Results for 'Karen B. Givvin'
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- Instructed Hand Movements Affect Students’ Learning of an Abstract Concept From Video.Icy Zhang,Karen B.Givvin,Jeffrey M. Sipple,Ji Y. Son &James W. Stigler -2021 -Cognitive Science 45 (2):e12940.Producing content-related gestures has been found to impact students’ learning, whether such gestures are spontaneously generated by the learner in the course of problem-solving, or participants are instructed to pose based on experimenter instructions during problem-solving and word learning. Few studies, however, have investigated the effect of (a) performing instructed gestures while learning concepts or (b) producing gestures without there being an implied connection between the gestures and the concepts being learned. The two studies reported here investigate the impact of (...) instructed hand movements on students’ subsequent understanding of a concept. Students were asked to watch an instructional video—focused on the concept of statistical model—three times. Two experimental groups were given a secondary task to perform while watching the video, which involved moving their hands to mimic the placement and orientation of red rectangular bars overlaid on the video. Students were told that the focus of the study was multitasking, and that the instructed hand movements were unrelated to the material being learned. In the content-match group the placement of the hands reinforced the concept being explained, and in the content-mismatch group it did not. A control group was not asked to perform a secondary task. In both studies, findings indicate that students in the content-match group performed better on the posttest, and showed less variation in performance, than did students in the content-mismatch group, with control students falling in between. Instructed hand movement—even when presented as an unrelated, secondary task—can affect students’ learning of a complex concept. (shrink)
- Seasonal Variations in Color Preference.B. SchlossKaren,Rolf Nelson,Laura Parker,A. Heck Isobel &E. Palmer Stephen -2017 -Cognitive Science 41 (6):1589-1612.We investigated how color preferences vary according to season and whether those changes could be explained by the ecological valence theory. To do so, we assessed the same participants’ preferences for the same colors during fall, winter, spring, and summer in the northeastern United States, where there are large seasonal changes in environmental colors. Seasonal differences were most pronounced between fall and the other three seasons. Participants liked fall-associated dark-warm colors—for example, dark-red, dark-orange, dark-yellow, and dark-chartreuse—more during fall than other (...) seasons. The EVT could explain these changes with a modified version of Palmer and Schloss’ weighted affective valence estimate procedure that added an activation term to the WAVE equation. The results indicate that color preferences change according to season, as color-associated objects become more/less activated in the observer. These seasonal changes in color preferences could not be characterized by overall shifts in weights along cone-contrast axes. (shrink)
- Privacy and Pain.Karen B. Fiser -1986 -Philosophical Investigations 9 (1):1-17.
- A clash of theoretical orientations: Demand characteristics and the attraction paradigm.Karen B. Nicholas &Hugh Mcginley -1982 -Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 19 (2):93-96.No categories
- Male reproductive strategies in new world primates.Karen B. Strier -1996 -Human Nature 7 (2):105-123.Patterns of three variables of reproductive strategies in male New World primates are examined: (i) how males obtain access to potential mates; (ii) how males obtain actual mating opportunities; and (iii) how males affect infant survival and female reproductive success. Male opportunities to associate with females, whether by remaining in their natal groups, dispersing and forming new groups, or dispersing and taking over or joining established groups, are strongly influenced by local population densities and correlate with female reproductive rates and (...) the extent of female reproductive seasonality and synchrony. Differences in male mating success are affected by female accessibility, whether male-male and male-female relationships are hierarchical or egalitarian, and whether female reproduction is seasonally restricted. Patterns of male behavior toward infants, characterized as active assistance, overt interference, or benign tolerance, appear to co-vary with differences in the degree to which males can affect female reproductive rates.These qualitative analyses suggest that the reproductive strategies of male New World primates can be classified along a continuum ranging from conservative to daring depending on whether female reproductive rates are relatively slow or fast and whether reproduction is strongly or weakly linked to seasonal ecological variables. Males adopt the conservative strategy of staying in their natal groups, forfeiting exclusive mating opportunities, and treating infants with tolerance when female reproduction is constrained by ecological factors. Conversely, males adopt the more daring strategy of dispersing and competing when potential payoffs through their ability to affect female reproduction are high. (shrink)
- Studies of Wild Primates Really Noninvasive?Karen B. Strier -2013 - In Jeremy MacClancy & Agustin Fuentes,Ethics in the field: contemporary challenges. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 7--67.
- A Call for Healing: Transphobia, Homophobia, and Historical Trauma in Filipina/o/x American Activist Organizations.Karen B. Hanna -2017 -Hypatia 32 (3):696-714.I argue that for those who migrate to other countries for economic survival and political asylum, historical trauma wounds across geographical space. Using the work of David Eng and Nadine Naber on queer and feminist diasporas, I contend that homogeneous discourses of Filipino nationalism simplify and erase transphobia, homophobia, and heterosexism, giving rise to intergenerational conflict and the passing-on of trauma among activists in the United States. Focusing on Filipina/o/x American activist organizations, I center intergenerational conflict among leaders, highlighting transphobic (...) and homophobic struggles that commonly arise in cisgender women majority spaces. I contextualize these struggles, linking them to traumas inherited through legacies of colonialism, feudalism, imperialism, hetero-patriarchy, capitalism, and white supremacy. I inquire: how does historical and personal trauma merge and shape activist relationships and conflict, and what are activists doing to disrupt and work through historical trauma? I advocate for a decolonizing approach for “acting out” and “working through” trauma and healing collectively. By exploring conflict in organizations shaped by dominant Filipino nationalist ideologies, I resist romantic notions of the diaspora. Revealing the ways that dominant Filipino nationalism perpetuates a simultaneous erasure of nonnormative histories and bodies and epistemological and interpersonal violence among activists, I reject homogeneous conceptions of nationalism and open up possibilities for decolonial organizing praxis. (shrink)
- Rethinking clinical research: methodology and ethics.Karen B. Schmaling &Robert M. Kaplan -2025 - New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.This book provides a comprehensive analysis of biases inherent in contemporary clinical research, challenging traditional methodologies and assumptions. Aimed at students, professionals, and science enthusiasts, the book delves into fundamental principles, research tools, and ethics.No categories
- Readability of simulated state question ballots affects voting behavior.Karen B. Michalski &Michael N. Guile -1990 -Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 28 (3):239-240.
- Seeing a Friend in the Stranger and the Stranger in the Friend: The Practice of Christian Hospitality through Interreligious Dialogue and Solidarity.Karen B. Enriquez -2018 -Buddhist-Christian Studies 38 (1):153-156.No categories
- Polemic against stillness in the Hymns on the Lord‘s Supper.Karen B. Westerfield Tucker -2006 -Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 88 (2):101-119.No categories
- Dialogue, Selection, Subversion: Three Approaches to Teaching Women Writers.Martha F. Bowden,Karen B. Gevirtz &Jonathan Sadow -2013 -Lumen: Selected Proceedings From the Canadian Society for Eighteenth-Century Studies 32:127.
- Teaching the Bible In the Church.John M. Bracke &Karen B. Tye -2003No categoriesExport citation
Bookmark - Grant Review Feedback: Appropriateness and Usefulness.Stephen A. Gallo,Karen B. Schmaling,Lisa A. Thompson &Scott R. Glisson -2021 -Science and Engineering Ethics 27 (2):1-20.The primary goal of the peer review of research grant proposals is to evaluate their quality for the funding agency. An important secondary goal is to provide constructive feedback to applicants for their resubmissions. However, little is known about whether review feedback achieves this goal. In this paper, we present a multi-methods analysis of responses from grant applicants regarding their perceptions of the effectiveness and appropriateness of peer review feedback they received from grant submissions. Overall, 56–60% of applicants determined the (...) feedback to be appropriate, although their judgments were more favorable if their recent application was funded. Importantly, independent of funding success, women found the feedback better written than men, and more white applicants found the feedback to be fair than non-white applicants. Also, perceptions of a variety of biases were specifically reported in respondents’ feedback. Less than 40% of applicants found the feedback to be very useful in informing their research and improving grantsmanship and future submissions. Further, negative perceptions of the appropriateness of review feedback were positively correlated with more negative perceptions of feedback usefulness. Importantly, respondents suggested that highly competitive funding pay-lines and poor inter-panel reliability limited the usefulness of review feedback. Overall, these results suggest that more effort is needed to ensure that appropriate and useful feedback is provided to all applicants, bolstering the equity of the review process and likely improving the quality of resubmitted proposals. (shrink)
- Ecological Effects in Cross‐Cultural Differences Between U.S. and Japanese Color Preferences.Kazuhiko Yokosawa,Karen B. Schloss,Michiko Asano &Stephen E. Palmer -2016 -Cognitive Science 40 (7):1590-1616.We investigated cultural differences between U.S. and Japanese color preferences and the ecological factors that might influence them. Japanese and U.S. color preferences have both similarities and differences. Complex gender differences were also evident that did not conform to previously reported effects. Palmer and Schloss's weighted affective valence estimate procedure was used to test the Ecological Valence Theory's prediction that within-culture WAVE-preference correlations should be higher than between-culture WAVE-preference correlations. The results supported several, but not all, predictions. In the second (...) experiment, we tested color preferences of Japanese–U.S. multicultural participants who could read and speak both Japanese and English. Multicultural color preferences were intermediate between U.S. and Japanese preferences, consistent with the hypothesis that culturally specific personal experiences during one's lifetime influence color preferences. (shrink)No categories
- Invisible economics of nursing: analysis of a hospital bill through a Foucauldian perspective.Karen B. Lasater -2014 -Nursing Philosophy 15 (3):221-224.
- Open Label Extension Studies & the Ethical Design of Clinical Trials.David Casarett,Jason Karlawish,Pamela Sankar,Karen B. Hirschman &David A. Asch -2001 -IRB: Ethics & Human Research 23 (4):1.No categories
- Grant reviewer perceptions of the quality, effectiveness, and influence of panel discussion.Scott R. Glisson,Lisa A. Thompson,Karen B. Schmaling &Stephen A. Gallo -2020 -Research Integrity and Peer Review 5 (1).BackgroundFunding agencies have long used panel discussion in the peer review of research grant proposals as a way to utilize a set of expertise and perspectives in making funding decisions. Little research has examined the quality of panel discussions and how effectively they are facilitated.MethodsHere, we present a mixed-method analysis of data from a survey of reviewers focused on their perceptions of the quality, effectiveness, and influence of panel discussion from their last peer review experience.ResultsReviewers indicated that panel discussions were (...) viewed favorably in terms of participation, clarifying differing opinions, informing unassigned reviewers, and chair facilitation. However, some reviewers mentioned issues with panel discussions, including an uneven focus, limited participation from unassigned reviewers, and short discussion times. Most reviewers felt the discussions affected the review outcome, helped in choosing the best science, and were generally fair and balanced. However, those who felt the discussion did not affect the outcome were also more likely to evaluate panel communication negatively, and several reviewers mentioned potential sources of bias related to the discussion. While respondents strongly acknowledged the importance of the chair in ensuring appropriate facilitation of the discussion to influence scoring and to limit the influence of potential sources of bias from the discussion on scoring, nearly a third of respondents did not find the chair of their most recent panel to have performed these roles effectively.ConclusionsIt is likely that improving chair training in the management of discussion as well as creating review procedures that are informed by the science of leadership and team communication would improve review processes and proposal review reliability. (shrink)No categories
- End-of-Life Decision Making: When Patients and Surrogates Disagree.Peter B. Terry,Margaret Vettese,John Song,Jane Forman,Karen B. Haller,Deborah J. Miller,R. Stallings &Daniel P. Sulmasy -1999 -Journal of Clinical Ethics 10 (4):286-293.
- The Participation and Motivations of Grant Peer Reviewers: A Comprehensive Survey.Stephen A. Gallo,Lisa A. Thompson,Karen B. Schmaling &Scott R. Glisson -2020 -Science and Engineering Ethics 26 (2):761-782.Scientific peer reviewers play an integral role in the grant selection process, yet very little has been reported on the levels of participation or the motivations of scientists to take part in peer review. The American Institute of Biological Sciences developed a comprehensive peer review survey that examined the motivations and levels of participation of grant reviewers. The survey was disseminated to 13,091 scientists in AIBS’s proprietary database. Of the 874 respondents, 76% indicated they had reviewed grant applications in the (...) last 3 years; however, the number of reviews was unevenly distributed across this sample. Higher review loads were associated with respondents who had submitted more grant proposals over this time period, some of whom were likely to be study section members for large funding agencies. The most prevalent reason to participate in a review was to give back to the scientific community and the most common reason to decline an invitation to review was lack of time. Interestingly, few suggested that expectation from the funding agency was a motivation to review. Most felt that review participation positively influenced their careers through improving grantsmanship and exposure to new scientific ideas. Of those who reviewed, respondents reported dedicating 2–5% of their total annual work time to grant review and, based on their self-reported maximum review loads, it is estimated they are participating at 56–87% of their capacity, which may have important implications regarding the sustainability of the system. Overall, it is clear that participation in peer review is uneven and in some cases near capacity, and more needs to be done to create new motivations and incentives to increase the future pool of reviewers. (shrink)
- A Holey Perspective on Venn Diagrams.Anna N. Bartel,Kevin J. Lande,Joris Roos &Karen B. Schloss -2021 -Cognitive Science 46 (1):e13073.When interpreting the meanings of visual features in information visualizations, observers have expectations about how visual features map onto concepts (inferred mappings.) In this study, we examined whether aspects of inferred mappings that have been previously identified for colormap data visualizations generalize to a different type of visualization, Venn diagrams. Venn diagrams offer an interesting test case because empirical evidence about the nature of inferred mappings for colormaps suggests that established conventions for Venn diagrams are counterintuitive. Venn diagrams represent classes (...) using overlapping circles and express logical relationships between those classes by shading out regions to encode the concept of non-existence, or none. We propose that people do not simply expect shading to signify non-existence, but rather they expect regions that appear as holes to signify non-existence (the hole hypothesis.) The appearance of a hole depends on perceptual properties in the diagram in relation to its background. Across three experiments, results supported the hole hypothesis, underscoring the importance of configural processing for interpreting the meanings of visual features in information visualizations. (shrink)
- The nonconsciousness of self-consciousness.Jay G. Hull,Laurie B. Slone,Karen B. Meteyer &Amanda R. Matthews -2002 -Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 (2):406-424.
- Information needs and development of a question prompt sheet for upper extremity vascularized composite allotransplantation: A mixed methods study.Jessica Gacki-Smith,Brianna R. Kuramitsu,Max Downey,Karen B. Vanterpool,Michelle J. Nordstrom,Michelle Luken,Tiffany Riggleman,Withney Altema,Shannon Fichter,Carisa M. Cooney,Greg A. Dumanian,Sally E. Jensen,Gerald Brandacher,Scott Tintle,Macey Levan &Elisa J. Gordon -2022 -Frontiers in Psychology 13.BackgroundPeople with upper extremity amputations report receiving insufficient information about treatment options. Furthermore, patients commonly report not knowing what questions to ask providers. A question prompt sheet, or list of questions, can support patient-centered care by empowering patients to ask questions important to them, promoting patient-provider communication, and increasing patient knowledge. This study assessed information needs among people with UE amputations about UE vascularized composite allotransplantation and developed a UE VCA-QPS.MethodsThis multi-site, cross-sectional, mixed-methods study involved in-depth and semi-structured interviews with (...) people with UE amputations to assess information needs and develop a UE VCA-QPS. Qualitative data were analyzed by thematic analysis; quantitative data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. The initial UE VCA-QPS included 130 items across 18 topics.ResultsEighty-nine people with UE amputations participated. Most were male, had a mean age of 46 years, and had a unilateral and below-elbow amputation. Participants desired information about UE VCA eligibility, evaluation process, surgery, risks, rehabilitation, and functional outcomes. After refinement, the final UE VCA-QPS included 35 items, across 9 topics. All items were written at a ≤ 6th grade reading level. Most semi-structured interview participants reported being ‘completely’ or ‘very’ likely to use a UE VCA-QPS.ConclusionPeople with UE amputations have extensive information needs about UE VCA. The UE VCA-QPS aims to address patients’ information needs and foster patient-centered care. Future research should assess whether the UE VCA-QPS facilitates patient-provider discussion and informed decision-making for UE VCA. (shrink)
- Comment by Janie B Butts andKaren L Rich on: `Guilty but good: defending voluntary active euthanasia from a virtue perspective'.Janie B. Butts &Karen L. Rich -2008 -Nursing Ethics 15 (4):449-451.
- (1 other version)What Kind of Leave?Karen Victor,Robert Sege &Mary B. Mahowald -1993 -Hastings Center Report 23 (2):46-46.
- Organizational Ethics, Individual Ethics, and Ethical Intentions in International Decision-Making.B. Elango,Karen Paul,Sumit K. Kundu &Shishir K. Paudel -2010 -Journal of Business Ethics 97 (4):543 - 561.This study explores the impact of both individual ethics (IE) and organizational ethics (OE) on ethical intention (EI). Ethical intention, or the individual's intention to engage in ethical behavior, is useful as a dependent variable because it relates to behavior which can be an expression of values, but also is influenced by organizational and societal variables. The focus is on EI in international business decision-making, since the international context provides great latitude in making ethical decisions. Results demonstrate that both IE (...) and OE influence EL Ethical congruence is also discussed as a positive influence. Younger managers are more influenced by OE than older managers. The findings call for creating governance mechanisms to enhance ethical congruence, thereby increasing the likelihood of managers making ethical choices in organizational decision-making. (shrink)
- Values, Relationships, and Virtues.Karen L. Rich &Janie B. Butts -forthcoming -Nursing Ethics: Across the Curriculum and Into Practice.
- Social factors.Karen E. Lutfey,Carol L. Link,Lisa D. Marceau &John B. McKinlay -2009 - In Michael W. Kattan,Encyclopedia of Medical Decision Making. Sage Publications.
- Sex Differences in the Brain:From Genes to Behavior: From Genes to Behavior.Jill B. Becker,Karen J. Berkley,Nori Geary,Elizabeth Hampson,James P. Herman &Elizabeth Young (eds.) -2007 - Oxford University Press USA.Sex is a fundamentally important biological variable. Recent years have seen significant progress in the integration of sex in many aspects of basic and clinical research, including analyses of sex differences in brain function. Significant advances in the technology available for studying the endocrine and nervous systems are now coupled with a more sophisticated awareness of the interconnections of these two communication systems of the body. A thorough understanding of the current knowledge, conceptual approaches, methodological capabilities, and challenges is a (...) prerequisite to continued progress in research and therapeutics in this interdisciplinary area. Sex Differences in the Brain provides scientists with the basic tools for investigating sex differences in brain and behavior and insight into areas where important progress in understanding physiologically relevant sex differences has already been made. This book was edited and co-authored by members of the Isis Fund Network on Sex, Gender, Drugs and the Brain, sponsored by the Society for Womens Health Research. The book is arranged in three parts. The first part of the book introduces the study of sex differences in the brain, with an overview of how the brain, stress systems, and pharmacogenetics differ in males and females and how this information is important for the study of behavior and neurobiology of both genders. The second part presents examples of sex differences in neurobiology and behavior from both basic and clinical research perspectives, covering both humans and nonhuman animals. The final part discusses sex differences in the neurobiology of disease and neurological disorders. For interested individuals as well as those who are considering conducting research at the intersections of endocrinology, neuroscience, and other areas of biomedicine, the study of sex differences offers exciting and challenging questions and perspectives. This book is intended as a guide and resource for clinicians, scientists, and students. (shrink)
- Introduction: International relations from the global South.Karen Smith &Arlene B. Tickner -2020 - In Arlene B. Tickner & Karen Smith,International relations from the global South: worlds of difference. New York, NY: Routledge.Export citation Bookmark
- Practicing virology: making and knowing a mid-twentieth century experiment with Tobacco mosaic virus.Karen-Beth G. Scholthof,Lorenzo J. Washington,April DeMell,Maria R. Mendoza &Will B. Cody -2022 -History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 44 (1):1-28.Tobacco mosaic virus has served as a model organism for pathbreaking work in plant pathology, virology, biochemistry and applied genetics for more than a century. We were intrigued by a photograph published in Phytopathology in 1934 showing that Tabasco pepper plants responded to TMV infection with localized necrotic lesions, followed by abscission of the inoculated leaves. This dramatic outcome of a biological response to infection observed by Francis O. Holmes, a virologist at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, was used (...) to score plants for resistance to TMV infection. Our objective was to gain a better understanding of early to mid-twentieth century ideas of genetic resistance to viruses in crop plants. We investigated Holmes’ observation as a practical exercise in reworking an experiment, having been inspired by Pamela Smith’s innovative Making and Knowing Project. We had a great deal of difficulty replicating Holmes’ experiment, finding that biological materials and experimental customs change over time, in ways that ideas do not. Using complementary tools plus careful study and interpretation of the original text and figures, we were able to rework, yet only partially replicate, this experiment. Reading peer-reviewed manuscripts that cited Holmes’ 1934 report provided an additional level of insight into the interpretation and replication of this work in the decades that followed. From this, we touch on how experimental reworking can inform our strategies to address the reproducibility “crisis” in twenty-first century science. (shrink)
- Behavioral Responses of Nursing Home Residents to Visits From a Person with a Dog,a Robot Seal or aToy Cat.Karen Thodberg,Lisbeth U. Sørensen,Poul B. Videbech,Pia H. Poulsen,Birthe Houbak,Vibeke Damgaard,Ingrid Keseler,David Edwards &Janne W. Christensen -2016 -Anthrozoos 29 (1):107-121.No categories
- Leading God's People: Ethics for the Practice of Ministry.Richard Bondi,Nolan B. Harmon,Karen Lebacoz,Gaylord Noyce,Lynn N. Rhodes,Walter E. Wiest &Elwyn A. Smith -1989No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Proceedings from 5th Scandinavian Logic Symposium, Aalborg, 17-19 January 1979.Finn V. Jensen,B. H. Mayoh &Karen K. Møller (eds.) -1979 - Aalborg: distruberet af Aalborg Universitetsforlag.
- RETRACTED: When Words Hurt: Affective Word Use in Daily News Coverage Impacts Mental Health.Jolie B. Wormwood,Madeleine Devlin,Yu-Ru Lin,Lisa Feldman Barrett &Karen S. Quigley -2018 -Frontiers in Psychology 9:370118.Media exposure influences mental health symptomology in response to salient aversive events, like terrorist attacks, but little has been done to explore the impact of news coverage that varies more subtly in affective content. Here, we utilized an existing data set in which participants self-reported physical symptoms, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms, and completed a potentiated startle task assessing their physiological reactivity to aversive stimuli at three time points (waves) over a 9-month period. Using a computational linguistics approach, we then (...) calculated an average ratio of words with positive vs. negative affective connotations for only articles from news sources to which each participant self-reported being exposed over the prior 2 weeks at each wave of data collection. As hypothesized, individuals exposed to news coverage with more negative affective tone over the prior 2 weeks reported significantly greater physical and depressive symptoms, and had significantly greater physiological reactivity to aversive stimuli. (shrink)
- Psychomotor reminiscence as a function of gonadal steroid hormone variation.Karen C. Wells &R. B. Payne -1979 -Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 14 (3):197-200.No categories
- The Philosophy of Simone de Beauvoir: Gendered Phenomenologies, Erotic Generosities.Debra B. Bergoffen,Eva Lundgren-Gothlin,Linda Schenk,Karen Vintges &Anne Lavelle -1998 -Hypatia 13 (3):181-188.
- Strategies for Achieving High-Quality IRB Review.Dorothy E. Vawter,Karen G. Gervais &Thomas B. Freeman -2004 -American Journal of Bioethics 4 (3):74-76.
- WEIRD walking: Cross-cultural research on motor development.Lana B. Karasik,Karen E. Adolph,Catherine S. Tamis-LeMonda &Marc H. Bornstein -2010 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33 (2-3):95-96.Motor development – traditionally studied in WEIRD populations – falls victim to assumptions of universality similar to other domains described by Henrich et al. However, cross-cultural research illustrates the extraordinary diversity that is normal in motor skill acquisition. Indeed, motor development provides an important domain for evaluating cultural challenges to a general behavioral science.
- Acknowledging Dependence: a MacIntyrean perspective on relationships involving Alzheimer's Disease.Janie B. Butts &Karen L. Rich -2004 -Nursing Ethics 11 (4):400-410.As people living with Alzheimer ’s disease experience their lifetime of memories slowly slipping away, they become dependent on society’s independent practical reasoners - family, health care professionals and society. Many people grow accustomed to the cognitive decline and begin to view the person with dementia as less than a person. In Dependent rational animals, Alasdair MacIntyre emphasized a moral framework that encompasses two sets of virtues needed for human beings to flourish in society and to achieve genuine common goods (...) - the virtues of independent practical reasoners and the virtues of acknowledged dependence. Virtues of acknowledged dependence are discussed ethically in terms of benevolence towards those who are disabled or dependent upon people who are strong and independent. The authors propose that using MacIntyre’s perspective of the two sets of virtues is valuable in the care of persons with Alzheimer ’s disease. According to MacIntyre, independent reasoners who understand and practice these two sets of virtues will help those people in communities who are dependent and vulnerable, and, subsequently, human flourishing can occur. (shrink)
- Corrected Feedback: A Procedure to Enhance Recall of Informed Consent to Research Among Substance Abusing Offenders.Douglas B. Marlowe,Jason R. Croft,Karen L. Dugosh,David S. Festinger &Patricia L. Arabia -2010 -Ethics and Behavior 20 (5):387-399.This study examined the efficacy of corrected feedback for improving consent recall throughout the course of an ongoing longitudinal study. Participants were randomly assigned to either a corrected feedback or a no-feedback control condition. Participants completed a consent quiz 2 weeks after consenting to the host study and at months 1, 2, and 3. The corrected feedback group received corrections to erroneous responses and the no-feedback control group did not. The feedback group displayed significantly greater recall overall and in specific (...) content areas. Results support the use of corrected feedback for improving consent recall. (shrink)
- Decisions at the Brink: Locomotor Experience Affects Infants’ Use of Social Information on an Adjustable Drop-off.Lana B. Karasik,Catherine S. Tamis-LeMonda &Karen E. Adolph -2016 -Frontiers in Psychology 7.
- International relations from the global South: worlds of difference.Arlene B. Tickner &Karen Smith (eds.) -2020 - New York, NY: Routledge.The claim that world politics looks different depending upon one's location is now commonplace within the field of International Relations (IR). This exciting new textbook offers students a text that speaks to the main concepts, categories and issues of world politics from the vantagepoints of the global South. International Relations from the Global South: Worlds of Difference examines the ways in which world politics have been addressed by traditional core approaches and explores the limitations of these treatments for understanding both (...) Southern and Northern experiences of the "international". The book encourages the reader to consider how key ideas have been developed in the discipline, and through systematic interventions by contributors from around the globe, aims at both transforming and enriching the dominant terms of scholarly debate. Each chapter is written according to a common structure, providing concrete examples of global South perspectives on world affairs, as well as discussion questions and suggestions for further reading. Drawing on a wide range of literatures, case studies and knowledges, this textbook is the first to speak to and from the global South, and will provide a new dimension to a variety of courses on international relations and IR theory. It is essential reading for students and teachers alike. (shrink)
- Do Research Intermediaries Reduce Perceived Coercion to Enter Research Trials Among Criminally Involved Substance Abusers?David S. Festinger,Karen L. Dugosh,Jason R. Croft,Patricia L. Arabia &Douglas B. Marlowe -2011 -Ethics and Behavior 21 (3):252 - 259.We examined the efficacy of including a research intermediary (RI) during the consent process in reducing participants' perceptions of coercion to enroll in a research study. Eighty-four drug court clients being recruited into an ongoing study were randomized to receive a standard informed consent process alone (standard condition) or with an RI (intermediary condition). Before obtaining consent, RIs met with clients individually to discuss remaining concerns. Findings provided preliminary evidence that RIs reduced client perceptions that their participation might influence how (...) clinical and judicial staff view them. This suggests that using RIs may improve participant autonomy in clinical studies. (shrink)
- Why Is Therapeutic Misconception So Prevalent?Charles W. Lidz,Karen Albert,Paul Appelbaum,Laura B. Dunn,Eve Overton &Ekaterina Pivovarova -2015 -Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 24 (2):231-241.Abstract:Therapeutic misconception (TM)—when clinical research participants fail to adequately grasp the difference between participating in a clinical trial and receiving ordinary clinical care—has long been recognized as a significant problem in consent to clinical trials. We suggest that TM does not primarily reflect inadequate disclosure or participants’ incompetence. Instead, TM arises from divergent primary cognitive frames. The researchers’ frame places the clinical trial in the context of scientific designs for assessing intervention efficacy. In contrast, most participants have a cognitive frame (...) that is personal and focused primarily on their medical problems. To illustrate this, we draw on interview material from both clinical researchers and participants in clinical trials. We suggest that reducing TM requires encouraging subjects to adjust their frame, not just add information to their existing frame. What is necessary is ascientific reframingof participation in a clinical trial. (shrink)
- Boundaries of confidentiality in nursing care for mother and child in HIV programmes.Bodil Bø Våga,Karen Marie Moland &Astrid Blystad -2016 -Nursing Ethics 23 (5):576-586.Background: Confidentiality lies at the core of medical ethics and is the cornerstone for developing and keeping a trusting relationship between nurses and patients. In the wake of the HIV epidemic, there has been a heightened focus on confidentiality in healthcare contexts. Nurses’ follow-up of HIV-positive women and their susceptible HIV-exposed children has proved to be challenging in this regard, but the ethical dilemmas concerning confidentiality that emerge in the process of ensuring HIV-free survival of the third party – the (...) child – have attracted limited attention. Objective: The study explores challenges of confidentiality linked to a third party in nurse–patient relationships in a rural Tanzanian HIV/AIDS context. Study context: The study was carried out in rural and semi-urban settings of Tanzania where the population is largely agro-pastoral, the formal educational level is low and poverty is rife. The HIV prevalence of 1.5% is low compared to the national prevalence of 5.1%. Methods: Data were collected during 9 months of ethnographic fieldwork and consisted of participant observation in clinical settings and during home visits combined with in-depth interviews. The main categories of informants were nurses employed in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV programmes and HIV-positive women enrolled in these programmes. Ethical considerations: Based on information about the study aims, all informants consented to participate. Ethical approval was granted by ethics review boards in Tanzania and Norway. Findings and discussion: The material indicates a delicate balance between the nurses’ attempt to secure the HIV-free survival of the babies and the mothers’ desire to preserve confidentiality. Profound confidentiality-related dilemmas emerged in actual practice, and indications of a lack of thorough consideration of the implication of a patient’s restricted disclosure came to light during follow-up of the HIV-positive women and the third party – the child who is at risk of HIV infection through mother’s milk. World Health Organization’s substantial focus on infant survival (Millennium Development Goal-4) and the strong calls for disclosure among the HIV-positive are reflected on in the discussion. (shrink)
- Early Stages of Sensory Processing, but Not Semantic Integration, Are Altered in Dyslexic Adults.Patrícia B. Silva,Karen Ueki,Darlene G. Oliveira,Paulo S. Boggio &Elizeu C. Macedo -2016 -Frontiers in Psychology 7.
- Achieving new levels of recall in consent to research by combining remedial and motivational techniques: Table 1.David S. Festinger,Karen L. Dugosh,Douglas B. Marlowe &Nicolle T. Clements -2014 -Journal of Medical Ethics 40 (4):264-268.Introduction Research supports the efficacy of both a remedial consent procedure ) and a motivational consent procedure for improving recall of informed consent to research. Although these strategies were statistically superior to standard consent, effects were modest and not clinically significant. This study examines a combined incentivised consent and CF procedure that simplifies the cognitive task and increases motivation to learn consent information.Methods We randomly assigned 104 individuals consenting to an unrelated host study to a consent as usual condition or (...) an incentivised CF condition . All participants were told they would be quizzed on their consent recall following their baseline assessment and at 4 monthly follow-ups. ICF participants were also informed that they would earn $5 for each correct answer and receive CF as needed.Results Quiz scores in the two conditions did not differ at the first administration ; however, ICF scores were significantly higher at each subsequent administration .Conclusions The ICF procedure increased consent recall from 72% to 83%, compared with the CAU condition in which recall decreased from 69% to 59%. This supports the statistical and clinical utility of a combined remedial and motivational consent procedure for enhancing recall of study information and human research protections. (shrink)
- Innovative Tools to Fight Gang Violence.Kim Dammers,Anthony B. Iton,Karen J. Mathis,Patricia M. Speck &David E. Nahmias -2007 -Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 35 (S4):118-119.
- Patient, physician and presentational influences on clinical decision making for breast cancer: results from a factorial experiment.John B. McKinlay,Risa B. Burns,Richard Durante,Henry A. Feldman,Karen M. Freund,Brooke S. Harrow,Julie T. Irish,Linda E. Kasten &Mark A. Moskowitz -1997 -Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 3 (1):23-57.
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Area Editors:
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Gwen Bradford
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Matthew McGrath
Michiru Nagatsu
Susana Nuccetelli
Giuseppe Primiero
Jack Alan Reynolds
Darrell P. Rowbottom
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