Results for 'Discrimination'
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- Born Free and Equal? A Philosophical Inquiry Into the Nature ofDiscrimination.Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen -2013 - New York: Oxford University Press.This book addresses these three issues: What isdiscrimination?; What makes it wrong?; What should be done about wrongfuldiscrimination? It argues: that there are different concepts ofdiscrimination; thatdiscrimination is not always morally wrong and that when it is, it is so primarily because of its harmful effects.
- Affectivediscrimination of stimuli that are not recognized: II. Effect of delay between study and test.John G. Seamon,Nathan Brody &David M. Kauff -1983 -Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 21 (3):187-189.
- Reference, Representation-as, andDiscrimination.Ayoob Shahmoradi -2024 - Dissertation, University of California, San DiegoI develop a theory of (mental) reference according to which there are two ways of referring to an object. One can refer to an object by relying on a previous instance of successful reference to that (or some other) object. I call this type of reference 'dependent reference'. Alternatively, one can refer to an object 'independently'. A referential attempt is independent if and only if it is not dependent. I argue that these two types of reference differ as they adhere (...) to different norms. While it may be possible to think about an object without the ability to uniquely individuate it if one thinks about it dependently, the same may not hold true in the case of independent thought. At least, the classic arguments that attempt to demonstrate the possibility of thinking about something without the ability to uniquely individuate it are irrelevant to independent reference. Furthermore, not all reference could be dependent. -/- Along the way, I do a few other things as well. (shrink)
- Does harm or disrespect makediscrimination wrong? An experimental approach.Andreas Albertsen,Bjørn G. Hallsson,Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen &Viki M. L. Pedersen -2025 -Philosophical Psychology 38 (4):1756-1781.While standard forms ofdiscrimination are widely considered morally wrong, philosophers disagree about what makes them so. Two accounts have risen to prominence in this debate: One stressing how wrongfuldiscrimination disrespects the discriminatee, the other how the harms involved makediscrimination wrong. While these accounts are based on carefully constructed thought experiments, proponents of both sides see their positions as in line with and, in part, supported by the folk theory of the moral wrongness of
- The Ahmadiyya, Blasphemy and Religious Freedom: The Institutional Discourse Analysis of ReligiousDiscrimination in Indonesia.Zifirdaus Adnan &Andi Muhammad Irawan -2021 -Muslim World Journal of Human Rights 18 (1):79-102.The article investigates the development of discourses related to freedom of religion anddiscrimination against religious minority in current Indonesia by identifying the discourse constructions of Ahmadiyya in various texts and talks produced and disseminated by government institution and the Indonesian Council of Ulama (the MUI). This study aims to reveal these institutions’ views and perspectives on Ahmadiyya issue using various discourse strategies. The data analysed are some legal proclamations issued and personal views delivered by the officials of these (...) two institutions. The CDA theoretical framework employed is to examine the positive-self and negative-other presentations. The finding reveals that the issue of Ahmadiyya is addressed through discourses related to Indonesian national interest and discourses related to religious matters. in these discourses, the two institutions and their officials present themselves positively and portray the Ahmadiyya sect negatively. The sect followers are negatively presented as the troublemaker, blasphemer, and the destroyer of religious harmony and social order. (shrink)No categories
- Faces of Inequality: A Theory of WrongfulDiscrimination.Sophia Reibetanz Moreau -2020 - Oup Usa.This book defends an original and pluralist theory of when and whydiscrimination wrongs people, in particular, through unfair subordination, through the violation of their right to a particular deliberative freedom, or through the denial to them of access to a basic good.No categories
- But Some Groups Are More Equal Than Others: A Critical Review of the Group-Criterion in the Concept ofDiscrimination.Frej Klem Thomsen -2013 -Social Theory and Practice 39 (1):120-146.In this article I critically examine a standard feature in conceptions ofdiscrimination: the group-criterion, specifically the idea that there is a limited and definablegroup of traits that can form the basis ofdiscrimination. I review two types of argument for the criterion. One focuses on inherently relevant groups and relies ultimately on luck-egalitarian principles; the other focuses on contextually relevant groups and relies ultimately on the badness of outcomes. I conclude that as neither type of argument is (...) convincing, the criterion is morally arbitrary, and as such untenable. Finally, I suggest both some of the conceptual and some of the practical implications of abandoning the criterion. (shrink)
- Internationalisation, Mobility and Metrics: A New Form of IndirectDiscrimination?Louise Ackers -2008 -Minerva 46 (4):411-435.This paper discusses the relationship between internationalisation, mobility, quality and equality in the context of recent developments in research policy in the European Research Area (ERA). Although these developments are specifically concerned with the growth of research capacity at European level, the issues raised have much broader relevance to those concerned with research policy and highly skilled mobility. The paper draws on a wealth of recent research examining the relationship between mobility and career progression with particular reference to a recently (...) completed empirical study of doctoral mobility in the social sciences (Ackers et al. Doctoral Mobility in the Social Sciences. Report to the NORFACE ERA-Network, 2007). The paper is structured as follows. The first section introduces recent policy developments including the European Charter for Researchers and Code of Conduct for the Recruitment of Researchers and the European Commission’s Green Paper on the ERA. The discussion focuses on concerns around the definition of ‘mobility’ and the tendency (in both policy circles and academic research) to conflate different forms of mobility and to equate these with notions of excellence or quality. Scientific mobility is shaped as much by ‘push’ factors (limited opportunity) as it is by the ‘draw’ of excellence. Scientists are exercising a degree of ‘choice’ within a specific and individualised framework of constraints. The following sections consider some of the ‘professional’ and ‘personal’ factors shaping scientific mobility and the influence that these have on the relationship between mobility, internationalisation and excellence. The paper concludes that mobility is not an outcome in its own right and must not be treated as such (as an implicit indicator of internationalisation). To do so contributes to differential opportunity in scientific labour markets reducing both efficiency and equality. (shrink)No categories
- Women’s Inequality and the Retreat from the Welfare State: Downloading andDiscrimination against Women.Brenda M. Baker -1998 -Dialogue 37 (4):719-.RÉSUMÉ: Cet article examine les conséquences pour l’inégalité sexuelle au Canada des coupures gouvernementales dans les soins de santé et les services sociaux, et les évalue à l’aune de la jurisprudence relative à la Charte. L’auteure soutient que ce recul a en fait désavantagé les femmes d’une manière disproportionnée, et qu’on pourrait y voir, du point de vue de la Charte, unediscrimination à leur endroit. Or les gouvernements n’ont offert aucune justification de ces effets discriminatoires qui satisferait aux (...) critères de la Charte en en montrant le caractère raisonnable dans une société libre et démocratique. Présenter l’action gouvernementale comme un exercice neutre de transfert de responsabilités vers les familles et les communautés ne saurait constituer une telle justification. (shrink)
- Viewpointdiscrimination and contestation of ideas on its merits, leadership and organizational ethics: expanding the African bioethics agenda.Sylvester C. Chima,Takafira Mduluza &Julius Kipkemboi -2013 -BMC Medical Ethics 14 (S1):S1.The 3rd Pan-African Ethics Human Rights and Medical Law (3rd EHRML) conference was held in Johannesburg on July 7, 2013, as part of the Africa Health Congress. The conference brought together bioethicists, researchers and scholars from South Africa, Zimbabwe, Kenya and Nigeria working in the field of bioethics as well as students and healthcare workers interested in learning about ethical issues confronting the African continent. The conference which ran with a theme of "Bioethical and legal perspectives in biomedical research and (...) medical practice in Africa with a focus on: Informed consent, HIV-AIDS & Tuberculosis, leadership & organizational ethics, patients and healthcare workers rights," was designed to expand the dialogue on African bioethics beyond the traditional focus on research ethics and the ethical dilemmas surrounding the conduct of biomedical research in developing countries. This introductory article highlights some of areas of focus at the conference including issues of leadership, organizational ethics and patients and healthcare workers rights in Africa. We analyze the importance of free speech, public debate of issues, argumentation and the need to introduce the teaching and learning of ethics to students in Africa in accordance with UNESCO guidelines. This article also focuses on other challenges confronting Africa today from an ethical standpoint, including the issues of poor leadership and organizational ethics which are main contributors to the problems prevalent in African countries, such as poverty, poor education and healthcare delivery systems, terrorism, social inequities, infrastructural deficits and other forms of 'structural violence' confronting vulnerable African communities. We believe that each of the eight articles included in this supplement, which have been rigorously peer-reviewed are a good example of current research on bioethics in Africa, and explore some new directions towards broadening the African bioethics agenda as we move forward to a new dawn for Africa in the 21st century. (shrink)
- Visualdiscrimination of spectral distributions.Susan F. te Pas &Jan J. Koenderink -1996 - In Enrique Villanueva,Perception. Ridgeview Pub. Co. pp. 1483-1497.
- Effect ofdiscrimination training on auditory generalization.Herbert M. Jenkins &Robert H. Harrison -1960 -Journal of Experimental Psychology 59 (4):246.
- Identification and the form of multidimensionaldiscrimination space.G. R. Lockhead -1970 -Journal of Experimental Psychology 85 (1):1.
- Discrimination learning with the distinctive feature on positive or negative trials.H. M. Jenkins &Robert S. Sainsbury -1970 - In David I. Mostofsky,Attention: Contemporary Theory and Analysis. Appleton-Century-Crofts. pp. 239--273.
- Confidence and accuracy of near-thresholddiscrimination responses.Craig Kunimoto,Jeff Miller &Harold Pashler -2001 -Consciousness and Cognition 10 (3):294-340.This article reports four subliminal perception experiments using the relationship between confidence and accuracy to assess awareness. Subjects discriminated among stimuli and indicated their confidence in eachdiscrimination response. Subjects were classified as being aware of the stimuli if their confidence judgments predicted accuracy and as being unaware if they did not. In the first experiment, confidence predicted accuracy even at stimulus durations so brief that subjects claimed to be performing at chance. This finding indicates that subjects's claims that (...) they are ''just guessing'' should not be accepted as sufficient evidence that they are completely unaware of the stimuli. Experiments 2-4 tested directly for subliminal perception by comparing the minimum exposure duration needed for better than chancediscrimination performance against the minimum needed for confidence to predict accuracy. The latter durations were slightly but significantly longer, suggesting that under certain circumstances people can make perceptual discriminations even though the information that was used to make those discriminations is not consciously available. (shrink)
- (1 other version)Differentiating hate speech: a systemicdiscrimination approach.Katharine Gelber -2019 -Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 24 (4):1-22.In this paper I develop a systemicdiscrimination approach to defining a narrowly construed category of ‘hate speech’, as speech that harms to a sufficient degree to warrant government regulation. This is important due to the lack of definitional clarity, and the extraordinarily wide usage, of the term. This article extends current literature on how hate speech can harm by identifying under what circumstances speakers have the capacity to harm, and under what circumstances targets are vulnerable to harm. It (...) also shows how the capacity to harm can be mobile and involve the construction of new targets. Finally, it bridges the gap between conceptual understandings of hate speech and policy designed to regulate it. (shrink)
- Vigilance,discrimination and attention.Harry J. Jerison -1970 - In David I. Mostofsky,Attention: Contemporary Theory and Analysis. Appleton-Century-Crofts. pp. 127--147.
- Difficulties Experienced by Older Listeners in Utilizing Voice Cues for SpeakerDiscrimination.Yael Zaltz &Liat Kishon-Rabin -2022 -Frontiers in Psychology 13.Human listeners are assumed to apply different strategies to improve speech recognition in background noise. Young listeners with normal hearing, e.g., have been shown to follow the voice of a particular speaker based on the fundamental and formant frequencies, which are both influenced by the gender, age, and size of the speaker. However, the auditory and cognitive processes that underlie the extraction anddiscrimination of these voice cues across speakers may be subject to age-related decline. The present study aimed (...) to examine the utilization of F0 and formant cues for voicediscrimination in older adults with hearing expected for their age. Difference limens for VD were estimated in 15 healthy older adults and 35 young adults using only F0 cues, only formant frequency cues, and a combination of F0 + formant frequencies. A three-alternative forced-choice paradigm with an adaptive-tracking threshold-seeking procedure was used. Wechsler backward digit span test was used as a measure of auditory working memory. Trail Making Test was used to provide cognitive information reflecting a combined effect of processing speed, mental flexibility, and executive control abilities. The results showed that the mean VD thresholds of the older adults were poorer than those of the young adults for all voice cues, although larger variability was observed among the older listeners; both age groups found the formant cues more beneficial for VD, compared to the F0 cues, and the combined cues resulted in better thresholds, compared to each cue separately; significant associations were found for the older adults in the combined F0 + formant condition between VD and TMT scores, and between VD and hearing sensitivity, supporting the notion that a decline with age in both top-down and bottom-up mechanisms may hamper the ability of older adults to discriminate between voices. The present findings suggest that older listeners may have difficulty following the voice of a specific speaker and thus implementing doing so as a strategy for listening amid noise. This may contribute to understanding their reported difficulty listening in adverse conditions. (shrink)
- Blind Law and Powerless Science: The American Jewish Congress, the NAACP, and the Scientific Case againstDiscrimination, 1945-1950.John Jackson Jr -2000 -Isis 91 (1):89-116.This essay examines how the American Jewish Congress (AJC) designed a legal attack ondiscrimination based on social science. This campaign led to the creation in 1945 of two new AJC commissions, t...No categories
- Equality and diversity: phenomenological investigations of prejudice anddiscrimination.Michael D. Barber -2001 - Amherst, N.Y.: Humanity Books.
- Religion and Gender in the Post-secular State: Accommodation orDiscrimination?Kathleen McPhillips -2015 -Feminist Theology 23 (2):156-170.This paper considers the relationship between women, religion and the Australian state via an examination of federal anti-discrimination law. Much of the social research into religion-state relations over the last ten years, particularly with the rise of neo-liberalism, demonstrates that religious groups and ideas are actively involved in public debate, policy formation and implementation. While this has been examined by some scholars in social policy, particularly education, there has been little research on the relationship between women’s rights and post-secular (...) politics. This essay will address this gap by firstly locating women’s rights in the context of global forms of neo-liberalism and specifically by examining Australian federal anti-discrimination legislation, which seeks to protect religious freedom by allowing religious groups general exemption from adhering to non-discriminatory employment and training protocols. It is argued via evidence, that such exemptions are premised on the treatment of women as other to masculine norms. (shrink)No categories
- What is Wrong with Methodological Nationalism? An Argument AboutDiscrimination.Anna Milioni -forthcoming -Moral Philosophy and Politics.Methodological nationalism is a cognitive bias that construes states as the natural and necessary form of contemporary social organisation. This gives rise to a state-centred view which naturalises national communities, exaggerates the differences between citizens and migrants, and exceptionalises international migration. In this paper, I argue that methodological nationalism is not only empirically inaccurate, but also normatively problematic, because its assumptions prevent migration ethicists from properly theorising aboutdiscrimination. I begin by briefly presenting methodological nationalism and clarifying some misconceptions. (...) I also identify some features that would make a policy discriminatory and show that many contemporary migration policies are discriminatory. Looking at three variants of methodological nationalism (naturalisation, territorialisation, and ignorance), I argue that methodological nationalism marginalises concerns aboutdiscrimination in migration ethics and prevents migration ethicists from developing accounts that would be able to counter xenophobic arguments. Last, I consider the implications of my argument for migration ethics. (shrink)No categories
- Language-experience facilitatesdiscrimination of /d-/ in monolingual and bilingual acquisition of English.Megha Sundara,Linda Polka &Fred Genesee -2006 -Cognition 100 (2):369-388.
- Transfer of training following errorlessdiscrimination learning.Ingo Keilitz &Jerome Frieman -1970 -Journal of Experimental Psychology 85 (2):293.
- Developmental changes in effects of spacing of trials in retardatediscrimination learning and memory.Richard D. Sperber -1974 -Journal of Experimental Psychology 103 (2):204.No categories
- Performance in differential conditioning anddiscrimination learning as a function of hunger and relative response frequency.K. W. Spence,K. P. Goodrich &L. E. Ross -1959 -Journal of Experimental Psychology 58 (1):8.
- ReverseDiscrimination and Equal Opportunity.Robert K. Fullinwider -1986 - In Joseph P. DeMarco, Richard M. Fox & Michael D. Bayles,New directions in ethics: the challenge of applied ethics. New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul. pp. 173--189.
- Sources of transfer from original training todiscrimination reversal.W. B. Coate &R. Allen Gardner -1965 -Journal of Experimental Psychology 70 (1):94.
- Cue and contextual stimulus intensity indiscrimination learning.John E. Nygaard -1958 -Journal of Experimental Psychology 55 (2):195.
- Discrimination against atheists: The facts.Margaret Downey -2004 -Free Inquiry 24 (4).Export citation
Bookmark - Visualdiscrimination pretraining facilitates subsequent visual cue/toxicosis conditioning in rats.Andrew J. Dalrymple &Bennett G. Galef -1981 -Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 18 (5):267-270.
- Serialdiscrimination reversal learning: Effects of scopolamine.George W. Handley &William H. Calhoun -1977 -Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 10 (5):422-424.
- Drugdiscrimination learning with naloxone: An assessment of the role of precipitated withdrawal.Mary A. Kautz,Beth Geter,Scott T. Smurthwaite &Anthony L. Riley -1991 -Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 29 (2):101-104.
- Discrimination learning with an avoidance procedure.Seward A. Moot,Leonard P. Overby &Robert C. Bolles -1974 -Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 3 (2):129-130.
- Verbaldiscrimination learning theory and differential eyelid conditioning to related words at three interstimulus intervals.Louise C. Perry -1976 -Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 7 (3):299-302.
- Conditionaldiscrimination learning by pigeons: The role of training paradigms.David R. Thomas &Horace Goldberg -1985 -Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 23 (3):256-258.
- Discrimination-shift behavior as a function of rule learning and the number of irrelevant categories.George W. Watson -1975 -Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 5 (1):49-50.
- The influence of thirst and schedules of reinforcement-nonreinforcement ratios upon brightnessdiscrimination.Roy Lachman -1961 -Journal of Experimental Psychology 62 (1):80.
- Regulating Speech: Harm, Norms, andDiscrimination.Daniel Wodak -2024 -Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 1.Mary Kate McGowan’s Just Words offers an interesting account of exercitives. On McGowan’s view, one of the things we do with words is change what’s permitted, and we do this ubiquitously, without any special authority or specific intention. McGowan’s account of exercitives is meant to identify a mechanism by which ordinary speech is harmful, and which justifies the regulation of such speech. It is here that I part ways. I make three main arguments. First, McGowan’s focus on harm is misguided; (...) that ordinary speech is harmful is harder to support, and in turn does not less to support conclusions about whether it is wrong and warrants regulation, than Just Words suggests. Second, if the speech is harmful, McGowan’s account of exercitives is ill-suited to explain why; the relevant instances of ordinary speech seem to express speakers’ views about moral norms, not change social norms. Third, McGowan’s argument for why ordinary speech should be regulated because it is a form ofdiscrimination presupposes a great deal that is controversial about what makesdiscrimination wrong and legally actionable, and even if it is right it may license the regulation of more speech than many, including McGowan, would deem acceptable. (shrink)
- How to avoid unfairdiscrimination against disabled patients in healthcare resource allocation.Sean Sinclair -2012 -Journal of Medical Ethics 38 (3):158-162.The paper proposes a new method of researching public opinion for the purposes of valuing the outcomes of healthcare interventions. The issue I address is that, under the quality-adjusted life-year system, disabled patients face a higher cost-effectiveness hurdle than able-bodied patients. This seems inequitable. The author considers the alternative approaches to valuing healthcare interventions that have been proposed, and shows that all of them face the same problem. It is proposed that to value an outcome, instead of researching the general (...) public, the population that is to be targeted with the intervention should be researched. (shrink)
- Equal and ashamed? Egalitarianism, anti-discrimination, and redistribution.Bastian Steuwer -2025 -Politics, Philosophy and Economics 24 (1):72-97.One prominent criticism of luck egalitarianism is that it requires either shameful revelations or otherwise problematic declarations by the state toward those who have had bad brute luck. Relational egalitarianism, by contrast, is portrayed as an alternative that requires no such revelations or declarations. I argue that this is false. Relational equality requires the state to draft anti-discrimination laws for both state and private action. The ideal of relational egalitarianism requires these laws to be asymmetric, that is to allow (...) affirmative action for disadvantaged groups while prohibiting affirmative action for advantaged groups. Hence, the state needs to make a public declaration on which groups are privileged and which are underprivileged; and individuals need to reveal whether they belong to groups officially declared underprivileged. These declarations are no more problematic in this case than in the case of luck egalitarianism. (shrink)
- The rate of learning a tone-no-tonediscrimination as a function of the tone duration at the time of the choice point response.M. U. Eninger -1951 -Journal of Experimental Psychology 41 (6):440.
- What a ‘Boo’ Can Do: Adam Goodes,Discrimination, and Norm (R)evolution.Louise Richardson-Self -2021 -Australasian Philosophical Review 5 (2):203-210.ABSTRACT In this commentary I evaluate what McGowan’s project would conclude with respect to the treatment of professional Australian Football League player Adam Goodes, who was incessantly ‘booed’ by crowds for the final two years of his career. Analysing Goodes’ case in light of McGowan’s argument leads me to two observations. First, McGowan’s norm-enactment approach is incredibly useful because it explains how words like ‘boo’ (with unstable meaning) can constitute actionablediscrimination. Second, however, I wonder if a narrow focus (...) on whether such speech is legally actionable might encourage an overestimation of the power of laws to shepherd new g-norms into social practices. (shrink)
- An investigation of the alleged function of emphasis in a simplediscrimination problem.E. H. Porter -1941 -Journal of Experimental Psychology 28 (1):77.
- Effect of punishment on visualdiscrimination learning.Albert I. Prince Jr -1956 -Journal of Experimental Psychology 52 (6):381.
- Effect of different stimulus frequencies ondiscrimination learning with probabilistic reinforcement.Juliet Popper Shaffer -1963 -Journal of Experimental Psychology 65 (3):265.
- Memory loss followingdiscrimination of conceptually related material.Howard H. Kendler &James W. Ward -1971 -Journal of Experimental Psychology 88 (3):435.
- The effect of punishment ondiscrimination learning in a non-correction situation.George J. Wischner -1947 -Journal of Experimental Psychology 37 (4):271.
- Supported Decision-making: The CRPD, Non-Discrimination, and Strategies for Recognizing Persons’ Choices About their Good.Leslie Francis -2021 -Journal of Philosophy of Disability 1:57-77.People with cognitive impairments often have difficulties formulating, understanding, or articulating decisions that others judge reasonable. The frequent response shifts decision-making authority to substitutes through advance directives of the person or guardianship orders from a court. The Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities defends supported decision-making as an alternative to such forms of supplanted decision-making. But supported decision-making raises both metaphysical questions—what is required for a decision to be the person’s own?—and epistemological questions: how do we know what (...) persons judge to be their good, when they have difficulty conceptualizing and articulating? It raises practical questions, too, such as protection against risks of exploitation. This article uses a non-discrimination account of legal personhood drawn from the CRPD to explore how common features of decisions employed by people without cognitive disabilities are important in supported decision-making too. These features include prostheses, guardrails, relationships, and social contexts. (shrink)No categories
- Cost-Effectiveness and the Avoidance ofDiscrimination in Healthcare: Can We Have Both?Kasper Lippert-Rasmussen -2023 -Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 32 (2):202-215.Many ethical theorists believe that a given distribution of healthcare is morally justified only if (1) it is cost-effective and (2) it does not discriminate against older adults and disabled people. However, if (3) cost-effectiveness involves maximizing the number of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) added by a given unit of healthcare resource, or cost, it seems the pursuit of cost-effectiveness will inevitably discriminate against older adults and disabled patients. I show why this trilemma is harder to escape than some theorists think. (...) We cannot avoid it by using age- or disability-weighted QALY scores, for example. I then explain why there is no sense of “discrimination” on whichdiscrimination isbothunjust, and thus something healthcare rationing must avoid,andsomething cost-effective healthcare rationing inevitably involves. I go on to argue that many of the reasons we have for not favoring rationing that maximizes QALYs outside the healthcare context apply in healthcare as well. Thus, claim (1) above is dubious. (shrink)
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