Results for 'Gabriella Waters'
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- Decisional Value Scores.GabriellaWaters,William Mapp &Phillip Honenberger -2024 -AI and Ethics 2024.Research in ethical AI has made strides in quantitative expression of ethical values such as fairness, transparency, and privacy. Here we contribute to this effort by proposing a new family of metrics called “decisional value scores” (DVS). DVSs are scores assigned to a system based on whether the decisions it makes meet or fail to meet a particular standard (either individually, in total, or as a ratio or average over decisions made). Advantages of DVS include greater discrimination capacity between types (...) of ethically relevant decisions and facilitation of ethical comparisons between decisions and decision-making systems, including across different modalities (for instance: human, machine, or coupled human–machine systems). After clarifying ambiguities in the concept of “decision” itself, including the question of how to individuate the decisions made by a system, we discuss the role and meaning of “decision” in common AI and machine learning approaches such as decision trees, neural networks, SVMs, and unsupervised classifiers. We then show how DVSs may be defined for several ethical values of interest, with an extended discussion of transparency. Finally, we explore how such metrics can be applied to real decision-making systems through two case studies: evaluations of LLMs for transparency; and evaluations of criminal risk assessment tools for utility, rights violations, fairness, and transparency. (shrink)No categories
- Hacker, Hoaxer, Whistleblower, Spy: The Many Faces of Anonymous.Gabriella Coleman -unknownNo categories
- Alexithymia and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review.Gabriella Martino,Andrea Caputo,Peter Schwarz,Federica Bellone,Walter Fries,M. C. Quattropani &C. M. Vicario -2020 -Frontiers in Psychology 11.
- Editorial: Psychological Factors as Determinants of Medical Conditions.Gabriella Martino,Viviana Langher,Valentina Cazzato &Carmelo Mario Vicario -2019 -Frontiers in Psychology 10.
- Trafficking and Prostitution: The Growing Exploitation of Migrant Women in Greece.Gabriella Lazaridis -2001 -European Journal of Women's Studies 8 (1):67-102.This article concentrates on the rapid growth of trafficking in women from Eastern and Central Europe who end up working in the sex industry in Athens. Such movement of people is constituted around global networks of female labour. The social processes and mechanisms that produce and reproduce the somatic and social exploitation of female migrants caught in the web of the sex industry are analysed. These processes are responsible for a continuation and accentuation of women’s loss of power to represent (...) their interests, to seek viable economic alternatives. The living and working spaces of these women rest upon their isolation and individuation and total control of their everyday activities. Ethnicity, age and racialized exclusions all intersect with sexist relations and practices within Greek society and the ethnic communities under study. The interplay of these processes operates differently within different ethnic groups of women to produce different outcomes. (shrink)No categories
- Unanimity consistency in model-based belief merging.Gabriella Pigozzi -manuscriptThe problem of the aggregation of inputs coming from different sources arises in several contexts. Examples are the combination of individual preferences (studied in social choice theory), opinions (judgment aggregation), and data (artificial intelligence). While a number of results are available in each of these disciplines, a question that has been addressed only recently is how similar these aggregation problems are, despite the different types of inputs they try to combine.
- Le istituzioni politiche della Grecia in età classica.Gabriella Poma -2003 - Bologna: Mulino.
- Notizia di due manoscritti lulliani a Firenze.Gabriella Pomaro &Michela Pereira -1998 -Studia Lulliana 38 (1):63-84.No categoriesExport citation
Bookmark - Learning and Processing Abstract Words and Concepts: Insights From Typical and Atypical Development.Gabriella Vigliocco,Marta Ponari &Courtenay Norbury -2018 -Topics in Cognitive Science 10 (3):533-549.The Affective grounding hypothesis suggests that affective experiences play a crucial role in abstract concepts’ processing (Kousta et al. 2011). Vigliocco and colleagues test the role of affective experiences as well as the role of language in learning words denoting abstract concepts, comparing children with typical and atypical development. They conclude that besides the affective experiences also language plays a critical role in the processing of words referring to abstract concepts.
- Burnout and perceptions of conscience among health care personnel: A pilot study.Gabriella Gustafsson,Sture Eriksson,Gunilla Strandberg &Astrid Norberg -2010 -Nursing Ethics 17 (1):23-38.Although organizational and situational factors have been found to predict burnout, not everyone employed at the same workplace develops it, suggesting that becoming burnt out is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon. The aim of this study was to elucidate perceptions of conscience, stress of conscience, moral sensitivity, social support and resilience among two groups of health care personnel from the same workplaces, one group on sick leave owing to medically assessed burnout (n = 20) and one group who showed no indications (...) of burnout (n = 20). The results showed that higher levels of stress of conscience, a perception of conscience as a burden, having to deaden one’s conscience in order to keep working in health care and perceiving a lack of support characterized the burnout group. Lower levels of stress of conscience, looking on life with forbearance, a perception of conscience as an asset and perceiving support from organizations and those around them (social support) characterized the non-burnout group. (shrink)
- The Relationship Between Alexithymia and Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review.Gabriella Martino,Andrea Caputo,Carmelo M. Vicario,Antonino Catalano,Peter Schwarz &Maria C. Quattropani -2020 -Frontiers in Psychology 11.
- As Time Goes by: Anxiety Negatively Affects the Perceived Quality of Life in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes of Long Duration.Gabriella Martino,Antonino Catalano,Federica Bellone,Giuseppina Tiziana Russo,Carmelo Mario Vicario,Antonino Lasco,Maria Catena Quattropani &Nunziata Morabito -2019 -Frontiers in Psychology 10.
- Jean-Luc Nancy: pensare il presente: seminari cagliaritani, 11-13 dicembre 2007.Gabriella Baptist (ed.) -2010 - Cagliari: CUEC.
- Wem schlägt die Stunde in Derridas Glas? Zur Hegelrezeption und-kritik Jacques Derridas.Gabriella Baptist &H. -C. Lucas -1988 -Hegel-Studien 23:139-179.Export citation Bookmark
- Il lascito di Simone Weil (1909-1943): una nuova costituzione per l'essere umano.Gabriella Fiori -2009 -Studium 105 (2):239-249.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Imitação e Obra de Arte na Metafísica do Belo.RosaGabriella -2002 -Cadernos de Filosofia Alemã 8:85-106.No categories
- Monica H. Green, Making Women’s Medicine Masculine: The Rise of Male Authority in Pre-Modern Gynaecology.Gabriella Zuccolin -2013 -Clio 37:233-236.Il y a trente ans, évoquant la gynécologie dans l’Antiquité, Giulia Sissa écrivait que l’utérus, « dépositaire insensé et irritable de la reproduction sociale, est le seul organe qui a forcé la connaissance médicale hippocratique à définir en son sein une véritable spécialité ». L’ouvrage de Monica H. Green reprend, en les contextualisant dans un paradigme méthodologique beaucoup plus complexe, ses études précédentes sur la figure historique et littéraire de Trotula et sur la médecine féminin...
- Two Heads Two Souls? Conjoined Twins in Theological Quodlibeta.Gabriella Zuccolin -2017 -Quaestio 17:573-595.This article focuses on the case of conjoined twins in a selection of quodlibetal questions by John Peckham, Henry of Ghent, Remigius dei Girolami and John of Naples, in a period of time between th...No categories
- Parental Moral Distress and Moral Schism in the Neonatal ICU.Gabriella Foe,Jonathan Hellmann &Rebecca A. Greenberg -2018 -Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 15 (3):319-325.Ethical dilemmas in critical care may cause healthcare practitioners to experience moral distress: incoherence between what one believes to be best and what occurs. Given that paediatric decision-making typically involves parents, we propose that parents can also experience moral distress when faced with making value-laden decisions in the neonatal intensive care unit. We propose a new concept—that parents may experience “moral schism”—a genuine uncertainty regarding a value-based decision that is accompanied by emotional distress. Schism, unlike moral distress, is not caused (...) by barriers to making and executing a decision that is deemed to be best by the decision-makers but rather an encounter of significant internal struggle. We explore factors that appear to contribute to both moral distress and “moral schism” for parents: the degree of available support, a sense of coherence of the situation, and a sense of responsibility. We propose that moral schism is an underappreciated concept that needs to be explicated and may be more prevalent than moral distress when exploring decision-making experiences for parents. We also suggest actions of healthcare providers that may help minimize parental “moral schism” and moral distress. (shrink)
- Informal and Absolute Proofs: Some Remarks from a Gödelian Perspective.Gabriella Crocco -2019 -Topoi 38 (3):561-575.After a brief discussion of Kreisel’s notion of informal rigour and Myhill’s notion of absolute proof, Gödel’s analysis of the subject is presented. It is shown how Gödel avoids the notion of informal proof because such a use would contradict one of the senses of “formal” that Gödel wants to preserve. This Gödelian notion of “formal” is directly tied to his notion of absolute proof and to the question of the general applicability of concepts, in a way that overcomes both (...) Kreisel and Myhill’s conceptions. This paper aims to contribute to the present-day debate on informal and epistemic mathematics, focusing on what appears necessary for a better understanding of the issues at stake. (shrink)
- Belief merging and the discursive dilemma: an argument-based account to paradoxes of judgment aggregation.Gabriella Pigozzi -2006 -Synthese 152 (2):285-298.The aggregation of individual judgments on logically interconnected propositions into a collective decision on the same propositions is called judgment aggregation. Literature in social choice and political theory has claimed that judgment aggregation raises serious concerns. For example, consider a set of premises and a conclusion where the latter is logically equivalent to the former. When majority voting is applied to some propositions (the premises) it may give a different outcome than majority voting applied to another set of propositions (the (...) conclusion). This problem is known as the discursive dilemma (or paradox). The discursive dilemma is a serious problem since it is not clear whether a collective outcome exists in these cases, and if it does, what it is like. Moreover, the two suggested escape-routes from the paradox—the so-called premise-based procedure and the conclusion-based procedure—are not, as I will show, satisfactory methods for group decision-making. In this paper I introduce a new aggregation procedure inspired by an operator defined in artificial intelligence in order to merge belief bases. The result is that we do not need to worry about paradoxical outcomes, since these arise only when inconsistent collective judgments are not ruled out from the set of possible solutions. (shrink)
- Semantic distance effects on object and action naming.Gabriella Vigliocco,David P. Vinson,Markus F. Damian &Willem Levelt -2002 -Cognition 85 (3):B61-B69.
- L¿Associazione Filosofica Ligure.Gabriella Morera Borzone -2005 -Filosofia Oggi 28 (109):139-149.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Carnap and Gödel, Again.Gabriella Crocco -2023 - In Paola Cantù & Georg Schiemer,Logic, Epistemology, and Scientific Theories – From Peano to the Vienna Circle. Springer Nature Switzerland. pp. 217-246.Difficulties and ambiguities of Carnap’s conception of logic and mathematics are the main target of Gödel’s analysis in his famous drafts of “Is mathematics Syntax of Language?”. In a recent article, Gregory Lavers discusses two main recent dismissive analyses of Gödel’s drafts, concluding at a defense of Gödel’s arguments against Carnap’s position in the 1930. Lavers partially integrates in his examination an argument that I presented in a paper published in 2003. Yet, there are three important differences between my understanding (...) of Gödel’s argument and Lavers’s interpretation of it. These differences concern the appreciation of (a) Gödel’s strategy of using, in any critical examination of his opponents, only arguments that can be accepted by them; (b) Gödel’s analysis of Carnap’s position in the 1950s; (c) Gödel’s understanding of Carnap’s philosophical project. The paper aims to argue that, contrary to Lavers’s opinion, Gödel takes seriously the details of Carnap’s original conception and does not overlook the novelty of its solutions in the 1930s and 1950s. In particular, the comparison between Gödel’s arguments in the Gibbs lecture of 1951 and in version III of his draft of ‘Is mathematics Syntax of Language?’ shows how Gödel had in 1953–55 a careful concern with Carnap’s philosophical project of LSL. (shrink)
- Poincaré et le problème de l’esprit.Gabriella Crocco -2016 -Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale 90 (2):209.No categories
- Simone Weil, biografia di un pensiero.Gabriella Fiori -1981 - Milano: Garzanti.No categories
- The law of nature and nations in the mirror of the academy of fists : reforms, philosophy, law, and economy.Gabriella Silvestrini -2024 - In Elisabetta Fiocchi Malaspina & Gabriella Silvestrini,Natural law and the law of nations in Eighteenth and Nineteenth-Century Italy. Boston: Brill/Nijhoff.Export citation Bookmark
- Speech production.Gabriella Vigliocco &David P. Vinson -2003 - In L. Nadel,Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. Nature Publishing Group.
- Estética española contemporánea: Eugenio D'Ors, José Camón Aznar, José Ortega y Gasset.Gabriella Zanoletti -1981 - [Zaragoza]: Museo e Instituto de Humanidades "Camón Aznar", (Obra Social de la Caja de Ahorros de Zaragoza, Aragón y Rioja).
- Gödel on Concepts.Gabriella Crocco -2006 -History and Philosophy of Logic 27 (2):171-191.This article is an attempt to present Gödel's discussion on concepts, from 1944 to the late 1970s, in particular relation to the thought of Frege and Russell. The discussion takes its point of departure from Gödel's claim in notes on Bernay's review of ?Russell's mathematical logic?. It then retraces the historical background of the notion of intension which both Russell and Gödel use, and offers some grounds for claiming that Gödel consistently considered logic as a free-type theory of concepts, called (...) intensions, considered as the denotations of predicate names. (shrink)
- The liberal slip of Thomas Hobbes's authoritarian pen.Gabriella Slomp -2010 -Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 13 (2):357-369.In The Leviathan in the state theory of Thomas Hobbes, Carl Schmitt puts forward the claim that there is a ‘barely visible crack’ in Hobbes's theory of the state that opened the door to liberal constitutionalism. This essay claims that Schmitt's ‘thesis of the crack’ is composed of two elements: first, Schmitt argues that Hobbes makes a concession to individual conscience in his discussion of miracles; second, Schmitt points out that Hobbes's individualism undermines his notion of the absolute state. As (...) Schmitt relies on an unconvincing critique of Hobbes's discourse on miracles in order to justify his more general claim against Hobbes's authoritarianism, this essay suggests that Schmitt's ‘thesis of the crack’ is untenable in the form that Schmitt presented it in 1938. An attempt, however, is made to salvage ‘the thesis of the crack’ by turning to concepts found in Schmitt's Concept of the political and in Political theology. Although Schmitt openly approved of the so‐called protection/obedience principle, this essay claims that there are a number of crucial differences between Schmitt's formulation of that principle and Hobbes's own version; an examination of these differences enables us (i) to appreciate the consequences of Hobbes's individualism on his theory of the state and (ii) to shed new light on Howard Warrender's famous claim that Hobbes's sovereign is inherently weak. The essay concludes that in spite of Schmitt's fallacious formulation of the ‘thesis of the crack’ of 1938, his political theory affords us a rare vantage point from which we can clearly see a case against the association of Hobbes with authoritarianism. (shrink)
- Separating hierarchical relations and word order in language production: is proximity concord syntactic or linear?Gabriella Vigliocco &Janet Nicol -1998 -Cognition 68 (1):13-29.
- Musical Performance in the Age of Postmodernism.Gabriella Astalosh,Lesia Mykhailivna Mykulanynets &Myroslava Mykhajlivna Zhyshkovych -2022 -Postmodern Openings 13 (1):01-16.The article is devoted to postmodernism musical performance. There was realized a comprehensive retrospective analysis of the phenomenon development from ancient period to nowadays. It was proved that in ancient times interpretation was explained as a form of mythological worldview embodiment; in the Middle Ages as a way of uniting man and God; in Rrenaissance as a means of harmonizing material and spiritual components of personality; in Baroque as a method of theatricality of person's existence; in Classicism as an opportunity (...) to assert the power of human mind; Romanticism emphasized emotionality and subjectivity of concerting, the unique role of master; Modernism declared freedom of interpretation. Understanding the essence of musical performance with each historical stage became deeper, was enriched with new terminological, depth of scientific and theoretical understanding. The musical performance of postmodernism as a unique phenomenon has its own chronology of formation and development, based on achievements of previous epochs, transformed in accordance to philosophical aesthetics of the late XX century. Its outstanding constitutive qualities are: anthropology, religiosity, spirituality, meditation, improvisation, humanism, dialogicity, theatricality, rationalism, intellectualism, emotionality, playing, intertextuality, polystylistics etc. The performing art of postmodernism embodies the conceptual principles of its time: pluralism, irony, collage, synthesis, the death of the author, so on. It unites, eclectically mixes different artistic traditions and views, it forms a unique interpretive vision of musical text, demonstrates openness to dialogue with different historical epochs and civilizations, aimed at both the elite and the mass audience. (shrink)No categories
- Limiting Leviathan: An Advice Book for Rulers?Gabriella Slomp -2015 -Social Theory and Practice 41 (1):149-163.
- Ultrasonographic Investigation of Human Fetus Responses to Maternal Communicative and Non-communicative Stimuli.Gabriella A. Ferrari,Ylenia Nicolini,Elisa Demuru,Cecilia Tosato,Merhi Hussain,Elena Scesa,Luisa Romei,Maria Boerci,Emanuela Iappini,Guido Dalla Rosa Prati,Elisabetta Palagi &Pier F. Ferrari -2016 -Frontiers in Psychology 7.
- Thomas Hobbes and the political philosophy of glory.Gabriella Slomp -2000 - New York: St. Martin's Press.Hobbes's philosophical discourse is deconstructed as the interplay of the drama of individual behavior as perceived by rational agents and the detached analysis of conflict a by a political geometer . The author solves some long-standing problems in Hobbesian political philosophy (e.g., the role of glory, Hobbes' pessimism) and shows the consistency of Hobbes's attempt to derive absolutism as the only stable political association.
- Subject-verb agreement in Spanish and English: Differences in the role of conceptual constraints.Gabriella Vigliocco,Brian Butterworth &Merrill F. Garrett -1996 -Cognition 61 (3):261-298.
- The Place of Development in the History of Psychology and Cognitive Science.Gabriella Airenti -2019 -Frontiers in Psychology 10:422967.In this article, I analyze how the relationship of developmental psychology with general psychology and cognitive science has unfolded. This historical analysis will provide a background for a critical examination of the present state of the art. I shall argue that the study of human mind is inherently connected with the study of its development. From the beginning of psychology as a discipline, general psychology and developmental psychology have followed parallel and relatively separated paths. This separation between adult and child (...) studies has also persisted with the emergence of cognitive science. The reason is due essentially to methodological problems that have involved not only research methods but also the very object of inquiry. At present, things have evolved in many ways. Psychology and cognitive science have enlarged their scope to include change process and the interaction between mind and environment. On the other hand, the possibility of using experimental methods to study infancy has allowed us to realize the complexity of young humans. These facts have paved the way for new possibilities of convergence, which are eliciting interesting results, despite a number of ongoing problems related to methods. (shrink)
- Across the Borders of Lesvos: The Gendering of Migrants’ Detention in the Aegean.Gabriella Alberti -2010 -Feminist Review 94 (1):138-147.No categories
- Democrazia e mutamento: la via spinoziana al contrattualismo.Gabriella Lamonica -2009 - Roma: Aracne.
- Il pensiero educativo de Whitehead.Gabriella Rossetti -1972 - Firenze,: La nuova Italia.Export citation Bookmark
- Estetica spagnola contemporanea: (Eugenio D'Ors, José Camón Aznar, José Ortega y Gasset).Gabriella Zanoletti -1978 - Roma: L. Lucarini.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Summa doctrina et certa experientia: studi su medicina e filosofia per Chiara Crisciani.Gabriella Zuccolin &Chiara Crisciani (eds.) -2017 - Firenze: SISMEL - Edizioni del Galluzzo.
- Carl Schmitt and the politics of hostility, violence and terror.Gabriella Slomp -2009 - New York: Palgrave-Macmillan.Carl Schmitt's friend/enemy principle is exposed to in-depth philosophical analysis and historical examination with the aim of showing that the political follows hostility, violence and terror as form follows matter. The book argues that the partisan is an umbrella concept that includes the national and global terrorist.
- A P5 cancer medicine approach: why personalized medicine cannot ignore psychology.Gabriella Pravettoni &Alessandra Gorini -2011 -Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 17 (4):594-596.
- Conversation and Behavior Games in the Pragmatics of Dialogue.Gabriella Airenti,Bruno G. Bara &Marco Colombetti -1993 -Cognitive Science 17 (2):197-256.In this article we present the bases for a computational theory of the cognitive processes underlying human communication. The core of the article is devoted to the analysis of the phases in which the process of comprehension of a communicative act can be logically divided: (1) literal meaning, where the reconstruction of the mental states literally expressed by the actor takes place: (2) speaker's meaning, where the partner reconstructs the communicative intentions of the actor; (3) communicative effect, where the partner (...) possibly modifies his own beliefs and intentions; (4) reaction, where the intentions for the generation of the response are produced; and (5) response, where an overt response is constructed. The model appears to be compatible with relevant facts about human behavior. Our hypothesis is that, through communication, an actor tries to exploit the motivational structures of a partner so that the desired goal is generated. A second point is that social behavior requires that cooperation be maintained at some level. In the case of communication, cooperation is, in general, pursued even when the partner does not adhere to the actor's goals, and therefore no cooperation occurs at the behavioral level. This important distinction is reflected in the two kinds of game we introduce to account for communication. The main concept implied in communication is that two agents overtly reach a situation of shared mental states. Our model deals with sharedness through two primitives: shared beliefs and communicative intentions. (shrink)No categories
- Belief merging, judgment aggregation and some links with social choice theory.Gabriella Pigozzi -manuscriptIn this paper we explore the relation between three areas: judgment aggregation, belief merging and social choice theory. Judgment aggregation studies how to aggregate individual judgments on logically interconnected propositions into a collective decision on the same propositions. When majority voting is applied to some propositions it may however give a different outcome than majority voting applied to another set of propositions. Starting from this so-called doctrinal paradox, the paper surveys the literature on judgment aggregation, and shows that the application (...) of a well known belief merging operator can dissolve the paradox. Finally, the use of distances is shown to establish a link between belief merging and preference aggregation in social choice theory. (shrink)
- Tommaso d’Aquino Sulla Complessione corporea.Gabriella Zuccolin -2020 -Revue des Sciences Philosophiques Et Théologiques 103 (4):625-648.Au Moyen Âge, la théorie médicale de la complexio n’est pas confinée dans le domaine restreint de la théorie ou de la pratique de la médecine. Elle implique une anthropologie déterminée, qui ne concerne pas seulement la santé et le bien-être de l’homme, mais, dans certaines limites, la nature même de celui-ci ou, pour mieux dire, la manière dont la nature spécifique de l’homme s’articule avec la variété et la différence des tempéraments et des dispositions individuelles : ce qu’est chaque (...) individu dépend de la complexion qui lui est propre. Cette anthropologie médicale dépasse les limites de sa discipline et pénètre aussi la théologie, par une série d’implications, pas toujours prévisibles, qui concernent la place de l’homme dans l’univers, l’eschatologie, la démonologie et aussi la christologie. Le but de cette étude est de rendre compte de certaines de ces implications en regard de la pensée de Thomas d’Aquin. Les différents lieux où Thomas étudie la complexion corporelle – il en considère les implications dans les domaines intellectuel et moral – montrent une sorte d’assimilation de l’anthropologie médicale (indirectement galénique, mais surtout avicennienne) à l’intérieur de son horizon de pensée, constitué par la philosophie naturelle aristotélicienne et par les exigences propres à sa théologie. (shrink)No categories
- Water Is Thicker Than Blood: An Augustinian Theology of Marriage and Singleness – By Jana Marguerite Bennett.BrentWaters -2009 -Modern Theology 25 (2):341-343.
- The Development of Anthropomorphism in Interaction: Intersubjectivity, Imagination, and Theory of Mind.Gabriella Airenti -2018 -Frontiers in Psychology 9:401658.Human beings frequently attribute anthropomorphic features, motivations and behaviors to animals, artifacts, and natural phenomena. Historically, many interpretations of this attitude have been provided within different disciplines. What most interpretations have in common is distinguishing children’s manifestations of this attitude, which are considered “natural,” from adults’ occurrences, which must be explained by resorting to particular circumstances. In this article, I argue that anthropomorphism is not grounded in specific belief systems but rather in interaction. In interaction, a non-human entity assumes a (...) place that generally is attributed to a human interlocutor, which means that it is independent of the beliefs that people may have about the nature and features of the entities that are anthropomorphized. This perspective allows us to explain the problems that emerge if we consider anthropomorphism as a belief: (i) adults under certain circumstances may anthropomorphize entities even if they perfectly know that these entities have no mental life; (ii) according to the situation, the same entity may be anthropomorphized or treated as an object; (iii) there is no consistency among the entities that are anthropomorphized; (iv) there is individual variability in anthropomorphization, and this variability derives from affective states rather than from different degrees of knowledge about the entity that is anthropomorphized or greater or lesser naivety of the person who anthropomorphizes. From this perspective, anthropomorphism is a basic human attitude that begins in infants and persists throughout life. The difference between adults and children is not qualitative but rather a matter of complexity. (shrink)
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