Results for 'Gitte Balling'
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- Decreasing materiality from print to screen reading.Theresa Schilhab,GitteBalling &Anezka Kuzmicova -2018 -First Monday 23 (10).The shift from print to screen has bodily effects on how we read. We distinguish two dimensions of embodied reading: the spatio-temporal and the imaginary. The former relates to what the body does during the act of reading and the latter relates to the role of the body in the imagined scenarios we create from what we read. At the level of neurons, these two dimensions are related to how we make sense of the world. From this perspective, we explain (...) how the bodily activity of reading changes from print to screen. Our focus is on the decreased material anchoring of memories. (shrink)
- The factualization of uncertainty: Risk, politics, and genetically modified crops – a case of rape.Gitte Meyer,Anna Paldam Folker,Rikke Bagger Jørgensen,Martin Krayer von Krauss,Peter Sandøe &Geir Tveit -2005 -Agriculture and Human Values 22 (2):235-242.Abstract.Mandatory risk assessment is intended to reassure concerned citizens and introduce reason into the heated European controversies on genetically modified crops and food. The authors, examining a case of risk assessment of genetically modified oilseed rape, claim that the new European legislation on risk assessment does nothing of the sort and is not likely to present an escape from the international deadlock on the use of genetic modification in agriculture and food production. The new legislation is likely to stimulate the (...) kind of emotive reactions it was intended to prevent. In risk assessment exercises, scientific uncertainty is turned into risk, expressed in facts and figures. Paradoxically, this conveys an impression of certainty, while value-disagreement and conflicts of interest remain hidden below the surface of factuality. Public dialogue and negotiation along these lines are rendered impossible. The only option left to critics is to resort to claims of fear and to call for new risk assessments to be performed, on and on again. Science is allowing itself to be abused by accepting the burden of proof in matters more suited to reflection and negotiation. The specific challenge to science would be to take care of itself – rethinking the role and the limitations of science in a social context, and, thereby gaining the strength to fulfill this role and to enter into dialogue with the rest of society. Scientific communities appear to be obvious candidates for prompting reflection and dialogue on this issue. (shrink)
- Going Public: Good Scientific Conduct.Gitte Meyer &Peter Sandøe -2012 -Science and Engineering Ethics 18 (2):173-197.The paper addresses issues of scientific conduct regarding relations between science and the media, relations between scientists and journalists, and attitudes towards the public at large. In the large and increasing body of literature on scientific conduct and misconduct, these issues seem underexposed as ethical challenges. Consequently, individual scientists here tend to be left alone with problems and dilemmas, with no guidance for good conduct. Ideas are presented about how to make up for this omission. Using a practical, ethical approach, (...) the paper attempts to identify ways scientists might deal with ethical public relations issues, guided by a norm or maxim of openness. Drawing on and rethinking the CUDOS codification of the scientific ethos, as it was worked out by Robert K. Merton in 1942, we propose that this, which is echoed in current codifications of norms for good scientific conduct, contains a tacit maxim of openness which may naturally be extended to cover the public relations of science. Discussing openness as access, accountability, transparency and receptiveness, the argumentation concentrates on the possible prevention of misconduct with respect to, on the one hand, sins of omission—withholding important information from the public—and, on the other hand, abuses of the authority of science in order to gain publicity. Statements from interviews with scientists are used to illustrate how scientists might view the relevance of the issues raised. (shrink)
- ‘Going mental’: The risks of assessment activities.Gitte Rasmussen -2010 -Discourse Studies 12 (6):739-761.Using multi-modal Conversation Analysis, this article demonstrates how teenage boys end assessments of social experiences with insults. When they participate in social activities, teenagers — as everybody else — routinely make assessments through which they produce social organization and create alignments. This article, however, analyzes structures of assessments that are contested in a counter-positional action. It will be demonstrated how the teenage boys end these challenged-assessment sequences through ‘insults’. A feature of these insults is that the conversationalists ‘go mental’, that (...) is, they question the ‘mental’ abilities and competences of their co-participant and thereby exclude him from the status of being a competent member of the group. In and through such conduct, the participants make the social function as well as the risks of assessing explicit: as competent members of a social group they are being held accountable for having claimed knowledge of the assessed target and may on these grounds be excommunicated as someone who does not understand social life. (shrink)No categories
- Powerplay — Power, violence and gender in video games.Gitte Jantzen &Jans F. Jensen -1993 -AI and Society 7 (4):368-385.Unlike the bulk of electronic media the computer game or video game is a distinctly gendered medium. All investigations confirm that we are dealing with a medium which almost exclusively appeals to and is used by, boys and young men. Therefore, the video games and computer games are very suited for investigating the form of entertainment, the pleasure, that appeals to men, i.e. the specific ‘masculine pleasure’.The paper deals with questions such as: What do computer games mean? What does violence (...) in computer games signify? Why do computer games, especially the violent ones, mean something special to a certain group of men? These questions are discussed from the perspective of semiotics, media and control studies.Finally, the paper discusses the connections between women and the male dominated video games, and attempts to explain why, nevertheless, some girls and women do play these games. (shrink)
- Trust in agile teams: Overcoming the obstacles of distributed software development.Mette Fransgård and Signe SkalkamGitte Tjørnehøj -2014 -Iris 35.Export citation
Bookmark - Da mennesker regjerte kloden. Etikk, dinosaurer og juss for en verden i krise.Gitte Koksvik -2020 -Etikk I Praksis - Nordic Journal of Applied Ethics 2:137-142.Bokanmeldelse av > Forfattere: Simonsen, M. M., Rølsåsen, T., Eckbo, N., Dale, R. F., Barder, O. H. E. og Fjeldaas, E. Utgitt: Bergen, Fagbokforlaget. År: 2020. Sidetall: 134.No categories
- Resilience in Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Urban Waterfronts: The Case of New York City.Gitte Schreurs -2020 -Environment, Space, Place 12 (2):58-81.Abstract:Cities are increasingly faced with the impact of shocks or stresses, and the built environment is forced to respond to these changes in a resilient way. Especially urban waterfronts are faced with constant social, spatial and economic transformation. Centuries ago developed as industrial land, the waterfronts of New York City have since gone through extensive transformation processes and have resulted in complex, hybrid, and sequenced urban areas with a large mix of social, spatial and economic activities and conditions. However, twenty-first-century (...) waterfront redevelopment seems to replace these areas with more homogeneous and ‘clean’ masterplans that answer to the pressing residential and recreational market, but forgo the social and economic complexity and do not anticipate future changes in the existing environment. This paper looks at how urban waterfronts respond to the inevitable changes of the future, and compares how new urban waterfront redevelopments function in comparison to the initial post-industrial complex waterfronts. The paper investigates the resilience of homogeneous compared to heterogeneous waterfronts, and raises the question if there should be an alternative approach of tackling post-industrial waterfronts, answering to their urgent need of redevelopment while simultaneously considering its modularity and complexity on spatial, social, environmental and economic level. (shrink)No categories
- The International Classification of Disability, Functioning and Health : An example of research methods and language in describing ‘social functioning’ in medical research.Gitte Rasmussen -2016 -Pragmatics and Society 7 (2):217-238.
- Cognitive spare capacity: evaluation data and its association with comprehension of dynamic conversations.Gitte Keidser,Virginia Best,Katrina Freeston &Alexandra Boyce -2015 -Frontiers in Psychology 6.
- Foucault and education: disciplines and knowledge.Stephen J. Ball (ed.) -1990 - New York: Routledge.1 Introducing Monsieur Foucault Stephen J. Ball Michel Foucault is an enigma, a massively influential intellectual who steadfastly refused to align himself ...
- Counter Closure and Knowledge despite Falsehood.Brian Ball &Michael Blome-Tillmann -2014 -Philosophical Quarterly 64 (257):552-568.Certain puzzling cases have been discussed in the literature recently which appear to support the thought that knowledge can be obtained by way of deduction from a falsehood; moreover, these cases put pressure, prima facie, on the thesis of counter closure for knowledge. We argue that the cases do not involve knowledge from falsehood; despite appearances, the false beliefs in the cases in question are causally, and therefore epistemologically, incidental, and knowledge is achieved despite falsehood. We also show that the (...) principle of counter closure, and the concomitant denial of knowledge from falsehood, is well motivated by considerations in epistemological theory--in particular, by the view that knowledge is first in the epistemological order of things. (shrink)
- Bibliographical essay / legal positivism, natural law, and the Hart/Dworkin debate.Stephen W. Ball -1984 -Criminal Justice Ethics 3 (2):68-85.
- There are no phenomenal concepts.Derek Ball -2009 -Mind 118 (472):935-962.It has long been widely agreed that some concepts can be possessed only by those who have undergone a certain type of phenomenal experience. Orthodoxy among contemporary philosophers of mind has it that these phenomenal concepts provide the key to understanding many disputes between physicalists and their opponents, and in particular offer an explanation of Mary’s predicament in the situation exploited by Frank Jackson's knowledge argument. I reject the orthodox view; I deny that there are phenomenal concepts. My arguments exploit (...) the sort of considerations that are typically used to motivate externalism about mental content. Although physicalists often appeal to phenomenal concepts to defend their view against the knowledge argument, I argue that this is a mistake. The knowledge argument depends on phenomenal concepts; if there are no phenomenal concepts, then the knowledge argument fails. (shrink)
- The Limits of Political Obligation.W. Macmahon Ball -1930 -International Journal of Ethics 41 (3):296.
- Consciousness and Conceptual Mastery.Derek Ball -2013 -Mind 122 (486):fzt075.Torin Alter (2013) attempts to rescue phenomenal concepts and the knowledge argument from the critique of Ball 2009 by appealing to conceptual mastery. I show that Alter’s appeal fails, and describe general features of conceptual mastery that suggest that no such appeal could succeed.
- Journalism and science: How to erode the idea of knowledge. [REVIEW]Gitte Meyer -2006 -Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 19 (3):239-252.This paper discusses aspects of the relationship between the scientific community and the public at large. Inspired by the European public debate on genetically modified crops and food, ethical challenges to the scientific community are highlighted. This is done by a discussion of changes that are likely to occur to journalistic attitudes – mirroring changing attitudes in the wider society – towards science and scientific researchers. Two journalistic conventions – those of science transmission and of investigative journalism – are presented (...) and discussed in relation to the present drive towards commercialization within the world of science: how are journalists from these different schools of thought likely to respond to the trend of commercialization? Likely journalistic reactions could, while maintaining the authority of the scientific method, be expected to undermine public trust in scientists. In the long term, this may lead to an erosion of the idea of knowledge as something that cannot simply be reduced to the outcome of negotiation between stakeholders. It is argued that science is likely to be depicted as a fallen angel. This may be countered, it is posited, by science turning human, by recognizing its membership of society, and by recognizing that such membership entails more than just commercial relations. To rethink its relationship with the public at large – and, in particular, to rethink the ideal of disinterested science – is an ethical challenge facing the scientific community. (shrink)
- Education Reform: A Critical and Post-Structural Approach.Stephen J. Ball -1995 -British Journal of Educational Studies 43 (2):221-223.
- In my view….Ball Christopher -2004 -Perspectives: Policy and Practice in Higher Education 8 (1):2-4.No categories
- Twin-earth externalism and concept possession.Derek Ball -2007 -Australasian Journal of Philosophy 85 (3):457-472.It is widely believed that Twin-Earth-style thought experiments show that the contents of a person's thoughts fail to supervene on her intrinsic properties. Several recent philosophers have made the further claim that Twin-Earth-style thought experiments produce metaphysically necessary conditions for the possession of certain concepts. I argue that the latter view is false, and produce counterexamples to several proposed conditions. My thesis is of particular interest because it undermines some attempts to show that externalism is incompatible with privileged access.
- The Science of Meaning: Essays on the Metatheory of Natural Language Semantics.Derek Ball &Brian Rabern (eds.) -2018 - Oxford: Oxford University Press.By creating certain marks on paper, or by making certain sounds-breathing past a moving tongue-or by articulation of hands and bodies, language users can give expression to their mental lives. With language we command, assert, query, emote, insult, and inspire. Language has meaning. This fact can be quite mystifying, yet a science of linguistic meaning-semantics-has emerged at the intersection of a variety of disciplines: philosophy, linguistics, computer science, and psychology. Semantics is the study of meaning. But what exactly is "meaning"? (...) What is the exact target of semantic theory? Much of the early work in natural language semantics was accompanied by extensive reflection on the aims of semantic theory, and the form a theory must take to meet those aims. But this meta-theoretical reflection has not kept pace with recent theoretical innovations. This volume re-addresses these questions concerning the foundations of natural language semantics in light of the current state-of-the-art in semantic theorising. (shrink)
- Foucault, power, and education.Stephen J. Ball -2013 - New York: Routledge.Foucault, Power, and Education invites internationally renowned scholar Stephen J. Ball to reflect on the importance and influence of Foucault on his work in educational policy.
- Politics and Policy Making in Education.Stephen J. Ball -1991 -British Journal of Educational Studies 39 (4):450-453.
- When Words Lose Their MeaningWhen Words Lose Their Meaning: Constitutions and Reconstitutions of Language, Character, and Community. James Boyd White.Terence Ball -1986 -Ethics 96 (3):620-.
- The Act and Object of Judgment: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives.Brian Andrew Ball &Christoph Schuringa (eds.) -2019 - New York: Routledge.This book presents 12 original essays on historical and contemporary philosophical discussions of judgment. The central issues explored in this volume can be separated into two groups namely, those concerning the act and object of judgment. What kind of act is judgment? How is it related to a range of other mental acts, states, and dispositions? Where and how does assertive force enter in? Is there a distinct category of negative judgments, or are these simply judgments whose objects are negative? (...) Concerning the object of judgment: How many objects are there of a given judgment? One, as on the dual relation theory of Frege and Moore? Or many as in Russell's later multiple relation theory? If there is a single object, is it a proposition? And if so, is it a force-neutral, abstract entity that might equally figure as the object of a range of intentional attitudes? Or is it somehow constitutively tied to the act itself? These and related questions are approached from a variety of historical and contemporary perspectives. This book sheds new light on current controversies by drawing on the details of the distinct intellectual contexts in which previous philosophers' positions about the nature of judgment were formulated. In turn, new directions in present-day research promise to raise novel interpretive prospects and challenges in the history of philosophy. istorical and contemporary perspectives. This book sheds new light on current controversies by drawing on the details of the distinct intellectual contexts in which previous philosophers' positions about the nature of judgment were formulated. In turn, new directions in present-day research promise to raise novel interpretive prospects and challenges in the history of philosophy. (shrink)
- Negation in First Language Acquisition: Universal or Language‐Specific?Sakine Çabuk-Ballı,Jekaterina Mazara,Aylin C. Küntay,Birgit Hellwig,Barbara B. Pfeiler,Paul Widmer &Sabine Stoll -2025 -Cognitive Science 49 (2):e70044.Negation is a cornerstone of human language and one of the few universals found in all languages. Without negation, neither categorization nor efficient communication would be possible. Languages, however, differ remarkably in how they express negation. It is yet widely unknown how the way negation is marked influences the acquisition process of first language learners. Here, we investigate whether universal or language-specific cues are more relevant for the acquisition process. We test to what extent frequency and salience features (morphosyntactic boundedness, (...) position of the negation marker, allomorphy) influence the acquisition of negation. We use naturalistic longitudinal data from 17 children (age 24–36 months) learning nine typologically maximally diverse languages spoken in very diverse cultural contexts ranging from western urban to subsistence farming: Chintang, English, Indonesian, Japanese, Qaqet, Russian, Sesotho, Turkish, and Yucatec Mayan. Distributional analyses show that the amount and type of input of negation that children hear vary considerably across cultures. Despite significant differences in the input that children receive, we observe a universal pattern in the acquisition of negation: Children transition from relatively easy and salient free negators to less salient bound negator morphemes in their use of negation. Our results show that frequency and morphosyntactic boundedness explain the development of flexibility in the acquisition of negation across all of the nine languages. We further find that the developmental path is shaped by the interaction between frequency and language-specific parameters of salience that are contingent on grammatical features of negation marking in different languages, such as the position of the negation marker and allomorphic variation. Our language-specific findings highlight cross-linguistic variation, which reflects cross-cultural differences in the amount of input of negative utterances children receive. Taken together, this study provides cross-linguistic evidence for the acquisition of negation and emphasizes the interplay of universal and language-specific factors in the acquisition process. (shrink)
- Indexical Reliabilism and the New Evil Demon.Brian Ball &Michael Blome-Tillmann -2013 -Erkenntnis 78 (6):1317-1336.Stewart Cohen’s New Evil Demon argument raises familiar and widely discussed concerns for reliabilist accounts of epistemic justification. A now standard response to this argument, initiated by Alvin Goldman and Ernest Sosa, involves distinguishing different notions of justification. Juan Comesaña has recently and prominently claimed that his Indexical Reliabilism (IR) offers a novel solution in this tradition. We argue, however, that Comesaña’s proposal suffers serious difficulties from the perspective of the philosophy of language. More specifically, we show that the two (...) readings of sentences involving the word ‘justified’ which are required for Comesaña’s solution to the problem are not recoverable within the two-dimensional framework of Robert Stalnaker to which he appeals. We then consider, and reject, an attempt to overcome this difficulty by appeal to a complication of the theory involving counterfactuals, and conclude the paper by sketching our own preferred solution to Cohen’s New Evil Demon. (shrink)
- The music instinct: how music works and why we can't do without it.Philip Ball -2010 - New York: Oxford University Press.The Music Instinct Philip Ball provides the first comprehensive, accessible survey of what is known--and what is still unknown--about how music works its magic, and why, as much as eating and sleeping, it seems indispensable to humanity. --from publisher description.
- Economic Equality: Rawls versus Utilitarianism.Stephen W. Ball -1986 -Economics and Philosophy 2 (2):225-244.Perhaps the most salient feature of Rawls's theory of justice which at once attracts supporters and repels critics is its apparent egalitarian conclusion as to how economic goods are to be distributed. Indeed, many of Rawls's sympathizers may find this result intuitively appealing, and regard it as Rawls's enduring contribution to the topic of economic justice, despite technical deficiencies in Rawls's contractarian, decision-theoretic argument for it which occupy the bulk of the critical literature. Rawls himself, having proposed a “coherence” theory (...) of justification in metaethics, must regard the claim that his distributive criterion “is a strongly egalitarian conception” as independently a part of the overarching moral argument. The alleged egalitarian impact of Rawls's theory is crucial again in normative ethics where Rawls is thought to have developed a major counter-theory to utilitarianism, one of the most popular criticisms of which has been its alleged inadequacy in handling questions of distributive justice. Utilitarians can argue, however, as Brandt recently has, that the diminishing marginal utility of money, along with ignorance of income-welfare curves, would require a utility-maximizing distribution to be substantially egalitarian. The challenge is therefore for Rawls to show that his theory yields an ethically preferable degree of equality. (shrink)
- Metasemantic ethics.Derek Ball -2020 -Ratio 33 (4):206-219.The idea that experts (especially scientific experts) play a privileged role in determining the meanings of our words and the contents of our concepts has become commonplace since the work of Hilary Putnam, Tyler Burge, and others in the 1970s. But if experts have the power to determine what our words mean, they can do so responsibly or irresponsibly, from good motivations or bad, justly or unjustly, with good or bad effects. This paper distinguishes three families of metasemantic views based (...) on their attitudes towards bad behaviour by meaning-fixing experts, and draws a series of distinctions relevant for the normative evaluation of meaning-determining actions. (shrink)
- Knowledge is normal belief.B. Ball -2013 -Analysis 73 (1):69-76.In this article, I offer a new analysis of knowledge: knowledge, I claim, is normal belief. I begin with what I take to be the conceptual truth that knowledge is epistemically justified, or permissible, belief. I then argue that this in turn is simply doxastically normal belief, first clarifying what is meant by this claim, and then providing reasons to think that normal belief, so understood, must be true and safe from error, making it a good candidate for knowledge.
- Class Strategies and the Education Market: The Middle Classes and Social Advantage.Stephen Ball -2004 -British Journal of Educational Studies 52 (4):433-436.
- When distraction helps: Evidence that concurrent articulation and irrelevant speech can facilitate insight problem solving.Linden J. Ball,John E. Marsh,Damien Litchfield,Rebecca L. Cook &Natalie Booth -2015 -Thinking and Reasoning 21 (1):76-96.We report an experiment investigating the “special-process” theory of insight problem solving, which claims that insight arises from non-conscious, non-reportable processes that enable problem re-structuring. We predicted that reducing opportunities for speech-based processing during insight problem solving should permit special processes to function more effectively and gain conscious awareness, thereby facilitating insight. We distracted speech-based processing by using either articulatory suppression or irrelevant speech, with findings for these conditions supporting the predicted insight facilitation effect relative to silent working or thinking (...) aloud. The latter condition was included to investigate the currently contested effect of “verbal overshadowing” on insight, whereby thinking aloud is claimed to hinder the operation of special, non-reportable processes. Whilst verbal overshadowing was not evident in final solution rates, there was nevertheless support for verbal overshadowing up to and beyond.. (shrink)
- One Dogma of Millianism.Derek Ball &Bryan Pickel -2014 -Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 88 (1):70-92.Millians about proper names typically claim that it is knowable apriori that Hesperus is Phosphorus. We argue that they should claim instead that it is knowable only aposteriori that Hesperus is Hesperus, since the Kripke-Putnam epistemic arguments against descriptivism are special cases of Quinean arguments that nothing is knowable apriori, and Millians have no resources to resist the more general Quinean arguments.
- Management as moral technology: a Luddite analysis.Stephen J. Ball -1990 - InFoucault and education: disciplines and knowledge. New York: Routledge. pp. 153--166.
- Political theory and political science: Can this marriage be saved?Terence Ball -2007 -Theoria 54 (113):1-22.The too-often unhappy 'marriage' of political theory and political science has long been a source of anguish for both partners. Should this troubled partnership be dissolved? Or might this marriage yet be saved? Ball answers the former question negatively and the latter affirmatively. Playing the part of therapist instead of theorist, he selectively recounts a number of episodes which estranged the partners and strained the marriage. And yet, he concludes that the conflicts were in hindsight more constructive than destructive, benefiting (...) both partners in heretofore unexpected ways and perhaps paving a path toward reconciliation and rapprochement. (shrink)
- Chapter 3. Philo’s Divine Generation. The Safer Way to Truth.Gitte Buch-Hansen -2010 - In"It is the Spirit That Gives Life": A Stoic Understanding of Pneuma in John's Gospel. De Gruyter.No categories
- Effects of word-evoked object size on covert numerosity estimations.Magda L. Dumitru &Gitte H. Joergensen -2015 -Frontiers in Psychology 6.
- The sociality of minimizing involvement in self-service shops in Denmark: Customers’ multi-modal practices of being, getting, and staying out of the way.Elisabeth Dalby Kristiansen &Gitte Rasmussen -2022 -Discourse and Communication 16 (2):200-232.For some customers, the corona pandemic has turned e-shopping into a fine alternative to shopping in brick-and-mortar shops. For other customers in quarantine e-shopping is the only alternative. The long-lasting pandemic, however, has reminded us of the importance of social contacts and interactions – even if it’s just to go the supermarket to ‘mingle’. This paper investigates what ‘mingle’ means when shopping in physical self-service shops amongst unacquainted others in Denmark. It describes customers’ practice of doing self-service by organizing interaction (...) to minimize social involvement. It shows how they, as a matter of fact, co-ordinate their conduct in ways that hampers possibilities for engaging in even small ‘ritual’ exchanges of talk. The paper draws upon a corpus of video recordings of customers’ self-service practices in shops in Denmark. In addition, the customers’ gaze was recorded with the mobile Tobii Pro X3 eye tracker. The study falls within the realm of ethnomethodological and conversation analytic studies of multimodal interaction. It concludes that self-service is achieved through co-present customers’ tacit coordination of multimodal actions in social interaction and that their practices work to achieve ‘effortlessly’ and ‘spontaneously’ being, getting, and staying out of the way, which seems to be an ideal for self-service shopping. Talk and moreover having a conversation seems to be an impediment to it. (shrink)
- Special issue: The human touch – Analyzing online and offline shopping.Theo van Leeuwen &Gitte Rasmussen -2022 -Discourse and Communication 16 (2):149-159.No categories
- Relativism, metasemantics, and the future.Derek Ball -2020 -Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 63 (9-10):1036-1086.ABSTRACT Contemporary relativists often see their view as contributing to a semantic/post-semantic account of linguistic data about disagreement and retraction. I offer an independently motivated metasemantic account of the same data, that also handles a number of cases and empirical results that are problematic for the relativist. The key idea is that the content of assertions and beliefs is determined in part by facts about other times, including times after the assertion is made or the belief is formed. On this (...) temporal externalist view, speaker behaviours such as retraction of previous assertions play a role in making it the case that a past utterance has a given meaning. (shrink)
- Evolution, explanation, and the fact/value distinction.Stephen W. Ball -1988 -Biology and Philosophy 3 (3):317-348.Though modern non-cognitivists in ethics characteristically believe that values are irreducible to facts, they nevertheless believe that values are determined by facts, viz., those specified in functionalist, explanatory theories of the evolutionary origin of morality. The present paper probes the consistency of this position. The conventionalist theories of Hume and Harman are examined, and are seen not to establish a tight determinative reduction of values to facts. This result is illustrated by reference to recent theories of the sociobiological mechanisms involved (...) in moral evolution. Though explanatory theories have linguistic implications,exaggerated in Harman's linguistic form of social relativism, there is also failure to establish the semantic reductionism which non-cognitivists reject under the rubric of ethical naturalism. It is concluded that explanatory forms of naturalism, the best of which is a functionalist-utilitarian account, are compatible with the fact/value distinction. (shrink)
- Reappraising political theory: revisionist studies in the history of political thought.Terence Ball -1995 - New York: Oxford University Press.In this lively and entertaining book, Terence Ball maintains that 'classic' works in political theory continue to speak to us only if they are periodically re-read and reinterpreted from alternative perspectives. That, the author contends, is how these works became classics, and why they are regarded as such. Ball suggests a way of reading that is both 'pluralist' and 'problem-driven'--pluralist in that there is no one right way to read a text, and problem-driven in that the reinterpretation is motivated by (...) problems that emerge while reading these texts. In addition, the subsequent readings and interpretations become more and more suffused with the interpretations of others. This tour de force, always entertaining and eclectic, focuses on the core problems surrounding many of the major thinkers. Was Machiavelli really amoral? Why did language matter so much to Hobbes--and why should it matter to us? Are the roots of the totalitarian state to be found in Rousseau? Were the utilitarians sexist in their view of the franchise? The author's aim is to show how a pluralist and problem-centered approach can shed new light on old and recent works in political theory, and on the controversies that continue over their meaning and significance. Written in a lively and accessible style, the book will provoke debate among students and scholars alike. (shrink)
- Language-guided visual processing affects reasoning: The role of referential and spatial anchoring.Magda L. Dumitru,Gitte H. Joergensen,Alice G. Cruickshank &Gerry T. M. Altmann -2013 -Consciousness and Cognition 22 (2):562-571.Language is more than a source of information for accessing higher-order conceptual knowledge. Indeed, language may determine how people perceive and interpret visual stimuli. Visual processing in linguistic contexts, for instance, mirrors language processing and happens incrementally, rather than through variously-oriented fixations over a particular scene. The consequences of this atypical visual processing are yet to be determined. Here, we investigated the integration of visual and linguistic input during a reasoning task. Participants listened to sentences containing conjunctions or disjunctions and (...) looked at visual scenes containing two pictures that either matched or mismatched the nouns. Degree of match between nouns and pictures and between their expected and actual spatial positions affected fixations as well as judgments. We conclude that language induces incremental processing of visual scenes, which in turn becomes susceptible to reasoning errors during the language-meaning verification process. (shrink)
- Alternative task construals, computational escape hatches, and dual-system theories of reasoning.Linden J. Ball &Jeremy D. Quayle -2000 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (5):667-668.Stanovich & West's dual-system represents a major development in an understanding of reasoning and rationality. Their notion of System 1 functioning as a computational escape hatch during the processing of complex tasks may deserve a more central role in explanations of reasoning performance. We describe examples of apparent escape-hatch processing from the reasoning and judgement literature.
- Dangerous knowledge? The self-subversion of social deviance theory.Terence Ball -1980 -Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 23 (4):377 – 395.Some sociological theories yield self-subverting or 'dangerous' knowledge. The functionalist theory of social deviance provides a case in point. The theory, first formulated by Durkheim, maintains that ostensibly anti-social deviants perform a number of socially indispensable functions. But what would happen if everyone knew this? They would cease to regard deviants as malefactors and would indeed come to esteem them as public benefactors. In that case, however, deviants could no longer perform their proper function. If they are to play the (...) part assigned to them by the theory, most people must remain unaware of their 'true' role in the drama of social life. This gives rise to the paradox of dangerous knowledge: The theory can be true only if its truths are not widely known; widespread ignorance is the precondition of its truth. But then, if its truths must not be publicly known, the theory is a piece of esoterica, not of science. I conclude by considering, and rejecting, several possible solutions to the 'dangerous knowledge' paradox. (shrink)
- Graham Harman, Immaterialism: Objects and Social Theory. Reviewed by.Andrew Ball -2017 -Philosophy in Review 37 (3):111-113.No categories
- Law in a Free State.Wordsworth Donisthorpe.Sidney Ball -1895 -International Journal of Ethics 6 (1):122-126.
- The Unseen Universe.Robert Stawell Ball -1895 -The Monist 5 (4):553-562.No categories
- 123. Zur Kritik der deutschen Intelligenz.Hugo Ball -1978 - In Bruno Hillebrand,Texte Zur Nietzsche-Rezeption 1873–1963. De Gruyter. pp. 185-188.No categories
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