Curricular Assessment of the subject Family Comprehensive Attention.Jacqueline Legañoa Alonso,Sonia Rodríguez Ramos,Viviana Molero Porto,Magalis Castellano Zamora &Yedilma Souto Nápoles -2016 -Humanidades Médicas 16 (2):301-316.detailsFundamento: El Plan D de la carrera de Estomatología concibe la existencia de una disciplina principal integradora denominada Estomatología Integral, sobre la base de la concepción de interdisciplinariedad y la mayor flexibilización curricular. Objetivo: Realizar una valoración de la asignatura Atención Integral a la Familia II del plan D de la carrera de Estomatología. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en la Facultad de Estomatología de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Camaguey en Mayo 2015, mediante el análisis documental (...) del plan de estudio D y programa de la disciplina integradora, se exploraron criterios de profesores sobre las potencialidades y limitaciones del diseño curricular. Fueron encuestados directivos del proceso docente y profesores de experiencia. Resultados: En los objetivos instructivos de la carrera no se incluye el referente a la Estomatología Legal, pero está recogido en los problemas de salud, en los modos de actuación del modelo del profesional y en los objetivos del 4to año donde se imparte la asignatura. La formulación del primer objetivo instructivo se considera muy general y amplia. Conclusiones: La ubicación de la asignatura es correcta en la malla curricular. Tiene suficientes horas de Educación en el trabajo y es adecuada la proporción de las actividades teóricas; como aspectos negativos contenido resalta la extensión y amplitud del tercer tema y la escasez y pobre actualización de la literatura docente. Introduction: The Curriculum D of Dentistry career conceives the existence of a main integrated discipline called Comprehensive Dentistry on the basis of the multi-disciplinary conception and the most curricular flexibility. Objective: To make an assessment of the subject Family Comprehensive Attention II Curriculum D of Dentistry career. Methods: A descriptive-transverse study was performed in the Dentistry Faculty of the University of Medical Sciences in May 2015 by means of the documentary analysis of the Curriculum D and the syllabus of the comprehensive discipline, different professors´criteria were explored about the potencialities and limitations of the curricular design. The board of directors of the teaching process as well as experienced professors were interviewed. Results: The instructive objectives of the career are not included in Legal Dentistry but they are taken into account when dealing with heath problems, the ways of behavior of the future professional and the objectives of the 4th-year subject. The formulation of the first instructive objective is considered very general and broad. Conclusions: Its location is correct bearing in mind the curricular design. It contains enough hours for the practice at dental clinics and a correct gradation of the theoretical activities, a very broad and lengthy content in topic III as well as scarce and not updated literature were the negative aspects. (shrink)
(1 other version)Exploring the influence of task assignment and output modalities on computerized training for autism.Ouriel Grynszpan,Jean-Claude Martin &Jacqueline Nadel -2007 -Interaction Studies 8 (2):241-266.detailsOur exploratory research aims at suggesting design principles for educational software dedicated to people with high functioning autism. In order to explore the efficiency of educational games, we developed an experimental protocol to study the influence of the specific constraints of the learning areas as well as Human Computer Interface modalities. We designed computer games that were tested with 10 teenagers diagnosed with high functioning autism, during 13 sessions, at the rate of one session per week. Participants’ skills were assessed (...) before and after a training period. A group of 10 typical children matched on academic level also took part in the experiment. A software platform was developed to manage interface modalities and log users’ actions. Moreover, we annotated video recordings of two sessions. Results underline the influence of the task and interface modalities on executive functions. (shrink)
Connecting relational wellbeing and participatory action research: reflections on ‘unlikely’ transformations among women caring for disabled children in South Africa.Elise J. van der Mark,Teun Zuiderent-Jerak,Christine W. M. Dedding,Ina M. Conradie &Jacqueline E. W. Broerse -2023 -Journal of Global Ethics 19 (1):80-104.detailsParticipatory action research (PAR) is a form of community-driven qualitative research which aims to collaboratively take action to improve participants’ lives. This is generally achieved through cognitive, reflexive learning cycles, whereby people ultimately enhance their wellbeing. This approach builds on two assumptions: (1) participants are able to reflect on and prioritize difficulties they face; (2) collective impetus and action are progressively achieved, ultimately leading to increased wellbeing. This article complicates these assumptions by analyzing a two-year PAR project with mothers of (...) disabled children from a South African urban settlement. Participant observation notes, interviews, and a group discussion served as primary data. We found that mothers’ severe psychological stress and the strong intersectionality of their daily challenges hampered participation. Consequently, mothers considered the project ‘inactionable’. Yet, many women quickly started expressing important individual and collective wellbeing transformations. To understand these ‘unlikely’ transformations, a feminist relational account, in particular, that of relational wellbeing, proves essential. We reflect on the consequences of these findings for the dominant PAR methodology and operationalization, and propose to sensitize future PAR with marginalized women by employing relational wellbeing as an overarching ontological awareness. (shrink)
Dimensional versus conceptual incommensurability in the social and behavioral sciences.Eugene Vaynberg,Kate Nicole Hoffman,Jacqueline Mae Wallis &Michael Weisberg -2024 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 47:e64.detailsThis commentary analyzes the extent to which the incommensurability problem can be resolved through the proposed alternative method of integrative experiment design. We suggest that, although one aspect of incommensurability is successfully addressed (dimensional incommensurability), the proposed design space method does not yet alleviate another major source of discontinuity, which we call conceptual incommensurability.
Integration of ICT in the Attitudes and Knowledge of University Students.Elvia Marlene Valencia-Medina,Silvana Mariuxi López-Valencia,Karina Maricela Jaramillo-Mediavilla,Julio César Andrade-Palacios &SorayaJacqueline Jaramillo-Mediavilla -forthcoming -Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture:398-406.detailsThis article arises in the Ecuadorian context of Higher Education where the insertion of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) has a considerable impact on the knowledge and attitudes of students. The purpose of the research is to analyze the integration of ICT in attitudes and knowledge in students of the Bolivar State University in the careers of Accounting and Business Administration. The methodology used in a sample of 150 students presents a quantitative research design, exploratory type, correlational scope and cross-sectional; (...) in addition, an exploratory factor analysis, KMO sample adequacy and Bartlett’s test were used, central trend and dispersion measures, Pearson’s correlation. The results show that, despite the direct relationship between the variables, there are no statistically significant differences between knowledge and attitude, that is, the perception and understanding of ICTs between the two cohorts of students are similar. It is concluded that students have an average level of knowledge about ICT and their attitude to the use of them is indifferent. (shrink)
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First Steps Towards an Ethics of Robots and Artificial Intelligence.JohnTasioulas -2019 -Journal of Practical Ethics 7 (1):61-95.detailsThis article offers an overview of the main first-order ethical questions raised by robots and Artificial Intelligence (RAIs) under five broad rubrics: functionality, inherent significance, rights and responsibilities, side-effects, and threats. The first letter of each rubric taken together conveniently generates the acronym FIRST. Special attention is given to the rubrics of functionality and inherent significance given the centrality of the former and the tendency to neglect the latter in virtue of its somewhat nebulous and contested character. In addition to (...) exploring some illustrative issues arising under each rubric, the article also emphasizes a number of more general themes. These include: the multiplicity of interacting levels on which ethical questions about RAIs arise, the need to recognise that RAIs potentially implicate the full gamut of human values (rather than exclusively or primarily some readily identifiable sub-set of ethical or legal principles), and the need for practically salient ethical reflection on RAIs to be informed by a realistic appreciation of their existing and foreseeable capacities. -/- . (shrink)
Justice, equality, and rights.JohnTasioulas -2013 - In Roger Crisp,The Oxford Handbook of the History of Ethics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.detailsThis chapter begins by considering the nature of justice, and then discusses justice as a subjective right, justice eclipsed, basic human equality, natural rights, and the transformation of natural rights into human rights.
The place of human rights and the common good in global health policy.JohnTasioulas &Effy Vayena -2016 -Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 37 (4):365-382.detailsThis article offers an integrated account of two strands of global health justice: health-related human rights and health-related common goods. After sketching a general understanding of the nature of human rights, it proceeds to explain both how individual human rights are to be individuated and the content of their associated obligations specified. With respect to both issues, the human right to health is taken as the primary illustration. It is argued that the individuation of the right to health is fixed (...) by reference to the subject matter of its corresponding obligations, and not by the interests it serves, and the specification of the content of that right must be properly responsive to thresholds of possibility and burden. The article concludes by insisting that human rights cannot constitute the whole of global health justice and that, in addition, other considerations—including the promotion of health-related global public goods—should also shape such policy. Moreover, the relationship between human rights and common goods should not be conceived as mutually exclusive. On the contrary, there sometimes exists an individual right to some aspect of a common good, including a right to benefit from health-related common goods such as programmes for securing herd immunity from diphtheria. (shrink)
Human Rights, Legitimacy, and International Law.JohnTasioulas -2013 -American Journal of Jurisprudence 58 (1):1-25.detailsThe article begins with reflections on the nature, and basis, of human rights considered as moral standards. It recommends an orthodox view of their nature, as moral rights possessed by all human beings simply in virtue of their humanity and discoverable through the workings of natural reason, that makes them strongly continuous with natural rights. It then offers some criticisms of recent attempts to depart from orthodoxy by explicating human rights by reference to the supposedly constitutive connection they bear to (...) the matter of political legitimacy. The second half of the article turns to the legitimacy of international law, with a special focus on international human rights law. An account is sketched of the legitimacy of international law based on the service conception of legitimate authority. The article concludes by discussing three sources of potential limitations on international law’s legitimacy: pluralism, freedom (sovereignty) and exceptionalism. (shrink)
Premiers aperçus sur la campagne législative 1974 à la RTB.Gabriel Thoveron,Claude Geerts,Clairette Delmotte,Roger Deschamps,José-Manuel Nobre-Correia &Jacqueline Thoveron -1974 -Res Publica 16 (3-4):463-502.detailsThis paper represents a first approach of the campaign in the frenchspeaking radio and television. A thorough study wilt be done later. You will read here :- the different kinds of electoral programmes;- the topics of the campaign through the questions asked by the audience, the questions selected by the journalists, the topics of the political platforms ;- the critique ;- the audience ;- the «case François».
“Fantasy Upon Fantasy”: Some Reflections on Dworkin’s Philosophy of International Law.JohnTasioulas -2021 -Jus Cogens 3 (1):33-50.detailsThis article offers a critique of Ronald Dworkin’s article “A New Philosophy for International Law”, (Philos Public Aff 41: 1–30, 2013). It begins by showing that Dworkin’s moralised theory of law is built on two highly questionable background assumptions. On the one hand, a descriptively implausible characterisation of a positivist-voluntarist view of international law as the reigning “orthodoxy”. On the other hand, the methodologically questionable assumption that a theory of international law must discharge the dual function of explaining the validity (...) of international law in a manner that underwrites its presumptive legitimacy. In its core part, the article then offers a sustained criticism of Dworkin’s moralised account of the validity and legitimacy of international law. Various problems are identified with the “principle of salience” that Dworkin offers in place of consent as a ground for international law. A key concern is the difficulties that stem from Dworkin’s willingness to proceed on the “fantasy” assumption that his theory needs to get off the ground, i.e. that there is an international court with compulsory jurisdiction and reliable mechanisms for enforcing its judgements. Finally, the article concludes with some thoughts on how Dworkin’s “fantasy-based” approach led him to over-estimate the degree to which international law can be a vehicle for the global spread of liberal democratic values. More minimalist ambitions for international legal order, along the lines suggested by John Rawls inThe Law of Peoples, seem more realistic. (shrink)
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Selected Letters From Pliny the Younger's Epistulae: Commentary byJacqueline Carlon.Jacqueline Carlon -2016 - Oxford University Press USA.detailsThis anthology offers a comprehensive introduction to Pliny the Younger's Epistulae for intermediate and advanced Latin students, with the grammatical, lexical, and historical support to enable them to read quickly and fluidly. As the only selection of the letters with extensive commentary, it provides instructors with a unique and complete resource for students.ABOUT THE SERIESThe Oxford Greek and Latin College Commentaries is designed for students in intermediate or advanced Greek or Latin. Each volume includes a comprehensive introduction. The placement, on (...) the same page, of the ancient text, a running vocabulary, and succinct notes focusing on grammar, syntax, and distinctive features of style provides students with essential learning aids.Series Editors: Barbara Weiden Boyd, Bowdoin College, Stephen Esposito, Boston University, and Mary Lefkowitz, Wellesley CollegeAlso Available Ovid: Ars Amatoria, Book 3, Christopher M. Brunelle, St. Olaf CollegeForthcoming Latin VolumesSuetonius's Life of AugustusDarryl Phillips, Connecticut CollegeLucan's De Bello Civile, Book 5Jonathan Tracy, Massey University, New Zealand. (shrink)
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Punishment and repentance.JohnTasioulas -2006 -Philosophy 81 (2):279-322.detailsIn philosophical writings, the practice of punishment standardly features as a terrain over which comprehensive moral theories—in the main, versions of ‘consequentialism’ and ‘deontology’—have fought a prolonged and inconclusive battle. The grip of this top-down model of the relationship between philosophical theory and punitive practice is so tenacious that even the most seemingly innocent concern with the ‘consequences’ of punishment is often read, if not as an endorsement of consequentialism, then at least as the registering of a consequentialist point. But (...) to suppose that repentance or crime prevention, for example, are goods that punishment characteristically aims to secure is hardly to endorse the maximization of some value or set of values as the fundamental criterion of moral rightness. Equally, an appeal to desert or rights in the justification of punishment does not commit one to the deontological claim that these norms have a basis independent of human interests. This suggests that the prevalence of the top-down model may owe more to the inertia of established usage, or the temptations of over-intellectualization, than one might initially have supposed. (shrink)
Are human rights essentially triggers for intervention?JohnTasioulas -2009 -Philosophy Compass 4 (6):938-950.detailsThe orthodox conception of human rights holds that human rights are moral rights possessed by all human beings simply in virtue of their humanity. In recent years, advocates of a 'political' conception of human rights have criticized this view on the grounds that it overlooks the distinctive political function performed by human rights. This article evaluates the arguments of two such critics, John Rawls and Joseph Raz, who characterize the political function of human rights as that of potential triggers for (...) intervention by one society against another. (shrink)
What is AI safety? What do we want it to be?Jacqueline Harding &Cameron Domenico Kirk-Giannini -manuscriptdetailsThe field of AI safety seeks to prevent or reduce the harms caused by AI systems. A simple and appealing account of what is distinctive of AI safety as a field holds that this feature is constitutive: a research project falls within the purview of AI safety just in case it aims to prevent or reduce the harms caused by AI systems. Call this appealingly simple account The Safety Conception of AI safety. Despite its simplicity and appeal, we argue that (...) The Safety Conception is in tension with at least two trends in the ways AI safety researchers and organizations think and talk about AI safety: first, a tendency to characterize the goal of AI safety research in terms of catastrophic risks from future systems; second, the increasingly popular idea that AI safety can be thought of as a branch of safety engineering. Adopting the methodology of conceptual engineering, we argue that these trends are unfortunate: when we consider what concept of AI safety it would be best to have, there are compelling reasons to think that The Safety Conception is the answer. Descriptively, The Safety Conception allows us to see how work on topics that have historically been treated as central to the field of AI safety is continuous with work on topics that have historically been treated as more marginal, like bias, misinformation, and privacy. Normatively, taking The Safety Conception seriously means approaching all efforts to prevent or mitigate harms from AI systems based on their merits rather than drawing arbitrary distinctions between them. (shrink)
The Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire: Validation of a Shortened Version in U.S. Youths.Jacqueline R. Anderson,Michael Killian,Jennifer L. Hughes,A. John Rush &Madhukar H. Trivedi -2020 -Frontiers in Psychology 11.detailsIntroductionResilience is a factor in how youth respond to adversity. The 88-item Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire is a comprehensive, multi-dimensional self-report measure of resilience developed with Australian youth.MethodsUsing a cross-sectional adolescent population, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to replicate the original factor structure. Over half of the adolescents were non-white and 9th graders with a mean age of 15.5.ResultsOur exploratory factor analysis shortened the measure for which we conducted the psychometric analyses. The original factor structure was not replicated. The exploratory factor (...) analysis provided a 49-item measure. Internal consistency reliability for all 12 factors ranged from acceptable. The revised factor total scores were highly and significantly correlated with item–total correlation coefficients.ConclusionThis revised shorter 49-item version of the Adolescent Resilience Questionnaire could be deployed and has acceptable psychometric properties. (shrink)
Gilding and Staining and the Significance of Our Moral Sentiments.Jacqueline Taylor -2010 -Hume Studies 36 (1):89-95.detailsIn Part 3 of Projection and Realism, P. J. E. Kail offers an original and thought-provoking analysis of Hume's views on morality. Kail seeks to make sense of Hume's talk of projection and realism. Kail's stated aim is to help us understand Hume's own views, rather than some new Humean view. Part 3 is thus a contribution to the literature on Hume's meta-ethics. Kail's particular approach presents two challenges to the student of Hume's works. First, Kail gives us a set (...) of terms that are not Hume's; this includes a distinction between explanatory projection and feature projection; a distinction between two forms of realism, metaphysical hedonism and the identification of moral value with natural properties of. (shrink)
Mercy.JohnTasioulas -2003 -Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 103 (2):101–132.detailsMercy is a form of charity towards wrongdoers that justifies punishing them less severely than they deserve according to justice. Three main objections to mercy, or its exercise by organs of the state-that it is irrational, unjust and procedurally unfair-are addressed in the course of defending mercy as a value that has a place in deliberation about criminal punishment. The paper draws on both the communicative theory of punishment and aspects of existing legal practice in mounting this defence.
The multiplicity of experimental protocols: A challenge to reductionist and non-reductionist models of the unity of neuroscience.Jacqueline A. Sullivan -2009 -Synthese 167 (3):511-539.detailsDescriptive accounts of the nature of explanation in neuroscience and the global goals of such explanation have recently proliferated in the philosophy of neuroscience and with them new understandings of the experimental practices of neuroscientists have emerged. In this paper, I consider two models of such practices; one that takes them to be reductive; another that takes them to be integrative. I investigate those areas of the neuroscience of learning and memory from which the examples used to substantiate these models (...) are culled, and argue that the multiplicity of experimental protocols used in these research areas presents specific challenges for both models. In my view, these challenges have been overlooked largely because philosophers have hitherto failed to pay sufficient attention to fundamental features of experimental practice. I demonstrate that when we do pay attention to such features, evidence for reduction and integrative unity in neuroscience is simply not borne out. I end by suggesting some new directions for the philosophy of neuroscience that pertain to taking a closer look at the nature of neuroscientific experiments. (shrink)
Operationalising Representation in Natural Language Processing.Jacqueline Harding -2023 -British Journal for the Philosophy of Science.detailsDespite its centrality in the philosophy of cognitive science, there has been little prior philosophical work engaging with the notion of representation in contemporary NLP practice. This paper attempts to fill that lacuna: drawing on ideas from cognitive science, I introduce a framework for evaluating the representational claims made about components of neural NLP models, proposing three criteria with which to evaluate whether a component of a model represents a property and operationalising these criteria using probing classifiers, a popular analysis (...) technique in NLP (and deep learning more broadly). The project of operationalising a philosophically-informed notion of representation should be of interest to both philosophers of science and NLP practitioners. It affords philosophers a novel testing-ground for claims about the nature of representation, and helps NLPers organise the large literature on probing experiments, suggesting novel avenues for empirical research. (shrink)
What is it for a Machine Learning Model to Have a Capability?Jacqueline Harding &Nathaniel Sharadin -forthcoming -British Journal for the Philosophy of Science.detailsWhat can contemporary machine learning (ML) models do? Given the proliferation of ML models in society, answering this question matters to a variety of stakeholders, both public and private. The evaluation of models' capabilities is rapidly emerging as a key subfield of modern ML, buoyed by regulatory attention and government grants. Despite this, the notion of an ML model possessing a capability has not been interrogated: what are we saying when we say that a model is able to do something? (...) And what sorts of evidence bear upon this question? -/- In this paper, we aim to answer these questions, using the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) as a running example. Drawing on the large philosophical literature on abilities, we develop an account of ML models' capabilities which can be usefully applied to the nascent science of model evaluation. Our core proposal is a conditional analysis of model abilities (CAMA): crudely, a machine learning model has a capability to X just when it would reliably succeed at doing X if it 'tried'. The main contribution of the paper is making this proposal precise in the context of ML, resulting in an operationalisation of CAMA applicable to LLMs. We then put CAMA to work, showing that it can help make sense of various features of ML model evaluation practice, as well as suggest procedures for performing fair inter-model comparisons. (shrink)
The Cambridge Companion to the Philosophy of Law.JohnTasioulas (ed.) -2020 - New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press.detailsWhat is the nature of law as a form of social order? What bearing do values like justice, human rights, and the rule of law have on law? Which values should law serve, and what limits must it respect in serving them? Are we always morally bound to obey the law? What are the philosophical problems that arise in specific areas of law, from criminal and tort law to contract law and public international law? The book provides an accessible, comprehensive, (...) and high quality introduction to the major themes of legal philosophy written by a stellar international cast of contributors, including John Finnis, Martha Nussbaum, Fred Schauer, Onora O'Neill and Antony Duff. The volume is an exceptional teaching tool that provides a critical introduction to cutting-edge work in the philosophy of law. (shrink)
Reflecting Subjects: Passion, Sympathy, and Society in Hume's Philosophy.Jacqueline Anne Taylor -2015 - Oxford, GB: Oxford University Press.detailsJacqueline Taylor presents an original reconstruction of Hume's social theory, which examines the passions and imagination in relation to institutions such as government and the economy. She goes on to examine Hume's system of ethics, and argues that the principle of humanity is the central concept of Hume's Enlightenment philosophy.