The Dawn of the AI Robots: Towards a New Framework of AI Robot Accountability.Zsófia Tóth,Robert Caruana,Thorsten Gruber &ClaudiaLoebbecke -2022 -Journal of Business Ethics 178 (4):895-916.detailsBusiness, management, and business ethics literature pay little attention to the topic of AI robots. The broad spectrum of potential ethical issues pertains to using driverless cars, AI robots in care homes, and in the military, such as Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems. However, there is a scarcity of in-depth theoretical, methodological, or empirical studies that address these ethical issues, for instance, the impact of morality and where accountability resides in AI robots’ use. To address this dearth, this study offers a (...) conceptual framework that interpretively develops the ethical implications of AI robot applications, drawing on descriptive and normative ethical theory. The new framework elaborates on how the locus of morality and moral intensity combine within context-specific AI robot applications, and how this might influence accountability thinking. Our theorization indicates that in situations of escalating AI agency and situational moral intensity, accountability is widely dispersed between actors and institutions. ‘Accountability clusters’ are outlined to illustrate interrelationships between the locus of morality, moral intensity, and accountability and how these invoke different categorical responses: illegal, immoral, permissible, and supererogatory pertaining to using AI robots. These enable discussion of the ethical implications of using AI robots, and associated accountability challenges for a constellation of actors—from designer, individual/organizational users to the normative and regulative approaches of industrial/governmental bodies and intergovernmental regimes. (shrink)
How to do things with (recorded) words.Claudia Bianchi -2014 -Philosophical Studies 167 (2):485-495.detailsThe aim of this paper is to evaluate which context determines the illocutionary force of written or recorded utterances—those involved in written texts, films and images, conceived as recordings that can be seen or heard in different occasions. More precisely, my paper deals with the “metaphysical” or constitutive role of context—as opposed to its epistemic or evidential role: my goal is to determine which context is semantically relevant in order to fix the illocutionary force of a speech act, as distinct (...) from the information the addressee uses to ascertain the semantically relevant context. In particular I will try to assess two different perspectives on this problem, a Conventionalist Perspective and an Intentionalist Perspective. Drawing on the literature on indexicals in written texts and recorded messages, I will argue in favor of the Intentionalist Perspective: the relevant context is the one intended by the speaker. Bringing intentions into the picture, however, requires qualification; in particular, I will distinguish my Weak Intentionalist proposal from a Strong Intentionalist one. I will show that the Weak Intentionalist Perspective is flexible enough to deal with cases of delayed communication, but not so unrestricted as to yield counter-intuitive consequences. (shrink)
Kritisch-Emanzipatorische Religionspädagogik: Diskurse Zwischen Theologie, Pädagogik Und Politischer Bildung.Claudia Gärtner &Jan-Hendrik Herbst (eds.) -2019 - Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.detailsReligiöse Bildung findet in einem krisenhaften Umfeld statt, das religionspädagogisch etablierte Konzepte fundamental herausfordert. Unter Rückgriff auf fachgeschichtliche Ressourcen und aktuelle Debatten in den Bezugsdisziplinen der Religionspädagogik werden die Probleme, Potenziale und Perspektiven einer kritisch-emanzipatorischen Religionspädagogik diskutiert. Besonders die religionspädagogische Reformdekade um 1968 gerät so in den Blick, weil in dieser der soziopolitische Kontext religiöser Bildung besonders intensiv reflektiert wurde.
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Making it abstract, making it contestable: politicization at the intersection of political and cognitive science.Claudia Mazzuca &Matteo Santarelli -2023 -Review of Philosophy and Psychology 14 (4):1257-1278.detailsThe notion of politicization has been often assimilated to that of partisanship, especially in political and social sciences. However, these accounts underestimate more fine-grained, and yet pivotal, aspects at stake in processes of politicization. In addition, they overlook cognitive mechanisms underlying politicizing practices. Here, we propose an integrated approach to politicization relying on recent insights from both social and political sciences, as well as cognitive science. We outline two key facets of politicization, that we call partial indetermination and contestability, and (...) we show how these can be accounted for by appealing to recent literature in cognitive science concerned with abstract conceptual knowledge. We suggest that politicizing a concept often implies making its more abstract components more salient, hence legitimating its contestable character. Finally, we provide preliminary suggestions to test our proposal, using the concept of gender as case study. (shrink)
Meditations on the philosophy of history.Claudia Baracchi -2001 -Research in Phenomenology 31 (1):230-247.detailsIn spite (or because) of the infinity of (the) voice, of the boundless mystery it carries and exhales, of its disembodied traversing and joining, sayings follow barely traced courses. They travel along fragile lines of memory, often discontinuous bridges, transpositions into notational forms. They travel alone, exposed to corruption, consuming friction, repetition - their beginning and final destination often lost to those who listen to them and send them past. In spite of the power of memory and its arts, there (...) are sayings and stories handed down to us in fragments, like decapitated Níke and disfigured Diónysos. There are poems reaching us, race of diggers and preservers, through somebody else's reminiscence, recovery, or loving quotation. In turn, our receiving and sending (stretching) forth, our being thus traversed, shares something with the destiny of these sayings and sculpted deities - being sent, crossing and (un)covering distances, in the fragmented continuity of dialogues, or what remains of them. The present essay is devoted to a meditation on the question of temporality and history in its epistemologico-metaphysical implications. It is developed mainly by reference to Aristotle, after Heidegger. (shrink)
Parole come pietre: atti linguistici e subordinazione.Claudia Bianchi -2015 -Esercizi Filosofici 10 (2).detailsDerogatory epithets are terms such as “nigger” and “faggot” targeting individuals and groups of individuals on the basis of race, nationality, religion, gender or sexual orientation. There is no consensus on the best treatment of derogatory epithets. The aim of my paper is to evaluate a proposal recently put forward by Rae Langton, the speech acts account. Assessing SAA is far from an easy task, since the proposal is little more than an outline, deeply intertwined with Langton’s general view on (...) hate speech and pornography. My goal is first of all to disentangle a coherent account from Langton’s observations; second, I will raise and partially address some key objections against it. I will argue that, although SAA gives us significant insights into a number of phenomena, it is in need of a clearer formulation and further investigation. (shrink)
Recording Speech Acts.Claudia Bianchi -2009 -Etica E Politica 11 (1):361-368.detailsIndexicality is at the core of many major philosophical problems.1 In the last years, recorded messages and written notes have become a significant test and an intriguing puzzle for the semantics of indexical expressions.2 In this paper, I argue that a parallel may be drawn between the determination of the reference of the indexical expressions in recorded messages or written texts, and the determination of the illocutionary force of recorded or written utterances. To this aim, I will endorse the intention-based (...) approach proposed by Stefano Predelli - and in particular his distinction between context of utterance and context of interpretation. (shrink)
A Sala de aula no berçario: Conciliando funcionalidade E objetivos pedagógicos.Mateus Lorenzon &Cláudia Inês Horn -2016 -Saberes Em Perspectiva 6 (14):83-96.detailsNeste artigo, apresentamos algumas experiências realizadas na disciplina de Estágio Supervisionado em Educação Infantil I, do curso de Pedagogia da UNIVATES, no qual investigou-se as possibilidades de conciliar a funcionalidade do espaço da sala de aula dos bebês com objetivos pedagógicos. Os dados foram obtidos mediante a realização de filmagens, fotografias e do uso de Diário de Campo. Observa-se que buscar contemplar na sala de aula de Educação Infantil os interesses e necessidades das crianças e dos adultos, exige dos docentes (...) uma escuta sensível do que as crianças manifestam, bem como, a criação de novos materiais e uso de diferentes estratégias a fim de garantir a multissensorialidade do espaço. (shrink)
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Naturalizing Meaning through Epistemology: Some Critical Notes.Nicla Vassallo &Claudia Bianchi -2010 - In M. Dorato M. Suàrez,Epsa Epistemology and Methodology of Science. Springer. pp. 311--321.detailsAccording to the theory of meaning as justification, semantics is closely entangled with epistemology: knowing the meaning of an utterance amounts to knowing the justification one may offer for it. In this perspective, the theory of meaning is connected with the epistemic theory of justification, namely the theory that undergoes the more explicit attempts of naturalization. Is it possible to extend those attempts to the notion of meaning? There are many ways of naturalizing the notion of meaning, independently of its (...) links with the notion of justification. Our goal in this paper is to explore the possibility of naturalizing meaning using those very links. To this aim, we will evaluate in brief three main directions: a) the interaction between justification and discovery; b) Quine's naturalized epistemology; c) the naturalization of logic. (shrink)
A construção da Identidade, o comércio do eu no universo publicitário e modos de relacionamento social hipermodernos.Maria Cláudia Tardin Pinheiro -2010 -Logos: Comuniação e Univerisdade 16 (2):80-94.detailsThis article presents some culture and social influences in the construction of Brazilian identity in the hypermodern society of big cities. For that I’ll analyze the advertising world that represents this contemporanea society. I’ll describe some results of my doctorate thesis defended in May of 2007 with I pointed out the thematic and strategies of publicity persuasions more appeared in the more consumed magazines in Brazil in 2005, mainly the emotional strategies of publicity that are frequently used in this country (...) which I related them to the hypermodern values. Now I point out some reflexions to understand possible social relationships caused from those identities that appear in advertisings. The social media influence the ways of living, so they represent important material to study and comprehend the problems of contemporaneous social relationships. (shrink)
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Education, Mobilities and Migration: People, Ideas and Resources.Madeleine Arnot,Claudia Schneider &Oakleigh Welply (eds.) -2016 - Routledge.detailsWithin the context of increased global migration and mobility, education occupies a central role which is being transformed by new human movements and cultural diversity, flows, and networks. Studies under the umbrella terms of migration, mobility, and mobilities reveal the complexity of these concepts. The field of study ranges from global child mobility as a response to poverty, to the reconceptualising of notions of inclusion in relation to pastoralist lifestyles, to the ways in which new offshore institutions and transnational diasporas (...) shape the educational experiences of students, families, and teachers. At the heart of this new research is a need to explore how identity, integration, and social stratification play a role in the story of global migration between and within the Global North and South. This volume focuses on three major themes: poverty, migration, social mobility and social reproduction; networks of migration within and across national education systems; and higher education and international student mobility, and the concerns and opportunities that go along with this mobility. The international group of researchers who have contributed to this book demonstrate how educational institutions are part of a common global project characterised by fluidity, how the social fabric of educational institutions responds to demographic diversity, and how new social differentiations occur as a result of human movement. By bringing together these contributions, a number of important theoretical and empirical methodological dimensions are identified that need more attention within the growing field of migration and education studies. This volume shows how mobilities and transnational interconnectedness create multiple interactions that tie our different educational projects together. This book was originally published as a special issue of _Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education. _. (shrink)
Augenzeugenschaft als Konzept: Konstruktionen von Wirklichkeit in Kunst und visueller Kultur seit 1800.Claudia Hattendorff &Lisa Beisswanger (eds.) -2019 - Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag.detailsWelche Rolle spielt Augenzeugenschaft in Kunst und visueller Kultur von ca. 1800 bis heute? Die Beiträge des Bandes untersuchen diese Frage an einem breiten Spektrum von Gegenständen: künstlerischen und nicht-künstlerischen Bildern, Aktionen und Installationen sowie Kunstinstitutionen und -literatur. Im Zentrum des Interesses steht, wie Effekte von Augenzeugenschaft hervorgerufen und Konstruktionen von Augenzeugenschaft bei der Produktion und Rezeption von Artefakten wirksam werden. Die Reihe der Beispiele ermöglicht erstmals einen vergleichenden und interdisziplinär anschlussfähigen Blick auf einen Diskurs und eine Praxis der Authentifizierung, (...) die im 18. bis 21. Jahrhundert immer wieder von Belang gewesen sind. (shrink)
Morale naturale e morale religiosa nel pensiero di Samuel David Luzzatto, sulla scorta delle fonti filosofiche e della tradizione ebraica più antica.Claudia Milani -2022 -Doctor Virtualis 17:169-184.detailsIl presente contributo indaga la questione del fondamento della legge morale ebraica sulla scorta dell’insegnamento di Samuel David Luzzatto (1800-1865). Egli afferma che le norme etiche sono insite nell’essere umano, ma questo non basta perché vengano rispettate: la rivelazione divina sostiene quindi la morale naturale, senza insegnare nulla di diverso da quest’ultima, ma fornendo un’adeguata propedeutica e prevedendo sanzioni e premi chiari. Soltanto il monoteismo, con il suo necessario corollario cultuale, può dunque fondare una morale efficace, che si manifesta essenzialmente (...) nel praticare umanità e giustizia verso tutti gli esseri umani. This paper investigates the Jewish moral law’s foundation according with teaching of Samuel David Luzzatto (1800-1865). He affirms that ethical norms come from human being, but this is not enough for them to be respected: therefore divine revelation supports natural morality, teaching the same, but providing adequate preparation and providing penalties and rewards. Only monotheism, with its necessary worships, can therefore found an effective morality. It appears essentially in humanity and justice towards all human beings. (shrink)
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Claudia Bianchi - Review of Martin Gustafsson and Richard Sørli. The Philosophy of J. L. Austin.Claudia Bianchi -2014 -Journal for the History of Analytical Philosophy 2 (6).detailsMartin Gustafsson and Richard Sørli. The Philosophy of J. L. Austin. Oxford. Oxford University Press, 2011. ISBN: 9780199219759 Reviewed byClaudia Bianchi.
Claudia Leeb’s The Politics of Repressed Guilt: The Tragedy of Austrian Silence with David W. McIvor, Lars Rensmann, andClaudia Leeb.Claudia Leeb,David W. McIvor &Lars Rensmann -2020 -Critical Horizons 21 (1):63-79.detailsIn this article, I respond to David McIvor’s and Lars Rensmann’s discussion of my recent book, The Politics of Repressed Guilt: The Tragedy of Austrian Silence (2018, Edinburgh University Press). Both invited me to clarify my use of Arendt in my conception of embodied reflective judgment. I argue for a stronger connection between judgment and emotions than Arendt because one can effectively shut down critical thinking if one uses defense mechanisms to repress feelings of guilt. In response to McIvor, I (...) discuss the idea of the “subject-in-outline” and “embodied reflective spaces” to overcome the guilt/defense complex to engender a reparative politics of justice. Finally, in response to Rensmann, I point out that the lingering culture of repressed guilt helps us explain the general conditions that contributed to the rise of the far and extremist right in Austria, which I develop further in my new book Analyzing the Far Right. (shrink)
Contesting the Far Right: A Psychoanalytic and Feminist Critical Theory Approach.Claudia Leeb -2024 - New York City: Columbia University Press.detailsWhy have so many people responded to the insecurity, exploitation, alienation, and isolation of precarity capitalism by supporting the far right? In this timely book,Claudia Leeb argues that psychoanalytic and feminist critical theory illuminates how economic and psychological factors interact to produce this extreme political shift. Contesting the Far Right examines right-wing recruitment tactics in the United States and Austria, where people discontented with the status quo have turned to far-right parties and movements that further cement capitalism’s adverse (...) effects. Leeb contends that Freudian psychoanalytic theory and early Frankfurt School Critical Theory provide analytical tools to explain this apparent contradiction in psychological terms. Living under precarity capitalism generates feelings of failure and anxiety, which people experience as non-wholeness, because it has become difficult if not impossible to live up to the fetish of economic, interpersonal, and bodily success, and the far right preys on such feelings. Its psychologically oriented propaganda tactics produce the illusion of wholeness and a positive sense of self while leaving the socioeconomic conditions that cause people’s suffering intact. At the same time, they remove the inhibitions that keep people’s repressed aggression and racist and sexist attitudes in check. To demonstrate the workings of this process, Leeb compares cases including Trump and the alt-right in the United States and the Freedom Party and the identitarian movement in Austria. At once theoretically rich and politically engaged, this book also offers ways to resist the far right and counter the psychological appeal of its propaganda techniques. (shrink)