(1 other version)Adefinition of "degree of confirmation".Carl G. Hempel &Paul Oppenheim -1945 -Philosophy of Science 12 (2):98-115.details1. The problem. The concept of confirmation of an hypothesis by empirical evidence is of fundamental importance in the methodology of empirical science. For, first of all, a sentence cannot even be considered as expressing an empirical hypothesis at all unless it is theoretically capable of confirmation or disconfirmation, i.e. unless the kind of evidence can be characterized whose occurrence would confirm, or disconfirm, the sentence in question. And secondly, the acceptance or rejection of a sentence which does represent an (...) empirical hypothesis is determined, in scientific procedure, by the degree to which it is confirmed by relevant evidence. (shrink)
Diversity in feminist economics research methods: trends from the Global South.U. T. Salt Lake City,Annandale-On-Hudson USAb Levy Economics Institute of Bard College,C. O. Fort Collins,Markets Including Care Work,History of Economic Thought Public Policy,Labor Economics Currently Development,Macroeconomic Implications of Social Reproduction Her Research Focuses on the Micro-,Finance She is A. Labor Associate Editor for the African Review of Economics,Research Interests Related to the Division Feminist Economist,Definition of Both Paid Quality,How Households Unpaid Work,Formed Around These Types of Work Families Are Structured,Households How the State Interacts,Development The Editor of Feminist Economics She Was Recently Senior Economist at the United Nations Conference on Trade,Including the International Labour Organization Has Done Consulting Work for A. Number of International Development Institutions,the United Nations Research Institute on Social Development the World Bank &Macroeconomic Asp U. N. Women Her Work Focuses on the International -forthcoming -Journal of Economic Methodology:1-25.detailsUsing data on submitted and published manuscripts in Feminist Economics from 1995 to 2019, we examine differences in method and scope used by authors residing in the Global North and Global South. We specifically focus on research methods, intersectional analyses, region of analysis, and co-authorship status. Further, using logistic regression models, we examine the relationship between authors’ location and use of research methods. We find authors in the Global South are more likely to engage in empirical and mixed-methods papers compared (...) to Global North authors in our sample. Moreover, a greater share of Global South authors engage in intersectional analysis and exhibit geographical focus on developing countries. Drawing insights from the Feminist Economics manuscripts data, we argue that encouraging Global South research can contribute to the goals of the field of feminist economics – aimed at inclusivity, diversity of standpoints, and plurality in research methods, thereby improving overall economic research. (shrink)
Technique, taskdefinition, and the transition from genetics to molecular genetics: Aspects of the work on protein synthesis in the laboratories of J. Monod and P. Zamecnik.Richard M. Burian -1993 -Journal of the History of Biology 26 (3):387-407.detailsIn biology proteins are uniquely important. They are not to be classed with polysaccharides, for example, which by comparison play a very minor role. Their nearest rivals are the nucleic acids....The main function of proteins is to act as enzymes....In the protein molecule Nature has devised a unique instrument in which an underlying simplicity is used to express great subtlety and versatility; it is impossible to see molecular biology in proper perspective until this peculiar combination of virtues has been clearly (...) grasped. (shrink)
Pluralism, Eliminativism, and theDefinition of Art.Christopher Bartel &Jack M. C. Kwong -2021 -Estetika: The European Journal of Aesthetics 58 (2):100-113.detailsTraditional monist theories of art fail to account for the diversity of objects that intuitively strike many as belonging to the category art. Some today argue that the solution to this problem requires the adoption of some version of pluralism to account for the diversity of art. We examine one recent attempt, which holds that the correct account of art must recognize the plurality of concepts of art. However, we criticize this account of concept pluralism as being unable to offer (...) an explanation of why some concept is an art concept. Instead, many of the disagreements over thedefinition of art could be reconciled by recognizing that works of art can be valued in a plurality of ways. By recognizing a plurality of values for art, we claim further that thedefinition of art becomes a non-issue. (shrink)
Merely partialdefinition and the analysis of knowledge.Samuel Z. Elgin -2018 -Synthese 198 (Suppl 7):1481-1505.detailsTwo families of positions dominate debates over a metaphysically reductive analysis of knowledge. Traditionalism holds that knowledge has a complete, uniquely identifying analysis, while knowledge-first epistemology contends that knowledge is primitive—admitting of no reductive analysis whatsoever. Drawing on recent work in metaphysics, I argue that these alternatives fail to exhaust the available possibilities. Knowledge may have a merely partial analysis: a realdefinition that distinguishes it from some, but not all other things. I demonstrate that this position is attractive; (...) it evades concerns that its rivals face. (shrink)
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Confrontation of the cyberneticdefinition of a living individual with the real world.Bernard Korzeniewski -2005 -Acta Biotheoretica 53 (1):1-28.detailsThe cyberneticdefinition of a living individual proposed previously (Korzeniewski, 2001) is very abstract and therefore describes the essence of life in a very formal and general way. In the present article thisdefinition is reformulated in order to determine clearly the relation between life in general and a living individual in particular, and it is further explained and defended. Next, the cyberneticdefinition of a living individual is confronted with the real world. It is demonstrated that (...) numerous restrictions imposed on the cyberneticdefinition of life by physical reality imply a number of particular properties of life that characterize present life on Earth, namely: (1) a living individual must be a dissipative structure (and therefore a low-entropy thermodynamic system out of the state of equilibrium); (2) spontaneously-originated life must be based on organic compounds; (3) evolutionarily stable self-dependent, free-living individuals must have some minimal level of complexity of structure and function; (4) a living individual must have a record of identity separated from an executive machinery; (5) the identity of living individuals must mutate and may evolve; (6) living individuals may collect and accumulate information in subsequent generations over very long periods of time; (7) the degree of complexity of a living individual reflects the degree of complexity of its environment (ecological niche) and (8) living individuals are capable of supple adaptation to varying environmental conditions. Thus, the cyberneticdefinition of a living individual, when confronted with the real physical world, generates most of the general properties of the present life on Earth. (shrink)
A very obscuredefinition: Descartes’s account of love in the Passions of the Soul and its scholastic background.Alberto Frigo -2016 -British Journal for the History of Philosophy 24 (6):1097-1116.detailsThedefinition of love given by Descartes in the Passions of the Soul has never stopped puzzling commentators. If the first Cartesian textbooks discreetly evoke or even fail to discuss Descartes’s account of love, Spinoza harshly criticizes it, pointing out that it is ‘on all hands admitted to be very obscure’. More recently several scholars have noticed the puzzling character of the articles of the Passions of the Soul on love and hate. In this paper, I would like to (...) propose a reassessment of thedefinition of love provided by the Passions of the Soul and the Letters to Elisabeth and Chanut. By tracing back Descartes’s scholastic sources, I will demonstrate how Descartes builds up hisdefinition of love by displacing or subverting the meaning of several major elements of the thomistic vulgata on love. Hence, a significant part of the obscurity of thedefinition given by the Passions of the Soul possibly finds its ultimate rationale in this attempt to recover some traditional questions of the scholastic debate on love, while advancing new answers to them. (shrink)
The TraditionalDefinition of Pandemics, Its Moral Conflations, and Its Practical Implications: A Defense of Conceptual Clarity in Global Health Laws and Policies.Thana C. de Campos -2020 -Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 29 (2):205-217.detailsThis paper argues that the existingdefinition of pandemics is not nuanced enough, because it is predicated solely on the criterion of spread, rather than on the criteria of spread and severity. This definitional challenge is what I call ‘the conflation problem’: there is a conflation of two different realities of global health, namely global health emergencies (i.e., severe communicable diseases that spread across borders) and nonemergencies (i.e., communicable or noncommunicable diseases that spread across borders and that may be (...) severe). To put this argument forth, this paper begins by discussing the existing and internationally accepteddefinition of pandemics, its requirements, as well as its strengths (section 1). Section 2 then considers the problem with the standarddefinition of pandemics (i.e., the conflation problem) and some examples of it. Finally, section 3 evaluates some practical implications of the conflation problem to then explore conceptual clarity as the adequate solution. (shrink)
The Arts and theDefinition of the Human: Toward a Philosophical Anthropology.Joseph Margolis -2008 - Stanford University Press.details_The Arts and theDefinition of the Human_ introduces a novel theory that our selves—our thoughts, perceptions, creativity, and other qualities that make us human—are determined by our place in history, and more particularly by our culture and language. Margolis rejects the idea that any concepts or truths remain fixed and objective through the flow of history and reveals that this theory of the human being as culturally determined and changing is necessary to make sense of art. He shows (...) that a painting, sculpture, or poem cannot have a single correct interpretation because our creation and perception of art will always be mitigated by our historical and cultural contexts. Calling upon philosophers ranging from Parmenides and Plato to Kant, Hegel, and Wittgenstein, art historians from Damisch to Elkins, artists from Van Eyck to Michelangelo to Wordsworth to Duchamp, Margolis creates a philosophy of art interwoven with his philosophical anthropology which pointedly challenges prevailing views of the fine arts and the nature of personhood. (shrink)
TheDefinition of Moral Virtue.Yves R. Simon -2020 - Fordham University Press.detailsYves R. Simon explores moral virtue in this piece through identifying three moral positions common in modernity that attempt to substitute the traditional concept of virtue, as well as discussing the distinction between nature and use of sources of good or evil. He also discusses the distinctions between habits and opinions, as well as the virtue and science. He gives clear examples that make this book enjoyable for readers of all levels to understand moral virtue.
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On theDefinition of Cultivated Ecology.Diane E. Pataki -2019 -Philosophical Topics 47 (1):181-201.detailsSagoff critiqued the exclusion of cultivated plants and animals from much of the body of work in ecology. However, there is a history of attempting to incorporate cultivated landscapes in ecology that goes back at least two decades, particularly in urban ecology. The subdiscipline of urban ecology has received relatively little attention in philosophy, although some of its methodologies, such as coupled human-natural systems research, have been critiqued. Here I will attempt to explicitly address the conceptual limitations in ecology for (...) studying cultivated ecosystems and evaluate these limitations in the context of coupled human-natural systems and socioecological research, urban ecosystem services frameworks, and actor-network theory. I argue that the history of cultivated organisms is highly germane to their ecology, necessitating the incorporation of human agency into ecological theory. However, human agency and nonhuman nature exist along a continuum of nature vs. culture. As a result, dualistic approaches to studying the role of human agency in ecosystem processes, such as socioecology and ecosystem services assessments—which explicitly separate humans from nature—have had limited success in cultivated landscapes. More fully integrated frameworks such as actor-network theory may better address ecological research questions in cultivated landscapes. (shrink)