CognitiveProcesses in the CSR Decision-Making Process: A Sensemaking Perspective.Ulf H. Richter &Felix F. Arndt -2018 -Journal of Business Ethics 148 (3):587-602.detailsApplying the sensemaking perspective in the field of corporate social responsibility is a recent but promising development. Using an in-depth exploratory case study, we analyze and discuss the CSR character of British American Tobacco Switzerland. Our findings indicate that BAT Switzerland does not follow traditional patters of building CSR. BAT Switzerland can be classified as a “legitimacy seeker,” characterized mainly by a relational identity orientation and legitimation strategies that might provide pragmatic and/orcognitive legitimacy. We conclude that understanding the (...)cognitiveprocesses underlying the CSR decision-making process is of fundamental value when analyzing and changing the CSR approach of a firm. We discuss boundary conditions of the CSR character framework and expand it by differentiating between process and product legitimacy, as both perspectives have important but possibly different implications for the firm. (shrink)
Thecognitiveprocesses in informal reasoning.Victoria F. Shaw -1996 -Thinking and Reasoning 2 (1):51 – 80.detailsTwo experiments investigated the factors that people consider when evaluating informal arguments in newspaper and magazine editorials. Experiment 1 showed that subjects were more likely to object to the truth of the premises and the conclusions of an argument than to the strength of the link between them. Experiment 1 also revealed two manipulations that helped subjects object to the link between premises and conclusions: rating how well the premises support the conclusions and rating the believability of the premises and (...) conclusions. Experiment 2 further demonstrated that subjects who identified the premises and conclusions of an argument were better at formulating objections to the link between premises and conclusions. Moreover, subjects in Experiment 2 were better and faster at formulating objections to the truth of the premises and conclusions than to the link between premises and conclusions. The results are discussed in terms of the constraints they pose for developing acognitive theory of informal reasoning. (shrink)
Cognitive process underlying ultimatum game: An eye-tracking study from a dual-system perspective.Zi-Han Wei,Qiu-Yue Li,Ci-Juan Liang &Hong-Zhi Liu -2022 -Frontiers in Psychology 13.detailsAccording to the dual-system theories, the decisions in an ultimatum game are governed by the automatic System 1 and the controlled System 2. The former drives the preference for fairness, whereas the latter drives the self-interest motive. However, the association between the contributions of the two systems in UG and thecognitive process needs more direct evidence. In the present study, we used the process dissociation procedure to estimate the contributions of the two systems and recorded participants eye movements (...) to examine thecognitiveprocesses underlying UG decisions. Results showed that the estimated contributions of the two systems are uncorrelated and that they demonstrate a dissociated pattern of associations with third variables, such as reaction time and mean fixation duration. Furthermore, the relative time advantage and the transitions between the two payoffs can predict the final UG decisions. Our findings provide evidence for the independent contributions of preference for fairness and self-interest maximizing inclinations to UG and shed light on the underlyingprocesses. (shrink)
CognitiveProcesses and Asymmetrical Dependencies, or how Thinking is like Swimming.Andrew Winters -2016 -Essays in Philosophy 17 (2):8-37.detailsWhere does thecognitive system begin and end? Intracranialists maintain that thecognitive system is entirely identifiable with the biological central nervous system. Transcranialists, on the other hand, suggest that thecognitive system can extend beyond the biological CNS. In the second division of Supersizing the Mind, Clark defends the transcranial account against various objections. Of interest for this paper is Clark’s response to what he calls “asymmetry arguments.”Asymmetry arguments can be summarized as follows: subtract the props (...) and aids, and the organism may create replacements. But subtract the organism, and allcognitive activity ceases. Although I am sympathetic to Clark’s overall project, I find his response to the asymmetry arguments inadequate in light of his responses to other objections. For this reason, I maintain that Clark’s response requires revision. By adopting a process metaphysics and appealing to mereological dependencies, I believe that Clark can provide a substantive response to asymmetry arguments that is consistent with his overall theory. This paper unfolds as follows: after summarizing Clark’s response to the asymmetry objection in, I will argue that his response is unsuccessful in. My argument hinges on the claim that Clark does not take into account the full intent of Rupert’s asymmetry argument. In I modify Clark’s response by appealing to mereology and the asymmetrical dependencies found therein. I conclude in that this modification provides Clark with an adequate response to the asymmetry argument and is consistent with his overall transcranialist account. The further question of whether this account assists Clark in responding to other intracranialist objections is beyond the scope of this paper. (shrink)
CognitiveProcesses Involved in the Recognition of Chinese Characters.Yuxin Jia -1992 -Diogenes 40 (157):67-87.detailsLong ago the Chinese people developed the habit of thinking in terms of images. They also formed the habit of writing and recognizing scriptforms in terms of images. In fact, these diversecognitiveprocesses - thinking, writing and decoding in terms of images - have been interacting and reinforcing one another for thousands of years, and, as a result, have played a significant role in shaping Chinese culture and the Chinese mind, and have become a part of the (...) collective unconscious of the people.Although today the Chinese characters are highly abstract and symbolic, the language still preserves its pictographic and ideographic prototypes, the parent script which evolved almost six thousand years ago. In other words, although modern Chinese characters are no longer actual drawings of objects, ideas, and images, they still have a blood relationship to these primitive forms. Their graphemes, configurations, or grapho-semantic radicals still bear direct semantic relation to their referents, so much so that it would be fair to describe the development of Chinese writing as an overlapping process as well as a gradual one. (shrink)
Subjects' access tocognitiveprocesses: Demand characteristics and verbal report.John G. Adair &Barry Spinner -1981 -Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 11 (1):31–52.detailsThe present paper examines the arguments and data presented by Nisbett and Wilson relevant to their thesis that subjects do not have access to their owncognitiveprocesses. It is concluded that their review of previous research is selective and incomplete and that the data they present in behalf of their thesis does not withstand a demand characteristics analysis. Furthermore, their use of observer-subject similarity as evidence of subjects' inability to accesscognitiveprocesses makes tests of (...) their hypothesis confounded and, at the same time, reveals limitations in the application of the pre-inquiry quasi-control to research on social behavior. Problems with postexperiment questionnaires, such as the demand characteristics of the inquiry procedure are also considered. Although there are difficulties in assessing subjects'cognitiveprocesses, many of these may be overcome through the application of novel techniques and research conducted on more traditional methods. In contrast to the view that subjects have limited access tocognitiveprocesses and that their verbal reports are not valid, it is concluded that subjects' verbalizations are a rich source of psychological data which must be pursued if we are to tap theircognitiveprocesses and are to gain an adequate understanding of human behavior. (shrink)
Cultural Variation inCognitiveProcesses From a Sociohistorical Psychological Perspective.Carl Ratner -1991 -Journal of Mind and Behavior 12 (2):281-296.detailsTwo strands of the Vygotskian sociohistorical school of psychology are compared to better understand the nature of cultural variation incognitiveprocesses. The "relativist" strand maintains thatcognitiveprocesses are culturally variable. The "universalist" strand maintains that theseprocesses manifest essential cultural uniformity despite apparent differences in performance. A review of the evidence concludes that the relativist position is more tenable.
Cognitive processing of scalar implicatures with Chinese gradable adjectives.Si Liu &Yi Yang -2017 -Pragmatics and Cognition 24 (3):373-403.detailsIn previous research comparing the Context-driven Model with the Default Model of meaning processing, the former was preferred. It predicts that contexts play an exclusively decisive role in meaning processing, whereas the latter holds that the inference of literal meaning generally goes through, unless it is subsequently defaulted or cancelled by the context it is associated with. The Standardization Model, which we added to our experiments, highlights that implicatures are figured out from standardized forms typically based on the mutual background (...) belief and speaker’s intention. We tested whether Chinese people’s processing of the gradable adjective scale conformed more to the Context-driven Model, the Default Model, or the Standardization Model. The results demonstrated that the Standardization Model is the most acceptable among the three. The findings of this study, which is the first study using the experimental paradigm on Chinese gradable adjectives, highlighted a need for further studies to investigate the same questions with different languages and cultures. (shrink)
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What arecognitiveprocesses? An example-based approach.Albert Newen -2017 -Synthese 194 (11):4251-4268.detailsThe question “What arecognitiveprocesses?” can be understood variously as meaning “What is the nature ofcognitiveprocesses?”, “Can we distinguish epistemicallycognitiveprocesses from physical and biochemicalprocesses on the one hand, and from mental or consciousprocesses on the other?”, and “Can we establish a fruitful notion ofcognitive process?” The present aim is to deliver a positive answer to the last question by developing criteria for what would (...) count as a paradigmatic exemplar of acognitive process, and then to offer the comparator mechanism as a convincing paradigmatic example. Thus, the paper argues, given the current state of science, we can indeed establish a fruitful scientific notion of acognitive process. Nevertheless, it is left open whether the example-based characterization ends up as merely highlighting a fruitful convention within the early-twentyfirst century interdisciplinary investigation of intelligent behaviour in humans, animals, and robots, or whether the examples determine a natural kind or a property cluster. (shrink)
Cognitive processing of spatial relations in Euclidean diagrams.Yacin Hamami,Milan N. A. van der Kuil,Ineke J. M. van der Ham &John Mumma -2020 -Acta Psychologica 205:1--10.detailsThecognitive processing of spatial relations in Euclidean diagrams is central to the diagram-based geometric practice of Euclid's Elements. In this study, we investigate this processing through two dichotomies among spatial relations—metric vs topological and exact vs co-exact—introduced by Manders in his seminal epistemological analysis of Euclid's geometric practice. To this end, we carried out a two-part experiment where participants were asked to judge spatial relations in Euclidean diagrams in a visual half field task design. In the first part, (...) we tested whether the processing of metric vs topological relations yielded the same hemispheric specialization as the processing of coordinate vs categorical relations. In the second part, we investigated the specific performance patterns for the processing of five pairs of exact/co-exact relations, where stimuli for the co-exact relations were divided into three categories depending on their distance from the exact case. Regarding the processing of metric vs topological relations, hemispheric differences were found for only a few of the stimuli used, which may indicate that other processing mechanisms might be at play. Regarding the processing of exact vs co-exact relations, results show that the level of agreement among participants in judging co-exact relations decreases with the distance from the exact case, and this for the five pairs of exact/co-exact relations tested. The philosophical implications of these empirical findings for the epistemological analysis of Euclid's diagram-based geometric practice are spelled out and discussed. (shrink)
Examination of the suitability of collecting in eventcognitiveprocesses using Think Aloud protocol in golf.Amy E. Whitehead,Jamie A. Taylor &Remco C. J. Polman -2015 -Frontiers in Psychology 6:139660.detailsTwo studies examined the use of think aloud (TA) protocol as a means for collecting data ofcognitiveprocesses during performance in golf. In study 1, TA was employed to examine if different verbalisation (Level 2 or Level 3 TA) instructions influence performance of high and low skilled golfers. Participants performed 30 putts using TA at either Level 2, Level 3, or no verbalization condition. Although Level 3 verbalization produced a higher volume of verbal data than Level 2, (...) TA at either level 2 or 3 did not impair putting performance compared to no verbalization. Study 2 examined the congruence between data collected via TA at Level 3 and cued retrospective recall ofcognitiveprocesses during golf performance. Experienced golfers performed six holes of golf whilst engaging in Level 3 TA. After performance, three semi-structured retrospective interviews were conducted (ten minutes after performance, 24 hours after performance and 48 hours after performance). A comparison of the themes identified large discrepancies between the information reported during TA and at interview, with only 38-41% similarity in variables reported to influence decision making on each hole. Both studies suggest TA is a valuable method for recordingcognitiveprocesses of individuals during task performance. TA provides richer verbal data regarding decisions than cued retrospective recall, and TA does not negatively impact performance. (shrink)
CognitiveProcesses.Frederick Adams &Kenneth Aizawa -2008 - In Frederick Adams & Kenneth Aizawa,The Bounds of Cognition. Malden, MA, USA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 57–75.detailsThis chapter contains sections titled: Individuating Process Types in Science IndividuatingProcesses inCognitive Psychology A Broader Category of Cognition Conclusion.
Why the analyses ofcognitiveprocesses matter.Ulrich Hoffrage -2000 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (5):679-680.detailsStanovich & West analyze individual differences with respect to response output (e.g., participants' numerical estimates). They do not analyze the underlyingcognitiveprocesses that led to the outputs; they thereby probably misclassify some non-normative responses as normative. Using base rate neglect and overconfidence as examples, I demonstrate the advantages of analyzingcognitiveprocesses further.
Śubhagupta on theCognitive Process.Margherita Serena Saccone -2014 -Journal of Indian Philosophy 42 (2-3):377-399.detailsIn his *Bāhyārthasiddhikārikā (BASK), “Verses on the Establishment of the External Object”—extant only in Tibetan translation—Śubhagupta (720–780 CE), a philosopher connected with the logical-epistemological school of Buddhism, argues the reality of external objects of cognitions. In this article, I shall provide an account of Śubhagupta's theory of thecognitive process, as expressed in BASK 35–44, particularly in light of his view that the images (ākāra) of those objects do not appear in cognition. BASK is part of an internal Buddhist (...) debate over the reality of external supports of perceptions, wherein Śubhagupta disproves the views of thinkers like Diṅnāga and Vasubandhu. On the other hand, he is one of the main opponents addressed in the Bahirarthaparīkṣā (BAP) of the Tattvasaṅgraha (TS) by Śāntarakṣita (725–788 CE) and the Tattvasaṅgrahapañjikā (TSP) by Kamalaśīla (740–795 CE). Therein, the two authors, while demonstrating the absence of the characteristics of apprehended (grāhya) and apprehender (grāhaka) with regard to cognition, keenly refute his ideas and quote selected Sanskrit verses that can be identified as the original Sanskrit of stanzas in BASK. Accordingly, I shall examine Śubhagupta’s theory of thecognitive process in two steps: (i) analyzing the arguments that Śāntarakṣita and Kamalaśīla advance against him based on their interpretation of Śubhagupta’s views; and (ii) analyzing the arguments that he brings forward against his opponents (namely, Diṅnāga and Vasubandhu), by means of the investigation of BASK 35–44 in their original context. (shrink)
Sentence comprehension as acognitive process: a computational approach.Shravan Vasishth -2021 - New York: Cambridge University Press. Edited by Felix Engelmann.detailsSentence comprehension - the way we process and understand spoken and written language - is a central and important area of research within psycholinguistics. This book explores the contribution of computational linguistics to the field, showing how computational models of sentence processing can help scientists in their investigation of humancognitiveprocesses. It presents the leading computational model of retrievalprocesses in sentence processing, the Lewis and Vasishth cue-based retrieval mode, and develops a principled methodology for parameter (...) estimation and model comparison/evaluation using benchmark data, to enable researchers to test their own models of retrieval against the present model. It also provides readers with an overview of the last 20 years of research on the topic of retrievalprocesses in sentence comprehension, along with source code that allows researchers to extend the model and carry out new research. Comprehensive in its scope, this book is essential reading for researchers incognitive science. (shrink)
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IntegratingCognitive Process and Descriptive Models of Attitudes and Preferences.Guy E. Hawkins,A. A. J. Marley,Andrew Heathcote,Terry N. Flynn,Jordan J. Louviere &Scott D. Brown -2014 -Cognitive Science 38 (4):701-735.detailsDiscrete choice experiments—selecting the best and/or worst from a set of options—are increasingly used to provide more efficient and valid measurement of attitudes or preferences than conventional methods such as Likert scales. Discrete choice data have traditionally been analyzed with random utility models that have good measurement properties but provide limited insight intocognitiveprocesses. We extend a well-establishedcognitive model, which has successfully explained both choices and response times for simple decision tasks, to complex, multi-attribute discrete (...) choice data. The fits, and parameters, of the extended model for two sets of choice data (involving patient preferences for dermatology appointments, and consumer attitudes toward mobile phones) agree with those of standard choice models. The extended model also accounts for choice and response time data in a perceptual judgment task designed in a manner analogous to best–worst discrete choice experiments. We conclude that several research fields might benefit from discrete choice experiments, and that the particular accumulator-based models of decision making used in response time research can also provide process-level instantiations for random utility models. (shrink)
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Validating and RefiningCognitive Process Models Using Probabilistic Graphical Models.Laura M. Hiatt,Connor Brooks &J. Gregory Trafton -2022 -Topics in Cognitive Science 14 (4):873-888.detailsWe describe a new approach for developing and validatingcognitive process models. We develop graphical models (specifically, hidden Markov models) both from human empirical data on a task, as well as from synthetic data traces generated by acognitive process model of human behavior on the task. We show that considering differences between the two graphical models can unveil substantive and nuanced imperfections ofcognitive process models that can then be addressed to increase their fidelity to empirical (...) data. (shrink)
Nonconceptualism and theCognitive Process of Perception.Emmanuel Akintona -2013 -Philosophia 41 (1).detailsGareth Evans was first to express the idea that our perceptual experience is more detailed than what our concepts possess and this brings in the idea of nonconceptualism. The nonconceptualist claims that creatures without conceptual ability can be in a content-bearing state since they do not possess concept, memory or linguistic ability. Concepts are the constituents of those intentional contents that are the complete truth-evaluable contents of judgment and belief. This paper examines the possibility of nonconceptual content in human perception (...) and considers the complementarism of conceptualism and nonconceptualism as a more viable basis for explaining human perception. This synthesis, the paper suggests, overcomes the epistemological deficiencies inherent in any unilateral approach to understanding the nature, character, and process of cognition thereby providing a more comprehensive understanding of the humancognitive process. (shrink)
CognitiveProcesses and Legal Capacity in Patients With Bipolar Disorder: A Brief Research Report.Fabiana Saffi,Cristiana C. A. Rocca,Edgar Toschi-Dias,Ricardo S. S. Durães &Antonio P. Serafim -2022 -Frontiers in Psychology 13.detailsThe current study verified the association betweencognitive process such as attention, executive functioning, and legal capacity in patients with bipolar disorder. The sample consisted of 72 participants, assorted to episodic patients, euthymic patients, and healthy controls. We used the following neuropsychological measures: subtests of the Wechsler Abbreviated Intelligence Scale : vocabulary and matrix reasoning; Continuous Performance Test ; Five Digit Test ; and Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure. Euthymic patients expressed slower processing speed compared to HC. They tended to make (...) more errors with slightly worse discrimination, suggesting more impulsiveness. On the contrary, episodic patients showed worse discrimination, committed more omissions, were more inconsistent with regard to response speed, showed more difficulties in organizing their actions, and were more rigid. The results suggest that bipolar patients in episode express morecognitive impairments that can compromise the quality of legal capacity. These results highlight the need for more protective support for episodic BD patients regarding legal capacity. (shrink)
The body in mind: Understandingcognitiveprocesses.Alan Millar -2001 -Philosophical Review 110 (4):621-623.detailsRowlands defends environmentalism, that is, the conjunction of the ontological claim thatcognitiveprocesses are not located exclusively inside the skin of cognizing organisms and the epistemological claim that it is not possible to understand the nature ofcognitiveprocesses by focusing exclusively on what is occurring inside the skin of cognizing organisms. Chapter 3 is devoted to explaining how environmentalism differs from other forms of externalism about the mental. The crucial points are that the arguments (...) to be presented for the ontological claim do not turn on considerations about the content of mental states, that environmentalism implies a strong form of externalism, and that standard arguments for externalism, based on considerations about content, do not establish the strong form. (shrink)
Metaphysics ofCognitiveProcesses in the Formation of Media Reality.Ivan Chornomordenko &Oleksandra Rubanets -2023 -Filosofija. Sociologija 34 (1).detailsThe article deals with the metaphysics ofcognitiveprocesses in media reality formation. Metaphysics reveals being and nothingness.Processes and discourse practices are regarded ascognitiveprocesses. There is a distinction between media reality, hyper reality and virtual reality. The relationship between reality and informationprocesses is being explored. The metaphysics of media-reality influences the existence of man and society, touches upon the value foundations of being and introduces the way to transform them. The (...) metaphysical dimension ofcognitiveprocesses opens up new forms of media reality impact on society. It is considered to be an integrative form uniting the representatives of different groups in achieving a specific goal. (shrink)
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