Results for 'Karin Wåhlén'
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- Plasma Protein Pattern Correlates With Pain Intensity and Psychological Distress in Women With Chronic Widespread Pain.KarinWåhlén,Bijar Ghafouri,Nazdar Ghafouri &Björn Gerdle -2018 -Frontiers in Psychology 9.
- Calvin und die Freiheit.Karin Scheiber -2010 -Neue Zeitschrift für Systematicsche Theologie Und Religionsphilosophie 52 (2):193-207.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGNach Möglichkeit vermeidet es Calvin, dem Menschen Willensfreiheit zuzuschreiben; wo er dennoch von Willensfreiheit spricht, ist die Bedeutung schillernd. Diese Untersuchung zeigt auf, dass sich dahinter nicht ungelöste Widersprüche verbergen, sondern zum einen eine nach »Heilsständen« differenzierte Wahrnehmung dessen, wie es um die Willensfreiheit des Menschen bestellt ist, und zum anderen der Konflikt zwischen einem von Calvin positiv besetzten Verständnis von Willensfreiheit als der Möglichkeit, aus den rechten Gründen das Gute zu wählen und seiner berechtigten Befürchtung, dass gemeinhin unter Willensfreiheit (...) etwas anderes verstanden wird, nämlich die Fähigkeit, eigenmächtig zwischen Gut und Böse zu wählen.SUMMARYCalvin prefers not to use the term »free will«. He suspects that most people understand free will as the ability to choose independently between good and bad. In his view this is neither something people have nor something they ought to aim for. Free will as Calvin is apt to credit the believers with consists in choosing the good for the right reasons. (shrink)No categories
- Waking and dreaming: Related but structurally independent. Dream reports of congenitally paraplegic and deaf-mute persons.Ursula Voss,Inka Tuin,Karin Schermelleh-Engel &Allan Hobson -2011 -Consciousness and Cognition 20 (3):673-687.Models of dream analysis either assume a continuum of waking and dreaming or the existence of two dissociated realities. Both approaches rely on different methodology. Whereas continuity models are based on content analysis, discontinuity models use a structural approach. In our study, we applied both methods to test specific hypotheses about continuity or discontinuity. We contrasted dream reports of congenitally deaf-mute and congenitally paraplegic individuals with those of non-handicapped controls. Continuity theory would predict that either the deficit itself or compensatory (...) experiences would surface in the dream narrative. We found that dream form and content of sensorially limited persons was indifferent from those of non-handicapped controls. Surprisingly, perceptual representations, even of modalities not experienced during waking, were quite common in the dream reports of our handicapped subjects. Results are discussed with respect to feedforward mechanisms and protoconsciousness theory of dreaming. (shrink)
- Perception of Face and Body Expressions Using Electromyography, Pupillometry and Gaze Measures.Mariska E. Kret,Jeroen J. Stekelenburg,Karin Roelofs &Beatrice de Gelder -2013 -Frontiers in Psychology 4.
- Perceptions of Conscience in Relation To Stress of Conscience.Christina Juthberg,Sture Eriksson,Astrid Norberg &Karin Sundin -2007 -Nursing Ethics 14 (3):329-343.Every day situations arising in health care contain ethical issues influencing care providers' conscience. How and to what extent conscience is influenced may differ according to how conscience is perceived. This study aimed to explore the relationship between perceptions of conscience and stress of conscience among care providers working in municipal housing for elderly people. A total of 166 care providers were approached, of which 146 (50 registered nurses and 96 nurses' aides/enrolled nurses) completed a questionnaire containing the Perceptions of (...) Conscience Questionnaire and the Stress of Conscience Questionnaire. A multivariate canonical correlation analysis was conducted. The first two functions emerging from the analysis themselves explained a noteworthy amount of the shared variance (25.6% and 17.8%). These two dimensions of the relationship were interpreted either as having to deaden one's conscience relating to external demands in order to be able to collaborate with coworkers, or as having to deaden one's conscience relating to internal demands in order to uphold one's identity as a `good' health care professional. (shrink)
- A Personalized Patient Preference Predictor for Substituted Judgments in Healthcare: Technically Feasible and Ethically Desirable.Brian D. Earp,Sebastian Porsdam Mann,Jemima Allen,Sabine Salloch,Vynn Suren,Karin Jongsma,Matthias Braun,Dominic Wilkinson,Walter Sinnott-Armstrong,Annette Rid,David Wendler &Julian Savulescu -2024 -American Journal of Bioethics 24 (7):13-26.When making substituted judgments for incapacitated patients, surrogates often struggle to guess what the patient would want if they had capacity. Surrogates may also agonize over having the (sole) responsibility of making such a determination. To address such concerns, a Patient Preference Predictor (PPP) has been proposed that would use an algorithm to infer the treatment preferences of individual patients from population-level data about the known preferences of people with similar demographic characteristics. However, critics have suggested that even if such (...) a PPP were more accurate, on average, than human surrogates in identifying patient preferences, the proposed algorithm would nevertheless fail to respect the patient’s (former) autonomy since it draws on the ‘wrong’ kind of data: namely, data that are not specific to the individual patient and which therefore may not reflect their actual values, or their reasons for having the preferences they do. Taking such criticisms on board, we here propose a new approach: the Personalized Patient Preference Predictor (P4). The P4 is based on recent advances in machine learning, which allow technologies including large language models to be more cheaply and efficiently ‘fine-tuned’ on person-specific data. The P4, unlike the PPP, would be able to infer an individual patient’s preferences from material (e.g., prior treatment decisions) that is in fact specific to them. Thus, we argue, in addition to being potentially more accurate at the individual level than the previously proposed PPP, the predictions of a P4 would also more directly reflect each patient’s own reasons and values. In this article, we review recent discoveries in artificial intelligence research that suggest a P4 is technically feasible, and argue that, if it is developed and appropriately deployed, it should assuage some of the main autonomy-based concerns of critics of the original PPP. We then consider various objections to our proposal and offer some tentative replies. (shrink)
- Social Epistemic Liberalism and the Problem of Deep Epistemic Disagreements.Klemens Kappel &Karin Jønch-Clausen -2015 -Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 18 (2):371-384.Recently Robert B. Talisse has put forth a socio-epistemic justification of liberal democracy that he believes qualifies as a public justification in that it purportedly can be endorsed by all reasonable individuals. In avoiding narrow restraints on reasonableness, Talisse argues that he has in fact proposed a justification that crosses the boundaries of a wide range of religious, philosophical and moral worldviews and in this way the justification is sufficiently pluralistic to overcome the challenges of reasonable pluralism familiar from Rawls. (...) The fascinating argument that Talisse furthers is that when cognitively functional individuals reflect on some of their most basic epistemic commitments they will come to see that, in virtue of these commitments, they are also committed to endorsing key liberal democratic institutions. We argue that the socio-epistemic justification can be reasonably rejected on its own terms and thus fails as a public justification approach. This point is made by illustrating the significance of deep epistemic disagreements in liberal democracies. (shrink)
- Long-Term Trajectories of Human Civilization.Seth D. Baum,Stuart Armstrong,Timoteus Ekenstedt,Olle Häggström,Robin Hanson,Karin Kuhlemann,Matthijs M. Maas,James D. Miller,Markus Salmela,Anders Sandberg,Kaj Sotala,Phil Torres,Alexey Turchin &Roman V. Yampolskiy -2019 -Foresight 21 (1):53-83.Purpose This paper aims to formalize long-term trajectories of human civilization as a scientific and ethical field of study. The long-term trajectory of human civilization can be defined as the path that human civilization takes during the entire future time period in which human civilization could continue to exist. -/- Design/methodology/approach This paper focuses on four types of trajectories: status quo trajectories, in which human civilization persists in a state broadly similar to its current state into the distant future; catastrophe (...) trajectories, in which one or more events cause significant harm to human civilization; technological transformation trajectories, in which radical technological breakthroughs put human civilization on a fundamentally different course; and astronomical trajectories, in which human civilization expands beyond its home planet and into the accessible portions of the cosmos. -/- Findings Status quo trajectories appear unlikely to persist into the distant future, especially in light of long-term astronomical processes. Several catastrophe, technological transformation and astronomical trajectories appear possible. -/- Originality/value Some current actions may be able to affect the long-term trajectory. Whether these actions should be pursued depends on a mix of empirical and ethical factors. For some ethical frameworks, these actions may be especially important to pursue. (shrink)
- Managing Ethical Difficulties in Healthcare: Communicating in Inter-professional Clinical Ethics Support Sessions.Catarina Fischer Grönlund,Vera Dahlqvist,Karin Zingmark,Mikael Sandlund &Anna Söderberg -2016 -HEC Forum 28 (4):321-338.Several studies show that healthcare professionals need to communicate inter-professionally in order to manage ethical difficulties. A model of clinical ethics support inspired by Habermas’ theory of discourse ethics has been developed by our research group. In this version of CES sessions healthcare professionals meet inter-professionally to communicate and reflect on ethical difficulties in a cooperative manner with the aim of reaching communicative agreement or reflective consensus. In order to understand the course of action during CES, the aim of this (...) study was to describe the communication of value conflicts during a series of inter-professional CES sessions. Ten audio- and video-recorded CES sessions were conducted over eight months and were analyzed by using the video analysis tool Transana and qualitative content analysis. The results showed that during the CES sessions the professionals as a group moved through the following five phases: a value conflict expressed as feelings of frustration, sharing disempowerment and helplessness, the revelation of the value conflict, enhancing realistic expectations, seeing opportunities to change the situation instead of obstacles. In the course of CES, the professionals moved from an individual interpretation of the situation to a common, new understanding and then to a change in approach. An open and permissive communication climate meant that the professionals dared to expose themselves, share their feelings, face their own emotions, and eventually arrive at a mutual shared reality. The value conflict was not only revealed but also resolved. (shrink)
- Resource allocation and rationing in nursing care: A discussion paper.P. Anne Scott,Clare Harvey,Heike Felzmann,Riitta Suhonen,Monika Habermann,Kristin Halvorsen,Karin Christiansen,Luisa Toffoli &Evridiki Papastavrou -2019 -Nursing Ethics 26 (5):1528-1539.Driven by interests in workforce planning and patient safety, a growing body of literature has begun to identify the reality and the prevalence of missed nursing care, also specified as care left undone, rationed care or unfinished care. Empirical studies and conceptual considerations have focused on structural issues such as staffing, as well as on outcome issues – missed care/unfinished care. Philosophical and ethical aspects of unfinished care are largely unexplored. Thus, while internationally studies highlight instances of covert rationing/missed care/care (...) left undone – suggesting that nurses, in certain contexts, are actively engaged in rationing care – in terms of the nursing and nursing ethics literature, there appears to be a dearth of explicit decision-making frameworks within which to consider rationing of nursing care. In reality, the assumption of policy makers and health service managers is that nurses will continue to provide full care – despite reducing staffing levels and increased patient turnover, dependency and complexity of care. Often, it would appear that rationing/missed care/nursing care left undone is a direct response to overwhelming demands on the nursing resource in specific contexts. A discussion of resource allocation and rationing in nursing therefore seems timely. The aim of this discussion paper is to consider the ethical dimension of issues of resource allocation and rationing as they relate to nursing care and the distribution of the nursing resource. (shrink)
- Gender Diversity in the Boardroom and Firm Performance: What Exactly Constitutes a “Critical Mass?”.Jasmin Joecks,Kerstin Pull &Karin Vetter -2013 -Journal of Business Ethics 118 (1):61-72.The under-representation of women on boards is a heavily discussed topic—not only in Germany. Based on critical mass theory and with the help of a hand-collected panel dataset of 151 listed German firms for the years 2000–2005, we explore whether the link between gender diversity and firm performance follows a U-shape. Controlling for reversed causality, we find evidence for gender diversity to at first negatively affect firm performance and—only after a “critical mass” of about 30 % women has been reached—to (...) be associated with higher firm performance than completely male boards. Given our sample firms, the critical mass of 30 % women translates into an absolute number of about three women on the board and hence supports recent studies on a corresponding “magic number” of women in the boardroom. (shrink)
- Discrepancies Between Explicit Feelings of Power and Implicit Power Motives Are Related to Anxiety in Women With Anorexia Nervosa.Felicitas Weineck,Dana Schultchen,Freya Dunker,Gernot Hauke,Karin Lachenmeir,Andreas Schnebel,Matislava Karačić,Adrian Meule,Ulrich Voderholzer &Olga Pollatos -2021 -Frontiers in Psychology 11.BackgroundSeveral studies identified low subjective feelings of power in women with anorexia nervosa. However, little is known about implicit power motives and the discrepancy between explicit feelings of power and implicit power motives in AN.AimThe study investigated the discrepancy between explicit feelings of power and implicit power motives and its relationship to anxiety in patients with AN.MethodFifty-three outpatients and inpatients with AN and 48 participants without AN were compared regarding subjective feelings of power and anxiety. Explicit power [investigated with the (...) Personal Sense of Power Scale and a visual analog scale ], implicit power motives [investigated with the Multi-Motive Grid ] and trait anxiety [measured with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ], were assessed.ResultsExplicit feelings of power were lower in patients with AN compared to non-AN participants. No differences in implicit power motives were found when comparing the groups against each other. However, looking at the groups separately, women with AN had similar levels of implicit fear of losing power and hope for power, whereas woman without AN had significantly lower fear of losing power than hope for power. Focusing on discrepancies between powerful feelings and power motives, results were mixed, depending on the subscale of the MMG. Lastly, discrepancies between implicit power motives and explicit feelings of power were positively correlated with trait anxiety in AN patients.ConclusionThese findings underline that individuals with AN display significantly lower explicit feelings of power, however, they show similar implicit power motives compared to individuals without AN. The discrepancy between explicit feelings of power and implicit power motives is related to anxiety in AN and may represent a vulnerability factor to illness maintenance. (shrink)
- Explaining brain size variation: from social to cultural brain.Carel P. van Schaik,Karin Isler &Judith M. Burkart -2012 -Trends in Cognitive Sciences 16 (5):277-284.
- Responsible Research with Human Tissues: The Need for Reciprocity Toward Both Collectives and Individuals.Annelien L. Bredenoord,Johannes J. M. van Delden,Sarah N. Boers,Karin R. Jongsma &Michael A. Lensink -2021 -American Journal of Bioethics 21 (4):75-78.Precision medicine research involving human biological material is becoming an increasingly central component of healthcare, and its potential is quickly growing due to rapid technological progress...No categories
- The ethics of ethics conferences: Is Qatar a desirable location for a bioethics conference?Rieke van der Graaf,Karin Jongsma,Suzanne van de Vathorst,Martine de Vries &Ineke Bolt -2023 -Bioethics 37 (4):319-322.The next World Congress of Bioethics will be held in Doha, Qatar. Although this location provides opportunities to interact with a more culturally diverse audience, to advance dialogue between cultures and religions, offer opportunities for mutual learning, there are also huge moral concerns. Qatar is known for violations of human rights ‐ including the treatment of migrant workers and the rights of women ‐ corruption, criminalization of LGBTQI+ persons, and climate impact. Since these concerns are also key (bio)ethical concern we (...) call for a broad debate within the bioethics community whether organizing and attending the World Congress in Qatar is ethically problematic and how ethical concerns should be dealt with. (shrink)
- Attractiveness Ratings for Musicians and Non-musicians: An Evolutionary-Psychology Perspective.Stephan Bongard,Ilka Schulz,Karin U. Studenroth &Emily Frankenberg -2019 -Frontiers in Psychology 10.
- Vorlesungen über die geschichte der philosophie.Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel,Gerd Irrlitz &Karin Gurst -unknown - Leipzig,: F. Meiner. Edited by Hoffmeister, Johannes & [From Old Catalog].No categories
- Efficiency of Sensory Substitution Devices Alone and in Combination With Self-Motion for Spatial Navigation in Sighted and Visually Impaired.Crescent Jicol,Tayfun Lloyd-Esenkaya,Michael J. Proulx,Simon Lange-Smith,Meike Scheller,Eamonn O'Neill &Karin Petrini -2020 -Frontiers in Psychology 11.
- Comparative visual search: a difference that makes a difference.Marc Pomplun,Lorenz Sichelschmidt,Karin Wagner,Thomas Clermont,Gert Rickheit &Helge Ritter -2001 -Cognitive Science 25 (1):3-36.In this article we present a new experimental paradigm: comparative visual search. Each half of a display contains simple geometrical objects of three different colors and forms. The two display halves are identical except for one object mismatched in either color or form. The subject's task is to find this mismatch. We illustrate the potential of this paradigm for investigating the underlying complex processes of perception and cognition by means of an eye‐tracking study. Three possible search strategies are outlined, discussed, (...) and reexamined on the basis of experimental results. Each strategy is characterized by the way it partitions the field of objects into “chunks.” These strategies are: (i) Stimulus‐wise scanning with minimization of total scan path length (a “traveling salesman” strategy), (ii) scanning of the objects in fixed‐size areas (a “searchlight” strategy), and (iii) scanning of object sets based on variably sized clusters defined by object density and heterogeneity (a “clustering” strategy). To elucidate the processes underlying comparative visual search, we introduce besides object density a new entropy‐based measure for object heterogeneity. The effects of local density and entropy on several basic and derived eye‐movement variables clearly rule out the traveling salesman strategy, but are most compatible with the clustering strategy. (shrink)No categories
- The time course of attentional bias for emotional faces in anxious children.Allison M. Waters,Liza L. Kokkoris,Karin Mogg,Brendan P. Bradley &Daniel S. Pine -2010 -Cognition and Emotion 24 (7):1173-1181.
- Picture This: A Review of Research Relating to Narrative Processing by Moving Image Versus Language.Elspeth Jajdelska,Miranda Anderson,Christopher Butler,Nigel Fabb,Elizabeth Finnigan,Ian Garwood,Stephen Kelly,Wendy Kirk,Karin Kukkonen,Sinead Mullally &Stephan Schwan -2019 -Frontiers in Psychology 10.Reading fiction for pleasurable is robustly correlated with improved cognitive attainment and other benefits. It is also in decline among young people in developed nations, in part because of competition from moving image fiction. We review existing research on the differences between reading/hearing verbal fiction and watching moving image fiction, as well as looking more broadly at research on image/text interactions and visual versus verbal processing. We conclude that verbal narrative generates more diverse responses than moving image narrative., We note (...) that reading and viewing narrative are different tasks, with different cognitive loads. Viewing moving image narrative mostly involves visual processing with some working memory engagement, whereas reading narrative involves verbal processing, visual imagery and personal memory (Xu et al 2005). but Attempts to compare the two by creating suggest that existing research is flawed by attempts to create equivalent stimuli and task demands face a number of challenges, and we discuss these difficulties in comparative approaches. We then investigate the possibility of identifying lower level processing mechanisms that might distinguish cognition of the two media, and propose a focus on internal scene construction and on working memory as foci for future research. Although many of the sources we draw on are focussed on English speaking participants in European or North American settings, we also cover material relating to speakers of Dutch, German, Hebrew and Japanese in their respective countries, and studies of a remote Turkish mountain community. (shrink)
- Everyday Ethical Problems in Dementia Care: A teleological Model.Ingrid Ågren Bolmsjö,Anna-Karin Edberg &Lars Sandman -2006 -Nursing Ethics 13 (4):340-359.In this article, a teleological model for analysis of everyday ethical situations in dementia care is used to analyse and clarify perennial ethical problems in nursing home care for persons with dementia. This is done with the aim of describing how such a model could be useful in a concrete care context. The model was developed by Sandman and is based on four aspects: the goal; ethical side-constraints to what can be done to realize such a goal; structural constraints; and (...) nurses’ ethical competency. The model contains the following main steps: identifying and describing the normative situation; identifying and describing the different possible alternatives; assessing and evaluating the different alternatives; and deciding on, implementing and evaluating the chosen alternative. Three ethically difficult situations from dementia care were used for the application of the model. The model proved useful for the analysis of nurses’ everyday ethical dilemmas and will be further explored to evaluate how well it can serve as a tool to identify and handle problems that arise in nursing care. (shrink)
- Dyscalculia from a developmental and differential perspective.Liane Kaufmann,Michèle M. Mazzocco,Ann Dowker,Michael von Aster,Silke M. Göbel,Roland H. Grabner,Avishai Henik,Nancy C. Jordan,Annette D. Karmiloff-Smith,Karin Kucian,Orly Rubinsten,Denes Szucs,Ruth Shalev &Hans-Christoph Nuerk -2013 -Frontiers in Psychology 4.
- The relation between language and arithmetic in bilinguals: insights from different stages of language acquisition.Amandine Van Rinsveld,Martin Brunner,Karin Landerl,Christine Schiltz &Sonja Ugen -2015 -Frontiers in Psychology 6.
- Developing capabilities for responsible research and innovation (RRI).George Ogoh,Simisola Akintoye,Damian Eke,Michele Farisco,Josepine Fernow,Karin Grasenick,Manuel Guerrero,Achim Rosemann,Arleen Salles &Inga Ulnicane -2023 -Journal of Responsible Technology 15 (C):100065.No categories
- How Smart are Smart Materials? A Conceptual and Ethical Analysis of Smart Lifelike Materials for the Design of Regenerative Valve Implants.Annelien L. Bredenoord,Carlijn V. C. Bouten,Karin R. Jongsma &Anne-Floor J. de Kanter -2023 -Science and Engineering Ethics 29 (5):1-18.It may soon become possible not just to replace, but to re-grow healthy tissues after injury or disease, because of innovations in the field of Regenerative Medicine. One particularly promising innovation is a regenerative valve implant to treat people with heart valve disease. These implants are fabricated from so-called ‘smart’, ‘lifelike’ materials. Implanted inside a heart, these implants stimulate re-growth of a healthy, living heart valve. While the technological development advances, the ethical implications of this new technology are still unclear (...) and a clear conceptual understanding of the notions ‘smart' and ‘lifelike' is currently lacking. In this paper, we explore the conceptual and ethical implications of the development of smart lifelike materials for the design of regenerative implants, by analysing heart valve implants as a showcase. In our conceptual analysis, we show that the materials are considered ‘smart’ because they can communicate with human tissues, and ‘lifelike’ because they are structurally similar to these tissues. This shows that regenerative valve implants become intimately integrated in the living tissues of the human body. As such, they manifest the ontological entanglement of body and technology. In our ethical analysis, we argue this is ethically significant in at least two ways: It exacerbates the irreversibility of the implantation procedure, and it might affect the embodied experience of the implant recipient. With our conceptual and ethical analysis, we aim to contribute to responsible development of smart lifelike materials and regenerative implants. (shrink)
- Public involvement in the governance of population-level biomedical research: unresolved questions and future directions.Sonja Erikainen,Phoebe Friesen,Leah Rand,Karin Jongsma,Michael Dunn,Annie Sorbie,Matthew McCoy,Jessica Bell,Michael Burgess,Haidan Chen,Vicky Chico,Sarah Cunningham-Burley,Julie Darbyshire,Rebecca Dawson,Andrew Evans,Nick Fahy,Teresa Finlay,Lucy Frith,Aaron Goldenberg,Lisa Hinton,Nils Hoppe,Nigel Hughes,Barbara Koenig,Sapfo Lignou,Michelle McGowan,Michael Parker,Barbara Prainsack,Mahsa Shabani,Ciara Staunton,Rachel Thompson,Kinga Varnai,Effy Vayena,Oli Williams,Max Williamson,Sarah Chan &Mark Sheehan -2021 -Journal of Medical Ethics 47 (7):522-525.Population-level biomedical research offers new opportunities to improve population health, but also raises new challenges to traditional systems of research governance and ethical oversight. Partly in response to these challenges, various models of public involvement in research are being introduced. Yet, the ways in which public involvement should meet governance challenges are not well understood. We conducted a qualitative study with 36 experts and stakeholders using the World Café method to identify key governance challenges and explore how public involvement can (...) meet these challenges. This brief report discusses four cross-cutting themes from the study: the need to move beyond individual consent; issues in benefit and data sharing; the challenge of delineating and understanding publics; and the goal of clarifying justifications for public involvement. The report aims to provide a starting point for making sense of the relationship between public involvement and the governance of population-level biomedical research, showing connections, potential solutions and issues arising at their intersection. We suggest that, in population-level biomedical research, there is a pressing need for a shift away from conventional governance frameworks focused on the individual and towards a focus on collectives, as well as to foreground ethical issues around social justice and develop ways to address cultural diversity, value pluralism and competing stakeholder interests. There are many unresolved questions around how this shift could be realised, but these unresolved questions should form the basis for developing justificatory accounts and frameworks for suitable collective models of public involvement in population-level biomedical research governance. (shrink)
- Hiv testing of pregnant women: An ethical analysis.Kjell Arne Johansson,Kirsten Bjerkreim Pedersen &Anna-Karin Andersson -2011 -Developing World Bioethics 11 (3):109-119.Recent global advances in available technology to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission necessitate a rethinking of contemporary and previous ethical debates on HIV testing as a means to preventing vertical transmission. In this paper, we will provide an ethical analysis of HIV-testing strategies of pregnant women. First, we argue that provider-initiated opt-out HIV testing seems to be the most effective HIV test strategy. The flip-side of an opt-out strategy is that it may end up as involuntary testing in a clinical setting. (...) We analyse this ethical puzzle from a novel perspective, taking into account the moral importance of certain hypothetical preferences of the child, as well as the moral importance of certain actual preferences of the mother. Finally, we balance the conflicting concerns and try to arrive at an ethically sound solution to this dilemma. Our aim is to introduce a novel perspective from which to analyse testing strategies, and to explore the implications and possible benefits of our proposal. The conclusion from our analysis is that policies that recommend provider-initiated opt-out HIV testing of pregnant mothers, with a risk of becoming involuntary testing in a clinical setting, are acceptable. The rationale behind this is that the increased availability of very effective and inexpensive life-saving drugs makes the ethical problems raised by the possible intrusiveness of HIV testing less important than the child's hypothetical preferences to be born healthy. Health care providers, therefore, have a duty to offer both opt-out HIV testing and available PMTCT (preventing mother-to-child transmission) interventions. (shrink)
- First page preview.Barrie Axford,Adrian Blau,Virginia Boon,Wallace Brown,Luis Cabrera,Tom Campbell,Karin Fierke,Simon Glaze,Peter Jones &Markus Kornprobst -2009 -Journal of Global Ethics 5 (1).
- Telling stories, gaining wisdom : putting our voices into our practice.Melissa Burchard,Amy Joy Lanou,Leah Greden Mathews,Karin Peterson &Alice Weldon -2018 - In Alison L. Black & Susanne Garvis,Women activating agency in academia: metaphors, manifestos and memoir. New York, NY: Routledge.Export citation
Bookmark - Attention control: Relationships between self-report and behavioural measures, and symptoms of anxiety and depression.Marie Louise Reinholdt-Dunne,Karin Mogg &Brendan P. Bradley -2013 -Cognition and Emotion 27 (3):430-440.
- Affect-congruent approach and withdrawal movements of happy and angry faces facilitate affective categorisation.Jacobien M. van Peer,Mark Rotteveel,Philip Spinhoven,Marieke S. Tollenaar &Karin Roelofs -2010 -Cognition and Emotion 24 (5):863-875.
- Fair Governance of Biotechnology: Patents, Private Governance, and Procedural Justice.Nienke de Graeff,Léon E. Dijkman,Karin R. Jongsma &Annelien L. Bredenoord -2018 -American Journal of Bioethics 18 (12):57-59.
- Feel to Heal: Negative Emotion Differentiation Promotes Medication Adherence in Multiple Sclerosis.T. H. Stanley Seah,Shaima Almahmoud &Karin G. Coifman -2022 -Frontiers in Psychology 12.Multiple Sclerosis is a debilitating chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that results in lower quality of life. Medication adherence is important for reducing relapse, disease progression, and MS-related symptoms, particularly during the early stages of MS. However, adherence may be impacted by negative emotional states. Therefore, it is important to identify protective factors. Past research suggests that the ability to discriminate between negative emotional states, also known as negative emotion differentiation, may be protective against enactment of maladaptive (...) risk-related behaviors. However, less is known as to how NED may promote adaptive health behaviors such as medication adherence. Utilizing weekly diaries, we investigated whether NED moderates the association between negative affect and medication adherence rates across 58 weeks among patients newly diagnosed with MS. Results revealed that NED significantly moderated the relationship between negative affect and medication adherence. Specifically, greater negative affect was associated with lower adherence only for individuals reporting low NED. However, this link disappeared for those reporting moderate to high NED. Building upon past research, our findings suggest that NED may promote adaptive health behaviors and have important clinical implications for the treatment and management of chronic illness. (shrink)
- Fostering Flexibility in the New World of Work: A Model of Time-Spatial Job Crafting.Christina Wessels,Michaéla C. Schippers,Sebastian Stegmann,Arnold B. Bakker,Peter J. van Baalen &Karin I. Proper -2019 -Frontiers in Psychology 10.
- Temporalität und Tempus: Studien zu allgemeinen und slavistischen Fragen.Helmut Jachnow,Monika Wingender &Karin Tafel (eds.) -1995 - Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
- Autism, autonomy, and authenticity.Elisabeth M. A. Späth &Karin R. Jongsma -2020 -Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 23 (1):73-80.Autonomy of people on the autism-spectrum has only been very rarely conceptually explored. Autism spectrum is commonly considered a hetereogenous disorder, and typically described as a behaviorally-defined neurodevelopmental disorder associated with the presence of social-communication deficits and restricted and repetitive behaviors. Autism research mainly focuses on the behavior of autistic people and ways to teach them skills that are in line with social norms. Interventions such as therapies are being justified with the assumption that autists lack the capacity to be (...) self-reflective and to be “author of their lives”. We question this assumption, as some empirical research shows that autists are aware of their strengths and are critical about social norms, we take this as a starting point to reconsider the beliefs about autistic people’s capacities. As a theoretical framework, we draw on Berlin’s idea of positive and negative liberty as he clearly distinguishes between one’s own developed preferences and the simple absence of interference. By drawing on the concept of positive liberty, we illustrate that a lot of autists are aware of their own needs, and usually do not deny their own needs, values and interests. This makes them less prone than non-autistic people to adapt their preferences to external influences, which might be seen as sticking to an authentic way of living. Our analysis shows that many autists are hindered to be autonomous due to unjustified interference, unreflected assumptions about their self-determination, or by paternalistic actions. These observations contribute to a better understanding when help and interference are justified and a more differentiated understanding of autonomy of autistic people. (shrink)
- Breathing Biofeedback for Police Officers in a Stressful Virtual Environment: Challenges and Opportunities.Jan C. Brammer,Jacobien M. van Peer,Abele Michela,Marieke M. J. W. van Rooij,Robert Oostenveld,Floris Klumpers,Wendy Dorrestijn,Isabela Granic &Karin Roelofs -2021 -Frontiers in Psychology 12.As part of the Dutch national science program “Professional Games for Professional Skills” we developed a stress-exposure biofeedback training in virtual reality for the Dutch police. We aim to reduce the acute negative impact of stress on performance, as well as long-term consequences for mental health by facilitating physiological stress regulation during a demanding decision task. Conventional biofeedback applications mainly train physiological regulation at rest. This might limit the transfer of the regulation skills to stressful situations. In contrast, we provide (...) the user with the opportunity to practice breathing regulation while they carry out a complex task in VR. This setting poses challenges from a technical – as well as from a user-experience perspective. We illustrate how we approach these challenges in our training and hope to contribute a useful reference for researchers and developers in academia or industry who are interested in using biosignals to control elements in a dynamic virtual environment. (shrink)
- Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge.Karin Knorr Cetina -1999 - Harvard University Press.How does science create knowledge? Epistemic cultures, shaped by affinity, necessity, and historical coincidence, determine how we know what we know. In this book,Karin Knorr Cetina compares two of the most important and intriguing epistemic cultures of our day, those in high energy physics and molecular biology. The first ethnographic study to systematically compare two different scientific laboratory cultures, this book sharpens our focus on epistemic cultures as the basis of the knowledge society.
- Child-caregiver interaction in two remote Indigenous Australian communities.Jill Vaughan,Gillian Wigglesworth,Deborah Loakes,Samantha Disbray &Karin Moses -2015 -Frontiers in Psychology 6.
- Dr Jean Dunbabin is Reader in Medieval History at Oxford University.Nannerl O. Keohane,AnneKarin Langslow,Alistair Macfarlane Frs &John Sayer -1999 - In D. C. Smith & Anne Karin Langslow,The idea of a university. Philadelphia: J. Kingsley Publishers. pp. 187.No categories
- Personalization according to politicians: A practice theoretical analysis of mediatization.Sarah Vandenbussche,Hans Verstraeten,Karin Raeymaeckers &Olivier Driessens -2010 -Communications 35 (3):309-326.Following the evolution towards media-saturated societies, this article presents practice theory as an alternative framework for mediatization studies. We discuss how it can help us grasp the diversity of social and cultural changes related to the highly integrated media. This is demonstrated by studying politicians' personalization, not as a product of media logic but by looking at politicians' media-related practices and media's anchoring of practices. Our in-depth interviews with Flemish politicians show that their practices are in many ways organized by (...) the media, but through this mediatization at the same time aim to retain control over them. It is also shown that politicians' practices are not only directly influenced by media, but also by other politicians' media-related practices. Together, these findings draw a complex picture of the mediatization and personalization process. (shrink)
- Preventing Bias in Medical Devices: Identifying Morally Significant Differences.Anne-Floor J. de Kanter,Manon van Daal,Nienke de Graeff &Karin R. Jongsma -2023 -American Journal of Bioethics 23 (4):35-37.Liao and Carbonell discuss the role of (supposed) racial differences and racism in two medical devices: pulse oximeters and spirometers. They show that what might seem like cases of mere bias, are...
- Is Leibnizian calculus embeddable in first order logic?Piotr Błaszczyk,Vladimir Kanovei,Karin U. Katz,Mikhail G. Katz,Taras Kudryk,Thomas Mormann &David Sherry -2017 -Foundations of Science 22 (4):73 - 88.To explore the extent of embeddability of Leibnizian infinitesimal calculus in first-order logic (FOL) and modern frameworks, we propose to set aside ontological issues and focus on pro- cedural questions. This would enable an account of Leibnizian procedures in a framework limited to FOL with a small number of additional ingredients such as the relation of infinite proximity. If, as we argue here, first order logic is indeed suitable for developing modern proxies for the inferential moves found in Leibnizian infinitesimal (...) calculus, then modern infinitesimal frameworks are more appropriate to interpreting Leibnizian infinitesimal calculus than modern Weierstrassian ones. (shrink)
- Disentangling the Common Variance of Perfectionistic Strivings and Perfectionistic Concerns: A Bifactor Model of Perfectionism.Jana C. Gäde,Karin Schermelleh-Engel &Andreas G. Klein -2017 -Frontiers in Psychology 8.
- Embodiment and regenerative implants: a proposal for entanglement.Manon van Daal,Anne-Floor J. de Kanter,Karin R. Jongsma,Annelien L. Bredenoord &Nienke de Graeff -2024 -Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 27 (2):241-252.Regenerative Medicine promises to develop treatments to regrow healthy tissues and cure the physical body. One of the emerging developments within this field is regenerative implants, such as jawbone or heart valve implants, that can be broken down by the body and are gradually replaced with living tissue. Yet challenges for embodiment are to be expected, given that the implants are designed to integrate deeply into the tissue of the living body, so that implant and body become one. In this (...) paper, we explore how regenerative implants may affect the embodied experience of implant recipients. To this end, we take a phenomenological approach. First, we explore what insights the existing phenomenological and empirical literature on embodiment offers regarding the experience of illness and of living with regular (non-regenerative) implants and organ transplants. Second, we apply these insights to better understand how future implant recipients might experience living with regenerative implants. Third, we conclude that concepts and considerations from the existing phenomenological literature do not sufficiently address what it might be like to live with an implantable technology that, over time, becomes one with the living body. We argue that the interwovenness and intimate relationship of people living with regenerative implants should be understood in terms of ‘entanglement’. Entanglement allows us to explore the complexities of human-technology relations, acknowledging the inseparability of humans and implantable technologies. Our theoretical foundations regarding the role of embodiment may be tested empirically once more people will be living with regenerative implants. (shrink)
- Effects of scaffolding emotion language use on emotion differentiation and psychological health: an experience-sampling study.T. H. Stanley Seah &Karin G. Coifman -forthcoming -Cognition and Emotion.
- Ethics Across the Curriculum—Pedagogical Perspectives.Elaine E. Englehardt,Michael S. Pritchard,Robert Baker,Michael D. Burroughs,José A. Cruz-Cruz,Randall Curren,Michael Davis,Aine Donovan,Deni Elliott,Karin D. Ellison,Challie Facemire,William J. Frey,Joseph R. Herkert,Karlana June,Robert F. Ladenson,Christopher Meyers,Glen Miller,Deborah S. Mower,Lisa H. Newton,David T. Ozar,Alan A. Preti,Wade L. Robison,Brian Schrag,Alan Tomhave,Phyllis Vandenberg,Mark Vopat,Sandy Woodson,Daniel E. Wueste &Qin Zhu -2018 - Cham: Springer Verlag.Late in 1990, the Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions at Illinois Institute of Technology (lIT) received a grant of more than $200,000 from the National Science Foundation to try a campus-wide approach to integrating professional ethics into its technical curriculum.! Enough has now been accomplished to draw some tentative conclusions. I am the grant's principal investigator. In this paper, I shall describe what we at lIT did, what we learned, and what others, especially philosophers, can learn (...) from us. We set out to develop an approach that others could profitably adopt. I believe that we succeeded. (shrink)
- Patients accept therapy using embryonic stem cells for Parkinson’s disease: a discrete choice experiment.Jennifer Viberg Johansson,Mats Hansson,Elena Jiltsova,Trinette van Vliet,Hakan Widner,Dag Nyholm,Jorien Veldwijk,Catharina Groothuis-Oudshoorn,Jennifer Drevin &Karin Schölin Bywall -2023 -BMC Medical Ethics 24 (1):1-13.BackgroundNew disease-modifying ways to treat Parkinson’s disease (PD) may soon become a reality with intracerebral transplantation of cell products produced from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). The aim of this study was to assess what factors influence preferences of patients with PD regarding stem-cell based therapies to treat PD in the future.MethodsPatients with PD were invited to complete a web-based discrete choice experiment to assess the importance of the following attributes: (i) type of treatment, (ii) aim of treatment, (iii) available (...) knowledge of the different types of treatments, (iv) effect on symptoms, and (v) risk for severe side effects. Latent class conditional logistic regression models were used to determine preference estimates and heterogeneity in respondents’ preferences.ResultsA substantial difference in respondents’ preferences was observed in three latent preference patterns (classes). “Effect on symptoms” was the most important attribute in class 1, closely followed by “type of treatment,” with medications as preferred to other treatment alternatives. Effect on symptoms was also the most important attribute in class 2, with treatment with hESCs preferred over other treatment alternatives. Likewise for class 3, that mainly focused on “type of treatment” in the decision-making. Respondents’ class membership was influenced by their experience in treatment, side effects, and advanced treatment therapy as well as religious beliefs.ConclusionsMost of the respondents would accept a treatment with products emanating from hESCs, regardless of views on the moral status of embryos. Preferences of patients with PD may provide guidance in clinical decision-making regarding treatments deriving from stem cells. (shrink)
- Cauchy’s Infinitesimals, His Sum Theorem, and Foundational Paradigms.Tiziana Bascelli,Piotr Błaszczyk,Alexandre Borovik,Vladimir Kanovei,Karin U. Katz,Mikhail G. Katz,Semen S. Kutateladze,Thomas McGaffey,David M. Schaps &David Sherry -2018 -Foundations of Science 23 (2):267-296.Cauchy's sum theorem is a prototype of what is today a basic result on the convergence of a series of functions in undergraduate analysis. We seek to interpret Cauchy’s proof, and discuss the related epistemological questions involved in comparing distinct interpretive paradigms. Cauchy’s proof is often interpreted in the modern framework of a Weierstrassian paradigm. We analyze Cauchy’s proof closely and show that it finds closer proxies in a different modern framework.
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David Bourget (Western Ontario)
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Area Editors:
David Bourget
Gwen Bradford
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James Chase
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Ezio Di Nucci
Esa Diaz-Leon
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Jonathan Ichikawa
Monte Johnson
Michelle Kosch
Øystein Linnebo
Paul Livingston
Brandon Look
Manolo Martínez
Matthew McGrath
Michiru Nagatsu
Susana Nuccetelli
Giuseppe Primiero
Jack Alan Reynolds
Darrell P. Rowbottom
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