The Independence of Research—A Review of Disciplinary Perspectives and Outline of Interdisciplinary Prospects.Jochen Gläser,Mitchell Ash,GuidoBuenstorf,David Hopf,Lara Hubenschmid,Melike Janßen,Grit Laudel,Uwe Schimank,Marlene Stoll,Torsten Wilholt,Lothar Zechlin &Klaus Lieb -2022 -Minerva 60 (1):105-138.detailsThe independence of research is a key strategic issue of modern societies. Dealing with it appropriately poses legal, economic, political, social and cultural problems for society, which have been studied by the corresponding disciplines and are increasingly the subject of reflexive discourses of scientific communities. Unfortunately, problems of independence are usually framed in disciplinary contexts without due consideration of other perspectives’ relevance or possible contributions. To overcome these limitations, we review disciplinary perspectives and findings on the independence of research and (...) identify interdisciplinary prospects that could inform a research programme. (shrink)
Mitochondria—the suicide organelles.Karine F. Ferri &Guido Kroemer -2001 -Bioessays 23 (2):111-115.detailsOne of the near-to-invariant hallmarks of early apoptosis (programmed cell death) is mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP). It appears that mitochondria fulfill a dual role during the apoptotic process. On the one hand, they integrate multiple different pro-apoptotic signal transducing cascades into a common pathway initiated by MMP. On the other hand, they coordinate the catabolic reactions accompanying late apoptosis by releasing soluble proteins that are normally sequestered within the intermembrane space. In a recent study,(1) Li et al. described a nuclear (...) transcription factor (Nur77/TR1/NGFI-B) that can translocate to mitochondrial membranes to induce MMP. Moreover, two groups(2,3) identified a novel intermembrane protein (Smac/DIABLO) that specifically neutralizes the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, thereby facilitating the activation of caspases, a class of proteases activated during apoptosis. These findings refine our knowledge how MMP connects to the cellular suicide machinery. BioEssays 23:111–115, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (shrink)
Paul Alsberg, Das Menschheitsrätsel: critica all'antropologia della carenza e Körperausschaltung (2008).Guido Cusinato -2008 - FrancoAngeli.detailsIn questo contributo del 2008 si dimostra, attraverso un confronto con le posizioni di Max Scheler, che Alsberg con il disimpegno corporeo (Körperausschaltung) non mira a esonerare l’organismo (nel senso della Entlastung di Gehlen). Per Alsberg l’evoluzione sociale avviene attraverso utensili, ma l’utensile non si limita a essere un’appendice del corpo, bensì rappresenta una logica estranea a quella del corpo. La Körperausschaltung è il killer del corpo. L’errore di Spencer è quello di non comprendere che un’evoluzione basata su utensili non (...) è semplicemente “sovra-organica”, ma piuttosto “extraorganica”. Extra-organico per Alsberg significa che l’utensile è al di fuori della logica del corpo. Ed è proprio l’autonomia dell’utensile dalla biologia a permettere di risolvere il paradosso della duplicità costitutiva dell’uomo: l’essere il motore di un’evoluzione extra-organica che produce contemporaneamente involuzione organica. Il “disimpegno organico” che libera l’uomo dal bisogno è possibile solo perché il problema dell’adattamento e dell’evoluzione viene spostato sul piano extra-organico: tale spostamento è ciò che contraddistingue l’uomo da tutti gli altri esseri viventi, quindi il principio costitutivo dell’esser umano. L' Ausschaltung, come disattivazione del corpo (dal verbo tedesco auschalten, nel senso di spegnere, ad es. una macchina, la luce ecc.) diventa pertanto il principio ultimo per comprendere l'umano nella sua interezza e non solo l'uomo della modernità (l'homo faber). L'eccezionale testo di Alsberg rimarrà praticamente sconosciuto, tuttavia con eccezioni di rilievo: già negli anni '20 ha un impatto decisivo su Max Scheler e sul progetto di fondazione dell'antropologia filosofica. Successivamente, ma con esiti opposti, su Gehlen. Il concetto di Körperausschaltung viene ripreso anche da Dieter Claessens, da Hans Blumenberg e infine da Sloterdijk. (shrink)
Socratic Proofs and Paraconsistency: A Case Study.Andrzej Wiśniewski,Guido Vanackere &Dorota Leszczyńska -2005 -Studia Logica 80 (2):431-466.detailsThis paper develops a new proof method for two propositional paraconsistent logics: the propositional part of Batens' weak paraconsistent logic CLuN and Schütte's maximally paraconsistent logic Φv. Proofs are de.ned as certain sequences of questions. The method is grounded in Inferential Erotetic Logic.
The Archaeology of Stakeholding and Social Justice.John Cunliffe &Guido Erreygers -2008 -European Journal of Political Theory 7 (2):183-201.detailsIn a few years around 1850, three little known Belgian writers put forward strikingly similar proposals on property regimes. Their prescriptions followed from a core belief that just property regimes should respect the natural right entitlement of each person to some share of material resources. Insofar as an unregulated market economy could not meet that criterion, the state should intervene to secure it. These proposals had little impact at the time, either intellectually or politically, and fell into obscurity. Nevertheless, they (...) can be seen as a contribution to a distinctively Belgian school of 'liberal socialism', which sought to develop an intermediate position between the extremes of liberalism and socialism. In this respect, the proposals strikingly anticipated present-day controversies over stakeholding, even if much of that history was unknown to current advocates of the idea until after they had put forward their own proposals. (shrink)
On legal contracts, imperative and declarative smart contracts, and blockchain systems.Guido Governatori,Florian Idelberger,Zoran Milosevic,Regis Riveret,Giovanni Sartor &Xiwei Xu -2018 -Artificial Intelligence and Law 26 (4):377-409.detailsThis paper provides an analysis of how concepts pertinent to legal contracts can influence certain aspects of their digital implementation through smart contracts, as inspired by recent developments in distributed ledger technology. We discuss how properties of imperative and declarative languages including the underlying architectures to support contract management and lifecycle apply to various aspects of legal contracts. We then address these properties in the context of several blockchain architectures. While imperative languages are commonly used to implement smart contracts, we (...) find that declarative languages provide more natural ways to deal with certain aspects of legal contracts and their automated management. (shrink)
Historia and Materia: The Philosophical Implications of Francis Bacon's Natural History.Guido Giglioni -2012 -Early Science and Medicine 17 (1):62-86.detailsThis article examines the philosophical implications underlying Bacon's views on historical knowledge, paying special attention to that variety of historical knowledge described by Bacon as “natural.” More specifically, this article explores the interplay of history and fable. In the sphere of thought, fabula is the equivalent to materia in nature. Both are described by Bacon as being “versatile” and “pliant.” In Bacon's system of knowledge, philosophy, as the domain of reason, starts from historiae and fabulae, once memory and the imagination (...) have fulfilled their cognitive tasks. This means that, for Bacon, there is no such thing as a pure use of reason. He advocates a kind of reason that, precisely because it is involved with matter's inner motions, is constitutively 'impure'. The article shows how the terms historia and fabula cover key semantic areas in defining Bacon's philosophy: historia may mean “history” as well as “story,” fabula “myth” as well “story.” In both cases, we can see significant oscillations from a stronger meaning to a weaker one, as if the power of nature decreases moving from histories and myths to stories. On the other hand, there are cases in which Bacon seems to stick to a diachronic view of the meaning of fables and histories, such that the transition from myths to history, especially natural history, is described as a collective effort towards reality and enlightenment. (shrink)
Hobbes's genealogy of private conscience.Guido Frilli -2020 -European Journal of Philosophy 28 (3):755-769.detailsEuropean Journal of Philosophy, EarlyView.
The persuasiveness puzzle about bootstrapping.Guido Melchior -2020 -Ratio 33 (1):27-36.detailsThis paper aims at resolving a puzzle about the persuasiveness of bootstrapping. On the one hand, bootstrapping is not a persuasive method of settling questions about the reliability of a source. On the other hand, our beliefs that our sense apparatus is reliable is based on other empirically formed beliefs, that is, they are acquired via a presumably complex bootstrapping process. I will argue that when we doubt the reliability of a source, bootstrapping is not a persuasive method for coming (...) to believe that the source is reliable. However, when being initially unaware of a source and its reliability, as in the case of forming beliefs about our sense apparatus, bootstrapping can be eventually persuasive. (shrink)
M1-P15 as a cortical marker for transcallosal inhibition: A preregistered TMS-EEG study.Agnese Zazio,Guido Barchiesi,Clarissa Ferrari,Eleonora Marcantoni &Marta Bortoletto -2022 -Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 16:937515.detailsIn a recently published study combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and electroencephalography (TMS-EEG), an early component of TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs), i.e., M1-P15, was proposed as a measure of transcallosal inhibition between motor cortices. Given that early TEPs are known to be highly variable, further evidence is needed before M1-P15 can be considered a reliable index of effective connectivity. Here, we conceived a new preregistered TMS-EEG study with two aims. The first aim was validating the M1-P15 as a cortical index of transcallosal (...) inhibition by replicating previous findings on its relationship with the ipsilateral silent period (iSP) and with performance in bimanual coordination. The second aim was inducing a task-dependent modulation of transcallosal inhibition. A new sample of 32 healthy right-handed participants underwent behavioral motor tasks and TMS-EEG recording, in which left and right M1 were stimulated both during bimanual tasks and during an iSP paradigm. Hypotheses and methods were preregistered before data collection. Results show a replication of our previous findings on the positive relationship between M1-P15 amplitude and the iSP normalized area. Differently, the relationship between M1-P15 latency and bimanual coordination was not confirmed. Finally, M1-P15 amplitude was modulated by the characteristics of the bimanual task the participants were performing, and not by the contralateral hand activity during the iSP paradigm. In sum, the present results corroborate our previous findings in validating the M1-P15 as a cortical marker of transcallosal inhibition and provide novel evidence of its task-dependent modulation. Importantly, we demonstrate the feasibility of preregistration in the TMS-EEG field to increase methodological rigor and transparency. (shrink)
Towards a science of ideas: an inquiry into the emergence, evolution and expansion of ideas and their translation into action.Guido Enthoven,Seweryn Rudnicki &Rico Sneller (eds.) -2022 - Wilmington, Delaware: Vernon Art and Science.detailsIdeas are the basic building blocks that construct the world we live in. Yet despite the abundance of literature on creativity and innovation, there has been little reflection on ideas as such, their nature and their working mechanisms. This book provides foundations for a reflection focused specifically on ideas - what they are, how they emerge, develop, interact, gain acceptance and become translated into actions. In doing so the book moves beyond the mainstream approaches, offering new, promising theoretical angles, presenting (...) original findings and initiating a research agenda for a science of ideas. This book provides a fresh perspective on how to conceptualize and study ideas and their working mechanisms by treating ideas as the main object of the study and by bringing together a group of original thinkers, scholars, and philosophers to move beyond the mainstream academic discourse on creativity and innovation. (shrink)
When the giants freak out: the birth of the mind from the matter of the imagination in Vico’sScienza nuova.Guido Giglioni -2025 -Intellectual History Review 35 (1):47-67.detailsThis article investigates the power and scope of the imagination in Giambattista Vico’s philosophy by focusing on the role played by the mind of the giants in their attempts to extricate themselves from the chaotic continuity of liquid and pervious matter and in their endeavour to reconstruct reality in post-diluvian nature. In Vico’s account, through the imagination’s efforts to mediate self-terror, self-consciousness and self-delusion, the monstrously ungainly and misshapen bodies of the giants, emotionally electrocuted by the lightning bolt of chemically (...) active matter, became the natural laboratory – the corpolentissima fantasia – in which the human mind could test its original attempts at representing reality and avoiding self-deception. (shrink)
Knowledge and representations: explaining the skeptical puzzle.Guido Melchior -2017 - In C. Limbeck-Lilienau and F. Stadler,The Philosophy of Perception and Observation. Papers of the 40th International Wittgenstein Symposium. pp. 150-152.details(*This paper was awarded the Elisabeth and Werner Leinfellner Award 2017 for outstanding contributions.) -/- This paper provides an explanation of the skeptical puzzle. I argue that we can take two distinct points of view towards representations, mental representations like perceptual experiences and artificial representations like symbols. When focusing on what the representation represents we take an attached point of view. When focusing on the representational character of the representation we take a detached point view. From an attached point of (...) view, we have the intuition that we can know that p simply by using the representation and without having prior knowledge about the reliability of the source that delivers the representation. When taking a detached point of view, we tend to think that we must have this kind of prior knowledge. These two conflicting intuitions about knowledge and representations provide the basis for our intuition of immediate perceptual knowledge on the one hand and for the skeptical intuition of underdetermination on the other hand. (shrink)
On Human Rights.Vaclav Havel &Guido van Heeswijck -1999 -Ethical Perspectives 6 (1):4-9.details“It is certainly no accident that precisely here, in this region of continual threats to, and continual defence of one's own identity — whether personal, cultural or national identity — there is such a long tradition of the idea of truth, a truth for which one must pay, the truth as a moral value. One constantly runs up against this tradition, from Cyril and Methodius to Hus and Masaryk, Stefanik and Patocka”. This citation from a lecture entitled “Morality and Politics” (...) provides a brief sketch of the background to the thought of the current Czech president, Vaclav Havel.Though lacking any academic training in philosophy, Havel was strongly influenced by the ideas of the philosophy professor from Prague, and founder of Charta 77, Jan Patocka. Inspired by some of Patocka's last writings, in 1978 Havel wrote an essay on Charta 77 which was dedicated to Patocka. The title of this essay was taken from one of Patocka's central statements: Attempt to Live in the Truth. Patocka's influence is also clearly evident in `Letters to Olga', in his speeches as president and in his thinking on Europe.Havel's thought, via the thought of Patocka, must be situated within a dual tradition. On the one hand it is rooted in Czech history. Patocka had already in his early writings thematized the ideas of Thomas Masaryk. The work of Masaryk, who became the first president of the new Czech republic after the fall of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, is characterized by an awareness of the crisis of rationality, like in the later Husserl. On the other hand Havel's thought, again by way of Patocka, is rooted in a phenomenology that is primarily oriented toward Germany. Patocka is often regarded as the interpreter par excellence of the dialogue between Husserl and Heidegger.This article is based on a speech given by President Havel during the 50th anniversary commemoration of the Universal Declaration for Human Rights, in Geneva, March 16, 1998. (shrink)
Il Fascino Ingannevole Della Dotta Citazione.Guido Del Giudice -2018 -Biblioteca di Via Senato (5):66-69.detailsGiordano Bruno e i cacciatori di "bufale". Quello delle fake news, le cosiddette “bufale” per intenderci, non è il solo problema che affligge il web, strumento potentissimo, che dà voce a tutti, ma in maniera incontrollata. C’è un fenomeno ancor più preoccupante: quello delle false citazioni (fake quotes).
Lutero, Bruno e Pomponio Algieri.Guido Del Giudice -2017 -la Biblioteca di Via Senato (12):70-75.detailsIL MOSTRO E L'EROE. Quando Pomponio Algieri da Nola, all’età di soli 24 anni, viene bruciato vivo a Roma in piazza Navona, Giordano Bruno di anni ne ha appena otto. Oltre che per la giovane età del condannato, l’esecuzione è insolita anche per il luogo e il metodo scelto dall’Inquisizione: anziché le solite fascine, per alimentare il fuoco viene approntato un pentolone di pece, olio e trementina, nel quale viene immersa la povera vittima.
Cornelio Agrippa e la vanità delle scienze.Guido Del Giudice -2017 -la Biblioteca di Via Senato (7-8):42-46.detailsIl fascino di un libro, tra Reuchlin e Bruno. -/- RINASCIMENTO ESOTERICO Speciale V centenario De arte cabalistica (1517-2017) -/- Nella sua rinomata libreria antiquaria, nel cuore di Firenze, Paolo Pampaloni sta sfogliando un grazioso volumetto in ottavo, rilegato in pelle scura. Si tratta di un esemplare del De incertitudine et vanitate scientiarum di Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim.
Ser “bons Europeus” - sem a Europa.Guido Boffi -2019 -Cadernos Nietzsche 40 (3):81-114.detailsResumo: Este artigo tem como objetivo mostrar como Nietzsche modela o conceito de “bom Europeu” em estreita referência ao seu conceito de síntese. Para entender o processo de síntese, devemos estudar o funcionamento do corpo como sistema de conflitos e de domínio. Os bons europeus de Nietzsche são homens capazes de uma síntese superior. Supranacionalistas e supraeuropeus são defensores do desenvolvimento da civilização após a libertação completa da moral cristã.The article studies the way through which Nietzsche models the concept of (...) “good European” in strict relationship with his concept of synthesis. To understand the process of synthesis, the body has to be studied as a system of conflict and domination. Nietzsche's “good Europeans” are men capable of a superior synthesis. They are supra-nationalists and supra-Europeans, promoters of the development of civilization resulting from the complete liberation from Christian morality. (shrink)
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Are Zeno’s Arguments Unsound Paradoxes?Guido Calenda -2013 -Peitho 4 (1):125-140.detailsZeno’s arguments are generally regarded as ingenious but downright unsound paradoxes, worth of attention mainly to disclose why they go wrong or, alternatively, to recognise them as clever, even if crude, anticipations of modern views on the space, the infinite or the quantum view of matter. In either case, the arguments lose any connection with the scientific and philosophical problems of Zeno’s own time and environment. In the present paper, I argue that it is possible to make sense of Zeno’s (...) arguments if we recognise that Zeno was indeed a close follower of Parmenides, who wanted to show that, if the plurality of beings existed, then various absurd consequences would follow. He intended to highlight the compact and inarticulate nature of the being, and the human character of the system of world partitions producing the entities and the objects on which our knowledge is based. (shrink)
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What face familiarity feelings say about the lateralization of specific entities within the core system.Guido Gainotti -2019 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 42.detailsThe target article carefully describes the memory system, centered on the temporal lobe that builds specific memory traces. It does not, however, mention the laterality effects that exist within this system. This commentary briefly surveys evidence showing that clear asymmetries exist within the temporal lobe structures subserving the core system and that the right temporal structures mainly underpin face familiarity feelings.
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A Defeasible Logic of Policy-Based Intention.Guido Governatori &Vineet Nair -unknowndetailsMost of the theories on formalising intention interpret it as a unary modal operator in Kripkean semantics, which gives it a monotonic look. We argue that policy-based intentions exhibit non-monotonic behaviour which could be captured through a non-monotonic system like defeasible logic. To this end we outline a defeasible logic of intention. The proposed technique alleviates most of the problems related to logical omniscience. The proof theory given shows how our approach helps in the maintenance of intention-consistency in agent systems (...) like BDI. (shrink)
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Death is Not Natural.Guido Maertens -1995 -Ethical Perspectives 2 (1):28-37.detailsFor the majority of people, death is a threat and the very idea of being dead a vexation. Dying is usually associated with pain which never goes away, pain which is the source of one’s anxiety. Bringing a child into this world can also be a painful process, and sometimes requires surgical procedures, but after a time the pain goes away and one can resume one’s normal life. The pain that leads to death, however, is a definitive pain, a final (...) experience which can no longer bear fruit. Death is haunted by the ghost of annihilation, of no longer existing, of an enduring frustration that human history will continue, perhaps even quite satisfactorily, without us.The mysterious and unknown dimension which surrounds the event of death, and what follows in its wake, is a threat to most human beings and a source of anxiety. No one likes the idea of ‘not knowing’ what will happen next, that curiosity is left unfulfilled.When the ‘expiry date’ is more or less established and approaching fast, something of a psychological crisis situation is induced in many people’s lives, one which in most circumstances has been latent all the while. Such a crisis can sometimes express itself in moments of troubled questioning. The three classical questions — in ‘philosophical crescendo’ — are: Can one expect anything after death, and if so, what? After death, will one have to give an account for the way one has lived this life? Is it really normal that one must die? (shrink)