Being a woman and wanting to be a woman: an application of subject matters, questions and FDE.Francisca Silva -forthcoming -Australasian Journal of Logic.detailsI provide a new way of thinking of questions using an expanded space of FDE worlds. This allows both for non-exclusive and non-exhaustive answers to questions concerning one’s gender identity. Further, and most crucially for the purposes of this paper, it allows for a new, more general definition of question-inclusion that makes it possible to identify a new form of hermeneutical injustice. This form of injustice, I argue, affects trans people by keeping them in a prolonged state of gender questioning (...) and confusion in which they only grasp the part of the question Am I a member of gender G? that corresponds to the question Do I want to be a member of gender G?. (shrink)
Fenómeno de la Mirada.Francisca Hill -2024 -Eikasia Revista de Filosofía 123:87-104.detailsEn fenomenología generalmente se habla de dos aproximaciones al abordar el fenómeno de la intersubjetividad: la aproximación cartesiana o neohegeliana ¾representada por Sartre¾; y la aproximación ontológico-social ¾representada por el Mitsein heideggeriano. Merleau-Ponty es conocido por seguir una corriente fuertemente influenciada por Heidegger, influencia que se extiende también en el área de la intersubjetividad. Pero, a pesar de la preponderancia heideggeriana, Merleau-Ponty integra aspectos importantes de la teoría intersubjetiva sartreana a su filosofía. En base a ello, cabe preguntarse, ¿cómo puede (...) Merleau-Ponty armonizar dos corrientes contrarias en el terreno de la intersubjetividad? Es el concepto de la mirada y del ser-con los que convivirán en la filosofía social merleau-pontiana de la Fenomenología de la percepción. Así, intentaremos hacer ver que la comprensión intersubjetiva de Merleau-Ponty supera la escisión entre las aproximaciones intersubjetivas de Sartre y Heidegger, ya que toma como base el Mitsein heideggeriano, pero mantiene, al mismo tiempo, el estatus conflictivo de la mirada sartreana. (shrink)
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Los cursos de economía doméstica y educación para el hogar en la educación femenina. Chile 1920-1960.Francisca Pérez Pallares -2022 -Hybris, Revista de FilosofíA 12 (2).detailsThe following article analyzes the development of education plans in home economics and home education between 1920 and 1960 in the case of Chile. From this perspective, it is interesting to investigate the impact on female pedagogical training of the manuals and education programs in home economics and home education between 1920 and 1960, promoted by the different Chilean governments of the period. The results show that these plans and programmes enhanced the training of women in domestic work, contributing to (...) this task from primary, secondary and later university education, it is also noted that the educational policies promoted in the period contributed to strengthen a naturalizing discourse on the relationship. (shrink)
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Os saltos de Heidegger desde sua retomada do pensamento grego clássico em vista da edificação de um novo princípio para a abordagem do Ser.Francisca Soares Rutigliano -2022 -Eikasia Revista de Filosofía 111:115-162.detailsA crítica enérgica de Heidegger à Metafísica moderna, a qual funda a possibilidade de determinação do Ser na Subjetividade, levou-o a começar a sua investigação do sentido do Ser voltando-se para a Filosofia grega. Com Aristóteles Heidegger procurou solo conceitual para demonstrar na facticidade do existir, antes que na Consciência, o fundamento da compreensividade de todo, e com Platão, o Filósofo buscou um ponto de partida fundado para legitimar uma investigação positiva do não-Ser – aqui o seu intuito foi precisamente (...) o de conceder uma linhagem à problemática do Nada e da Diferença. A partir de uma breve contextualização de duas questões assumidas por Heidegger em sua abordagem inicial de ambos os Filósofos gregos, propomos, neste Ensaio, indicar uma demarcação, fixada em suas Obras principais, dos saltos capitais do seu percurso investigativo, situado entre os chamados primeiro e o segundo Heidegger, em vista da abertura de uma saída da Metafísica e a sua apresentação de um novo Princípio de abordagem do Ser, com a feição de Acontecimento – a figura do entretecimento de Ser e Tempo fora da perspectiva da Entidade. A referência a essas questões embora de modo apenas indicativo, permitirá manter presente o ponto de partida da problemática ética e ontológica assumida por Heidegger como tarefa determinante de sua Filosofia. (shrink)
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Memorias sonoras, prisión política y dictaduras en el Cono Sur. Reflexiones trasandinas sensibles.Francisca Cornejo,Analía Lutowicz &Victoria Polti -2022 -Aletheia: Anuario de Filosofía 12 (24):e134.detailsEl coloquio-conversatorio Memorias sonoras, prisión política y dictaduras en el Cono Sur. Reflexiones trasandinas sensibles se desarrolló el día 11 de septiembre de 2021, día de conmemoración de las víctimas de violencias políticas durante la dictadura militar chilena. Fue organizado por la línea Arte y Política del Núcleo de Sociología del Arte y las Prácticas Culturales de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad de Chile, y contó con la participación de expositoras chilenas y argentinas: Analía Lutowicz, Victoria Polti, (...) Katia Chornik yFrancisca Cornejo. A continuación, presentamos tres de las ponencias propuestas para el conversatorio: “Memorias de canciones de Violeta Parra y la Nueva Canción Chilena en mujeres ex presas políticas en la cárcel del Buen Pastor de Valparaíso durante la dictadura militar chilena” a cargo deFrancisca Cornejo, “La memoria sonora de las experiencias concentracionarias en Argentina. Escuchando las miradas que construyen los relatos del Terrorismo de Estado durante la última dictadura cívico-militar”, a cargo de Analía Lutowicz y “La performatividad del sonido y la escucha en contextos concentracionarios” de Victoria Polti. (shrink)
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Epistemic logic with partial grasp.Francisca Silva -2024 -Synthese 204 (92):1-27.detailsWe have to gain from recognizing a relation between epistemic agents and the parts of subject matters that play a role in their cognitive lives. I call this relation “grasping”. Namely, I zone in on one notion of having a partial grasp of a subject matter—that of agents grasping part of the subject matter that they are attending to—and characterize it. I propose that giving up the idealization that we fully grasp the subject matters we attend to allows one to (...) more realistically characterize the epistemic life of agents. To show this, I propose an epistemic logic with partial grasp that has in mind considerations from first-order aboutness theory with the aim of avoiding certain forms of logical omniscience, and which provides an alternative to immanent closure (Yablo Aboutness, Princeton University Press, 2014). (shrink)
Feux intentionnels, broderies collectives.Francisca Palma -2023 -Multitudes 91 (2):205-209.detailsAlors que le pays brûle, je brode. Je le fais depuis des années pour différentes raisons. Tout d’abord, pour évoquer les tissus de ma maison qui ont été brodés par ma mère et mes tantes. D’autre part, pour apporter cette affectivité et cette mémoire dans un espace organisationnel avec mes collègues de travail. Nous nous sommes réunies et rapprochées après avoir brodé une grande toile représentant les travailleurs de la maison centrale de l’université du Chili, une tâche qui nous a (...) pris des mois et qui a été décomposée en d’autres pièces connexes, telles que des slogans et des revendications syndicales. Des pièces différentes, mais toutes liées. J’ai également brodé un slogan de lutte pour les survivants de la violence politique et sexuelle pendant la dictature. Je continue également à broder les souvenirs d’un groupe de femmes qui ont été enlevées et assassinées dans la ville de mon enfance, en créant leurs visages avec un matériau particulier : les cheveux de femmes comme elles. (shrink)
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(1 other version)What the States of Truthmaker Semantics Could (Not) Be.Francisca Silva -forthcoming -Topoi:1-14.detailsDevelopments in truthmaker semantics for the most part stay clear of the metaphysical issue of what sort of entities serve as the truthmakers and falsitymakers for sentences. It is assumed that perhaps facts or states of affairs (Fine 2017a ; Jago 2020 ), with these taken sometimes as concrete particulars (Hawke 2018 ) could serve for the job, but nonetheless that some such entities would do. In this paper I take a closer look at the issue of what entities could (...) or could not play the role of truthmakers and falsitymakers in standard truthmaker semantics (Fine 2016, 2017a, b ; Fine and Jago 2019 ), based on desiderata imposed by metaphysical and semantic considerations. (shrink)
Communicating the garífuna culture in contemporary church music.Francisca Norales -2011 -Journal of Aesthetic Education 45 (1):74-88.detailsThe manner in which a person views the universe originates from her/his culture. If someone were asked of the predominant element found in every culture that has for centuries given people their perspective of the universe, certainly, the answer would be, Religion! The responsibility of generating and preserving the elements of one’s perspective of the universe has rested with religious institutions such as Methodist, Protestant, or Roman Catholic churches or spiritual leaders such as the Buddha. Whether the element is developed (...) through the teaching of the Holy Bible, Catechism, Vedas, or Koran, people in the universe, including the Garífuna-speaking people of Central America, have always felt the need to .. (shrink)
Chronicity: a key concept to deliver ethically driven chronic care.Francisca Stutzin Donoso -2023 -Journal of Medical Ethics 49 (6):447-448.detailsChronic diseases are the main disease burden worldwide, leading to premature deaths and poor individual and population health outcomes. Although modern medicine has made significant progress in developing effective treatments, only around 50% of people follow long-term treatment recommendations in high-income countries and presumably even less in low-income and middle-income countries.1 Health outcomes for chronic diseases follow a social gradient across socioeconomic groups, suggesting that the 50% adherence rate distributes unequally across social groups, affecting those who live in disadvantage the (...) most despite universal health coverage.2 Bioethicists have largely ignored inequalities that arise from differences in adherence to long-term treatments and the importance of the ethical dimension of chronicity for clinical practice. As I discuss in detail elsewhere, the concept of ‘chronic disease’ lacks a successful and agreed definition, failing to be structured in a traditional way and allowing for a disjunctive group of diseases to fall under the concept.3 Still, the main element that helps distinguish ‘chronic diseases’ from all other diseases is their long duration, so the noun chronicity can help demarcate and identify the nature of ‘chronic disease’. Drawing on conceptual analysis and phenomenological research on illness that highlight the tension between the cyclical and static elements of chronic disease, I have argued that chronicity has a phenomenological sense beyond its …. (shrink)
The Limits of the Buddhist Embrace of Science: Commentary on “Compassion, Ethics, and Neuroscience: Neuroethics through Buddhist Eyes”.Francisca Cho -2012 -Science and Engineering Ethics 18 (3):539-542.detailsThe readiness of Buddhists to dialogue with and embrace modern science has caused some to worry that this encounter will deform Buddhist traditions for the sake of acceptance by the West. But their strong tradition of epistemological skepticism and intellectual pluralism makes it unlikely that Buddhists will embrace scientific positivism. Given the tensions between religion and science in contemporary western society, it is perhaps this feature of Buddhism that can make the most fruitful contribution in its dialogue with science.
(1 other version)Normatividad en filosofia de la ciencia: El Caso de la ciencia reguladora (normativity in the philosophy of science: The case of regulatory science).AlcázarFrancisca Javier Rodríguez -2004 -Theoria 19 (2):173-190.detailsEn este articulo se examina la tradicional caracterización de la filosofía de la ciencia como una disciplina normativa. Se discuten varias concepciones de esta disciplina, cada una de las cuales ofrece una respuesta diferente a la pregunta de si es posible, y cómo, una filosofía de la ciencia genuinamente normativa. De entre esas concepciones, se opta por una forma de naturalismo que se diferencia de otras en la exigeneia de que la normatividad de la filosofía de la ciencia inc!uya la (...) discusión de los objetivos y valores, epistémicos o no, de la ciencia. La necesidad de esta inc!usión se ilustra, finalmente, con el ejemplo de la aetividad conocida como “cicncia reguladora”.This article examines the traditional characterization of the philosophy of science as a normative discipline. Several understandings of this discipline are discussed; each of them offering a different answer to the question whether, and how, a genuinely normative philosophy of science might be possible. Among these views, I choose one variety of naturalism that differs from others in its commitment with the discussion of science’s aims and values, either epistemic or non-epistemic. Finally, the need for this inclusion is illustrated with the example of the so-called “regulatory science”. (shrink)
The concept of self-regulation and the ethics council of the media federation of Chile.Francisca Greene Gonzalez &María José Lecaros -2020 -Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 18 (4):481-496.detailsPurpose This paper reviews the origins of the Ethics Council of the Federation of Social Communication Media of Chile and looks into the historical circumstances surrounding its creation, the concept of self-regulation as understood by its founders, and the criteria that initially ruled its operation. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative survey of nine contemporary witnesses and the confrontation with the scientific literature. Findings The results reveal a significant coincidence with the academic literature both in the description of the concept of self-regulation and (...) in the origin of the ethics councils and of the system under which they operate. However, a series of nuances not usually considered in the concept of self-regulation are described. Originality/value This study will help assess the national and international possibilities of self-regulation and the significance of the Chilean ethics council. (shrink)
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Gestión del conflicto por el recurso hídrico.Francisca Silva Hernández -2023 -Human Review. International Humanities Review / Revista Internacional de Humanidades 19 (3):1-8.detailsEl agua como bien vital de todo ser vivo, ante un estado de vulnerabilidad, daño y/o riesgo puede manifestarse como conflicto socio ambiental. En el mapeo del conflicto se identifican diversos actores, sin embargo, un actor imprescindible son los miembros de la comunidad en el que emergen conflictos que deben ser gestionados para llevar a un consenso de bien común. El estudio de caso expuesto, aborda y describe elementos esenciales que deben ser previstos en la gestión y acuerdos de conflicto (...) entre miembros de ejidos, comunidades y/o pueblos indígenas desde la interpretación del lenguaje social y cultural. (shrink)
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La performativididad del pacto social: la «invención teórica de Rousseau» según Étienne Balibar.Francisca Gómez Germain -2023 -Isegoría 68:e08.detailsQuizá no sea desacertado destacar que cuando Étienne Balibar afirma que el sujeto-ciudadano rousseauniano constituye una «figura propiamente revolucionaria», no está simplemente mencionándolo desde una perspectiva teórico-política, pues está haciendo ver que la dualidad que comporta supone una figura revolucionaria en un sentido lingüístico y especulativo. En este artículo, nuestro propósito no es otro que analizar el triple alcance de la «invención teórica de Rousseau». Que las significaciones conceptuales no puedan ser simples o unívocas, es lo que en buena medida (...) intentaremos poner de relieve siguiendo su interpretación de algunas de las nociones medulares del Contrato social de Rousseau. (shrink)
La memoria como "conocimiento" y "amor de sí".Francisca Tomar Romero -2001 -Revista Española de Filosofía Medieval 8:95-110.detailsEn este trabajo se propone una síntesis de la concepción agustiniana trinitaria de la mens con la teoría dual de las relaciones intencionales y de los géneros de potencias del alma que profesa la tradición aristotélica. En este sentido, se analiza el conocimiento existencial y esencial del alma en San Agustín, la "duplex cognitio" en Tomás de Aquino, así como alarmas de las aportaciones y claves interpretativas del agustinismo tomista de Jaime Bofill relativas a su concepto de "memoria de sí" (...) o "sentimiento fundamental". (shrink)
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Perspectivas filosóficas a partir del problema del suicidio.Francisca Reyes Arellano -2021 -Persona y Bioética 25 (1):2514-2514.detailsMany of the actual bioethical discussions start from the assumption that we have absolute dominance/disposition over our body. Based on the thesis of autonomy, control over one's own life and the freedom to do anything, at least with one's body, the goodness or legitimacy of acts such as suicide and euthanasia are often justified. Considering the last statements, this paper seeks to approach the question of the nature of the disposition –main attribute of dominion or property– over the body. It (...) will be argued on the basis of Thomas Aquinas' theory and Immanuel Kant's exposition, often wrongly considered, in my opinion, as rival doctrines. The whole writing will be oriented to review the relations of the modern principle of autonomy with the problem of the morality of suicide. (shrink)
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Question-relative knowledge for minimally rational agents.Francisca Silva -2024 -Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy:1-31.detailsAgents know some but not all logical consequences of what they know. Agents seem to be neither logically omniscient nor logically incompetent. Yet finding an intermediate standard of minimal rationality has proven difficult. In this paper, I take suggestions found in the literature (Lewis, 1988; Hawke, Özgün and Berto, 2020; Plebani and Spolaore, 2021) and join the forces of subject matter and impossible worlds approaches to devise a new solution to this quandary. I do so by combining a space of (...) FDE worlds (Berto and Jago, 2019) with a Lewisian (1988) understanding of subject matters as partitions. By doing so, I show how subject matters impose some order in the anarchic space of FDE worlds, while the worlds allow for distinctions between contents which would not otherwise be available. Combining the two approaches, then, brings us closer to the desired closure principles for knowledge of minimally rational agents. (shrink)
Testimonio y práctica artística en el Campo de Prisioneros de Chacabuco 1973-1974. El teatro de Mario Molina.Francisca Carolina Durán Mateluna -2021 -Aisthesis 69.detailsEl presente artículo aborda la experiencia de la sobrevivencia de los presos políticos en el Campo de Prisioneros de Chacabuco durante la dictadura cívico-militar chilena, a través de la práctica artística teatral, entre 1973 y 1974. A modo de hipótesis se plantea que el teatro permitió a los presos mermar el drama y construir transitoriamente realidades diferentes, suspendiendo la realidad impuesta y creando otras alternativas. La pregunta principal es de qué manera el corpus dramático de Mario Molina, escrito durante su (...) detención, generó estrategias de supervivencia y condiciones para interpretar los nuevos hechos extraordinarios que estaban sucediendo. El teatro de Mario Molina en cuanto a escritura, puesta en escena y recepción se analiza desde su propia dramaturgia, así como desde el campo testimonial. (shrink)
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estabelecimento do caráter primordial da ἀλήθεια, e a determinação fundamental do λόγος no 'mbito da Filosofia grega.Francisca Tânia Rutigliano -2024 -Eikasia Revista de Filosofía 123:105-138.detailsO breve ensaio de Heidegger O que é isto - a Filosofia? guarda em si as questões essenciais sobre os fundamentos, perspectivas norteadoras e finalidades que possibilitaram o surgimento da filosofia como forma eminente do conhecimento ocidental. Contemplando o modo como Parmênides, Heráclito, Platão e Aristóteles estabelecem o sentido do Ser, Heidegger mostra em que sentido os filósofos gregos depuseram no νoεῖν e no λόγος fundamento essencial de ἀλήθεια. Na exposição que Heidegger faz das continuidades e distinções características de cada (...) um dos filósofos gregos por respeito à questão do sentido do Ser e da Verdade destacaremos concomitantemente os pressupostos do próprio pensamento de Heidegger, os quais o orientaram na abordagem do Ser. (shrink)
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L’épigramme de Posidippe sur la statue deKairos,AP XVI (Plan.) 275: Image, texte, réalité.Francisca Pordomingo -2012 -Philologus: Zeitschrift für Antike Literatur Und Ihre Rezeption 156 (1):17-33.detailsEpigram AP XVI (Plan.) 275, by Posidippus, contains an ecphrasis of a statue created by the sculptor Lysippus that is an allegory of Kairos – not in expository form but rather in the form of a dialogue of questions and answers, with the aim of revealing the hidden meaning of its peculiar iconographic features. Lysippus’ statue and Posidippus’ epigram are the oldest testimonies existing in art and in the literary sources for Kairos, which was the subject of other descriptions and (...) of a rich iconography starting at the end of the Hellenistic age. They contain discrepancies in the selection of the features characterizing the concept, which possibly derive from a change in the meaning and the role of the allegory. The text provides an indication of the frequency with which certain abstractions were personified and deified in the Hellenistic age, sometimes to the point of becoming an object of worship. (shrink)
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Neurobiological Correlates of Fatherhood During the Postpartum Period: A Scoping Review.Mónica Sobral,Francisca Pacheco,Beatriz Perry,Joana Antunes,Sara Martins,Raquel Guiomar,Isabel Soares,Adriana Sampaio,Ana Mesquita &Ana Ganho-Ávila -2022 -Frontiers in Psychology 13.detailsDuring the postpartum period, the paternal brain suffers extensive and complex neurobiological alterations, through the experience of father–infant interactions. Although the impact of such experience in the mother has been increasingly studied over the past years, less is known about the neurobiological correlates of fatherhood—that is, the alterations in the brain and other physiological systems associated with the experience of fatherhood. With the present study, we aimed to perform a scoping review of the available literature on the genetic, neuroendocrine, and (...) brain correlates of fatherhood and identify the main gaps in the current knowledge. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases were searched for eligible studies on paternal neuroplasticity during the postpartum period, over the past 15 years. Reference lists of relevant key studies and reviews were also hand-searched. The research team independently screened the identified studies based on the established inclusion criteria. Extracted data were analyzed using tables and descriptive synthesis. Among the 29 studies that met our inclusion criteria, the vast majority pertained to neuroendocrine correlates of fatherhood, followed by brain activity or connectivity, association studies of candidate genes, and brain structure correlates. Collectively, studies published during the past 15 years suggest the existence of significant endocrine and neurofunctional alterations as a result of fatherhood, as well as preliminary evidence of genetic variability accounting for individual differences during the postpartum period in fathers. No studies were so far published evaluating epigenetic mechanisms associated with the paternal brain, something that was also the focus of the current review. We highlight the need for further research that examines neuroplasticity during the experience of fatherhood and that considers both the interplay between hormones and simultaneous assessment of the different biomarkers ; data collection protocols and assessment times should also be refined. (shrink)
Manuel Sacristán: génesis de un intelectual polifónico.MaríaFrancisca Fernández Cáceres -2011 -Daimon: Revista Internacional de Filosofía 53:29-45.detailsEste artículo es una tentativa de análisis de las influencias e intereses que marcaron la juventud de Manuel Sacristán. Se examinan las particularidades de este autor en sus años de formación, desde sus aportaciones en Laye , pasando por sus cuestionamientos filosóficos y políticos juveniles, hasta sus estudios de especialización en lógica simbólica y la posterior entrada en el PSUC-PCE en la clandestinidad. Este periplo, que recoge la etapa de cambio ideológico de Sacristán, es abordado, siguiendo a Bachelard y a (...) Bourdieu, como “un caso particular de lo posible” que busca construir un programa de investigación que examine las relaciones entre campo filosófico y campo político durante el franquismo. (shrink)
El valor del arte.Francisca Pérez Carreño (ed.) -2017 - Boadilla del Monte (Madrid): Machado Grupo de Distribución.detailsLos ensayos recogidos en el presente volumen reflexionan sobre el valor del arte desde diferentes perspectivas. En primer lugar, se interrogan sobre la existencia de un valor específico del trabajo artístico y las obras de arte. En particular, algunos textos abordan la cuestión central del valor estético y de su conexión con la interpretación, la apreciación y el juicio de las obras de arte. En segundo lugar, ocupa un espacio central del libro el análisis de la relación entre el estético (...) y otros valores que apreciamos en las obras de arte, como el valor documental, el histórico, el epistémico o el moral. Por último, la literatura, el cine o las artes plásticas son analizados desde el punto de vista del modo particular de dar sentido y articular en cada caso una concepción valiosa del mundo. (shrink)
Population Geometries of Europe: The Topologies of Data Cubes and Grids.Evelyn Ruppert &Francisca Grommé -2020 -Science, Technology, and Human Values 45 (2):235-261.detailsThe political integration of the European Union is fragile for many reasons, not least the reassertion of nationalism. That said, if we examine specific practices and infrastructures, a more complicated story emerges. We juxtapose the political fragility of the EU in relation to the ongoing formation of data infrastructures in official statistics that take part in postnational enactments of Europe’s populations and territories. We develop this argument by analyzing transformations in how European populations are enacted through new technological infrastructures that (...) seek to integrate national census data in “cubes” of cross-tabulated social topics and spatial “grids” of maps. In doing so, these infrastructures give meaning to what “is” Europe in ways that are both old and new. Through standardization and harmonization of social and geographical spaces, “old” geometries of organizing and mapping populations are deployed along with “new” topological arrangements that mix and fold categories of population. Furthermore, we consider how grids and cubes are generative of methodological topologies by closing the distances or differences between methods and making their data equivalent. By paying attention to these practices and infrastructures, we examine how they enable reconfiguring what is known and imagined as Europe and how it is governed. (shrink)
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Analysing complex argumentation: the reconstruction of multiple and coordinatively compound argumentation in a critical discussion.Snoeck Henkemans &ArnoldaFrancisca -1992 - Amsterdam: SicSat.detailsSnoeck, A. F. (1997) Analysing Complex Argumentation. The reconstruction of Multiple and Coordinatively Argumentation in a Critical Discussion.
Institutional constraints on strategic maneuvering in shared medical decision-making.A.Francisca Snoeck Henkemans &Dima Mohammed -2012 -Journal of Argumentation in Context 1 (1):19-32.detailsIn this paper it is first investigated to what extent the institutional goal and basic principles of shared decision making are compatible with the aim and rules for critical discussion. Next, some techniques that doctors may use to present their own treatment preferences strategically in a shared decision making process are discussed and evaluated both from the perspective of the ideal of shared decision making and from that of critical discussion.