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This article focuses on Max Horkheimer’s criticism of Husserl’s phenomenology in basic philosophical matters such as method, theory, logic, truth, metaphysics, etc. Horkheimer objects to Husserl’s conception of philosophy as a mathesis universalis and of science as relativistic research. However, he finds Husserl’s criticism of scientific rationalism the most important step for the legitimacy of philosophy. According to him, Husserl’s method is intended to be a science of apriority. But his understanding of apriority is static, is radically abstract, and overlooks (...) the dialectical relation. Therefore, his method is ahistorical and undialectical. Horkheimer does not interpret Husserl’s idealism in the sense of classical idealism. However, he believes that the positivistic and Cartesian implications in Husserl’s philosophy made his method less fruitful in concrete situations. Consequently, he calls Husserl’s phenomenology abstract positivism, traditional theory and a bourgeois ideology. Horkheimer’s critique focuses on Husserl’s early period of phenomenology. (shrink)

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The phenomenon of recitation took its place in Islamic sciences in early period, and it has maintained its vitality in the agenda until today. The primary factor that ensures this is the fact that the different aspects contained in the recitations can be suitable as a source. Because the discipline in question can maintain its vitality by constituting a source for sciences such as tafsir, hadith and fiqh. This vividness of the phenomenon of the recitation in the classical period is (...) also seen in today's academic studies. In addition, the fact that a great number of researches have been carried out about recitation both in our country and abroad constitutes an evidence from a different perspective. In this sense, it is known that many scholars contributed to the science of recitation by producing qualified autonomous studies related to the discipline. One of the figures who contributed to the science of recitation is Abû ‘Alı̄ al-Fāārisı̄ı̄, whose work was in demand in classical madrasah tradition. Considering the geography and the time period in which the author lived, it is seen that the recitations have spread to wide areas of their present places. Fāārisı̄ has presented a study, based on the idea of expansion. In addition, a number of works belonging to the author are mentioned since he is a philologist. Therefore, the author comes to the fore with his works by being shown as a reference for many studies compiled after him. On the other hand, although the author has not remained his study exclusive to the science of recitation, he elaborated different aspects of recitations by intensively processing them. In particular, the requirement to comply with the Arabic language, at least in one aspect, which is one of the three basic criteria that the recitation must have in order to be considered valid, led the author to focus intensively on the language factor in recitations. That the author synthesized the phenomenon of language with the recitations attracts attention. Therefore, some determinations were made based on the recitations on the author’s study based on the importance of referring to the recitations of the Quran at building determinations when making a linguistic analysis. The aim of this study is to reveal the method and the quality of the recitation that Fāārisı̄ discussed in the study titled al-Ḥujja fı̄ ʿileli'l-qirā ʾati's-sebʿa, written by Abû ‘Alı̄ al- Fāārisı̄ (d. 377/987) who lived in the 4th century Hijri. (shrink)

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Undertaking a crucial role in transferring the Qur’an and Sunnah after the prophet, companions of him became the basic gateways to be referred to in apprehending the nuṣūṣ for future generations after them. While the companions spent their scientific skills on understanding the nuṣūṣ with the methods they used, in general, they used the Qur’an, Sunnah and Arabic poetry in this sense. The fact that companions spread to different places in the world through conquests resulted in the transfer of sciences (...) such as tafsīr, fiqh, qirāʾah, etc. to these places. These transfers later facilitated the formation and expansion of scientific circles, hastening the establishment of scientific schools in various locations and initiating the process of formal education; moreover, independent figures began to come to the fore in the mentioned sciences. As a result of this, in the sciences such as qirāʾah etc. a process of independence was initiated. Later, the rules of qirāʾah science were transferred in the books instead of oral narration. So much so that the importance of waqf and Ibtidā can be understood from the fact that they are the fields where works are constantly written. Although they did not mention some of the defining concepts and expressions used in today's fields such as waqf, Ibtidā, etc., the companions of the prophet used them in practice. In addition, they implemented the concepts that would be named later in the theoretical sense in waqf and Ibtidā of the Qur’an. This made a significant contribution to the formation of the rules, which would be developed later. Our main goal in this study, where the companions and different qurrāʾs recitations are basically studied, is not an attempt to determine the initial adventure of waqf and Ibtidā, which have important functions, but to see the effects that this science reveals in the fields such as fiqh, tafsīr, qirāʾah and rhetoric. Here, without spreading the issue too much, and by limiting the topics discussed, the effects of waqf and Ibtidā were tried to be revealed within the framework of Mu'tazilah, Kharijiyyah, Jahmiyyah, Shiʿah, Haruriyyah and Ahl al-Sunnah. On the other hand, it was put forth that waqf and Ibtidā, are as important for recitations as they are for reading the Qur’an properly, presenting its interpretation in an authentic way, preserving the language structure and determining the provisions firmly. In addition, in this study, the relationship of waqf and Ibtidā, with the related sciences was metioned under the determined headings. However, it is useful to state that the subjects related to this science should be addressed independently in different studies. Within this context, the importance and subtleties of the science of waqf and Ibtidā, were reflected by determining the approaches of the sects and giving examples of reference verses that would shed light on the subject by opening subheadings. (shrink)

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