highly similar to fundamental investing. We also reveal that there is a substantial difference in the ways in which U.S. and European asset managers view ESG. (shrink)
- Speculum divinorum et quorundam naturalium. Parts VI-VII : On the Unity of Intellect. On the Platonic Doctrine of the Ideas.Henricus Bate,Carlos Steel &Emiel Van de Vyver -1996 -Tijdschrift Voor Filosofie 58 (2):377-378.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Boekbesprekingen.P. C. Beentjes,Theo de Kruijf,Herman-Emiel Mertens,Th Bell,Paul van Geest,Johan Ardui,Martin Parmentier,Toon Brekelmans,A. H. C. van Eijk,Geert van Dartel,A. Meijers,Erik Sengers,Carlo Leget,Ben Vedder,H. J. Adriaanse,M. Parmentier &Joke Maex -2001 -Bijdragen 62 (3):342-365.No categories
- Probleme der Textdatierung in der Hethitologie. Beiträge zu umstrittenen Datierungskriterien für Texte des 15. bis 13. Jahrhunderts v. ChrProbleme der Textdatierung in der Hethitologie. Beitrage zu umstrittenen Datierungskriterien fur Texte des 15. bis 13. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. [REVIEW]H. Craig Melchert,S. Heinhold-Krahmer,I. Hoffmann,A. Kammenhuber &G. Mauer -1982 -Journal of the American Oriental Society 102 (1):176.No categories
- Exploring the Practice of Inclusion: Experiences and Lessons.Eefje De Gelder,Lotte Asveld &Emiel Wubben -2025 -Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 38 (2):1-7.
- Public views of the smart city: Towards the construction of a social problem.Liesbet van Zoonen,Els M. Leclercq &Emiel A. Rijshouwer -2022 -Big Data and Society 9 (1).Digitization and datafication of public space have a significant impact on how cities are developed, governed, perceived and used. As technological developments are based upon political decisions, which impact people’s everyday lives, and from which not everyone benefits or suffers equally, we argue that ‘the smart city’ should be part of continuous public debate; that it should be considered and treated as a social problem. Through nine focus groups, we invited respondents to explore and discuss instances and dilemmas of the (...) smart city. We investigated which interpretative repertoires they used to frame the smart city as a social and actionable problem. Following Blumer's and Gamson's theories on the social construction of problems and on collective action frames, we assessed respondents’ discursive interpretations and their subjective construction of their senses of injustice, agency and identity regarding this subject. We find that – in the context of the city of Rotterdam in The Netherlands – citizens do not experience and consider the smart city as a social and actionable problem. Although they do associate the technological development of smart cities with potential threats, this does not change or constrain their sense of ‘actionability’, nor their behaviour, as they consider themselves to be powerless individuals regarding what, in their eyes, is a complex, elusive and inevitable situation they are confronted with. Strikingly, rather than specifically and contextually reflecting on smart city issues, respondents tended to express their concerns in the more general context of digital and data technologies invading everyday life. (shrink)No categories
- The effectiveness of nurse‐led telemonitoring of asthma: results of a randomized controlled trial.Danille C. M. Willems,Manuela A. Joore,Johannes J. E. Hendriks,Fred H. M. Nieman,Johan L. Severens &Emiel F. M. Wouters -2008 -Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 14 (4):600-609.
- A Young Scientists’ Perspective on DBS: A Plea for an International DBS Organization.Rowan P. Sommers,Roy Dings,Koen I. Neijenhuijs,Hannah Andringa,Sebastian Arts,Daphne van de Bult,Laura Klockenbusch,Emiel Wanningen,Leon C. de Bruin &Pim F. G. Haselager -2015 -Neuroethics 8 (2):187-190.Our think tank tasked by the Dutch Health Council, consisting of Radboud University Nijmegen Honours Academy students with various backgrounds, investigated the implications of Deep Brain Stimulation for psychiatric patients. During this investigation, a number of methodological, ethical and societal difficulties were identified. We consider these difficulties to be a reflection of a still fragmented field of research that can be overcome with improved organization and communication. To this effect, we suggest that it would be useful to found a centralized (...) DBS organization. Such an organization makes it possible to 1) set up and maintain a repository, 2) facilitate DBS studies with a larger sample size, 3) improve communication amongst researchers, clinicians and ethical committees, and 4) improve communication between DBS experts and the public at large. (shrink)
- A Young Scientists’ Perspective on DBS: A Plea for an International DBS Organization.Pim Haselager,Leon Bruin,Emiel Wanningen,Laura Klockenbusch,Daphne Bult,Sebastian Arts,Hannah Andringa,Koen Neijenhuijs,Roy Dings &Rowan Sommers -2015 -Neuroethics 8 (2):187-190.Our think tank tasked by the Dutch Health Council, consisting of Radboud University Nijmegen Honours Academy students with various backgrounds, investigated the implications of Deep Brain Stimulation for psychiatric patients. During this investigation, a number of methodological, ethical and societal difficulties were identified. We consider these difficulties to be a reflection of a still fragmented field of research that can be overcome with improved organization and communication. To this effect, we suggest that it would be useful to found a centralized (...) DBS organization. Such an organization makes it possible to 1) set up and maintain a repository, 2) facilitate DBS studies with a larger sample size, 3) improve communication amongst researchers, clinicians and ethical committees, and 4) improve communication between DBS experts and the public at large. (shrink)
- Assessing the Incremental Algorithm: A Response toKrahmer et al.Kees van Deemter,Albert Gatt,Ielka van der Sluis &Richard Power -2012 -Cognitive Science 36 (5):842-845.This response discusses the experiment reported inKrahmer et al.’s Letter to the Editor of Cognitive Science. We observe that their results do not tell us whether the Incremental Algorithm is better or worse than its competitors, and we speculate about implications for reference in complex domains, and for learning from ‘‘normal” (i.e., non-semantically-balanced) corpora.
- The Visit of the Philosopher Rudolf Eucken (1846–1926) to Latvia – an Unfulfilled Mission.Andris Hiršs -2023 -Reliģiski-Filozofiski Raksti 1.Many famous philosophers visited Latvia during its first period of independence (1918–1940). In 1924, philosopher Oswald Arnold Gottfried Spengler (1880–1936) gave a speech in Riga about Western civilization. German philosopher Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) lectured in Riga in 1928. The same year, German psychologist and philosopher William Stern (1871–1938) conducted a series of lectures in Riga. Philosopher Rudolf Eucken (1846–1926) was one of the first influential philosophers to arrive in the newly founded country. The purpose of the article is to outline (...) why the philosopher came to Latvia, which thinkers he met in Riga and Liepāja, and what were the consequences of Eucken’s visit. Although Eucken was a well-known philosopher, he is now regarded as one of the forgotten thinkers. However, during the last two decades, when interest in German thinkers of the late 19th century has grown, significant steps have also been taken to recognize and research Eucken’s legacy. Dr. Frank Kuhlemann, a professor at the Technical University of Dresden, led the project to examine how Eucken’s philosophy influenced the German intellectual environment of the first half of the 20th century. The research resulted in several academic publications. At the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Eucken’s archive was researched. Published research and archival materials provide insight into some aspects of Latvian intellectual history. Several Baltic Germans from Latvia and some Latvians were Eucken’s students; for example, one of the first Latvian philosophers Pēteris Zālīte (1864–1939). He wrote to his former professor when the University of Latvia was founded to seek assistance in recruiting professors. He also invited the philosopher to come to Riga and give a guest lecture. It appears, though, that the philosopher’s trip to Latvia was primarily driven by concerns with cultural policy. The official ErichKrahmer-Möllenberg (1882–1942), who wanted to increase German influence in Latvia, persuaded the philosopher to travel to Riga. Eucken delivered lectures in Riga and visited the University of Latvia, libraries, and schools. The philosopher met not only with Baltic Germans but also with professors at the University of Latvia. While meeting with Latvian scientists, he expressed hope that in the future, Baltic Germans and Latvians will be able to cooperate in the field of science. In Liepāja, the philosopher met with representatives of Freemasonry. Following his visit, the Eucken League (Euckenbund) opened a section in Riga. Did the relationship between Germans, Baltic Germans, and Latvians grow stronger because of Eucken’s visit? As noticed by the ambassador of Germany to Latvia, Adolf Köster (1883–1930), Latvians perceived the events organized by the Germans in Latvia as meant for the Baltic Germans. These events did not promote unity – on the contrary, they promoted division. Eucken’s visit was no exception. (shrink)No categories
- On the Date of John of Gaza.Alan Cameron -1993 -Classical Quarterly 43 (01):348-.According to a marginal lemma in the only manuscript that carries the poem , the painting of the world described in a well-known ecphrasis by John of Gaza was situated in the winter baths of Gaza. According to the standard edition of John's poem by P. Friedlaender, these are the baths Choricius of Gaza refers to as in course of construction at Gaza in A.D. 535 or 536. If so, then both the painting and John's poem would have to be (...) later than this. And since the poem does not claim to have been written for the dedication of the baths, it might be considerably later. G.Krahmer even dated it to the seventh century, on the grounds that John misunderstood some details of the picture he was describing. (shrink)
- Some remarks on certain trivalent accounts of presupposition projection.Benjamin R. George -2014 -Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 24 (1-2):86-117.This paper discusses some formal properties of trivalent approaches to presupposition projection, and in particular of the middle Kleene system of Peters (1977) andKrahmer (1998). After exploring the relationship between trivalent truth-functional accounts and dynamic accounts in the tradition of Heim (1983), I show how the middle Kleene trivalent account can be formulated in a way which shows that it meets the explanatory challenge of Schlenker (2006, 2008a,b), and provide some results relating to the application of the middle (...) Kleene approach to generalised quantifiers. (shrink)
- The meaning of "darn it!".Luc Bovens &Wlodek Rabinowicz -2015 - In Iwao Hirose & Andrew Evan Reisner,Weighing and Reasoning: Themes From the Philosophy of John Broome. New York, NY: Oxford University Press UK. pp. 129-39.In decision-theory, the notion of regret enters into the minimax decision-rule and has a determinate usage in this context. However, there are many alternative ways of conceiving of regret. The chapter constructs the einmalist- nicht-keinmal ('once is not never') game, in which a single sampling radically changes the expected value of the game in a way that is quite counterintuitive, as the basis for studying regret after a loss following the choice of an uncertain action. Crucially, the very loss affects (...) the posterior expectation of the game and the posterior credence about the objective chances of a win. Our taxonomy of regret contains regret over the action chosen and regret over the outcome obtained as its main categories, and is mirrored by a taxonomy of joy after a win following the choice of an uncertain action, and is used to critique of Krähmer and Stone's analysis of risk aversion for uncertain actions. (shrink)
- The meaning of "darn it!".Luc Bovens &Wlodek Rabinowicz -2015 - In Iwao Hirose & Andrew Evan Reisner,Weighing and Reasoning: Themes From the Philosophy of John Broome. New York, NY: Oxford University Press UK. pp. 129-39.In decision-theory, the notion of regret enters into the minimax decision-rule and has a determinate usage in this context. However, there are many alternative ways of conceiving of regret. The chapter constructs the einmalist- nicht-keinmal ('once is not never') game, in which a single sampling radically changes the expected value of the game in a way that is quite counterintuitive, as the basis for studying regret after a loss following the choice of an uncertain action. Crucially, the very loss affects (...) the posterior expectation of the game and the posterior credence about the objective chances of a win. Our taxonomy of regret contains regret over the action chosen and regret over the outcome obtained as its main categories, and is mirrored by a taxonomy of joy after a win following the choice of an uncertain action, and is used to critique of Krähmer and Stone's analysis of risk aversion for uncertain actions. (shrink)
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David Bourget (Western Ontario)
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Area Editors:
David Bourget
Gwen Bradford
Berit Brogaard
Margaret Cameron
David Chalmers
James Chase
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Michelle Kosch
Øystein Linnebo
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Brandon Look
Manolo Martínez
Matthew McGrath
Michiru Nagatsu
Susana Nuccetelli
Giuseppe Primiero
Jack Alan Reynolds
Darrell P. Rowbottom
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Thomas Senor
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