Relative Versus Absolute Standards for Everyday Risk in Adolescent HIV Prevention Trials: Expanding the Debate.Jeremy Snyder,Cari L.Miller &Glenda Gray -2011 -American Journal of Bioethics 11 (6):5 - 13.detailsThe concept of minimal risk has been used to regulate and limit participation by adolescents in clinical trials. It can be understood as setting an absolute standard of what risks are considered minimal or it can be interpreted as relative to the actual risks faced by members of the host community for the trial. While commentators have almost universally opposed a relative interpretation of the environmental risks faced by potential adolescent trial participants, we argue that the ethical concerns against the (...) relative standard may not be as convincing as these commentators believe. Our aim is to present the case for a relative standard of environmental risk in order to open a debate on this subject. We conclude by discussing how a relative standard of environmental risk could be defended in the specific case of an HIV vaccine trial among adolescents in South Africa. (shrink)
Response to Open Peer Commentaries on “Relative Versus Absolute Standards for Everyday Risk in Adolescent HIV Prevention Trials: Expanding the Debate”.Jeremy Snyder,Cari L.Miller &Glenda Gray -2011 -American Journal of Bioethics 11 (6):W1 - W3.detailsThe American Journal of Bioethics, Volume 11, Issue 6, Page W1-W3, June 2011.
Clinical Interaction and the Analysis of Meaning: A New Psychoanalytic Theory.Theo L. Dorpat &Michael L.Miller -2015 - Routledge.details_Clinical Interaction and the Analysis of Meaning_ evinces a therapeutic vitality all too rare in works of theory. Rather than fleeing from the insights of other disciplines, Dorpat andMiller discover in recent research confirmation of the possibilities of psychoanalytic treatment. In Section I, "Critique of Classical Theory," Dorpat proposes a radical revision of the notion of primary process consonant with contemporary cognitive science. Such a revised conception not only enlarges our understanding of the analytic process; it also provides (...) analysis with a conceptual language that can articulate meaningful connections with a growing body of empirical research about the development and nature of human cognition. In Section II, "Interactional Theory,"Miller reverses the direction of inquiry. He begins with the literature on cognitive development and functioning, and proceeds to mine it for concepts relevant to the clinical process. He shows how a revised understanding of the operation of cognition and affect can impart new meaning to basic clinical concepts such as resistance, transference, and level of psychopathology. In Section III, "Applications and Exemplifications," Dorpat concludes this exemplary collaboration by exploring select topics from the standpoint of his andMiller's new psychoanalytic theory. At the heart of the authors' endeavor it "meaning analysis," a concept that integrates an up-to-date model of human information processing with the traditional goals of psychoanalysis. The patient approaches the clinical encounter, they argue, with cognitive-affective schemas that are the accumulatice product of his life experience to date; the manifold meanings ascribed to the clinical interaction must be understood as the product of these schemas rather than as distortions deriving from unconscious, drive-related fantasies. The therapist's goal is to make the patient's meaning-making conscious and thus available for introspection. (shrink)
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Guilty by Association: Spillover of Regulative Violations and Repair Efforts to Alliance Partners.Tera L. Galloway,Douglas R.Miller &Kun Liu -2021 -Journal of Business Ethics 182 (3):805-818.detailsMuch research has examined the positive effects of legitimacy spillover. However, negative events may reduce the extent of legitimacy, which may in turn spillover to affect the legitimacy of important stakeholders including alliance partners. This study examines incidents of regulative legitimacy violation and focuses on the effect such incidents have on the alliance partners of the perpetrating organizations. We specifically examine three types of such violations—administrative law, criminal law, and civil law—to show that the loss of regulative legitimacy negatively influences (...) the stock market performance of alliance partners. More interestingly, not all corrective actions and repair efforts are equally impactful. We show that the effect of repair efforts by the perpetrating firm on the alliance partner differ depending on the nature of those violating incidents. (shrink)
Hazardous intersections: Crossing disciplinary lines in developmental psychology.Linda L. Sperry,Peggy J.Miller &Douglas E. Sperry -2020 -European Journal of Social Theory 23 (1):93-112.detailsThis article extends Lemieux’s concern for the interdisciplinary tension between philosophy and sociology to the intradisciplinary tension within psychology between approaches to the study of children focusing on universal principles and approaches adopting a contextual lens. This tension arises both in how development is defined and in the methods chosen for its study. This tension is exemplified in terms of the recent American preoccupation with the Word Gap (WG), a supposed difference of 30 million words heard by socioeconomically diverse children (...) by the age of 4 that is blamed for educational disparities throughout the school years. The article discusses the political implications of WG discourse as it gives rise to the erasure of language practices of diverse Americans and obscures the role that the educational system plays in fostering a ‘one-size-fits-all’ instructional model. The article concludes with a discussion of attempts to combat the deficit model that the WG discourse reproduces. (shrink)
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The Risks of Enlightened Self-Interest: Small Businesses and Support for Community.Terry L. Besser &Nancy J.Miller -2004 -Business and Society 43 (4):398-425.detailsThis article focuses on the association between the beliefs of small business owners and managers and their support for the community. Qualitative and quantitative data are utilized in an exploratory examination of two rationales for socially responsible behavior and of two kinds of support. Analyses show that the belief in strengthening the community as an important strategy for business success is positively associated with the provision of nonrisky and risky support. Risky support may threaten short-term business success. However, the belief (...) that a good public image is important for business success is negatively or not significantly associated with either risky or nonrisky support for the community. Findings uphold the position that there are significant variations in enlightened self-interest rationales that are differentially associated with business social performance among small business operators and demonstrate the usefulness of disaggregating social performance into risky and nonrisky variations. (shrink)
Seeking Approval: International Higher Education Students’ Experiences of Applying for Human Research Ethics Clearance in Australia.K. Davis,L. Tan,J.Miller &M. Israel -2022 -Journal of Academic Ethics 20 (3):421-436.detailsUniversity human research ethics application procedures can be complicated and daunting, especially for international students unfamiliar with the process and the language. We conducted focus groups and interviews with four research higher degree and 21 Master’s coursework international students at an Australian university to gain their views on the human ethics application process. We found the most important influences on their experience were: the time it took to do an application; support from supervisors, peers and others; their own language skills; (...) and their lack of familiarity with research ethics procedures. To improve the experience of international students undertaking research involving human research ethics applications, we recommend universities provide guidance on institutional ethics review processes, concepts and terminology, with translations in a range of languages, together with guidance on how to conduct research ethically within and outside the students’ own countries. We also recommend curricula be developed to further students’ understanding of the importance of ethical research practice, and that these curricula be embedded in undergraduate and postgraduate degree programs and reflected in course learning outcomes. (shrink)
Professionalism: A Competency Cluster Whose Time Has Come.Catherine L. Grus,David Shen-Miller,Suzanne H. Lease,Sue C. Jacobs,Kimberly E. Bodner,Kristi S. Van Sickle,Jennifer Veilleux &Nadine J. Kaslow -2018 -Ethics and Behavior 28 (6):450-464.detailsDespite the burgeoning literature on professionalism in other health professions, psychology lags behind in the level of attention given to this core competency. In this article, we review definitions from other health professions and how they address professionalism. Next, we review how this competency evolved within health service psychology (HSP), and we propose a definition. We offer an approach for assessing professionalism within HSP. Consideration is given to strategies and methods for providing effective education and training in this multifaceted competency. (...) Finally, recommendations are made for creating a culture of professionalism within HSP and honoring psychology’s social contract with multiple publics. (shrink)
From Policies to Principles: The Effects of Campus Climate on Academic Integrity, a Mixed Methods Study.Ryan L. Young,Graham N. S.Miller &Cassie L. Barnhardt -2018 -Journal of Academic Ethics 16 (1):1-17.detailsThis mixed methods study examines how college students’ perceptions and experiences affect their understanding of academic integrity. Using qualitative and quantitative responses from the Personal and Social Responsibility Institutional Inventory, both quantitative and qualitative results demonstrate that while campuses may see a reduction in overall levels of cheating when punitive academic integrity policies are present, students may develop higher levels of personal and academic integrity through the use of more holistic and community-focused practices.
The Company They Keep: How Formal Associations Impact Business Social Performance.Terry L. Besser &Nancy J.Miller -2011 -Business Ethics Quarterly 21 (3):503-525.detailsABSTRACT:Business networks, which include joint ventures, supply chains, industry and trade associations, industrial districts, and community business associations, are considered the signature organizational form of the global economy. However, little is known about how they affect the social performance of their members. We utilize institutional theory to develop the position that business social performance has collectivist roots that deserve at least as much scholarly attention as owner/manager characteristics and business attributes. Hypotheses are tested using multilevel analysis on data gathered from (...) 898 members of twenty-nine business associations. Support is provided for institutional theory’s explanation for business social performance. Members of business associations are likely to conform to the pattern of social performance prevailing in their association, but not necessarily to the articulated values of the association. The potential of business associations to influence members’ social performance should be considered by agencies that start and support them as mechanisms for regional and local economic development. (shrink)
The potential benefit of the placebo effect in sham-controlled trials: implications for risk-benefit assessments and informed consent.Remy L. Brim &Franklin G.Miller -2013 -Journal of Medical Ethics 39 (11):703-707.detailsNext SectionThere has been considerable debate surrounding the ethics of sham-controlled trials of procedures and interventions. Critics argue that these trials are unethical because participants assigned to the control group have no prospect of benefit from the trial, yet they are exposed to all the risks of the sham intervention. However, the placebo effect associated with sham procedures can often be substantial and has been well documented in the scientific literature. We argue that, in light of the scientific evidence supporting (...) the benefits of sham interventions for pain and Parkinson's disease that stem from the placebo effect, these sham-controlled trials should be considered as offering potential direct benefit to participants. If scientific evidence demonstrates the positive effect of placebo from sham interventions on other conditions, sham-controlled trials of interventions for the treatment of these conditions should be considered to have prospects of benefit as well. This potential benefit should be taken into account by research ethics committees in risk-benefit analyses, and be included in informed consent documents. (shrink)
The ‘Happy Productive Worker Thesis’ and Australian Managers.Peter Hosie,Peter Sevastos &Cary L. Cooper -2007 -Journal of Human Values 13 (2):151-176.detailsFew conundrums have captured and held the imagination of organizational researchers and practitioners as has the ‘happy productive worker’ thesis, or the proposition that ‘a happy worker is a good worker’. This thesis is revisited by investigating the impact of job-related affective well-being and intrinsic job satisfaction on Australian managers’ performance. Decades of research have been unable to establish a strong link be-tween intrinsic job satisfaction and performance. Despite mixed empirical evidence, there is support in the literature to suggest that (...) a relationship exists between affective well-being, intrinsic job satisfaction and managers’ performance. Affect has rarely been used as a predictor of managers’ job performance outcomes. Indicators of their affective well-being and intrinsic job satisfaction were shown to predict dimensions of their contextual and task performance. (shrink)
A theory of argumentative understanding: Relationships among position preference, judgments of goodness, memory and reasoning. [REVIEW]Nancy L. Stein &Christopher A.Miller -1993 -Argumentation 7 (2):183-204.detailsData are presented that focus on the nature and development of argumentative reasoning. In particular our study describes how support for or against an issue affects memory for critical parts of an argumentative interaction, judgments of argument goodness, and the content of the reasons given in support of one view versus another. Two other factors were examined: developmental differences in argumentation skill and the conditional nature of supporting one side of an argument across varying contexts. Our results show that even (...) seven year old children can recognize, identify, and use the basic components of an argument to provide evidence for and make judgements about their favored position. Moreover, if position support is held constant across all age groups of students, seven year old children were found to give reasons and explanations that were highly similar in content and principle to college students. The same similarities held across age with respect to biases in memory and judgements of argument goodness. The primary difference between children's and college students' argument behavior lay in the side of an argument the students chose to support. Seven year old children and some eleven yearold children supported positions that impute more value to friendship and social consequences than to the maintenance and advancement of individual rights, as specified in a contract agreement. The similarities and differences across development are discussed with respect to a theory of argumentation that speaks to the importance of understanding the nature of goal conflict and a theory of intentionality in predicting how arguments will be represented and resolved. (shrink)
What is a Human?: Toward psychological benchmarks in the field of human–robot interaction.Peter H. Kahn,Hiroshi Ishiguro,Batya Friedman,Takayuki Kanda,Nathan G. Freier,Rachel L. Severson &JessicaMiller -2007 -Interaction Studies 8 (3):363-390.detailsIn this paper, we move toward offering psychological benchmarks to measure success in building increasingly humanlike robots. By psychological benchmarks we mean categories of interaction that capture conceptually fundamental aspects of human life, specified abstractly enough to resist their identity as a mere psychological instrument, but capable of being translated into testable empirical propositions. Nine possible benchmarks are considered: autonomy, imitation, intrinsic moral value, moral accountability, privacy, reciprocity, conventionality, creativity, and authenticity of relation. Finally, we discuss how getting the right (...) group of benchmarks in human–robot interaction will, in future years, help inform on the foundational question of what constitutes essential features of being human. (shrink)
The Compensatory Protective Effects of Social Support at Work in Presenteeism During the Coronavirus Disease Pandemic.Jia Wun Chen,Luo Lu &Cary L. Cooper -2021 -Frontiers in Psychology 12.detailsThe present study investigated the lasting effects of sickness presenteeism on well-being and innovative job performance in the demanding Chinese work context compounded with the precarities of the post-pandemic business environment. Adopting the conservation of resources theory perspective, especially its proposition of compensation of resources, we incorporated social resources at work as joint moderators in the presenteeism–outcomes relationship. We employed a panel design in which all variables were measured twice with 6 months in between. Data were obtained from 323 Chinese (...) employees working in diverse industries in Taiwan. We found that after controlling for the baseline level of well-being, presenteeism did not have a lasting effect on employees' exhaustion. However, presenteeism did have a negative lasting effect on employees' innovative behavior 6 months later. Moreover, we found a significant three-way interaction of presenteeism, supervisory support, and collegial support on employees' innovative job performance, after controlling for the baseline level of performance. Specifically, when working under illness, employees displayed the best innovative performance with high levels of both supervisory and collegial support, the worst performance with both support being low, and the intermediate when any one of the support being high. This can be taken as the preliminary evidence to support the COR proposition of resource caravans, showing that supervisory support and collegial support compensated for each other as critical resources in alleviating the impact of working under sickness on employees' innovative performance. Theoretical implications of the findings are discussed, taking into account the macro-cultural context of the East Asian Confucian societies. We also reflected on the managerial implications of the lasting damages of sickness presenteeism and benefits of mobilizing social resources on employees' well-being and performance. (shrink)
What is a Human?Peter H. Kahn,Hiroshi Ishiguro,Batya Friedman,Takayuki Kanda,Nathan G. Freier,Rachel L. Severson &JessicaMiller -2007 -Interaction Studies. Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systemsinteraction Studies / Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systemsinteraction Studies 8 (3):363-390.detailsIn this paper, we move toward offering psychological benchmarks to measure success in building increasingly humanlike robots. By psychological benchmarks we mean categories of interaction that capture conceptually fundamental aspects of human life, specified abstractly enough to resist their identity as a mere psychological instrument, but capable of being translated into testable empirical propositions. Nine possible benchmarks are considered: autonomy, imitation, intrinsic moral value, moral accountability, privacy, reciprocity, conventionality, creativity, and authenticity of relation. Finally, we discuss how getting the right (...) group of benchmarks in human–robot interaction will, in future years, help inform on the foundational question of what constitutes essential features of being human. (shrink)
The impact of reporting magnetic resonance imaging incidental findings in the Canadian alliance for healthy hearts and minds cohort.Rhian Touyz,Amy Subar,Ian Janssen,Bob Reid,Eldon Smith,Caroline Wong,Pierre Boyle,Jean Rouleau,F. Henriques,F. Marcotte,K. Bibeau,E. Larose,V. Thayalasuthan,A. Moody,F. Gao,S. Batool,C. Scott,S. E. Black,C. McCreary,E. Smith,M. Friedrich,K. Chan,J. Tu,H. Poiffaut,J. -C. Tardif,J. Hicks,D. Thompson,L. Parker,R.Miller,J. Lebel,H. Shah,D. Kelton,F. Ahmad,A. Dick,L. Reid,G. Paraga,S. Zafar,N. Konyer,R. de Souza,S. Anand,M. Noseworthy,G. Leung,A. Kripalani,R. Sekhon,A. Charlton,R. Frayne,V. de Jong,S. Lear,J. Leipsic,A. -S. Bourlaud,P. Poirier,E. Ramezani,K. Teo,D. Busseuil,S. Rangarajan,H. Whelan,J. Chu,N. Noisel,K. McDonald,N. Tusevljak,H. Truchon,D. Desai,Q. Ibrahim,K. Ramakrishnana,C. Ramasundarahettige,S. Bangdiwala,A. Casanova,L. Dyal,K. Schulze,M. Thomas,S. Nandakumar,B. -M. Knoppers,P. Broet,J. Vena,T. Dummer,P. Awadalla,Matthias G. Friedrich,Douglas S. Lee,Jean-Claude Tardif,Erika Kleiderman & Marcotte -2021 -BMC Medical Ethics 22 (1):1-15.detailsBackgroundIn the Canadian Alliance for Healthy Hearts and Minds (CAHHM) cohort, participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, heart, and abdomen, that generated incidental findings (IFs). The approach to managing these unexpected results remain a complex issue. Our objectives were to describe the CAHHM policy for the management of IFs, to understand the impact of disclosing IFs to healthy research participants, and to reflect on the ethical obligations of researchers in future MRI studies.MethodsBetween 2013 and 2019, 8252 participants (...) (mean age 58 ± 9 years, 54% women) were recruited with a follow-up questionnaire administered to 909 participants (40% response rate) at 1-year. The CAHHM policy followed a restricted approach, whereby routine feedback on IFs was not provided. Only IFs of severe structural abnormalities were reported.ResultsSevere structural abnormalities occurred in 8.3% (95% confidence interval 7.7–8.9%) of participants, with the highest proportions found in the brain (4.2%) and abdomen (3.1%). The majority of participants (97%) informed of an IF reported no change in quality of life, with 3% of participants reporting that the knowledge of an IF negatively impacted their quality of life. Furthermore, 50% reported increased stress in learning about an IF, and in 95%, the discovery of an IF did not adversely impact his/her life insurance policy. Most participants (90%) would enrol in the study again and perceived the MRI scan to be beneficial, regardless of whether they were informed of IFs. While the implications of a restricted approach to IF management was perceived to be mostly positive, a degree of diagnostic misconception was present amongst participants, indicating the importance of a more thorough consent process to support participant autonomy.ConclusionThe management of IFs from research MRI scans remain a challenging issue, as participants may experience stress and a reduced quality of life when IFs are disclosed. The restricted approach to IF management in CAHHM demonstrated a fair fulfillment of the overarching ethical principles of respect for autonomy, concern for wellbeing, and justice. The approach outlined in the CAHHM policy may serve as a framework for future research studies.Clinical trial registrationhttps://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/nct02220582. (shrink)
Analysts of the language of morals.D. L. C.Miller -1962 - Dissertation, University of EdinburghdetailsIn this thesis I shall summarize and critically examine the central features of the theories of values of four contemporary moral philosophers: A.J. Ayer, C.L. Stevenson, R.M. Hare, and P.H. Nowell - Smith. I shall first look back, however, to the theory of moral philosophy of the most influential 'forefather' of this group, David Hume. Hume's theory stands as a challenge to moral philosophers who would assume that moral judgments are primarily, in some sense, acts of 'reason'. Although our four (...) contemporaries follow Hume in this, his challenge, in the form I shall indicate shortly, will provide the main theme for this thesis. (shrink)
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Sinnott's Philosophy of Purpose.David L.Miller -1958 -Review of Metaphysics 11 (4):637 - 647.detailsFrom the scientific standpoint, then, the crucial question concerning vitalism and mechanism is this: Does the belief in, or even a knowledge of, the existence of a vital principle have any scientific value? That is, can such a principle be of help in understanding phenomena scientifically, remembering that "scientific understanding" means to most scientists the ability to predict and control?