The “Good Planning Panel”.Thomas J. Smith &Joann N.Bodurtha -2013 -Hastings Center Report 43 (4):30-32.detailsIn “Avoiding a Death Panel Redux,” Nicole Piemonte and Laura Hermer make the argument that the advance care planning consultation provision during the health care reform debate collapsed both because the language in the provision was deliberately misread and because some features of the language could in fact be misleading. We agree on both counts. We add that the cost‐effectiveness provisions of the bill make us face difficult decisions we as a nation would rather avoid, but can and must face (...) squarely and together. It is time for an honest national conversation about at least two issues concerning medical care near the end of life. First, talking about or planning a good death with your doctor or nurse will not make death happen sooner. The data show that better planning for a well‐managed terminal illness leads to longer life as well as better symptom control and less distress. Second, we need to quickly and directly confront the cost of end of life care in the United State, recognize the political consequences, and work with the broad middle to advance the common good. (shrink)
Development of a Novel Methodology for Ascertaining Scientific Opinion and Extent of Agreement.Vickers Peter,Ludovica Adamo,Mark Alfano,Cory J. Clark,Eleonora Cresto,He Cui,Haixin Dang,Finnur Dellsén,Nathalie Dupin,Laura Gradowski,Simon Graf,Aline Guevara,Mark Hallap,Jesse Hamilton,Mariann Hardey,Paula Helm,Asheley Landrum,Neil Levy,Edouard Machery,Sarah Mills,Sean Muller,Joanne Sheppard,Shinod N. K.,Matthew Slater,Jacob Stegenga,Henning Strandin,Mike Stuart,David Sweet,Ufuk Tasdan,Henry Taylor,Owen Towler,Dana Tulodziecki,Heidi Tworek,Rebecca Wallbank,Harald Wiltsche &Samantha Mitchell Finnigan -2024 -PLoS ONE 19 (12):1-24.detailsWe take up the challenge of developing an international network with capacity to survey the world's scientists on an ongoing basis, providing rich datasets regarding the opinions of scientists and scientific sub-communities, both at a time and also over time. The novel methodology employed sees local coordinators, at each institution in the network, sending survey invitation emails internally to scientists at their home institution. The emails link to a ‘10 second survey’, where the participant is presented with a single statement (...) to consider, and a standard five point Likert scale. In June 2023, a group of 30 philosophers and social scientists invited 20,085 scientists across 30 institutions in 12 countries to participate, gathering 6,807 responses to the statement 'Science has put it beyond reasonable doubt that COVID-19 is caused by a virus'. The study demonstrates that it is possible to establish a global network to quickly ascertain scientific opinion on a large international scale, with high response rate, low opt-out rate, and in a way that allows for significant (perhaps indefinite) repeatability. Measuring scientific opinion in this new way would be a valuable complement to currently available approaches, potentially informing policy decisions and public understanding across diverse fields. (shrink)
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Development of a novel methodology for ascertaining scientific opinion and extent of agreement.Peter Vickers,Ludovica Adamo,Mark Alfano,Cory J. Clark,Eleonora Cresto,He Cui,Haixin Dang,Finnur Dellsen,Nathalie Dupin,Laura Gradowski,Simon Graf,Aline Guevara,Mark Hallap,Jesse Hamilton,Mariann Hardey,Paula Helm,Asheley Landrum,Neil Levy,Edouard Machery,Sarah Mills,Sean Muller,Joanne Sheppard,Shinod N. K.,Matthew Slater,Jacob Stegenga,Henning Strandin,Michael T. Stuart,David Sweet,Tasdan Ufuk,Henry Taylor,Towler Owen,Dana Tulodziecki,Heidi Tworek,Rebecca Wallbank,Harald Wiltsche &Samantha Mitchell Finnigan -2024 -PLoS ONE 19 ((12)).detailsWe take up the challenge of developing an international network with capacity to survey the world’s scientists on an ongoing basis, providing rich datasets regarding the opinions of scientists and scientific sub-communities, both at a time and also over time. The novel methodology employed sees local coordinators, at each institution in the network, sending survey invitation emails internally to scientists at their home institution. The emails link to a ‘10 second survey’, where the participant is presented with a single statement (...) to consider, and a standard five-point Likert scale. In June 2023, a group of 30 philosophers and social scientists invited 20,085 scientists across 30 institutions in 12 countries to participate, gathering 6,807 responses to the statement Science has put it beyond reasonable doubt that COVID-19 is caused by a virus. The study demonstrates that it is possible to establish a global network to quickly ascertain scientific opinion on a large international scale, with high response rate, low opt-out rate, and in a way that allows for significant (perhaps indefinite) repeatability. Measuring scientific opinion in this new way would be a valuable complement to currently available approaches, potentially informing policy decisions and public understanding across diverse fields. (shrink)
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Development of a novel methodology for ascertaining scientific opinion and extent of agreement.Peter Vickers,Ludovica Adamo,Mark Alfano,Cory Clark,Eleonora Cresto,He Cui,Haixin Dang,Finnur Dellsén,Nathalie Dupin,Laura Gradowski,Simon Graf,Aline Guevara,Mark Hallap,Jesse Hamilton,Mariann Hardey,Paula Helm,Asheley Landrum,Neil Levy,Edouard Machery,Sarah Mills,Seán Muller,Joanne Sheppard,Shinod N. K.,Matthew Slater,Jacob Stegenga,Henning Strandin,Michael T. Stuart,David Sweet,Ufuk Tasdan,Henry Taylor,Owen Towler,Dana Tulodziecki,Heidi Tworek,Rebecca Wallbank,Harald Wiltsche &Samantha Mitchell Finnigan -unknowndetailsWe take up the challenge of developing an international network with capacity to survey the world’s scientists on an ongoing basis, providing rich datasets regarding the opinions of scientists and scientific sub-communities, both at a time and also over time. The novel methodology employed sees local coordinators, at each institution in the network, sending survey invitation emails internally to scientists at their home institution. The emails link to a ‘10 second survey’, where the participant is presented with a single statement (...) to consider, and a standard five-point Likert scale. In June 2023, a group of 30 philosophers and social scientists invited 20,085 scientists across 30 institutions in 12 countries to participate, gathering 6,807 responses to the statement Science has put it beyond reasonable doubt that COVID-19 is caused by a virus. The study demonstrates that it is possible to establish a global network to quickly ascertain scientific opinion on a large international scale, with high response rate, low opt-out rate, and in a way that allows for significant (perhaps indefinite) repeatability. Measuring scientific opinion in this new way would be a valuable complement to currently available approaches, potentially informing policy decisions and public understanding across diverse fields. (shrink)
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Fusion Approach: Theory, Contestation, Limits.Vikram Chandra,J. Hillis Miller,Gayatri Chakravorty,Ben Baer,Homi Bhabha,Grant Farred,Paul Jahshan,Bill Ashcroft,Stephen Morton,Dorota Kolodziejczyk,Adam Muller,Claire Chambers,James M. Ivory,David Lorne Macdonald,Sangeeta Ray,Pushpa N. Parekh,Maria Sofia Pimentel Biscaia,David Mesher,Cara Cilano,Dora Sales Salvador,Ryan Mowat,Joanne Trevenna,Amy Lee &Sumana Roy (eds.) -2006 - Upa.detailsfusion theory challenges efforts to see theory as inhibiting by presenting an approach that is innovative, eclectic, and subtle in order to draw out competing and constellating ideas and opinions. This collected volume of essays examines fusion theory and demonstrates how the theory can be applied to the reading of various works of Indian English novelists.
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Riscoperta dell'uomo.Nando Fabro &Fernando Vittorino Joannes (eds.) -1967 - [Milano]: A. Mondadori.detailsIntroduzione: L'uomo alla scoperta di se stesso, di N. Fabro.--Realtà della condizione umana e valori morali; appunti per una antropologia attuale, di S. Misser.--Fede nella creazione ed evoluzionismo, di P. Smulders.--Il senso biologico della morale di San Paolo, di José-Maria Gonzalez-Ruiz.--Immagine umanistica dell'uomo, di J.P. van Praag.--L'etica della situazione, di E. Schillebeeckx.--Dossier Teilhard de Chardin: Introduzione, Teilhard de Chardin, o della fede nell'uomo, di F.V. Joannes. Destino cosmico e destino individuale dell'uomo, di A. Catemario. L'evoluzione spirituale del genere umano, di (...) P. Martini. La Persona nel fenomeno della socializzazione, di F. Russo. (shrink)
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Self-Employment in Later Life: How Future Time Perspective and Social Support Influence Self-Employment Interest.Valerie Caines,Joanne Kaa Earl &Prashant Bordia -2019 -Frontiers in Psychology 10:429910.detailsFor older workers, self-employment is an important alternative to waged employment. Drawing on social learning theory and social cognitive career theory we examine how attitudes toward one’s own aging, future time perspective (captured by perceived time left to live) and perceived support from referent individuals predict self-efficacy for entrepreneurship and outcome expectations, influencing self-employment interest. Findings from a sample of professional association members (n = 174, mean age 52.5 years), revealed that an open-ended time perspective relates positively to entrepreneurial self-efficacy, (...) while social support relates positively to outcome expectations. Consistent with social cognitive career theory, entrepreneurial self-efficacy mediated the relationship between future time perspective and interest in self-employment, and outcome expectations mediated the relationship between social support and interest in self-employment. This study extends current career and entrepreneurship theory in several ways. First, the inclusion of age-related psychosocial and sociocultural factors in the study model shed light on the intersection between older age, the contextual environment and development of self-employment interest. Second, the findings support earlier arguments that older entrepreneurship is a social process whereby the social context in which people work and live influences their interest in entrepreneurship, and that entrepreneurial behavior among older peop... (shrink)
A randomised controlled trial of an Intervention to Improve Compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines (IICARus).Ezgi Tanriver-Ayder,Laura J. Gray,Sarah K. McCann,Ian M. Devonshire,Leigh O’Connor,Zeinab Ammar,Sarah Corke,Mahmoud Warda,Evandro Araújo De-Souza,Paolo Roncon,Edward Christopher,Ryan Cheyne,Daniel Baker,Emily Wheater,Marco Cascella,Savannah A. Lynn,Emmanuel Charbonney,Kamil Laban,Cilene Lino de Oliveira,Julija Baginskaite,Joanne Storey,David Ewart Henshall,Ahmed Nazzal,Privjyot Jheeta,Arianna Rinaldi,Teja Gregorc,Anthony Shek,Jennifer Freymann,Natasha A. Karp,Terence J. Quinn,Victor Jones,Kimberley Elaine Wever,Klara Zsofia Gerlei,Mona Hosh,Victoria Hohendorf,Monica Dingwall,Timm Konold,Katrina Blazek,Sarah Antar,Daniel-Cosmin Marcu,Alexandra Bannach-Brown,Paula Grill,Zsanett Bahor,Gillian L. Currie,Fala Cramond,Rosie Moreland,Chris Sena,Jing Liao,Michelle Dohm,Gina Alvino,Alejandra Clark,Gavin Morrison,Catriona MacCallum,Cadi Irvine,Philip Bath,David Howells,Malcolm R. Macleod,Kaitlyn Hair &Emily S. Sena -2019 -Research Integrity and Peer Review 4 (1).detailsBackgroundThe ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments) guidelines are widely endorsed but compliance is limited. We sought to determine whether journal-requested completion of an ARRIVE checklist improves full compliance with the guidelines.MethodsIn a randomised controlled trial, manuscripts reporting in vivo animal research submitted to PLOS ONE (March–June 2015) were randomly allocated to either requested completion of an ARRIVE checklist or current standard practice. Authors, academic editors, and peer reviewers were blinded to group allocation. Trained reviewers performed outcome adjudication (...) in duplicate by assessing manuscripts against an operationalised version of the ARRIVE guidelines that consists 108 items. Our primary outcome was the between-group differences in the proportion of manuscripts meeting all ARRIVE guideline checklist subitems.ResultsWe randomised 1689 manuscripts (control: n = 844, intervention: n = 845), of which 1269 were sent for peer review and 762 (control: n = 340; intervention: n = 332) accepted for publication. No manuscript in either group achieved full compliance with the ARRIVE checklist. Details of animal husbandry (ARRIVE subitem 9b) was the only subitem to show improvements in reporting, with the proportion of compliant manuscripts rising from 52.1 to 74.1% (X2 = 34.0, df = 1, p = 2.1 × 10−7) in the control and intervention groups, respectively.ConclusionsThese results suggest that altering the editorial process to include requests for a completed ARRIVE checklist is not enough to improve compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines. Other approaches, such as more stringent editorial policies or a targeted approach on key quality items, may promote improvements in reporting. (shrink)
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Operationalizing Ethics in Food Choice Decisions.Daryl H. Hepting,JoAnn Jaffe &Timothy Maciag -2014 -Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 27 (3):453-469.detailsThere is a large gap between attitude and action when it comes to consumer purchases of ethical food. Amongst the various aspects of this gap, this paper focuses on the difficulty in knowing enough about the various dimensions of food production, distribution and consumption to make an ethical food purchasing decision. There is neither one universal definition of ethical food. We suggest that it is possible to support consumers in operationalizing their own ethics of food with the use of appropriate (...) information and communication technology. We consider eggs as an example because locally produced options are available to many people on every continent. We consider the dimensions upon which food ethics may be constructed, then discuss the information required to assess it and the tools that can support it. We then present an overview of opportunities for design of a new software tool. Finally, we offer some points for discussion and future work. (shrink)
In defense of exclusionary reasons.N. P. Adams -2021 -Philosophical Studies 178 (1):235-253.detailsExclusionary defeat is Joseph Raz’s proposal for understanding the more complex, layered structure of practical reasoning. Exclusionary reasons are widely appealed to in legal theory and consistently arise in many other areas of philosophy. They have also been subject to a variety of challenges. I propose a new account of exclusionary reasons based on their justificatory role, rejecting Raz’s motivational account and especially contrasting exclusion with undercutting defeat. I explain the appeal and coherence of exclusionary reasons by appeal to commonsense (...) value pluralism and the intermediate space of public policies, social roles, and organizations. We often want our choices to have a certain character or instantiate a certain value and in order to do so, that choice can only be based on a restricted set of reasons. Exclusion explains how pro tanto practical reasons can be disqualified from counting towards a choice of a particular kind without being outweighed or undercut. (shrink)
Institutional Legitimacy.N. P. Adams -2018 -Journal of Political Philosophy:84-102.detailsPolitical legitimacy is best understood as one type of a broader notion, which I call institutional legitimacy. An institution is legitimate in my sense when it has the right to function. The right to function correlates to a duty of non-interference. Understanding legitimacy in this way favorably contrasts with legitimacy understood in the traditional way, as the right to rule correlating to a duty of obedience. It helps unify our discourses of legitimacy across a wider range of practices, especially including (...) the many evaluations we increasingly make of international institutions of various sorts, but also including domestic institutions. (shrink)
Uncivil Disobedience: Political Commitment and Violence.N. P. Adams -2018 -Res Publica 24 (4):475-491.detailsStandard accounts of civil disobedience include nonviolence as a necessary condition. Here I argue that such accounts are mistaken and that civil disobedience can include violence in many aspects, primarily excepting violence directed at other persons. I base this argument on a novel understanding of civil disobedience: the special character of the practice comes from its combination of condemnation of a political practice with an expressed commitment to the political. The commitment to the political is a commitment to engaging with (...) others as co-members in the on-going political project of living together. I show how such an understanding of civil disobedience is superior to the Rawlsian strain of thought, which focuses on fidelity to law. Rawls was concerned with civil disobedience solely in the context of overriding political obligation. The project of characterizing a contestatory political practice that can be distinguished and used in a wider variety of contexts than Rawls is concerned with, including under illegitimate regimes, beyond the nation-state, or on behalf of anarchism, requires a different understanding of civil disobedience. (shrink)
Digambarskai︠a︡ filosofii︠a︡ ot Umasvati do Nemichandry: istoriko-filosofskie ocherki.N. A. Zheleznova -2012 - Moskva: Izdatelʹskai︠a︡ firma "Vostochnai︠a︡ literatura".detailsВ издании подробно исследуется философское наследие четырех учителей дигамбарской ветви джайнизма.
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Legitimacy beyond the state: institutional purposes and contextual constraints.N. P. Adams,Antoinette Scherz &Cord Schmelzle -2020 -Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 23 (3):281-291.detailsThe essays collected in this special issue explore what legitimacy means for actors and institutions that do not function like traditional states but nevertheless wield significant power in the global realm. They are connected by the idea that the specific purposes of non-state actors and the contexts in which they operate shape what it means for them to be legitimate and so shape the standards of justification that they have to meet. In this introduction, we develop this guiding methodology further (...) and show how the special issue’s individual contributions apply it to their cases. In the first section, we provide a sketch of our purpose-dependent theory of legitimacy beyond the state. We then highlight two features of the institutional context beyond the state that set it apart from the domestic case: problems of feasibility and the structure of international law. (shrink)
The Concept of Legitimacy.N. P. Adams -2022 -Canadian Journal of Philosophy 52 (4):381-395.detailsI argue that legitimacy discourses serve a gatekeeping function. They give practitioners telic standards for riding herd on social practices, ensuring that minimally acceptable versions of the practice are implemented. Such a function is a necessary part of implementing formalized social practices, especially including law. This gatekeeping account shows that political philosophers have misunderstood legitimacy; it is not secondary to justice and only necessary because we cannot agree about justice. Instead, it is a necessary feature of actual human social practices, (...) which must be implemented via practitioners' discretion in changing contexts. (shrink)
Authority, Illocutionary Accommodation, and Social Accommodation.N. P. Adams -2020 -Australasian Journal of Philosophy 98 (3):560-573.detailsBy appeal to the phenomenon of presupposition accommodation, Rae Langton and others have proposed that speakers can gain genuine authority over their audiences when they implicitly claim such autho...
Print︠s︡ip dukhomaterii N.F. Fedorova kak razgadka filosofii istorii.Artur Gevorki︠a︡n -2012 - Moskva: Izdatelʹstvo "Vash poligraficheskiĭ partner".detailsЭта книга поможет пролить свет на метафизическое осмысление философии истории, подведет к более глубокому пониманию сущности добра и зла, предложенному известным русским философом и мыслителем Н. Ф. Федоровым.