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This essay has two aims. The first is to offer an explanation concerning the problem of form in Umberto Eco’s philosophical research, showing that he deals with it while admitting that form can be a temporary element connected to a system of relationships which may be subject to variability. Namely, his reflection is open to the issue of structure. The second aim is to identify some principles that, according to this theoretical approach, may be considered a basis for a positive (...) philosophy of the arts whose adoption might also lead to the understanding of their most recent evolutions. Focusing above all on the work Eco carried out in the years preceding the elaboration of his semiotic theory, I will pursue the following two objectives. After introducing some aspects of Eco’s philosophical methodology, I will focus on the theme of form, considering it in meta-operative terms in light of Luigi Pareyson’s ‘theory of formativity’ and in relation to the issue of structure. In the final part of the essay, I will then show how this theoretical approach provides significant resources for a positive philosophy that can successfully address the evolution of the arts. (shrink)

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Ugo Nespolo (1941) ha attraversato gli ultimi cinquant’anni sperimentando in quasi tutti i campi dell’arte ed esprimendo con ironia e atteggiamento ludico la propria poetica di confine, tra avanguardia e pop. Alla sua ricerca artistica - che spazia dalle installazioni oggettuali ai dipinti, dalle performance alle sculture, dalla produzione cinematografica a quella grafica e illustrativa - è dedicato questo numero speciale “Rivista di estetica” che offre riflessioni di carattere critico/letter...

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Il programma di ricerca filosofica di Maurizio Ferraris può essere ricapitolato, come egli ha scritto, in tre fasi in cui ha proposto: una estetica come teoria della sensibilità, una ontologia naturale come teoria dell’inemendabilità e una ontologia sociale come teoria della documentalità (cfr. Ferraris 2012a: x-xi). Tra queste, è stata soprattutto la prima fase del suo pensiero a influenzare i miei studi. In essa sono presenti talune delle principali tesi della sua filosofia positiva che, a mio modo di vedere, possono (...) essere sviluppate anche nell’ambito delle ricerche sulle arti contemporanee. Al fine di mostrare questa possibilità, il testo è organizzato come segue. Nei primi due paragrafi mi soffermo sulla concezione dell’estetica come teoria della sensibilità e su alcuni dei principali nuclei teorici della sua filosofia positiva. I tre successivi mirano a portare in primo piano alcune questioni concernenti la delicata relazione tra estetica e arte, e ad affrontarle tenendo conto sia della natura della prima sia delle incessanti evoluzioni della seconda. I due conclusivi offrono i lineamenti della proposta che penso possa essere formulata mantenendo come riferimento due insegnamenti tratti dalla filosofia positiva di Ferraris. (shrink)

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The investigation that can be carried out on a given problem often requires taking into account both its characteristics and the theoretical tools that make the investigation possible, as well as the resources that can contribute to feeding and developing it. The research work – or, to use an oxymoron, theoretical practice – is based both on the quality and rigour of the investigation that is conducted on the possibilities and limitations that it encounters while being as coherent and reliabl...

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In this paper I consider the relationship between concept— assuming that it’s embedded in artwork — and visual representation. To this end, I first examine some of Paladino’s artworks considering them as: very classical, expressivist, postmodernist and anti-conceptualist. Finally, I assume the exhibition in Torino is not only a tribute to Philosophy but also an exhortation to reflect on the complicated relationship between art and reality.

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A reciprocal symmetry between art and culture, the reductionism and the impoverishment of the artistic practices are all consequences of the establishment of the new conceptualist paradigm in art since the 60s. Nespolo’s artistic production in that period exemplifies this features being thus conceivable as a variant of conceptualism since he adopts its new experimental rules mixing them with the traditional ones of the visual artistic paradigm.

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Background: Organ donation and transplantation represent one of the most important scientific advances over the last decades. Due to the complexity of these procedures and related ethical–legal aspects, however, there are a lot of doubts and uncertainty about the brain death diagnosis and the maintenance of potential organ donor. Aim: To identify and discuss the different meanings and experiences of registered nurses and physicians from an adult intensive care unit in relation to the diagnosis of brain death and the maintenance (...) of potential organ donors for transplantation purposes. Study Design: Participants were registered nurses and physicians from an adult intensive care unit at a University Hospital from Brazil. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using content analysis. Ethical considerations: This study was approved by the University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing Research Ethics Committee. Results: Two main categories emerged from the analysis: (1) brain death diagnosis and its implications and (2) maintenance of the potential organ donor and its repercussion in the donation–transplantation process. Six subcategories were also identified: (1.1) understanding the brain death diagnosis as a tool to aid decision-making; (1.2) diagnosis as guarantee of rights; (1.3) difficulties encountered to establish the diagnosis; (1.4) clinical criteria adopted in Brazil and related ethical–legal aspects; (2.1) specificities of care to the brain dead person and outcomes; and (2.2) nurse’s duties toward the brain dead person. Conclusion: Although the brain death diagnosis is scientifically and legally defined in Brazil and the maintenance of the potential organ donor for transplantation purposes has been addressed during the last years, there are still some doubts about the subject, as its understanding varies according to the personal beliefs, culture, and educational background of individuals, including those who work in this scenario. (shrink)

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Background Health advocacy is crucial for both patients and healthcare professionals. However, nurses who recognize the importance of health advocacy may experience heightened moral distress, particularly in complex donation and transplantation cases where patient autonomy, respect, and advocacy are paramount. Aim To identify the factors contributing to moral distress among nurses working in solid organ transplant units at a university hospital in São Paulo, with a focus on health advocacy. Research Design This descriptive, cross-sectional study employs both quantitative and qualitative (...) methods. For this, the quantitative phase of the study was conducted utilizing the Moral Distress Scale, while the qualitative phase was executed through focus group discussions. Participants and Research Context The quantitative phase involved 15 nurses using the Moral Distress Scale. The qualitative phase consisted of a focus group with 5 nurse managers/coordinators from the transplant units. Quantitative data were analyzed using R® software, while qualitative data were analyzed using Bardin’s Content Analysis. Ethical Considerations The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo. Participation was voluntary and confidentiality was ensured. Results A significant correlation was found between moral distress and the factors of “disregard for patient autonomy” ( p =.0100) and “therapeutic obstinacy” ( p =.0492). Conclusion The primary determinants associated with moral distress in the context of health advocacy were identified as “disregard for patient autonomy” and “therapeutic obstinacy.”. (shrink)

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Background: Prisons are contexts where nurses are required to have specific skills to ensure that, in a setting designed for the expiation of crime, prisoners receive the same type of care as anyone else. But this is not always the case, giving rise to ethical issues. Research questions: ‘How do correctional nurses describe their working experience in prisons? What issues emerged?’ Methodology: This is a qualitative descriptive study. Following purposive sampling, we conducted five focus groups. Thematic analysis was used to (...) analyse the data. Participants and research context: Our sample included 31 correctional nurses in seven prisons in Northern Italy. Ethical considerations: The scientific merit of this study was recognized by the Academic Board of the University of Genoa. Approval to conduct the study was obtained from the Liguria Regional Government that funded this study and from the Local Health Authority that was the prison nurses’ employer. Formal consent was obtained from all the nurses who volunteered to participate in this study. Findings: Five themes emerged from the focus groups: (1) prisoners’ healthcare needs, (2) negotiation between custody and care, (3) satisfaction of working in prisons, (4) obstacles to quality care and (5) safety. ‘Manipulation’ was a transversal theme that emerged from all the focus groups. Discussion: The problems generated by the clash between prison security and nursing care priorities did not enable nurses to practice autonomously and provide the best possible to care prisoners, giving rise to ethical issues and moral distress. This in turn causes high nursing turnover rates that negatively impact continuum of care. Conclusion: In Italy, correctional nurses urgently require specific education interventions with the participation of all those who work in prisons. Interventions based on the post-modern concept of restorative nursing could offer prison nurses the opportunity to both resolve ethical issues and reduce moral distress. (shrink)

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A main identifying factor of professions is professionals' willingness to comply with ethical and professional standards, often defined in a code of ethics and conduct. In a period of intense nursing mobility, if the public are aware that health professionals have committed themselves to the drawing up of a code of ethics and conduct, they will have more trust in the health professional they choose, especially if this person comes from another European Member State. The Code of Ethics and Conduct (...) for European Nursing is a programmatic document for the nursing profession constructed by the FEPI (European Federation of Nursing Regulators) according to Directive 2005/36/EC On recognition of professional qualifications , and Directive 2006/123/EC On services in the internal market, set out by the European Commission. This article describes the construction of the Code and gives an overview of some specific areas of importance. The main text of the Code is reproduced in Appendix 1. (shrink)

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Background: Nurses and nursing students appear vulnerable to moral distress when faced with ethical dilemmas or decision-making in clinical practice. As a result, they may experience professional dissatisfaction and their relationships with patients, families, and colleagues may be compromised. The impact of moral distress may manifest as anger, feelings of guilt and frustration, a desire to give up the profession, loss of self-esteem, depression, and anxiety. Objectives: The purpose of this review was to describe how dilemmas and environmental, relational, and (...) organizational factors contribute to moral distress in undergraduate student nurses during their clinical experience and professional education. Research design: The research design was a systematic literature review. Method: The search produced a total of 157 articles published between 2004 and 2014. These were screened with the assessment sheet designed by Hawker and colleagues. Four articles matched the search criteria (one quantitative study and three qualitative), and these were separately read and analyzed by the researchers. The process of review and analysis of the data was supervised by a colleague experienced in moral distress who provided an independent quality check. Ethical consideration: Since this was a systematic review, no ethical approval was required. Findings: From the analysis, it emerged that inequalities and healthcare disparities, the relationship with the mentor, and students’ individual characteristics can all impact negatively on the decisions taken and the nursing care provided, generating moral distress. All these factors condition both the clinical experience and learning process, in addition to the professional development and the possible care choices of future nurses. Conclusion: Few studies dealt with moral distress in the setting of nurse education, and there is a knowledge gap related to this phenomenon. The results of this review underline the need for further research regarding interventions that can minimize moral distress in undergraduate nursing students. (shrink)

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OBJECTIVES: To review the characteristics and performance of research ethics committees in Spain in the evaluation of multicentre clinical trial drug protocols. DESIGN: A prospective study of 100 applications. SETTING: Forty-one committees reviewing clinical trial protocols, involving 50 hospitals in 25 cities. MAIN MEASURES: Protocol-related features, characteristics of research ethics committees and evaluation dynamics. RESULTS: The 100 applications involved 15 protocols (of which 12 were multinational) with 12 drugs. Committees met monthly (except one). They had a mean number of 12 (...) members, requested a mean of six complete dossiers and nine additional copies of the protocol with a mean deadline of 14 days before the meeting. All applications were approved except three (two of the three were open-label long-term safety trials rejected by the same committee), which were approved by the other committees involved. The mean time from submission to approval was 64 days. The mean time from submission to arrival of the approval document at our offices was 85 days. Twenty-five committees raised queries for 38 of the 97 finally approved applications. Impact of evaluation fee, number of members, queries raised and experience of committees on timings were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Obtaining ethical approval is time-consuming. There is much diversity in the research ethics committees' performance. A remarkable delay (> 20 days) exists between the decision and the arrival of the written approval, suggesting administrative or organisational problems. (shrink)

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Writer, thinker, essayist, Georges Bataille (1897–1962) was not a “professional” philosopher. But he “always, above all else, turned towards philosophy,” as he himself stressed (Chapsal 1961, p. 34); and “philosophers” can hardly remain indifferent to the radical calling into question of their discipline that his heterological body of work occasions, in its devotion to the other and to the subversion of the Logos. It is no longer possible to trivialize, or even to reject Bataille's contribution, as Sartre once did under (...) the label of “new mysticism” (Sartre 1943). In 1970, while presenting the Oeuvres Complètes (Complete Works) [henceforth OC], Michel Foucault stated: “We owe to Bataille a large part of that which is our present moment; but without doubt we also owe to him that which remains to be done, to be thought and to be said, and this will be the case for a long time to come” (OC, vol. I, p. 5). If such a prophecy is by its nature difficult to verify, Bataille's contribution to philosophical “modernity” is nonetheless largely recognized, in as much as it deals with the destruction of the Hegelian “closure” of Discourse (Derrida 1967) and, more generally, with the emancipation of thought from the limits of Reason (Habermas 1984). (shrink)

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Vir a ser cidadão: Educação, Política e Psicologia do Desenvolvimento Resumo: Considerando a tese honnethiana de que, hodiernamente, há um desenlace entre Educação e Política, e afirmando um forte nexo entre essas áreas no pensamento de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, neste trabalho, apresentamos alguns aspectos de como, para este, é possível que o ser humano, como membro da espécie, venha a ser cidadão. Em seguida, contando com a crítica de Nussbaum sobre como muitas propostas educacionais não explicitam uma psicologia do desenvolvimento, aventamos (...) uma vinculação entre Educação, Política e ideias psicológicas em Rousseau. Adiante, trazemos elementos da pesquisa psicogenética de Jean Piaget, propondo que esse tipo de pesquisa permite um fortalecimento do nexo entre as áreas da Educação, Política e, agora, Psicologia do Desenvolvimento, contribuindo para a discussão ainda atual acerca do vir a ser cidadão. Palavras-chave: Cidadão; Desenvolvimento; Formação; Rousseau; Piaget. Becoming a citizen: Education, Politics and Developmental Psychology Abstract: Considering the Honnethian thesis that there is today a disconnexion between Education and Politics, and asserting a strong link between these fields in the thought of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in this work we present some aspects of how, for him, it is possible for a human, as a member of the species, to become a citizen. Then, relying on Nussbaum's critique of the fact that many educational proposals do not make developmental psychology explicit, we suggest a link between Education, Politics and psychological ideas in Rousseau. Ahead, we bring elements of Jean Piaget's psychogenetic research, proposing that this type of research allows a strengthening of the nexus between the fields of Education, Politics and, now, Developmental Psychology, contributing to the still current discussion about becoming a citizen. Keywords: Citizen; Development; Formation; Rousseau; Piaget. Devenir citoyen: Éducation, Politique et Psychologie du développement Résumé: Considérant la thèse honnéthienne selon laquelle, aujourd'hui, il y a une déconnexion entre éducation et politique, et affirmant un lien fort entre ces domaines dans la pensée de Jean-Jacques Rousseau, nous présentons dans cette étude certains aspects de la façon dont, pour lui, il est possible pour l’être humain, en tant que membre de l'espèce, devenir citoyen. Puis, en nous appuyant sur la critique de Nussbaum sur le nombre de propositions éducatives qui ne rendrent pas explicite une psychologie du développement, nous avons suggéré un lien entre l'éducation, la politique et les idées psychologiques chez Rousseau. En avant, nous apportons des éléments de la recherche psychogénétique de Jean Piaget, en proposant que ce type de recherche permette un renforcement du lien entre les domaines de l'éducation, de la politique et, maintenant, de la psychologie du développement, contribuant à la discussion encore actuelle sur le devenir citoyen. Mots-clés: Citoyen ; Développement ; Formation ; Rousseau ; Piaget. Data de registro: 25/02/2021 Data de aceite: 19/01/2022. (shrink)

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Scholarship on the early modern period assumes that the Creation story of Genesis and its chronology were the only narratives openly available in Renaissance Europe. This essay revisits the topic by exploring a wide range of literature on the age and nature of the Earth in early modern Italy. It suggests that, contrary to received notions, in the early 1500s an Aristotelian ancient world characterized by slow geological change was a common assumption in discourse on the Earth. These notions were (...) freely disseminated by popularizations and didactic literature in the vernacular, which made them available to a large readership. Counter-Reformation cultural policies eventually called for a tighter integration of theology and natural philosophy; however, the essay argues that even then the creation of the world was usually placed in a remote and undetermined past, not necessarily tied to the short timescales of contemporary chronology. (shrink)

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The paper investigates the distinctly Chinese intertwining of expertise and state & financial capital to enrich the current understanding of neoliberalism as a hegemonic governing rationale. Since the summer of 2015, China has been experiencing one of its most severe financial crises since the adoption of a ‘socialist market economy’ in 1978. However, globally circulating narratives have failed to look beyond a Western-centric corollary, rehashing a critique of the Chinese one-party system and its lack of a ‘genuine’ free market. By (...) exploring the specific genealogy of Chinese capitalism, and the distinctive Chinese financial-market structure, the article will show how the scientific authority of experts formulated amongst neoliberal thinkers never permeated the Chinese idea of knowledge. In the Chinese variety of financial capitalism, expertise is seen to lie not so much in the wisdom of individual experts as in their socio-political support, which legitimises their economic interventions. (shrink)

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Drug Safety Communications are used by the Food and Drug Administration to inform health care providers, patients, caregivers, and the general public about safety issues related to FDA-approved drugs. To assess patient knowledge of the messaging contained in DSCs related to the sleep aids zolpidem and eszopiclone, we conducted a large, cross-sectional patient survey of 1,982 commercially insured patients selected by stratified random sampling from the Optum Research Database who had filled at least two prescriptions for either zolpidem or eszopiclone (...) between July 1, 2012 and June 30, 2013. Among the 594 respondents, two-thirds reported hearing generally about drug safety information prior to starting a new drug, with the remaining one-third “rarely” or “never” hearing such information. Providers and pharmacists were primary sources of drug safety information. Two-thirds of zolpidem users and half of eszopiclone users reported having heard about the related DSC messages, ability to accurately identify the major factual messages was limited. Respondents reacted to new drug safety information about their sleep aids by reporting that they would want to learn about alternative ways to help them sleep and seek out more information about the safety of their specific sleeping pill. Opportunities may exist for the FDA to work with providers and pharmacies to help ensure the DSC information is more widely received and is more fully understood by those taking the affected medications. (shrink)

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Yarkoni's analysis clearly articulates a number of concerns limiting the generalizability and explanatory power of psychological findings, many of which are compounded in infancy research. ManyBabies addresses these concerns via a radically collaborative, large-scale and open approach to research that is grounded in theory-building, committed to diversification, and focused on understanding sources of variation.

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This article illustrates the main theoretical and practical problem of the study of the anagram in poetry, the still unknown entity of the anagrammatic combination, which requires specific software in order to perform a structural analysis of the text. This difficulty explains the failure of Saussure’s original hypotheses and the gradual decline, following the rediscovery of his work, of the interest of researchers in this subject. However, some poems (by Blake, Moore, Mallarmé, Valéry, Apollinaire, and Leopardi) illustrate the enormous potential (...) of the anagram for the structural analysis of poetic texts: the study of formal structure, of semantic-thematic nuclei and of metaphor, together with the main criteria for examining, with some simplification, the anagrammatic combination. An explanation is also offered for anagrammatic and grammatical-syntactic cooperation, involving the current theory of the lemma. At the time of the generation of a poetic text, the anagram acts as an associative intermediary between the combinatory matrix of the signifieds and the combinatory matrix of the signifiers, producing a lexical selection that gives anagrammatic coherence to the text. This associative intermediary enables us to understand the particular recursive function of semiosis in poetry that is given a distinct unity by the anagram. (shrink)

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As experiências formativas realizadas ao longo do Itinerário Franciscano revelam que a reflexão sobre a Pedagogia Franciscana e o respectivo papel dos educadores nas instituições franciscanas, deve ser constante e em interlocução com a prática, visando ações que caracterizam a educação pautada em princípios, valores e atitudes. Logo, é preciso conhecer e aprofundar a vida de São Francisco de Assis além dos conhecimentos sobre o humanismo franciscano, de forma que os valores do mesmo estejam entrelaçados com os valores pessoais, tornando-se (...) alicerces para a prática pedagógica. (shrink)

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This essay discusses the main contentions of The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci by Perry Anderson in a critical reading of both the positions of the British historian, and of his critics among ‘Togliattian Gramscianists’.

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Silence as a spiritual practice is not a negative phenomenon that cuts off speech, but enables a higher form of speech, i.e. that of ultimate reality. Hermeneutical phenomenology can illuminate this spiritual practice. Hermeneutical phenomenology does not accept the phenomena of consciousness as given, but views them in light of historical-social structures that make phenomenal objects of intentionality possible. Structures of intelligibility can either discover, or cover up phenomena, turning them into appearances that merely announce on the surface what is (...) hidden in the depths. We need to interpret our average everyday understanding, in order to bring the Being of objects fully to disclosure. Without silence, we will perpetuate the average structures of intelligibility that make communication possible, which will function as implicit distortions. I examine silence through hermeneutic phenomenology, showing how silence can give us a more primordial sense of phenomena than mere idle talk. (shrink)

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Over the course of a lifetime, the risk of professional disruption is considerable. The most frequent causes of disruption are linked to illness or accidents, which leads many employees or self-employed people to change their professional status by obtaining recognition as disabled workers from Maisons Departmentale des Personnes Handicapées (MDPHs) (Departmental Centres for Disabled People). This situation concerns a significant proportion of the population. This research study, which was carried out using a qualitative methodology based on ten interviews and eighty (...) questionnaires, sheds new light on the support provided during skills assessments. It re-examines the support provided to jobseekers who have been recognized as disabled workers by examining the in-between positions of employment support professionals, the in-between nature of the challenges they face, and the in-between nature of the timeframes required to get people forced to change career path back into the workplace. (shrink)

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Cet article étudie les évolutions significatives de la théorie des crises économiques « à retour périodique » chez Juglar entre ses premières formulations, peu avant 1860, et les toutes dernières versions quelque quarante ans plus tard. Les progrès analytiques et empiriques sont soulignés et l’article signale la montée en généralité de la vision du cycle chez Juglar qui, à la fin de sa vie, décelait dans ce phénomène régulier la « clé de tout le mouvement social ». Des raisons économiques, (...) politique, morales, mais surtout religieuses permettent de rendre compte de cette évolution dans l’œuvre de Juglar. L’article pointe, en particulier, l’importance du jansénisme dans la vision économique du « prophète des crises ». (shrink)

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Este trabalho, apresentado em forma de ensaio filosófico e pedagógico, propõe experimentar modos outros de escrever e interpretar os conceitos de Michel Foucault. Para desenvolver a analítica, parte-se de três conceitos basilares: saber, poder e subjetividade. A tese que se instaura é que a interpretação se dá na articulação entre movimentos recíprocos de interioridade e exterioridade do sujeito –constituído pelos discursos, pelos jogos de poder e pelas tecnologias de si – que, para significar o mundo, dá nomes e, assim, sentido (...) para a existência. Como resultado, o trabalho propõe pensar a hermenêutica foucaultiana como transgressora, não pelo seu caráter subversivo, mas pela possibilidade de funcionar como ferramenta teórica e metodológica. Interpretar é, nessa perspectiva, projetar o espaço-outro, o tempo-outro e a vida-outra, indagando o impacto da crise anti-intelectualista e negacionista. (shrink)

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Cet ouvrage rend hommage à différents « Maîtres à penser » qui, par leur oeuvre, ont notablement enrichi leur discipline. Les juristes, historiens, politistes, philosophes, économistes étudiés ici ont en commun de réfléchir sur le pacte démocratique. Comment articuler liberté et égalité, économie et politique, religion et laïcité, violence et norme coercitive... pour qu'advienne une harmonie synonyme de paix sociale? Chacun - Sturzo, Cuche, Pocock, Quesnay, Zagrebelsky, Makhno, Fanon, Rivero, Albert, Bataille, Desjardins - apporte sa propre réponse. La diversité des (...) auteurs est à l'image de la dimension résolument pluridisciplinaire de ce nouvel opus du Bulletin annuel de Villetaneuse. (shrink)

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