Health equity knowledge development: A conversation with Black nurse researchers.Cheryl L.Cooke,Doris M. Boutain,JoAnne Banks &Linda D. Oakley -2022 -Nursing Inquiry 29 (1).detailsCan the institutional systems that prepare Black nurse researchers question the ways their systemic pathways have impacted health equity knowledge development in nursing? We invite our readers to keep this question in mind and engage with our conversation as Black nurse researchers, scholars, educators, and clinicians. The purpose of our conversation, and this article, is to explore the transactional impact of knowledge development pathways and Black faculty retention pathways on the state of health equity knowledge in nursing today. Over a (...) series of conversations, we discuss the research exploitation of communities of color, deficit research funding, knowledge capitalization, the marginalization of diversity as a continuous process, a lack of sociocultural authority, and our thoughts on solutions. We conclude by using the wisdom of a generation to answer our initial question. (shrink)
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Using Student Generated Codes of Conduct in the Classroom to Reinforce Business Ethics Education.Cheryl L. Buff &Virginia Yonkers -2005 -Journal of Business Ethics 61 (2):101-110.detailsThis paper presents four different contexts in which students practiced implementing business ethics. Students were required to develop Codes of Conduct/Codes of Ethics as a classroom exercise. By developing these codes, students can improve their understanding of how and why codes of conduct are developed, designed, and implemented in the workplace. Using the three-phase content analysis process (McCabe et al.: 1999, The Journal of Higher Education 70(2), 211–234), we identify a framework consisting of 10 classifications that can be used to (...) assess learning outcomes in embedded ethics education. By analyzing the different content within each classification, instructors were able to gain a better understanding of differing application of ethical principles. This analysis indicates that there needs to be more research on codes of conduct for smaller units within an organization and more integration of work group codes of conduct into the business curriculum. (shrink)
The primacy of ethics: Hobbes and Levinas. [REVIEW]Cheryl L. Hughes -1998 -Continental Philosophy Review 31 (1):79-94.detailsAt several points in his writings, Levinas is implicitly critical of Hobbes's view that the political order is required to restrict violent conflict and competition and make morality possible. This paper makes Levinas's criticisms explicit by comparing Hobbes's descriptions of human nature and human relations with Levinas's radically different descriptions of the ethical relation of responsibility and the consequent kinship of the human community. I use insights from Levinas to argue that ethics cannot be reduced to politics and that the (...) primacy of the ethical relation provides a more adequate description of human relations and justice in the human community. (shrink)
Reconstructing the subject of human rights.Cheryl L. Hughes -1999 -Philosophy and Social Criticism 25 (2):47-60.detailsRecent philosophical criticisms of individual rights and the postmodern deconstruction of the sovereign subject raise serious questions for the defense of universal human rights. This paper critically examines Paul Ricoeur's effort to reconstruct a viable notion of the human subject as the bearer of human rights. Ricoeur's analysis of the narrative structure of human experiences and action takes account of the recent philosophical criticisms of sovereign subjectivity; it avoids both the fiction of the atomistic individual of liberal political philosophy and (...) the fragility of a completely relativized and decentered subject. By extending Ricoeur's work on narrative identity and by developing a humanism based on the ethical primacy of the other-than-self, this paper aims to provide new insights into the complexity of implementing and defending universal human rights. Key Words: deconstruction • human rights • narrative • Ricoeur • subject • subjectivity. (shrink)
Posthumanism: Creation of ‘New Men’ Through Technological Innovation.George L. Mendz &Michael Cook -2021 -The New Bioethics 27 (3):197-218.detailsThe posthumanist project proposes directing the evolution of human beings by promoting their improvement through technological means to create a variety of entities that will have few or no common...
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Indeterminate Bodies.Naomi Segal,L. Taylor &R. Cook -2003 - Palgrave-Macmillan.detailsThis collection looks from a variety of angles at the human body as it resists the determinations of gender, sexuality, socialisation and history. Ranging from classical hermaphrodites, Bruegel's blind faces and Weimar transgender surgery, via Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, state-socialist sport and Proust, to Barbie, Lari Pittman, American Psycho, IVF and video dance, the sixteen essays question the relationship between politics, culture and desire. This richly illustrated book also features the original work of two young photographers and a theatre director.
Transhumanist Genetic Enhancement: Creation of a ‘New Man’ Through Technological Innovation.George L. Mendz &Michael Cook -2021 -The New Bioethics 27 (2):105-126.detailsThe transhumanist project of reshaping human beings by promoting their improvement through technological innovations has a broad agenda. This study focuses on the enhancement of the human organism through genetic modification techniques. Transhumanism values and a discussion of their philosophical background provide a framework to understand its ideals. Genetics and ethics are employed to assess the claims of the transhumanist program of human enhancement. A succinct description of central concepts in genetics and an explanation of current techniques to edit the (...) human genome serve to assess the capabilities and limitations of editing techniques. Potential benefits and liabilities of human enhancement through genome editing are discussed to appraise its feasibility. Ethical considerations of genome editing inform a reflection on the implications of introducing heritable changes in the genome of individuals. It is concluded that the transhumanist program is underpinned by a large number of hypotheses rather than by sufficient evidence. (shrink)
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Legal and ethical considerations in processing patient-identifiable data without patient consent: lessons learnt from developing a disease register.C. L. Haynes,G. A. Cook &M. A. Jones -2007 -Journal of Medical Ethics 33 (5):302-307.detailsThe legal requirements and justifications for collecting patient-identifiable data without patient consent were examined. The impetus for this arose from legal and ethical issues raised during the development of a population-based disease register. Numerous commentaries and case studies have been discussing the impact of the Data Protection Act 1998 and Caldicott principles of good practice on the uses of personal data. But uncertainty still remains about the legal requirements for processing patient-identifiable data without patient consent for research purposes. This is (...) largely owing to ignorance, or misunderstandings of the implications of the common law duty of confidentiality and section 60 of the Health and Social Care Act 2001. The common law duty of confidentiality states that patient-identifiable data should not be provided to third parties, regardless of compliance with the DPA1998. It is an obligation derived from case law, and is open to interpretation. Compliance with section 60 ensures that collection of patient-identifiable data without patient consent is lawful despite the duty of confidentiality. Fears regarding the duty of confidentiality have resulted in a common misconception that section 60 must be complied with. Although this is not the case, section 60 support does provide the most secure basis in law for collecting such data. Using our own experience in developing a disease register as a backdrop, this article will clarify the procedures, risks and potential costs of applying for section 60 support. (shrink)
What is a Medical Information Commons?Juli M. Bollinger,Peter D. Zuk,Mary A. Majumder,Erika Versalovic,Angela G. Villanueva,Rebecca L. Hsu,Amy L. McGuire &Robert Cook-Deegan -2019 -Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 47 (1):41-50.detailsA 2011 National Academies of Sciences report called for an “Information Commons” and a “Knowledge Network” to revolutionize biomedical research and clinical care. We interviewed 41 expert stakeholders to examine governance, access, data collection, and privacy in the context of a medical information commons. Stakeholders' attitudes about MICs align with the NAS vision of an Information Commons; however, differences of opinion regarding clinical use and access warrant further research to explore policy and technological solutions.
Recognition, Responsibility, and Rights: Feminist Ethics and Social Theory.Heidi Grasswick,Cressida J. Heyes,Cheryl L. Hughes,Alison M. Jaggar,Marìa Pìa Lara,Bonnie Mann,Norah Martin,Diana Tietjens Meyers,Kate Parsons,Misha Strauss,Margaret Urban Walker,Abby Wilkerson &IrisMarion Young -2002 - Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.detailsThis collection of papers by prominent feminist thinkers advances the positive feminist project of remapping the moral by developing theory that acknowledges the diversity of women.
The Influence of Temporal Orientation and Affective Frame on Use of Ethical Decision-Making Strategies.Cheryl K. Stenmark,Laura E. Martin,Lynn D. Devenport,Alison L. Antes,Michael D. Mumford,Shane Connelly &Chase E. Thiel -2011 -Ethics and Behavior 21 (2):127-146.detailsThis study examined the role of temporal orientation and affective frame in the execution of ethical decision-making strategies. In reflecting on a past experience or imagining a future experience, participants thought about experiences that they considered either positive or negative. The participants recorded their thinking about that experience by responding to several questions, and their responses were content-analyzed for the use of ethical decision-making strategies. The findings indicated that a future temporal orientation was associated with greater strategy use. Likewise, a (...) positive affective frame was associated with greater strategy use. Future orientation may permit better strategy execution than a past orientation because it facilitates more objective, balanced contemplation of the reflected-upon situation and minimizes potential self-threat associated with past behavior. A positive affective frame likely improves strategy execution because it facilitates active analysis of the experience. Future directions and implications of these findings are discussed. (shrink)
Accountability for International Intervention/Protection Activities.Martin L. Cook -2010 -Criminal Justice Ethics 29 (2):129-141.detailsNo longer holders of a discretionary right to intervene, all States are now burdened with the responsibility to take action under the doctrine of responsibility to protect …. [Potential intervener...
On Being a Sole Remaining Superpower: Lessons from History.Martin L. Cook -2002 -Journal of Military Ethics 1 (2):77-90.detailsAt various times in history, a single power finds itself, at least for its region and time, a 'sole remaining superpower'. This paper explores the parallels between Athens' superpower status at the end of the Persian War and the US's superpower status in the contemporary world. Athens mismanaged her situation in ways that precipitated her own demise in the Peloponnesian War. The question of what might be analogous to Athens' conduct in contemporary US policy is explored to serve as a (...) kind of 'cautionary tale' for modern US strategy. (shrink)
The moral warrior: ethics and service in the U.S. military.Martin L. Cook -2004 - Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.detailsExplores the moral dimensions of the current global role of the U.S. military.
Interactive Team Cognition.Nancy J.Cooke,Jamie C. Gorman,Christopher W. Myers &Jasmine L. Duran -2013 -Cognitive Science 37 (2):255-285.detailsCognition in work teams has been predominantly understood and explained in terms of shared cognition with a focus on the similarity of static knowledge structures across individual team members. Inspired by the current zeitgeist in cognitive science, as well as by empirical data and pragmatic concerns, we offer an alternative theory of team cognition. Interactive Team Cognition (ITC) theory posits that (1) team cognition is an activity, not a property or a product; (2) team cognition should be measured and studied (...) at the team level; and (3) team cognition is inextricably tied to context. There are implications of ITC for theory building, modeling, measurement, and applications that make teams more effective performers. (shrink)
Modified informed consent in a viral seroprevalence study in the caribbean.Cheryl Cox &C. N. L. MacPherson -1996 -Bioethics 10 (3):222-232.detailsAn unlinked seroprevalence study of HIV and other viruses was conducted on pregnant women on the Caribbean island of Grenada in 1994. Investigators were from both the developed world and the Grenadian Ministry of Health . There was then no board on Grenada to protect research subjects or review ethical aspects of studies. Nurses from the MOH were asked to verbally inform their patients about the study, and request that patients become subjects of the study and give blood for screening. (...) If consent was given nurses took blood and administered a survey about each subjects' knowledge of HIV transmission routes. Nurses shared a spoken dialect and cultural heritage with prospective subjects and were probably more effective than foreign researchers at informing subjects. Informed consent was obtained with a simplified consent form supplemented by conversation with each prospective research subject. Facilitating discussion between people with common cultural backgrounds helps apply the Western approach to informed consent to communities in the developing world. Researchers must disclose all information to nurses or other mediators, and ensure that nurses disclose as much information as possible to prospective subjects. So modified, informed consent maintains respect for persons and becomes applicable and relevant to various cultures. (shrink)
Applying Cases to Solve Ethical Problems: The Significance of Positive and Process-Oriented Reflection.Alison L. Antes,Chase E. Thiel,Laura E. Martin,Cheryl K. Stenmark,Shane Connelly,Lynn D. Devenport &Michael D. Mumford -2012 -Ethics and Behavior 22 (2):113 - 130.detailsThis study examined the role of reflection on personal cases for making ethical decisions with regard to new ethical problems. Participants assumed the position of a business manager in a hypothetical organization and solved ethical problems that might be encountered. Prior to making a decision for the business problems, participants reflected on a relevant ethical experience. The findings revealed that application of material garnered from reflection on a personal experience was associated with decisions of higher ethicality. However, whether the case (...) was viewed as positive or negative, and whether the outcomes, processes, or outcomes and processes embedded in the experience were examined, influenced the application of case material to the new problem. As expected, examining positive experiences and the processes involved in those positive experiences resulted in greater application of case material to new problems. Future directions and implications for understanding ethical decision making are discussed. (shrink)
Modified informed consent in a viral seroprevalence study in the caribbean.Cheryl Cox &C. N. L. Macpherson -1996 -Bioethics 10 (3):222–232.detailsAn unlinked seroprevalence study of HIV and other viruses was conducted on pregnant women on the Caribbean island of Grenada in 1994. Investigators were from both the developed world and the Grenadian Ministry of Health . There was then no board on Grenada to protect research subjects or review ethical aspects of studies. Nurses from the MOH were asked to verbally inform their patients about the study, and request that patients become subjects of the study and give blood for screening. (...) If consent was given nurses took blood and administered a survey about each subjects' knowledge of HIV transmission routes. Nurses shared a spoken dialect and cultural heritage with prospective subjects and were probably more effective than foreign researchers at informing subjects. Informed consent was obtained with a simplified consent form supplemented by conversation with each prospective research subject. Facilitating discussion between people with common cultural backgrounds helps apply the Western approach to informed consent to communities in the developing world. Researchers must disclose all information to nurses or other mediators, and ensure that nurses disclose as much information as possible to prospective subjects. So modified, informed consent maintains respect for persons and becomes applicable and relevant to various cultures. (shrink)
Ethics in the Humanities: Findings from Focus Groups. [REVIEW]Cheryl K. Stenmark,Alison L. Antes,Laura E. Martin,Zhanna Bagdasarov,James F. Johnson,Lynn D. Devenport &Michael D. Mumford -2010 -Journal of Academic Ethics 8 (4):285-300.detailsThis project examined the ethical issues faced by academics and professionals in the Humanities. We conducted focus groups to gather information about the ethical concerns in these fields and used the qualitative data arising from the discussions to create a taxonomy that represents the structure of ethical issues in the Humanities. A key implication of our findings is that while the focus of ethics research and interventions has been primarily on the sciences and engineering, academics and professionals in other fields (...) also encounter some unique critical ethical dilemmas that require further research and methods of intervention. (shrink)
Ethical Challenges Arising in the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Overview from the Association of Bioethics Program Directors (ABPD) Task Force.Amy L. McGuire,Mark P. Aulisio,F. Daniel Davis,Cheryl Erwin,Thomas D. Harter,Reshma Jagsi,Robert Klitzman,Robert Macauley,Eric Racine,Susan M. Wolf,Matthew Wynia &Paul Root Wolpe -2020 -American Journal of Bioethics 20 (7):15-27.detailsThe COVID-19 pandemic has raised a host of ethical challenges, but key among these has been the possibility that health care systems might need to ration scarce critical care resources. Rationing p...
“Immaculate War”: Constraints on Humanitarian Intervention.Martin L. Cook -2000 -Ethics and International Affairs 14:55–65.detailsAlthough military personnel are required to follow all legal orders, morally the traditional contract between soldier and state rests on shared assumptions about the purposes for which national militaries will and will not be used.
Introduction: Sharing Data in a Medical Information Commons.Amy L. McGuire,Mary A. Majumder,Angela G. Villanueva,Jessica Bardill,Juli M. Bollinger,Eric Boerwinkle,Tania Bubela,Patricia A. Deverka,Barbara J. Evans,Nanibaa' A. Garrison,David Glazer,Melissa M. Goldstein,Henry T. Greely,Scott D. Kahn,Bartha M. Knoppers,Barbara A. Koenig,J. Mark Lambright,John E. Mattison,Christopher O'Donnell,Arti K. Rai,Laura L. Rodriguez,Tania Simoncelli,Sharon F. Terry,Adrian M. Thorogood,Michael S. Watson,John T. Wilbanks &Robert Cook-Deegan -2019 -Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 47 (1):12-20.detailsDrawing on a landscape analysis of existing data-sharing initiatives, in-depth interviews with expert stakeholders, and public deliberations with community advisory panels across the U.S., we describe features of the evolving medical information commons. We identify participant-centricity and trustworthiness as the most important features of an MIC and discuss the implications for those seeking to create a sustainable, useful, and widely available collection of linked resources for research and other purposes.