The Scandal of Reason: Or Shadow of God.DavidFrederick Haight &Marjorie A. Haight -2004 - Upa.detailsBy turning the classical arguments for God's existence on their head,David and Marjorie Haight present original arguments for the existence of the devil in order to reveal a cosmic 'God beyond Goddiness' or the God beyond good and evil, which reconciles Divinity with its Shadow.
No categories
Nomic reliabilism: Weak reliability is not enough.Frederick Adams &David Kline -1987 -Southern Journal of Philosophy 25 (4):433-443.detailsReliabilism has received its share of bad press of late both as a theory of knowledge and as a theory of epistemic justification. We believe its credibility as a theory of knowledge may have been unjustly tarnished and we plan to defend it. However, we hasten to add that we shall defend reliabilism from attack only upon its credentials as a basis for a theory of knowledge. We shall not defend it as a theory of epistemic justification, although we do (...) believe that the latter is a worthy pursuit. (shrink)
Correlation, Partial Correlation, and Causation.Frederick S. Ellett Jr &David P. Ericson -1986 -Synthese 67 (2):157 - 173.detailsPhilosophers and scientists have maintained that causation, correlation, and "partial correlation" are essentially related. These views give rise to various rules of causal inference. This essay considers the "claims of several philosophers and social scientists for causal systems with dichotomous variables. In section 2 important commonalities and differences are explicated among four major conceptions of correlation. In section 3 it is argued that whether correlation can serve as a measure of A's causal influence on B depends upon the conception of (...) causation being used and upon certain background assumptions. In section 4 five major kinds of "partial correlation" are explicated, and some of the important relations are established among two conceptions of "partial correlation", the conception of "screening off", the conception of "partitioning", and the measures of causal influence which have been suggested by advocates of path analysis or structural equation methods. In section 5 it is argued that whether any of these five conceptions of "partial correlation" can serve as a measure of causal influence depends upon the conception of causation being used and upon certain background assumptions. The important conclusion is that each of the approaches (considered here) to causal inference for causal systems with dichotomous variables stands in need of important qualifications and revisions if they are to be justified. (shrink)
An historical holistic thread in the dynamical fabric of psychology.FrederickDavid Abraham -1997 -World Futures 49 (1):159-201.details(1997). An historical holistic thread in the dynamical fabric of psychology. World Futures: Vol. 49, The Dialatic of Evolution: Essays in Honor ofDavid Loye, pp. 159-201.
Making Civics Count: Citizenship Education for a New Generation.David E. Campbell,Meira Levinson &Frederick M. Hess (eds.) -2012 - Harvard Education Press.details"By nearly every measure, Americans are less engaged in their communities and political activity than generations past.” So write the editors of this volume, who survey the current practices and history of citizenship education in the United States. They argue that the current period of “creative destruction”—when schools are closing and opening in response to reform mandates—is an ideal time to take an in-depth look at how successful strategies and programs promote civic education and good citizenship. _Making Civics Count_ offers (...) research-based insights into what diverse students and teachers know and do as civic actors, and proposes a blueprint for civic education for a new generation that is both practical and visionary. (shrink)
Explaining norms and norms explained.David Danks &Frederick Eberhardt -2009 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32 (1):86-87.detailsOaksford & Chater (O&C) aim to provide teleological explanations of behavior by giving an appropriate normative standard: Bayesian inference. We argue that there is no uncontroversial independent justification for the normativity of Bayesian inference, and that O&C fail to satisfy a necessary condition for teleological explanations: demonstration that the normative prescription played a causal role in the behavior's existence.
Truth: A Primer.MarianDavid &Frederick F. Schmitt -1997 -Philosophical Review 106 (3):441.detailsSchmitt allots a chapter to each of the main types of theories about truth: pragmatism, coherentism, deflationism, and the correspondence theory. He discusses various arguments for these positions and concludes that only the arguments supporting the correspondence theory are successful. Schmitt's positive case for correspondence makes up the least original part of the book. He explicitly credits Field and remarks that he is mainly concerned with making Field's difficult account more accessible —a task that he discharges honorably..) Schmitt also offers (...) detailed discussions of about fifteen negative arguments aimed against pragmatism, coherentism, and deflationism. He finds most of them effective, with the result that the correspondence theory emerges as the only tenable account of truth. He discusses some objections but seems somewhat less eager to raise problems for his own view than for its competitors. (shrink)
An Analysis of Probabilistic Causation in Dichotomous Structures.Frederick S. Ellett Jr &David P. Ericson -1986 -Synthese 67 (2):175 - 193.detailsDuring the past decades several philosophers of science and social scientists have been interested in the problems of causation. Recently attention has been given to probabilistic causation in dichotomous causal systems. The paper uses the basic features of probabilistic causation to argue that the causal modeling approaches developed by such researchers as Blalock (1964) and Duncan (1975) can provide, when an additional assumption is added, adequate qualitative measures of one variableś causal influence upon another. Finally, some of the difficulties and (...) issues involved in developing adequate quantitative measures are discussed, and it is concluded that the causal modeling measures cannot provide adequate quantitative measures. (shrink)
Teaching America: The Case for Civic Education.David J. Feith,Seth Andrew,Charles F. Bahmueller,Mark Bauerlein,John M. Bridgeland,Bruce Cole,Alan M. Dershowitz,Mike Feinberg,Senator Bob Graham,Chris Hand,Frederick M. Hess,Eugene Hickok,Michael Kazin,Senator Jon Kyl,Jay P. Lefkowitz,Peter Levine,Harry Lewis,Justice Sandra Day O'Connor,Secretary Rod Paige,Charles N. Quigley,Admiral Mike Ratliff,Glenn Harlan Reynolds,Jason Ross,Andrew J. Rotherham,John R. Thelin &Juan Williams -2011 - R&L Education.detailsThis book taps the best American thinkers to answer the essential American question: How do we sustain our experiment in government of, by, and for the people? Authored by an extraordinary and politically diverse roster of public officials, scholars, and educators, these chapters describe our nation's civic education problem, assess its causes, offer an agenda for reform, and explain the high stakes at risk if we fail.
The logic of causal methods in social science.Frederick S. Ellett &David P. Ericson -1983 -Synthese 57 (1):67-82.detailsTwo kinds of causal inference rules which are widely used by social scientists are investigated. Two conceptions of causation also widely used are explicated — the INUS and probabilistic conceptions of causation. It is shown that the causal inference rules which link correlation, a kind of partial correlation, and a conception of causation areinvalid. It is concluded anew methodology is required for causal inference.
Correlation, partial correlation, and causation.Frederick S. Ellett &David P. Ericson -1986 -Synthese 67 (2):157-173.detailsPhilosophers and scientists have maintained that causation, correlation, and partial correlation are essentially related. These views give rise to various rules of causal inference. This essay considers the claims of several philosophers and social scientists for causal systems with dichotomous variables. In section 2 important commonalities and differences are explicated among four major conceptions of correlation. In section 3 it is argued that whether correlation can serve as a measure of A's causal influence on B depends upon the conception of (...) causation being used and upon certain background assumptions. In section 4 five major kinds of partial correlation are explicated, and some of the important relations are established among two conceptions of partial correlation, the conception of screening off, the conception of partitioning, and the measures of causal influence which have been suggested by advocates of path analysis or structural equation methods. In section 5 it is argued that whether any of these five conceptions of partial correlation can serve as a measure of causal influence depends upon the conception of causation being used and upon certain background assumptions.The important conclusion is that each of the approaches (considered here) to causal inference for causal systems with dichotomous variables stands in need of important qualifications and revisions if they are to be justified. (shrink)
Causal Laws and Laws of Association.Frederick S. Ellett &David P. Ericson -1985 -Noûs 19 (4):537 - 549.detailsIn her paper entitled "Causal Laws and Effective Strategies" (1979), Cartwright sets out to establish the connection between laws of association and causal laws. In part Cartwright is trying to show the sense in which a cause increases the probability of its effect, and to explain what causal laws assert by giving an account of how causal laws are related to certain kinds of statistical laws. In section II we explicate the essential features of Cartwright's for- mulation and in section (...) III we argue that there are several reasons for believing that Cartwright's formulation is inadequate and must be rejected. Nonetheless, we believe Cartwright's formulation does contain two key insights into the nature of causation. In section IV we use these two insights to sketch out the key features of an alternative formulation that holds the certain laws of association are necessary conditions for causal laws. The alternative formu- lation, we believe, explains what it means to say a cause increases the probability of its effect. (shrink)
Psychological and physiological characteristics of a proposed object-referral/self-referral continuum of self-awareness.Frederick Travis,Alarik Arenander &David DuBois -2004 -Consciousness and Cognition 13 (2):401-420.detailsThis research extends and confirms recent brainwave findings that distinguished an individual’s sense-of-self along an Object-referral/Self-referral Continuum of self-awareness. Subjects were interviewed and were given tests measuring inner/outer orientation, moral reasoning, anxiety, and personality. Scores on the psychological tests were factor analyzed. The first unrotated PCA component of the test scores yielded a “Consciousness Factor,” analogous to the intelligence “g” factor, which accounted for over half of the variance among groups. Analysis of unstructured interviews of these subjects revealed fundamentally different (...) descriptions of self-awareness. Individuals who described themselves in terms of concrete cognitive and behavioral processes exhibited lower Consciousness Factor scores, lower frontal EEG coherence, lower alpha and higher gamma power during tasks, and less efficient cortical preparatory responses . In contrast, individuals who described themselves in terms of an abstract, independent sense-of-self underlying thought, feeling and action exhibited higher Consciousness Factor scores, higher frontal coherence, higher alpha and lower gamma power during tasks, and more efficient cortical responses. These data suggest that definable states of brain activity and subjective experiences exist, in addition to waking, sleeping and dreaming, that may be operationally defined by psychological and physiological measures along a continuum of Object-referral/Self-referral Continuum of self-awareness. (shrink)
An Analysis of Probabilistic Causation in Dichotomous Structures.Frederick S. Elett &David P. Ericson -1986 -Synthese 67 (2):175-193.detailsDuring the past decades several philosophers of science and social scientists have been interested in the problems of causation. Recently attention has been given to probabilistic causation in dichotomous causal systems. The paper uses the basic features of probabilistic causation to argue that the causal modeling approaches developed by such researchers as Blalock and Duncan can provide, when an additional assumption is added, adequate qualitative measures of one variableś causal influence upon another. Finally, some of the difficulties and issues involved (...) in developing adequate quantitative measures are discussed, and it is concluded that the causal modeling measures cannot provide adequate quantitative measures. (shrink)
Is the Deliberate Practice View Defensible? A Review of Evidence and Discussion of Issues.David Z. Hambrick,Brooke N. Macnamara &Frederick L. Oswald -2020 -Frontiers in Psychology 11.detailsThe question of what explains individual differences in expertise within complex domains such as music, games, sports, science, and medicine is currently a major topic of interest in a diverse range of fields, including psychology, education, and sports science, to name just a few. Ericsson and colleagues’ deliberate practice view is highly influential perspective in the literature on expertise and expert performance—but is it viable as a testable scientific theory? Here, reviewing more than 25 years of Ericsson and colleagues’ writings, (...) we document critical inconsistencies in the definition of deliberate practice, along with apparent shifts in the standard for evidence concerning deliberate practice. We also consider the impact of these issues on progress in the field of expertise, focusing on the empirical testability and falsifiability of the deliberate practice view. We then discuss a multifactorial perspective on expertise, and how open science practices can accelerate progress in research guided by this perspective. (shrink)
Confirmation in the Cognitive Sciences: The Problematic Case of Bayesian Models. [REVIEW]Frederick Eberhardt &David Danks -2011 -Minds and Machines 21 (3):389-410.detailsBayesian models of human learning are becoming increasingly popular in cognitive science. We argue that their purported confirmation largely relies on a methodology that depends on premises that are inconsistent with the claim that people are Bayesian about learning and inference. Bayesian models in cognitive science derive their appeal from their normative claim that the modeled inference is in some sense rational. Standard accounts of the rationality of Bayesian inference imply predictions that an agent selects the option that maximizes the (...) posterior expected utility. Experimental confirmation of the models, however, has been claimed because of groups of agents that probability match the posterior. Probability matching only constitutes support for the Bayesian claim if additional unobvious and untested (but testable) assumptions are invoked. The alternative strategy of weakening the underlying notion of rationality no longer distinguishes the Bayesian model uniquely. A new account of rationality—either for inference or for decision-making—is required to successfully confirm Bayesian models in cognitive science. (shrink)
The Logic of Causal Methods in Social Science.Frederick S. Ellett Jr &David P. Ericson -1983 -Synthese 57 (1):67 - 82.detailsTwo kinds of causal inference rules which are widely used by social scientists are investigated. Two conceptions of causation also widely used are explicated -- the INUS and probabilistic conceptions of causation. It is shown that the causal inference rules which link correlation, a kind of partial correlation, and a conception of causation are invalid. It is concluded a new methodology is required for causal inference.
Keeping Bayesian models rational: The need for an account of algorithmic rationality.David Danks &Frederick Eberhardt -2011 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34 (4):197-197.detailsWe argue that the authors’ call to integrate Bayesian models more strongly with algorithmic- and implementational-level models must go hand in hand with a call for a fully developed account of algorithmic rationality. Without such an account, the integration of levels would come at the expense of the explanatory benefit that rational models provide.
Experiences and practices of key research team members in obtaining informed consent for pharmacogenetic research among people living with HIV: a qualitative study.Nabukenya Sylvia,Ochieng Joseph,Kaawa-MafigiriDavid,Munabi Ian,Nakigudde Janet,NakwagalaFrederick Nelson,Barugahare John,Kwagala Betty,Ibingira Charles,Twimwijukye Adelline,Sewankambo Nelson &Mwaka Erisa Sabakaki -2022 -Research Ethics 18 (3):193-209.detailsResearch Ethics, Volume 18, Issue 3, Page 193-209, July 2022. This study aimed to explore experiences and practices of key research team members in obtaining informed consent for pharmacogenetics research and to identify the approaches used for enhancing understanding during the consenting process. Data collection involved 15 qualitative, in-depth interviews with key researchers who were involved in obtaining informed consent from HIV infected individuals in Uganda for participation in pharmacogenetic clinical trials. The study explored two prominent themes: approaches used to (...) convey information and enhance research participants’ understanding and challenges faced during the consenting process. Several barriers and facilitators for obtaining consent were identified. Innovative and potentially effective consenting strategies were identified in this study that should be studied and independently verified. (shrink)
Utilitarianism and Empire.David Theo Goldberg,H. S. Jones,Javed Majeed,J. Joseph Miller,Martha Nussbaum,Jennifer Pitts,Frederick Rosen &David Weinstein -2005 - Lexington Books.detailsThe classical utilitarian legacy of Jeremy Bentham, J. S. Mill, James Mill, and Henry Sidgwick has often been charged with both theoretical and practical complicity in the growth of British imperialism and the emerging racialist discourse of the nineteenth century. But there has been little scholarly work devoted to bringing together the conflicting interpretive perspectives on this legacy and its complex evolution with respect to orientalism and imperialism. This volume, with contributions by leading scholars in the field, represents the first (...) attempt to survey the full range of current scholarly controversy on how the classical utilitarians conceived of 'race' and the part it played in their ethical and political programs, particularly with respect to such issues as slavery and the governance of India. The book both advances our understanding of the history of utilitarianism and imperialism and promotes the scholarly debate, clarifying the major points at issue between those sympathetic to the utilitarian legacy and those critical of it. (shrink)
Actual causation: a stone soup essay.Clark Glymour,David Danks,Bruce Glymour,Frederick Eberhardt,Joseph Ramsey &Richard Scheines -2010 -Synthese 175 (2):169-192.detailsWe argue that current discussions of criteria for actual causation are ill-posed in several respects. (1) The methodology of current discussions is by induction from intuitions about an infinitesimal fraction of the possible examples and counterexamples; (2) cases with larger numbers of causes generate novel puzzles; (3) "neuron" and causal Bayes net diagrams are, as deployed in discussions of actual causation, almost always ambiguous; (4) actual causation is (intuitively) relative to an initial system state since state changes are relevant, but (...) most current accounts ignore state changes through time; (5) more generally, there is no reason to think that philosophical judgements about these sorts of cases are normative; but (6) there is a dearth of relevant psychological research that bears on whether various philosophical accounts are descriptive. Our skepticism is not directed towards the possibility of a correct account of actual causation; rather, we argue that standard methods will not lead to such an account. A different approach is required. (shrink)
Nature, Truth, and Value: Exploring the Thinking ofFrederick Ferrz.George Allan,Merle Allshouse,Harley Chapman,John B. Cobb,John Compton,Donald A. Crosby,Paul T. Durbin,Barbara Meister Ferré,Frederick Ferré,Frank B. Golley,Joseph Grange,John Granrose,David Ray Griffin,David Keller,Eugene Thomas Long,Elisabethe Segars McRae,Leslie A. Muray,William L. Power,James F. Salmon,Hans Julius Schneider,Dr Kristin Shrader-Frechette,Udo E. Simonis,Donald Wayne Viney &Clark Wolf (eds.) -2005 - Lexington Books.detailsIn this thorough compendium, nineteen accomplished scholars explore, in some manner the values they find inherent in the world, their nature, and revelence through the thought ofFrederick FerrZ. These essays, informed by the insights of FerrZ and coming from manifold perspectives—ethics, philosophy, theology, and environmental studies, advance an ambitious challenge to current intellectual and scholarly fashions.
No categories
Actual causation: a stone soup essay.Clark GlymourDavid Danks,Bruce GlymourFrederick Eberhardt,Joseph Ramsey Richard Scheines,Peter Spirtes Choh Man Teng &Zhang Jiji -2010 -Synthese 175 (2):169--192.detailsWe argue that current discussions of criteria for actual causation are ill-posed in several respects. (1) The methodology of current discussions is by induction from intuitions about an infinitesimal fraction of the possible examples and counterexamples; (2) cases with larger numbers of causes generate novel puzzles; (3) “neuron” and causal Bayes net diagrams are, as deployed in discussions of actual causation, almost always ambiguous; (4) actual causation is (intuitively) relative to an initial system state since state changes are relevant, but (...) most current accounts ignore state changes through time; (5) more generally, there is no reason to think that philosophical judgements about these sorts of cases are normative; but (6) there is a dearth of relevant psychological research that bears on whether various philosophical accounts are descriptive. Our skepticism is not directed towards the possibility of a correct account of actual causation; rather, we argue that standard methods will not lead to such an account. A different approach is required. Once upon a time a hungry wanderer came into a village. He filled an iron cauldron with water, built a fire under it, and dropped a stone into the water. “I do like a tasty stone soup” he announced. Soon a villager added a cabbage to the pot, another added some salt and others added potatoes, onions, carrots, mushrooms, and so on, until there was a meal for all. (shrink)
David Friedrich Strauss, Father of Unbelief: An Intellectual Biography.Frederick C. Beiser -2020 - Oxford University Press.detailsDavid Friedrich Strauss is a central figure in 19th century intellectual history. The first major source for the loss of faith in Christianity in Germany, his work Das Leben Jesu was the most scandalous publication in Germany during his time. His book was a critique of the claims to historical truth of the New Testament, which had been the mainstay of Protestantism since the Reformation. As the father of unbelief, his critique of Christianity preceded that of Nietzsche, Marx, Feuerbach, (...) and Schopenhauer. His views imposed a harsh fate upon him - he was persecuted for his beliefs by religious and political authorities and was denied employment in the university and government, forcing him to live as a free-lance writer. He led a wandering and isolated life as an outcast. Here,Frederick C. Beiser studies the intellectual development of Strauss and recounts his fate, which began in faith as a young man but finally ended in unbelief. (shrink)
No categories
Nature, Truth, and Value: Exploring the Thinking ofFrederick Ferrz.George Allan,Merle Allshouse,Harley Chapman,John B. Cobb,John Compton,Donald A. Crosby,Paul T. Durbin,Barbara Meister Ferré,Frederick Ferré,Frank B. Golley,Joseph Grange,John Granrose,David Ray Griffin,David Keller,Eugene Thomas Long,Elisabethe Segars McRae,Leslie A. Muray,William L. Power,James F. Salmon,Hans Julius Schneider,Kristin Shrader-Frechette,Udo E. Simonis,Donald Wayne Viney &Clark Wolf (eds.) -2005 - Lexington Books.detailsIn this thorough compendium, nineteen accomplished scholars explore, in some manner the values they find inherent in the world, their nature, and revelence through the thought ofFrederick Ferré. These essays, informed by the insights of Ferré and coming from manifold perspectives—ethics, philosophy, theology, and environmental studies, advance an ambitious challenge to current intellectual and scholarly fashions.
No categories