Results for 'J. S. Zaltzman'
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- Kidney transplant tourism: cases from Canada.L. Wright,J. S.Zaltzman,J. Gill &G. V. R. Prasad -2013 -Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 16 (4):921-924.Canada has a marked shortfall between the supply and demand for kidneys for transplantation. Median wait times for deceased donor kidney transplantation vary from 5.8 years in British Columbia, 5.2 years in Manitoba and 4.5 years in Ontario to a little over 2 years in Quebec and Nova Scotia. Living donation provides a viable option for some, but not all people. Consequently, a small number of people travel abroad to undergo kidney transplantation by commercial means. The extent to which they (...) are aware of the potential risks to their health and the health of the kidney vendors is unclear. Travel abroad to obtain a kidney commercially i.e. transplant tourism (TT), raises ethical issues which include the exploitation of the poor, uncertainty of donor informed consent to nephrectomy, poor clinical care and lack of follow up for the donor, commodification of the body and inequity of access to medical care for donors. Also, TT widens socioeconomic disparities in access to transplantation, differing from the Canadian system of universal coverage for healthcare. The Canadian transplant community has discussed how to respond to patients who plan to travel abroad for TT or return with a purchased kidney. Unease rests in the tension between the duty to care for legitimate Canadian residents and the unwillingness to enable TT. This paper discusses three anonymized cases and the Canadian responses to TT as recorded in academic literature and a formal statement by relevant professional bodies. (shrink)
- The Epistemic Benefit of Transient Diversity.Kevin J. S. Zollman -2010 -Erkenntnis 72 (1):17-35.There is growing interest in understanding and eliciting division of labor within groups of scientists. This paper illustrates the need for this division of labor through a historical example, and a formal model is presented to better analyze situations of this type. Analysis of this model reveals that a division of labor can be maintained in two different ways: by limiting information or by endowing the scientists with extreme beliefs. If both features are present however, cognitive diversity is maintained indefinitely, (...) and as a result agents fail to converge to the truth. Beyond the mechanisms for creating diversity suggested here, this shows that the real epistemic goal is not diversity but transient diversity. (shrink)
- (1 other version)The communication structure of epistemic communities.Kevin J. S. Zollman -2007 -Philosophy of Science 74 (5):574-587.Increasingly, epistemologists are becoming interested in social structures and their effect on epistemic enterprises, but little attention has been paid to the proper distribution of experimental results among scientists. This paper will analyze a model first suggested by two economists, which nicely captures one type of learning situation faced by scientists. The results of a computer simulation study of this model provide two interesting conclusions. First, in some contexts, a community of scientists is, as a whole, more reliable when its (...) members are less aware of their colleagues' experimental results. Second, there is a robust tradeoff between the reliability of a community and the speed with which it reaches a correct conclusion. ‡The author would like to thank Brian Skyrms, Kyle Stanford, Jeffrey Barrett, Bruce Glymour, and the participants in the Social Dynamics Seminar at University of California–Irvine for their helpful comments. Generous financial support was provided by the School of Social Science and Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences at UCI. †To contact the author, please write to: Department of Philosophy, Baker Hall 135, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890; e-mail:[email protected]. (shrink)
- The Credit Economy and the Economic Rationality of Science.Kevin J. S. Zollman -2018 -Journal of Philosophy 115 (1):5-33.Theories of scientific rationality typically pertain to belief. In this paper, the author argues that we should expand our focus to include motivations as well as belief. An economic model is used to evaluate whether science is best served by scientists motivated only by truth, only by credit, or by both truth and credit. In many, but not all, situations, scientists motivated by both truth and credit should be judged as the most rational scientists.No categories
- Network Epistemology: Communication in Epistemic Communities.Kevin J. S. Zollman -2013 -Philosophy Compass 8 (1):15-27.Much of contemporary knowledge is generated by groups not single individuals. A natural question to ask is, what features make groups better or worse at generating knowledge? This paper surveys research that spans several disciplines which focuses on one aspect of epistemic communities: the way they communicate internally. This research has revealed that a wide number of different communication structures are best, but what is best in a given situation depends on particular details of the problem being confronted by the (...) group. (shrink)
- Modeling the social consequences of testimonial norms.Kevin J. S. Zollman -2015 -Philosophical Studies 172 (9):2371-2383.This paper approaches the problem of testimony from a new direction. Rather than focusing on the epistemic grounds for testimony, it considers the problem from the perspective of an individual who must choose whom to trust from a population of many would-be testifiers. A computer simulation is presented which illustrates that in many plausible situations, those who trust without attempting to judge the reliability of testifiers outperform those who attempt to seek out the more reliable members of the community. In (...) so doing, it presents a novel defense for the credulist position that argues one should trust testimony without considering the underlying reliability of the testifier. (shrink)
- Between cheap and costly signals: the evolution of partially honest communication.Kevin J. S. Zollman,Carl T. Bergstrom &Simon M. Huttegger -unknownCostly signalling theory has become a common explanation for honest communication when interests conflict. In this paper, we provide an alternative explanation for partially honest communication that does not require significant signal costs. We show that this alternative is at least as plausible as traditional costly signalling, and we suggest a number of experiments that might be used to distinguish the two theories.No categories
- Separating Directives and Assertions Using Simple Signaling Games.Kevin J. S. Zollman -2011 -Journal of Philosophy 108 (3):158-169.No categories
- Talking to neighbors: The evolution of regional meaning.Kevin J. S. Zollman -2005 -Philosophy of Science 72 (1):69-85.In seeking to explain the evolution of social cooperation, many scholars are using increasingly complex game-theoretic models. These complexities often model readily observable features of human and animal populations. In the case of previous games analyzed in the literature, these modifications have had radical effects on the stability and efficiency properties of the models. We will analyze the effect of adding spatial structure to two communication games: the Lewis Sender-Receiver game and a modified Stag Hunt game. For the Stag Hunt, (...) we find that the results depart strikingly from previous models. In all cases, the departures increase the explanatory value of the models for social phenomena. (shrink)
- Social network structure and the achievement of consensus.Kevin J. S. Zollman -2012 -Politics, Philosophy and Economics 11 (1):26-44.It is widely believed that bringing parties with differing opinions together to discuss their differences will help both in securing consensus and also in ensuring that this consensus closely approximates the truth. This paper investigates this presumption using two mathematical and computer simulation models. Ultimately, these models show that increased contact can be useful in securing both consensus and truth, but it is not always beneficial in this way. This suggests one should not, without qualification, support policies which increase interpersonal (...) contact if one seeks to improve the epistemic performance of groups. (shrink)
- The theory of games as a tool for the social epistemologist.Kevin J. S. Zollman -2020 -Philosophical Studies 178 (4):1381-1401.Traditionally, epistemologists have distinguished between epistemic and pragmatic goals. In so doing, they presume that much of game theory is irrelevant to epistemic enterprises. I will show that this is a mistake. Even if we restrict attention to purely epistemic motivations, members of epistemic groups will face a multitude of strategic choices. I illustrate several contexts where individuals who are concerned solely with the discovery of truth will nonetheless face difficult game theoretic problems. Examples of purely epistemic coordination problems and (...) social dilemmas will be presented. These show that there is a far deeper connection between economics and epistemology than previous appreciated. (shrink)No categories
- Explaining fairness in complex environments.Kevin J. S. Zollman -2008 -Politics, Philosophy and Economics 7 (1):81-97.This article presents the evolutionary dynamics of three games: the Nash bargaining game, the ultimatum game, and a hybrid of the two. One might expect that the probability that some behavior evolves in an environment with two games would be near the probability that the same behavior evolves in either game alone. This is not the case for the ultimatum and Nash bargaining games. Fair behavior is more likely to evolve in a combined game than in either game taken individually. (...) This result confirms a conjecture that the complexity of our actual environment provides an explanation for the evolution of fair behavior. Key Words: evolutionary game theory • Nash bargaining game • ultimatum game • fairness. (shrink)
- Plasticity and language: an example of the Baldwin effect?Kevin J. S. Zollman &Rory Smead -2010 -Philosophical Studies 147 (1):7-21.In recent years, many scholars have suggested that the Baldwin effect may play an important role in the evolution of language. However, the Baldwin effect is a multifaceted and controversial process and the assessment of its connection with language is difficult without a formal model. This paper provides a first step in this direction. We examine a game-theoretic model of the interaction between plasticity and evolution in the context of a simple language game. Additionally, we describe three distinct aspects of (...) the Baldwin effect: the Simpson– Baldwin effect, the Baldwin expediting effect and the Baldwin optimizing effect. We find that a simple model of the evolution of language lends theoretical plausibility to the existence of the Simpson– Baldwin and the Baldwin optimizing effects in this arena, but not the Baldwin expediting effect. (shrink)No categories
- Optimal Publishing Strategies.Kevin J. S. Zollman -2009 -Episteme 6 (2):185-199.Journals regulate a significant portion of the communication between scientists. This paper devises an agent-based model of scientific practice and uses it to compare various strategies for selecting publications by journals. Surprisingly, it appears that the best selection method for journals is to publish relatively few papers and to select those papers it publishes at random from the available “above threshold” papers it receives. This strategy is most effective at maintaining an appropriate type of diversity that is needed to solve (...) a particular type of scientific problem. This problem and the limitation of the model is discussed in detail. (shrink)
- Finding Alternatives to Handicap Theory.Kevin J. S. Zollman -2013 -Biological Theory 8 (2):127-132.The Handicap Principle represents a central theory in the biological understanding of signaling. This paper presents a number of alternative theories to the Handicap Principle and argues that some of these theories may provide a better explanation for the evolution and stability of honest communication.
- The Scientific Ponzi Scheme.Kevin J. S. Zollman -unknownFraud and misleading research represent serious impediments to scientific progress. We must uncover the causes of fraud in order to understand how science functions and in order to develop strategies for combating epistemically detrimental behavior. This paper investigates how the incentive to commit fraud is enhanced by the structure of the scientific reward system. Science is an "accumulation process:" success begets resources which begets more success. Through a simplified mathematical model, I argue that this cyclic relationship enhances the appeal of (...) fraud and makes combating it extremely difficult. (shrink)No categories
- Ambivalence.J. S. Swindell Blumenthal-Barby -2010 -Philosophical Explorations 13 (1):23 – 34.The phenomenon of ambivalence is an important one for any philosophy of action. Despite this importance, there is a lack of a fully satisfactory analysis of the phenomenon. Although many contemporary philosophers recognize the phenomenon, and address topics related to it, only Harry Frankfurt has given the phenomenon full treatment in the context of action theory - providing an analysis of how it relates to the structure and freedom of the will. In this paper, I develop objections to Frankfurt's account, (...) all revolving around the charge that his account contains a serious ambiguity between willing and identifying. With such objections in place, I then develop an analysis that avoids the difficulties and ambiguities that Frankfurt's analysis is prey to. I briefly distinguish ambivalence from other types of internal conflict. This paper aims to offer conceptual clarification on the phenomenon of ambivalence, which will then allow for discussions about the normative merits and demerits of ambivalence, the effects of ambivalence on autonomous action, and methods of resolution of ambivalence. (shrink)
- Contingent parental reactivity in early socio-emotional development.G. Gergely,O. Koós &J. S. Watson -2010 - In Thomas Fuchs, Heribert Sattel & Peter Heningnsen,The Embodied Self: Dimensions, Coherence, and Disorders. Heningnsen. pp. 141--169.
- Chance and Uncertainty: Their Role in Various Disciplines.H. W. Capel,J. S. Cramer,O. Estevez-Uscanga,C. A. J. Klaassen &G. J. Mellenbergh (eds.) -1995 - Amsterdam University Press.'Uncertainty and chance' is a subject with a broad span, in that there is no academic discipline or walk of life that is not beset by uncertainty and chance. In this book a range of approaches is represented by authors from varied disciplines: natural sciences, mathematics, social sciences and medical sciences. At one extreme, this volume is concerned with the foundations of probability. At the other extreme, we have scholars who acknowledge the concept of chance and uncertainty but do not (...) cope with it by means of systematic measurement or quantative analysis. (shrink)
- Studies on Christian Huygens.H. J. Bos,M. J. S. Rudwick,H. A. M. Snelders &R. P. W. Visser -1983 -British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 34 (3):295-303.Export citation
Bookmark - Psychology of social comparison.R. Wheeler,J. Suls,R. Martin,J. S. Neil &B. B. Paul -2001 - In Neil J. Smelser & Paul B. Baltes,International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Elsevier. pp. 14254-14257.Export citation Bookmark
- Recognition level and the misinformation effect-a metaanalysis and empirical-investigation.M. P. Toglia,D. G. Payne &J. S. Anastasi -1991 -Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 29 (6):507-507.Export citation Bookmark
- Truth and Method. [REVIEW]J. S. G. -1977 -Review of Metaphysics 30 (4):761-762.The appearance of this anonymous translation of Hans-Georg Gadamer’s major work, Wahrheit und Methode finally makes available to English readers the single most important study of the origin, development, and nature of the concept and meaning of "hermeneutical consciousness" extant.
- Medicine as Interpretation: The Uses of Literary Metaphors and Methods.E. L. Gogel &J. S. Terry -1987 -Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 12 (3):205-217.Theorists at the interface of medicine and the humanities have recently suggested that interpretation as a literary activity can be applied to the practice of clinical medicine. This article reviews such theories and their literary metaphors and methods. In pushing these ideas further, it is proposed that a number of guidelines can be applied to interpretation as a practical activity for clinical medicine.
- Review of Eckhart Arnold,Explaining Altruism: A Simulation-Based Approach and its Limits. [REVIEW]Kevin J. S. Zollman -2009 -Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews 2009 (3).
- Forgetting Corporate Irresponsibility: The Role of Corporate Political Activities and Stakeholder Characteristics.Nilufer Yapici &Ratan J. S. Dheer -2023 -Journal of Business Ethics 191 (1):29-57.Corporate social irresponsibility continues despite institutional pressures for socially responsible behavior, resulting in disasters like the Kalamazoo River Oil Spill and the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill. We conduct an in-depth abductive analysis of the Kalamazoo River Oil Spill to explain factors that enable corporate forgetting work projects. Specifically, we illustrate how a corporation’s political activities allow it to gain the power to suppress its mnemonic community’s voices, thereby attenuating an irresponsible event’s memory from the minds of its stakeholders, protecting its (...) image, and maintaining legitimacy in the shareholder and state’s eyes. We also highlight how the remembrance and forgetting of an irresponsible incident diverges between stakeholders based on their characteristics, future goals, and aspirations and whether they directly suffered from the disaster. Our research makes notable contributions to forgetting work literature by highlighting the importance of corporate political activities and context on the success of corporate forgetting work projects. (shrink)
- Consciousness, cortical function, and pain perception in nonverbal humans.K. J. S. Anand -2007 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30 (1):82-83.Postulating the subcortical organization of human consciousness provides a critical link for the construal of pain in patients with impaired cortical function or cortical immaturity during early development. Practical implications of the centrencephalic proposal include the redefinition of pain, improved pain assessment in nonverbal humans, and benefits of adequate analgesia/anesthesia for these patients, which certainly justify the rigorous scientific efforts required. (Published Online May 1 2007).
- The crystallography of deformation kinking.A. G. Crocker &J. S. Abell -1976 -Philosophical Magazine 33 (2):305-310.No categories
- Reply to Stanley Kerr.C. J. S. Clarke -1976 -Philosophy of Science 43 (4):583-584.
- The sense of being stared at: Its relevance to the physics of consciousness.Christopher J. S. Clarke -2005 -Journal of Consciousness Studies 12 (6):78-82.
- Euthanasia: Affect between Art and Opinion in What Is Philosophy?D. J. S. Cross -2020 -Deleuze and Guattari Studies 14 (2):177-197.According to What Is Philosophy?, all disciplines combat opinion, but art fights most effectively because art and opinion both pertain to sensibility. Yet, this common provenance also makes the line dividing art and opinion porous. The stakes of this porosity are perhaps most visible in the relation of art to life. Although art must avoid two forms of death, ‘chaos’ and ‘opinion’, Deleuze and Guattari don't treat chaos and opinion equally. The fundamental distinction between good death and bad death, between (...) death by chaos and death by opinion, has a number of problematic consequences. Perhaps the most consequential: opinion is deadlier than death itself. (shrink)
- Letter from J. S. Mackenzie.J. S. Mackenzie -1930 -Humana Mente 5 (17):151-151.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- (6 other versions)Utilitarianism.J. S. Mill -1987 - In John Stuart Mill,Utilitarianism and other essays. New York, N.Y., U.S.A.: Penguin Books.
- (1 other version)Play and the Moral Limits of Sport.J. S. Russell -2007 - In William John Morgan,Ethics in Sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.No categories
- Od tekstu do systemu. Zarys konstruktywistycznego (empirycznego) modelu nauki o literaturze, w: Kuźma E., Skrendo A., Madejski J., red.J. S. Schmidt -2006 - In Erazm Kuźma, Andrzej Skrendo & Jerzy Madejski,Konstruktywizm w badaniach literackich: antologia. Kraków: "Universitas".Export citation Bookmark
- The Effects of Machinery on Wages. J. S. M. [REVIEW]J. S. Nicholson -1892 -International Journal of Ethics 3:267.
- MACKENZIE, J. S. -Cosmic Problems. [REVIEW]J. Laird -1931 -Mind 40:400.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- The Nature of Truth, its Union and Unity with the Soule, in a Letter [Ed. By J.S.].Robert Greville &S. J. -1640 - R. Bishop for S. Cartwright.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- A letter from New Jersey Governor Jon S. Corzine.J. S. Corzine -forthcoming -Hastings Center Report.No categories
- Wittgenstein's Doctrine of the Tyranny of Language. [REVIEW]W. S. J. -1972 -Review of Metaphysics 25 (4):750-750.In the preface to this book Stephen Toulmin recalls how Wittgenstein's later work appeared to his English students "as unique and extraordinary as the Tractatus had appeared to Moore." "Meanwhile," he recalls, "for our own part, we struck Wittgenstein as intolerably stupid, and he was sometimes in despair about getting us to grasp what he was talking about." Toulmin suggests that this "mutual incomprehension" was due to a "culture clash: the clash between a Viennese thinker whose whole mind had been (...) formed in a post-Kantian environment, and an audience of students who came to him with attitudes and preoccupations shaped by the neo-Humean empiricism of Moore, Russell and their associates." Engel's book is meant primarily to show that Wittgenstein's thought grows out of the Kantian philosophy, but not that it is simply derived from Kant. Rather, according to Engel, Wittgenstein was the first to see the full value of the insights of Kant and Schopenhauer. Engel bases his argument on the Blue Book. According to Engel the argument of the Blue Book comprehends two divergent theories of the origin of metaphysics. These two theories are represented in Engel's book by Ayer and Lazerowitz. For Ayer metaphysics is grounded in the inherently deceptive character of language; and the way to overcome metaphysics is but to be attentive to language. Lazerowitz, on the other hand, attempts to explain why it is that language is deceptive. Lazerowitz's argument as presented by Engel requires as a premise the proposition that the deceptions of language are not that intrinsically difficult to see through, or that metaphysical arguments are obviously "innovations." And therefore the origin of metaphysics must be sought outside of the structure of language. Lazerowitz locates the root of metaphysics in the passions, specifically, in fear--in the fear of change which is ultimately the fear of death. Engel sees each of these positions as in its way legitimate but essentially partial. Wittgenstein's thought is thus more profound than that which is derived from it. It is precisely this awareness of the necessity for both kinds of explanation that Wittgenstein, according to Engel, inherited from the tradition of Kantian metaphysics: in the first Critique's seeking both to account for the impossibility of metaphysics while, at the same time, arguing for the necessity of metaphysics as a natural disposition or arguing for the necessity of a "will to metaphysics." While Engel's argument is not as clear or thorough as it ought to be, his thesis, that Wittgenstein's work is not simply a "repudiation of our philosophical tradition, but rather is its proper twentieth-century continuation," is--in the main--convincing. The book is worth reading.--J. W. S. (shrink)
- Before the Closet: Same-sex Love from Beowulf to Angels in America. By Allen J. Frantzen.J. S. Myerov -2001 -The European Legacy 6 (4):554-554.Export citation Bookmark
- A low temperature X-ray diffraction study of the α to γ phase transformation in crystalline mercury.J. S. Abell,A. G. Crocker &H. W. King -1970 -Philosophical Magazine 21 (169):207-209.
- R. J. Benton, Kant's Second Critique and the Problem of Transcendental Arguments. [REVIEW]J. S. Morgan -1979 -Kant Studien 70 (3):341.Export citation Bookmark
- (1 other version)Fudamental Problems of Life: An Essay on Citizenship as Pursuit of Values.J. S. Mackenzie -1928 - Routledge.In this volume, originally published in 1928, Mackenzie explores the meaning of Value and its place and relation in human thought and life. Divided into two parts, the first concerns itself with more general problems concerning Value while the latter part details the bearing Value has upon social problems. Mackenzie integrates the major branches of philosophy to analyse and evaluate the fundamental problems of citizenship making this title ideal for students of Philosophy and Politics.Export citation Bookmark
- Time and Eternity.J. S. Mackenzie -1924 -Hibbert Journal 23:116.Export citation Bookmark
- The Source of Moral Obligation.J. S. Mackenzie -1900 -Philosophical Review 9:546.No categories
- (1 other version)Wittgenstein on Verification and Private Language.J. S. Clegg -1975 -Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Supplementary Volume 1 (2):205.Export citation Bookmark
- Medicaid & Medicare: restrictions on Medicaid eligibility counseling found unconstitutional.J. S. Geetter -1997 -Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 26 (3):254-255.
- ""The case: can doctors say" enough"?J. S. Groeger,M. A. Weiser,M. S. Lederberg,D. T. Rubin &M. Siegler -2003 -Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 12 (2):215.
- Ethics and Narrative in the English Novel, 1880-1914. By Jil Larson.J. S. Pedersen -2004 -The European Legacy 9 (2):261-261.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
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David Bourget (Western Ontario)
David Chalmers (ANU, NYU)
Area Editors:
David Bourget
Gwen Bradford
Berit Brogaard
Margaret Cameron
David Chalmers
James Chase
Rafael De Clercq
Ezio Di Nucci
Esa Diaz-Leon
Barry Hallen
Hans Halvorson
Jonathan Ichikawa
Monte Johnson
Michelle Kosch
Øystein Linnebo
Paul Livingston
Brandon Look
Manolo Martínez
Matthew McGrath
Michiru Nagatsu
Susana Nuccetelli
Giuseppe Primiero
Jack Alan Reynolds
Darrell P. Rowbottom
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