Results for 'Kazuto Ishida'
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- Age-Related Declines in the Ability to Modulate Common Input to Bilateral and Unilateral Plantar Flexors During Forward Postural Lean.Tatsunori Watanabe,Kotaro Saito,KazutoIshida,Shigeo Tanabe &Ippei Nojima -2018 -Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 12.
- Ishida Baigan zenshū.BaiganIshida -1972Export citation
Bookmark - Sewall Wright and Gustave malécot on isolation by distance.YoichiIshida -2009 -Philosophy of Science 76 (5):784-796.Sewall Wright and Gustave Malécot developed important theories of isolation by distance. Wright’s theory was statistical and Malécot’s probabilistic. Because of this mathematical difference, they were not clear about the relationship between their theories. In this paper, I make two points to clarify this relationship. First, I argue that Wright’s theory concerns what I call ecological isolation by distance , whereas Malécot’s concerns what I call genetic isolation by distance . Second, I suggest that if Wright’s theory is interpreted appropriately, (...) a previously unnoticed connection between the two theories emerges. †To contact the author, please write to: YoichiIshida, Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh, 1017 Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, PA 15260; e‐mail:[email protected]. (shrink)
- Tohi mondō.Ishida Baigan -1917 - In Tetsuzō Tsukamoto, Kyūō Shibata, Shōō Fuse & Baigan Ishida,Shingaku dōwashū. Tōkyō: Yūhōdō.Export citation Bookmark
- Heuristics Facilitates the Evolution of Transitive Inference and Social Hierarchy in a Large Group.Kazuto Doi &Mayuko Nakamaru -2023 -Acta Biotheoretica 71 (2):1-24.Transitive inference (TI) refers to social cognition that facilitates the discernment of unknown relationships between individuals using known relationships. It is extensively reported that TI evolves in animals living in a large group because TI could assess relative rank without deducing all dyadic relationships, which averts costly fights. The relationships in a large group become so complex that social cognition may not be developed adequately to handle such complexity. If members apply TI to all possible members in the group, TI (...) requires extremely highly developed cognitive abilities especially in a large group. Instead of developing cognitive abilities significantly, animals may apply simplified TI we call reference TI in this study as heuristic approaches. The reference TI allows members to recognize and remember social interactions only among a set of reference members rather than all potential members. Our study assumes that information processes in the reference TI comprises (1) the number of reference members based on which individuals infer transitively, (2) the number of reference members shared by the same strategists, and (3) memory capacity. We examined how information processes evolve in a large group using evolutionary simulations in the hawk–dove game. Information processes with almost any numbers of reference members could evolve in a large group as long as the numbers of shared reference member are high because information from the others’ experiences is shared. TI dominates immediate inference, which assesses relative rank on direct interactions, because TI could establish social hierarchy more rapidly applying information from others’ experiences. (shrink)
- Vignette : A Memorable and Enjoyable 20 Years.Kazuto Kato -2025 - In Bartha Maria Knoppers, E. S. Dove, Vasiliki Rahimzadeh & Michael J. S. Beauvais,Promoting the "human" in law, policy, and medicine: essays in honour of Bartha Maria Knoppers. Boston: Brill/Nijhoff.Export citation Bookmark
- On a Heuristic Interpretation of Nonconsequentialism.Kazuto Kuki -2014 -Kagaku Tetsugaku 47 (2):69-85.No categories
- Benshōhō no hatten.Kazuto Matsumura -1953Export citation Bookmark
- Yuibutsuron to shutaiseiron.Kazuto Matsumura -1949No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Ningengaku to shite no tetsugaku.Kazuto Shinoda -1963No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Tetsugaku no rekishi.Kazuto Shinoda -unknownExport citation Bookmark
- Patterns, Models, and Predictions: Robert MacArthur’s Approach to Ecology.YoichiIshida -2007 -Philosophy of Science 74 (5):642-653.Robert MacArthur's mathematical ecology is often regarded as ahistorical and has been criticized by historically oriented ecologists and philosophers for ignoring the importance of history. I clarify and defend his approach, especially his use of simple mathematical models to explain patterns in data and to generate predictions that stimulate empirical research. First I argue that it is misleading to call his approach ahistorical because it is not against historical explanation. Next I distinguish three kinds of criticism of his approach and (...) argue that his approach is compatible with the first two of them. Finally, I argue that the third kind of criticism, advanced by Kim Sterelny and Paul Griffiths, is largely irrelevant to MacArthur's approach. ‡I am especially grateful to Thomas Nickles for encouragement and helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper. Thanks also to Guy Hoelzer, Stephen Jenkins, and Jay Odenbaugh for comments on an earlier draft, Kim Sterelny for clarifications of the Tasmania example, Gregory Mikkelson for references, and the audience at PSA 2006 for discussions. †To contact the author, please write to: Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Pittsburgh, 1017 Cathedral of Learning, Pittsburgh, PA 15260; e-mail:[email protected]. (shrink)
- Much Ado about One Sentence.HisatakaIshida -2008 -Proceedings of the Xxii World Congress of Philosophy 6:99-103.In the history of Indian Buddhism there existed scholars, who engaged in studying logic and epistemology, and this tradition still survives e.g. in Tibet. This field of study was traditionally called “the study of the logical reason” (hetuvidyā), and this school was named “die logische und erkenntnistheoretische Schule des Buddhismus” (the Buddhist logico-epistemological tradition) by Prof. Erich Frauwallner. These scholars actually developed full-blown theories of logic and epistemology and were actively involved in discussions with Buddhist as well as non-Buddhist philosophers. (...) Nowadays the research of this school forms one of the major fields in the Indian Philosophy and Buddhist studies. However, it is still controversial among the modern scholars, as was the case with the historicalteachers in India and Tibet, whether this study of logic or epistemology is of any relevance for the Buddhist striving for liberation (nirvāna). In this presentation I would like to focus on discussing the status of scriptural authority in this tradition, and especially the interpretations of one statement by Dignāga (ca. 400-480), who is regarded as founder of the Buddhist logico-epistemological tradition, will be re-examined. (shrink)
- Maruyama Masao to no taiwa.TakeshiIshida -2005 - Tōkyō: Misuzu Shobō.Export citation Bookmark
- Atarashii aikokushugi.Kazuto Matsumura -1952 - Tōkyō: Aoki Shoten.Export citation Bookmark
- Benshōhō to katoki no mondai.Kazuto Matsumura -1967Export citation Bookmark
- Gendai kannen ron hihan.Kazuto Matsumura (ed.) -1948Export citation Bookmark
- Marukusu-shugi tetsugaku jiten.Kazuto Matsumura,Yukihiro Watanabe &Isao Kanzaki (eds.) -1976Export citation Bookmark
- Itō Jinsai.IchirōIshida -1960Export citation Bookmark
- Nihon no shūkyō tetsugaku.YoshikazuIshida -1993 - Tōkyō: Sōbunsha.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Shoshi seisen.HiroshiIshida -1974 - Kasama Shoin.Export citation Bookmark
- Shūkyō to kagaku nihirizumu.YoshikazuIshida -1981No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Benshōhō to wa dō iu mono ka.Kazuto Matsumura -1950 - 25 i.: E..No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Henkaku no ronri.Kazuto Matsumura -1948Export citation Bookmark
- Hirose Tansō: Nihon'ichi no shijuku o tsukutta kyōiku no tatsujin.Kazuto Suehiro -2016 - Ōita-shi: Ōita-ken Kyōiku Iinkai.Export citation Bookmark
- L'espace et l'opinion publique au japon.Kazuto Suzuki -2002 -Hermes 34:93.
- Rusō o keishōsuru mono:Ishida Usaburō kyōiku ronshū.UsaburōIshida -1982 - Tōkyō: Sōshisha.Export citation Bookmark
- Nihon bushidōshi no taikeiteki kenkyū.BunshirōIshida -1944 - Tōkyō: Kyōbunsha.
- Nihon shisōshi jiten.IchirōIshida &Tadashi Ishige (eds.) -2013 - Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō Shuppan.歴史の中で生み出された時代や人々の思想を「事項編」で、個別思想家128人の人と思想を「人物編」で解説し、日本思想史の流れを、わかりやすく鳥瞰する。.
- Shintō shisōshū.IchirōIshida -1970 - Tōkyō: Chikuma Shobō. Edited by Tarō Okamoto.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Asami Keisai, Wakabayashi Kyōsai.KazuoIshida -1990 - Tōkyō: Meitoku Shuppansha. Edited by Hirotaka Ushio.Export citation Bookmark
- Nihon shisō shi gairon.IchirōIshida -1963 - Yoshikawa Kobunkan.
- Ethical and Social Issues for Health Care Providers in the Intensive Care Unit during the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan: a Questionnaire Survey.Kazuto Kato,Atsushi Kogetsu,Yayoi Aizawa &Yusuke Seino -2021 -Asian Bioethics Review 14 (2):115-131.This questionnaire-based observational study was conducted in July 2020 with the aim of understanding the ethical and social issues faced by health care providers (HCPs) registered with the Japanese Society of Intensive Care Medicine in intensive care units (ICUs) during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. There were 200 questionnaire respondents, and we analyzed the responses of 189 members who had been involved in COVID-19 treatment in ICUs. The ethical and social issues that HCPs recognized during the pandemic were difficulties in (...) the decision-making process with patients’ families, limitations of life-sustaining treatment, lack of palliative care, and inadequate mental support for patients’ families and HCPs. Regarding decision-making on issues of clinical ethics during the pandemic, more than half of the respondents thought they had failed to provide sufficient palliative care to patients and responded that they experienced moral distress. The free-text responses on moral distress revealed issues such as unusual treatment and care, restricted visits, challenging situations for HCPs, and psychological burden. Additionally, 38.1% of respondents experienced episodes of social prejudice or discrimination and 4.7% experienced a shortage of medical resources. Our study result shows that the moral distress of HCPs was caused by difficulties in patient-centered decision-making and insufficient medical care to patients and their families. These were caused mainly by a lack of communication due to the stronger implementation of infection control measures. We believe that it is important to address ethical and social issues during a pandemic in order to provide appropriate medical care and prevent burnout among HCPs. (shrink)
- Ethical considerations of research policy for personal genome analysis: the approach of the Genome Science Project in Japan.Kazuto Kato,Tetsuya Shirai &Jusaku Minari -2014 -Life Sciences, Society and Policy 10 (1):1-11.As evidenced by high-throughput sequencers, genomic technologies have recently undergone radical advances. These technologies enable comprehensive sequencing of personal genomes considerably more efficiently and less expensively than heretofore. These developments present a challenge to the conventional framework of biomedical ethics; under these changing circumstances, each research project has to develop a pragmatic research policy. Based on the experience with a new large-scale project—the Genome Science Project—this article presents a novel approach to conducting a specific policy for personal genome research in (...) the Japanese context. In creating an original informed-consent form template for the project, we present a two-tiered process: making the draft of the template following an analysis of national and international policies; refining the draft template in conjunction with genome project researchers for practical application. Through practical use of the template, we have gained valuable experience in addressing challenges in the ethical review process, such as the importance of sharing details of the latest developments in genomics with members of research ethics committees. We discuss certain limitations of the conventional concept of informed consent and its governance system and suggest the potential of an alternative process using information technology. (shrink)
- Shingyō no ronri.YoshikazuIshida -1970Export citation Bookmark
- Tohi mondō.BaiganIshida -1968 - Edited by Adachi, Ritsuen & [From Old Catalog].Export citation Bookmark
- How do Scores of DIT and MJT Differ? A Critical Assessment of the Use of Alternative Moral Development Scales in Studies of Business Ethics.ChiharuIshida -2006 -Journal of Business Ethics 67 (1):63-74.The construct of Cognitive Moral Development (CMD) has drawn much attention in the study of business ethics for over two decades. The Defining Issues Test (DIT) has made a significant contribution to the literature as an easy-to-administer CMD instrument, and the Moral Judgment Test (MJT), an alternative scale, has also been used widely especially in Europe. The two scales differ in their approaches to measuring CMD, focusing on stage preference (DIT) and stage consistency (MJT), yet empirical comparisons have been scarce. (...) The present research empirically compares the two scales in terms of their correspondence with ethical ideology as a reference scale, and it demonstrates a clear distinction between the DIT and the MJT. Although they both aim to measure CMD, their dissimilar approaches lead to distinctly different implications. (shrink)
- Fujiwara Seika, Hayashi Razan.Seika Fujiwara,Razan Hayashi,IchirōIshida &Osamu Kanaya (eds.) -1975Export citation Bookmark
- Recent Ostracoda from Urauchi Bay, Kamikoshiki-jima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, southwestern Japan.Toshiaki Irizuki,Hiroyuki Takata &KatsuraIshida -2006 -Laguna 13:13-28.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Esoteric Buddhist Painting.Michael Saso,Ishida Hisatoyo &E. Dale Saunders -1990 -Buddhist-Christian Studies 10:302.No categories
- Towards Coordination of Multiple Machine Translation Services.Rie Tanaka,ToruIshida &Yohei Murakami -2009 - In Hiromitsu Hattori, Takahiro Kawamura, Tsuyoshi Ide, Makoto Yokoo & Yohei Murakami,New Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence: JSAI 2008 Conference and Workshops, Asahikawa, Japan, June 11-13, 2008, Revised Selected Papers. Springer. pp. 73--86.
- Multi-species Population Ethics with Critical Levels.Susumu Cato &ShuIshida -forthcoming -Erkenntnis:1-20.This paper explores the notion of species-relative critical levels, which is a crucial ethical issue in multi-species population ethics. First, the formal conditions are provided under which there are species-relative critical levels (e.g., the critical level for human beings is different from that for non-human beings). In particular, we find it a salient question of animal ethics whether the existence of a human being is morally better than that of a non-human animal when their utility levels are the same. Subsequently, (...) we illustrate two general classes of multi-species critical-level utilitarian orderings. One class employs species-relative critical levels, which entails either the animal repugnant conclusion or the animal sadistic conclusion. The other employs species-relative critical levels plus species-lexical ordering. Although it can avoid both the animal repugnant conclusion and the animal sadistic conclusions, it has the problem of speciesism. (shrink)No categories
- What Makes Discrimination Morally Wrong? A Harm‐Based View Reconsidered.ShuIshida -2021 -Theoria 87 (2):483-499.What is the morally significant feature of discrimination? All of the following seem plausible – (i) discrimination is a kind of wrongdoing and it wrongs discriminatees, which is a matter of intrapersonal morality; (ii) in view of cases of indirect discrimination, significant normative features of discrimination are best captured in a discriminatee‐focused, or harm‐based, way; and (iii) discrimination, as an act‐type, necessarily involves interpersonal comparison. The first task of this article is to address which of intra‐ or interpersonal comparison is (...) relevant to philosophical questions concerning discrimination. I submit that each of them has a place in the theory of discrimination; while interpersonal comparison is relevant in determining whether a differentiating act counts as discrimination, intrapersonal comparison is relevant in assessing whether it is morally wrong. The second task is to develop further a harm‐based answer to the latter question. My final proposal is as follows: discrimination is pro tanto morally wrong to the extent that it makes the discriminatees worse off than they would be were it not for the discrimination at issue, where one's well‐being is understood in terms of what one endorses in one's optimum form. (shrink)No categories
- Some people are “More Lexical” than others.MakoIshida,Arthur G. Samuel &Takayuki Arai -2016 -Cognition 151 (C):68-75.
- Transnational Health and Self-care Experiences of Japanese Women who have taken Oral Contraceptives in South Korea, including Over-the-counter Access: Insights from Semi-structured Interviews.Seongeun Kang &Kazuto Kato -2024 -Asian Bioethics Review 16 (4):711-737.In an increasingly globalized world, the accessibility of healthcare and medication has expanded beyond local healthcare systems and national borders. This study aims to investigate the transnational health and self-care experiences of 11 Japanese women who have resided in South Korea for a minimum of six months and have utilized oral contraceptives, including those that were acquired over-the-counter (OTC). Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and analyzed by utilizing the NVivo software. The analysis yielded three significant thematic categories, namely (1) (...) experiences and perceptions of obtaining and utilizing contraceptive pills, including OTC access; (2) individual and social perceptions of pills and their accessibility in Japan, insights from actual users; and (3) enhancing pill accessibility, transnational health and self-care experiences and perspectives. Participants acknowledged that oral contraceptives are a global product and experienced communication challenges with healthcare providers as a result of differing understandings of these medications. Additionally, this study identified transnational strategies, such as purchasing an adequate supply of pills just before departure and seeking pills from local families or acquaintances. This study not only highlights the implications of clinical care for transnational patients but also underscores their critical global perspectives on access to oral contraceptives. Furthermore, it proposes two models for improving accessibility within the Japanese healthcare system, even in prescription-only contexts, by introducing OTC options. (shrink)No categories
- Infection control, subjective estimates, and the ethics of testing during the COVID‐19 pandemic.Susumu Cato &ShuIshida -2023 -Bioethics 37 (9):897-903.On March 16, 2020, the Director-General of the World Health Organization said: “We have a simple message to all countries—test, test, test.” This seems like sound advice, but what if limiting the number of tests has a positive effect on infection control? Although this may rarely be the case, the possibility raises an important ethical question that is closely related to a central tension between deontological and consequentialist approaches to ethics. In this paper, we first argue that early during the (...) COVID-19 pandemic, Japan offers an interesting case because it experienced few deaths due to COVID while the number of tests was limited, suggesting that there may be cases in which low testing contributes to infection control indeed. After that, we examine deontological constraints on such a “low-testing” policy, focusing on issues related to a supposed “right to know,” which is a central issue in medical ethics in general. (shrink)
- Sewall Wright, shifting balance theory, and the hardening of the modern synthesis.YoichiIshida -2017 -Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 61:1-10.No categories
- Studies in the Period of David and Solomon and Other Essays.G. W. Ahlström,TomooIshida &G. W. Ahlstrom -1986 -Journal of the American Oriental Society 106 (3):573.No categories
- The Royal Dynasties in Ancient Israel. A Study on the Formation and Development of Royal-Dynastic Ideology.G. W. Ahlström,TomooIshida &G. W. Ahlstrom -1980 -Journal of the American Oriental Society 100 (1):70.No categories
- What should scientists do outside the laboratory? lessons on science communication from the Japanese genome research project.Machiko Itoh &Kazuto Kato -2005 -Genomics, Society and Policy 1 (2):1-14.It is essential for scientists to introduce their research in a comprehensible manner and to communicate with colleagues in the same/different fields and with the public. As genome research requires the massive expenditure of public funds, and raises ethical, legal, and social issues, genome scientists have communicated extensively with the public. In addition, they have established interdisciplinary collaborations that resulted in the creation of a new research field known as bioinformatics.We examined the history of communication activities involving Japanese genome scientists (...) between 1989 and 2005 using extensive literature surveys and interviews. We found that genome researchers went through much trial and error, particularly with respect to collaborative interdisciplinary efforts, and although they early on recognized the necessity of communicating with colleagues in different fields, it was not until the introduction of a large governmental research budget, the Millennium Project (2000 - 2004), that individual researchers began to be actively engaged in communication activities. In conclusion, to facilitate the participation of scientists in communication activities, researchers who are acquainted with different research fields, community, and society should proactively function as coordinators of interdisciplinary programs or mediators of collaborative research. It is also of primal importance to present to scientists the advantage of dialogue with society scientifically and to design effective communication programs that provide researchers with such opportunities. (shrink)
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David Bourget (Western Ontario)
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Area Editors:
David Bourget
Gwen Bradford
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David Chalmers
James Chase
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Monte Johnson
Michelle Kosch
Øystein Linnebo
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Brandon Look
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Matthew McGrath
Michiru Nagatsu
Susana Nuccetelli
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Jack Alan Reynolds
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