Analysis of expressed sequence tag loci on wheat chromosome group 4. Miftahudin,K. Ross,X. -F. Ma,A. A. Mahmoud,J. Layton,M. A. Rodriguez Milla,T. Chikmawati,J. Ramalingam,O. Feril,M. S. Pathan,G. Surlan Momirovic,S. Kim,K. Chema,P. Fang,L. Haule,H. Struxness,J. Birkes,C. Yaghoubian,R. Skinner,J. McAllister,V. Nguyen,L. L. Qi,B. Echalier,B. S. Gill,A. M. Linkiewicz,J. Dubcovsky,E. D. Akhunov,J. Dvorák,M. Dilbirligi,K. S. Gill,J. H. Peng,N. L. V. Lapitan,C. E. Bermudez-Kandianis,M. E. Sorrells,K. G. Hossain,V. Kalavacharla,S. F. Kianian,G. R. Lazo,S. Chao,O. D. Anderson,J. Gonzalez-Hernandez,E. J. Conley,J. A. Anderson,D. -W. Choi,R. D. Fenton,T. J. Close,P. E. McGuire,C. O. Qualset,H. T. Nguyen &J. P. Gustafson -unknowndetailsA total of 1918 loci, detected by the hybridization of 938 expressed sequence tag unigenes from 26 Triticeae cDNA libraries, were mapped to wheat homoeologous group 4 chromosomes using a set of deletion, ditelosomic, and nulli-tetrasomic lines. The 1918 EST loci were not distributed uniformly among the three group 4 chromosomes; 41, 28, and 31% mapped to chromosomes 4A, 4B, and 4D, respectively. This pattern is in contrast to the cumulative results of EST mapping in all homoeologous groups, as reported (...) elsewhere, that found the highest proportion of loci mapped to the B genome. Sixty-five percent of these 1918 loci mapped to the long arms of homoeologous group 4 chromosomes, while 35% mapped to the short arms. The distal regions of chromosome arms showed higher numbers of loci than the proximal regions, with the exception of 4DL. This study confirmed the complex structure of chromosome 4A that contains two reciprocal translocations and two inversions, previously identified. An additional inversion in the centromeric region of 4A was revealed. A consensus map for homoeologous group 4 was developed from 119 ESTs unique to group 4. Forty-nine percent of these ESTs were found to be homoologous to sequences on rice chromosome 3, 12% had matches with sequences on other rice chromosomes, and 39% had no matches with rice sequences at all. Limited homology was found between wheat ESTs on homoeologous group 4 and the Arabidopsis genome. Forty-two percent of the homoeologous group 4 ESTs could be classified into functional categories on the basis of blastX searches against all protein databases. (shrink)
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Development of an expressed sequence tag resource for wheat : EST generation, unigene analysis, probe selection and bioinformatics for a 16,000-locus bin-delineated map. [REVIEW]G. R. Lazo,S. Chao,D. D. Hummel,H. Edwards,C. C. Crossman,N. Lui,V. L. de MatthewsCarollo,D. L. Hane,F. M. You,G. E. Butler,R. E. Miller,T. J. Close,J. H. Peng,N. L. V. Lapitan,J. P. Gustafson,L. L. Qi,B. Echalier,B. S. Gill,M. Dilbirligi,H. S. Randhawa,K. S. Gill,R. A. Greene,M. E. Sorrells,E. D. Akhunov,J. Dvorák,A. M. Linkiewicz,J. Dubcovsky,K. G. Hossain,V. Kalavacharla,S. F. Kianian,A. A. Mahmoud, Miftahudin,X. -F. Ma,E. J. Conley,J. A. Anderson,M. S. Pathan,H. T. Nguyen,P. E. McGuire,C. O. Qualset &O. D. Anderson -unknowndetailsThis report describes the rationale, approaches, organization, and resource development leading to a large-scale deletion bin map of the hexaploid wheat genome. Accompanying reports in this issue detail results from chromosome bin-mapping of expressed sequence tags representing genes onto the seven homoeologous chromosome groups and a global analysis of the entire mapped wheat EST data set. Among the resources developed were the first extensive public wheat EST collection. Described are protocols for sequencing, sequence processing, EST nomenclature, and the assembly of (...) ESTs into contigs. These contigs plus singletons were used for selection of distinct sequence motif unigenes. Selected ESTs were rearrayed, validated by 5′ and 3′ sequencing, and amplified for probing a series of wheat aneuploid and deletion stocks. Images and data for all Southern hybridizations were deposited in databases and were used by the coordinators for each of the seven homoeologous chromosome groups to validate the mapping results. Results from this project have established the foundation for future developments in wheat genomics. (shrink)
A 2600-locus chromosome bin map of wheat homoeologous group 2 reveals interstitial gene-rich islands and colinearity with rice. [REVIEW]E. J. Conley,V. Nduati,J. L. Gonzalez-Hernandez,A. Mesfin,M. Trudeau-Spanjers,S. Chao,G. R. Lazo,D. D. Hummel,O. D. Anderson,L. L. Qi,B. S. Gill,B. Echalier,A. M. Linkiewicz,J. Dubcovsky,E. D. Akhunov,J. Dvorák,J. H. Peng,N. L. V. Lapitan,M. S. Pathan,H. T. Nguyen,X. -F. Ma, Miftahudin,J. P. Gustafson,R. A. Greene,M. E. Sorrells,K. G. Hossain,V. Kalavacharla,S. F. Kianian,D. Sidhu,M. Dilbirligi,K. S. Gill,D. W. Choi,R. D. Fenton,T. J. Close,P. E. McGuire,C. O. Qualset &J. A. Anderson -unknowndetailsThe complex hexaploid wheat genome offers many challenges for genomics research. Expressed sequence tags facilitate the analysis of gene-coding regions and provide a rich source of molecular markers for mapping and comparison with model organisms. The objectives of this study were to construct a high-density EST chromosome bin map of wheat homoeologous group 2 chromosomes to determine the distribution of ESTs, construct a consensus map of group 2 ESTs, investigate synteny, examine patterns of duplication, and assess the colinearity with rice (...) of ESTs assigned to the group 2 consensus bin map. A total of 2600 loci generated from 1110 ESTs were mapped to group 2 chromosomes by Southern hybridization onto wheat aneuploid chromosome and deletion stocks. A consensus map was constructed of 552 ESTs mapping to more than one group 2 chromosome. Regions of high gene density in distal bins and low gene density in proximal bins were found. Two interstitial gene-rich islands flanked by relatively gene-poor regions on both the short and long arms and having good synteny with rice were discovered. The map locations of two ESTs indicated the possible presence of a small pericentric inversion on chromosome 2B. Wheat chromosome group 2 was shown to share syntenous blocks with rice chromosomes 4 and 7. (shrink)
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The case of F. R. Leavis: A reply to Kevin Harris.C. O. X. Carole -1993 -Journal of Philosophy of Education 27 (2):261–266.detailsABSTRACT This article focuses on the limitations of four major critiques of the work of Leavis made by Kevin Harris. It is argued that (1) Leavis's procedure of working with the concrete and particular and (2) the context within which he worked, dominated by the exponents of modernism, are glossed over by Harris so that Leavis's insights are not given due weight. Furthermore, Harris overlooks the significance of an Aristotelian perspective to Leavis's concern for value and thus underestimates literature's role (...) in furthering our understanding of what it is to flourish. (shrink)
The Diagonal Strong Reflection Principle and its Fragments.C. O. X. Sean D. &Gunter Fuchs -2023 -Journal of Symbolic Logic 88 (3):1281-1309.detailsA diagonal version of the strong reflection principle is introduced, along with fragments of this principle associated with arbitrary forcing classes. The relationships between the resulting principles and related principles, such as the corresponding forcing axioms and the corresponding fragments of the strong reflection principle, are analyzed, and consequences are presented. Some of these consequences are “exact” versions of diagonal stationary reflection principles of sets of ordinals. We also separate some of these diagonal strong reflection principles from related axioms.
Spin-2 Fields and Helicity.H. I. Arcos,C. S. O. Mayor,G. Otalora &J. G. Pereira -2012 -Foundations of Physics 42 (10):1339-1349.detailsBy considering the irreducible representations of the Lorentz group, an analysis of the different spin-2 waves is presented. In particular, the question of the helicity is discussed. It is concluded that, although from the point of view of representation theory there are no compelling reasons to choose between spin-2 waves with helicity σ=±1 or σ=±2, consistency arguments of the ensuing field theories favor waves with helicity σ=±1.
A new locus for dominant drusen and macular degeneration maps to chromosome 6q14.M. Kniazeva,E. I. Traboulsi,Z. Yu,S. T. Stefko,M. B. Gorin,Y. Y. Shugart, O'Connell Jr,C. J. Blaschak,G. Cutting,M. Han &K. Zhang -unknowndetailsPURPOSE:To report the localization of a gene causing drusen and macular degeneration in a previously undescribed North American family. METHODS:Genetic mapping studies were performed using linkage analysis in a single family with drusen and atrophic macular degeneration. RESULTS:The clinical manifestations in this family ranged from fine macular drusen in asymptomatic middle-aged individuals to atrophic macular lesions in two children and two elderly patients. We mapped the gene to chromosome 6q14 between markers D6S2258 and D6S1644. CONCLUSIONS:In a family with autosomal dominant (...) drusen and atrophic macular degeneration, the gene maps to a 3.2-cM region on chromosome 6q14. This locus appears to be distinct from, but adjacent to, the loci for cone-rod dystrophy 7 (CORD7) and North Carolina macular dystrophy (MCDR1). Future identification of the gene responsible for the disease in this family will provide a better understanding of macular degeneration. (shrink)
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Computable Presentations of C*-Algebras.F. O. X. Alec -2024 -Journal of Symbolic Logic 89 (3):1313-1338.detailsWe initiate the study of computable presentations of real and complex C*-algebras under the program of effective metric structure theory. With the group situation as a model, we develop corresponding notions of recursive presentations and word problems for C*-algebras, and show some analogous results hold in this setting. Famously, every finitely generated group with a computable presentation is computably categorical, but we provide a counterexample in the case of C*-algebras. On the other hand, we show every finite-dimensional C*-algebra is computably (...) categorical. (shrink)
A chromosome bin map of 2148 expressed sequence tag loci of wheat homoeologous group 7.K. G. Hossain,V. Kalavacharla,G. R. Lazo,J. Hegstad,M. J. Wentz,P. M. A. Kianian,K. Simons,S. Gehlhar,J. L. Rust,R. R. Syamala,K. Obeori,S. Bhamidimarri,P. Karunadharma,S. Chao,O. D. Anderson,L. L. Qi,B. Echalier,B. S. Gill,A. M. Linkiewicz,A. Ratnasiri,J. Dubcovsky,E. D. Akhunov,J. Dvorák, Miftahudin,K. Ross,J. P. Gustafson,H. S. Radhawa,M. Dilbirligi,K. S. Gill,J. H. Peng,N. L. V. Lapitan,R. A. Greene,C. E. Bermudez-Kandianis,M. E. Sorrells,O. Feril,M. S. Pathan,H. T. Nguyen,J. L. Gonzalez-Hernandez,E. J. Conley,J. A. Anderson,D. W. Choi,D. Fenton,T. J. Close,P. E. McGuire,C. O. Qualset &S. F. Kianian -unknowndetailsThe objectives of this study were to develop a high-density chromosome bin map of homoeologous group 7 in hexaploid wheat, to identify gene distribution in these chromosomes, and to perform comparative studies of wheat with rice and barley. We mapped 2148 loci from 919 EST clones onto group 7 chromosomes of wheat. In the majority of cases the numbers of loci were significantly lower in the centromeric regions and tended to increase in the distal regions. The level of duplicated loci (...) in this group was 24% with most of these loci being localized toward the distal regions. One hundred nineteen EST probes that hybridized to three fragments and mapped to the three group 7 chromosomes were designated landmark probes and were used to construct a consensus homoeologous group 7 map. An additional 49 probes that mapped to 7AS, 7DS, and the ancestral translocated segment involving 7BS also were designated landmarks. Landmark probe orders and comparative maps of wheat, rice, and barley were produced on the basis of corresponding rice BAC/PAC and genetic markers that mapped on chromosomes 6 and 8 of rice. Identification of landmark ESTs and development of consensus maps may provide a framework of conserved coding regions predating the evolution of wheat genomes. (shrink)
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Deletion mapping of homoeologous group 6-specific wheat expressed sequence tags.H. S. Randhawa,M. Dilbirligi,D. Sidhu,M. Erayman,D. Sandhu,S. Bondareva,S. Chao,G. R. Lazo,O. D. Anderson, Miftahudin,J. P. Gustafson,B. Echalier,L. L. Qi,B. S. Gill,E. D. Akhunov,J. Dvorák,A. M. Linkiewicz,A. Ratnasiri,J. Dubcovsky,C. E. Bermudez-Kandianis,R. A. Greene,M. E. Sorrells,E. J. Conley,J. A. Anderson,J. H. Peng,N. L. V. Lapitan,K. G. Hossain,V. Kalavacharla,S. F. Kianian,M. S. Pathan,H. T. Nguyen,T. R. Endo,T. J. Close,P. E. McGuire,C. O. Qualset &K. S. Gill -unknowndetailsTo localize wheat ESTs on chromosomes, 882 homoeologous group 6-specific ESTs were identified by physically mapping 7965 singletons from 37 cDNA libraries on 146 chromosome, arm, and sub-arm aneuploid and deletion stocks. The 882 ESTs were physically mapped to 25 regions flanked by 23 deletion breakpoints. Of the 5154 restriction fragments detected by 882 ESTs, 2043 were localized to group 6 chromosomes and 806 were mapped on other chromosome groups. The number of loci mapped was greatest on chromosome 6B and (...) least on 6D. The 264 ESTs that detected orthologous loci on all three homoeologs using one restriction enzyme were used to construct a consensus physical map. The physical distribution of ESTs was uneven on chromosomes with a tendency toward higher densities in the distal halves of chromosome arms. About 43% of the wheat group 6 ESTs identified rice homologs upon comparisons of genome sequences. Fifty-eight percent of these ESTs were present on rice chromosome 2 and the remaining were on other rice chromosomes. Even within the group 6 bins, rice chromosomal blocks identified by 1-6 wheat ESTs were homologous to up to 11 rice chromosomes. These rice-block contigs were used to resolve the order of wheat ESTs within each bin. (shrink)
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Chromosome bin map of expressed sequence tags in homoeologous group 1 of hexaploid wheat and homoeology with rice and arabidopsis.J. H. Peng,H. Zadeh,G. R. Lazo,J. P. Gustafson,S. Chao,O. D. Anderson,L. L. Qi,B. Echalier,B. S. Gill,M. Dilbirligi,D. Sandhu,K. S. Gill,R. A. Greene,M. E. Sorrells,E. D. Akhunov,J. Dvorák,A. M. Linkiewicz,J. Dubcovsky,K. G. Hossain,V. Kalavacharla,S. F. Kianian,A. A. Mahmoud, Miftahudin,E. J. Conley,J. A. Anderson,M. S. Pathan,H. T. Nguyen,P. E. McGuire,C. O. Qualset &N. L. V. Lapitan -unknowndetailsA total of 944 expressed sequence tags generated 2212 EST loci mapped to homoeologous group 1 chromosomes in hexaploid wheat. EST deletion maps and the consensus map of group 1 chromosomes were constructed to show EST distribution. EST loci were unevenly distributed among chromosomes 1A, 1B, and ID with 660, 826, and 726, respectively. The number of EST loci was greater on the long arms than on the short arms for all three chromosomes. The distribution of ESTs along chromosome arms (...) was nonrandom with EST clusters occurring in the distal regions of short arms and middle regions of long arms. Duplications of group 1 ESTs in other homoeologous groups occurred at a rate of 35.5%. Seventy-five percent of wheat chromosome 1 ESTs had significant matches with rice sequences, where large regions of conservation occurred between wheat consensus chromosome 1 and rice chromosome 5 and between the proximal portion of the long arm of wheat consensus chromosome 1 and rice chromosome 10. Only 9.5% of group 1 ESTs showed significant matches to Arabidopsis genome sequences. The results presented are useful for gene mapping and evolutionary and comparative genomics of grasses. (shrink)
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Trichothecenes and yellow rain: Possible biological warfare agents.W. V. Dashek,J. E. Mayfield,G. C. Llewellyn,C. E. O'Rear &A. Bata -1986 -Bioessays 4 (1):27-30.detailsAbstract‘Yellow Rain’, an alleged biological warfare agent thought to be utilized in parts of both South East Asia and Afghanistan, may be composed in part of the mycotoxins, trichothecenes. However, more recent analyses suggest that the ‘Rain’ was mainly honey bee excreta. The history of the controversy together with the biological effects, chemistry as well as the fungi producing these mycotoxins and agricultural commodities affected by trichothecenes are reviewed.
Group 3 chromosome bin maps of wheat and their relationship to rice chromosome 1.J. D. Munkvold,R. A. Greene,C. E. Bermudez-Kandianis,C. M. La Rota,H. Edwards,S. F. Sorrells,T. Dake,D. Benscher,R. Kantety,A. M. Linkiewicz,J. Dubcovsky,E. D. Akhunov,J. Dvorák, Miftahudin,J. P. Gustafson,M. S. Pathan,H. T. Nguyen,S. de MatthewsChao,G. R. Lazo,D. D. Hummel,O. D. Anderson,J. A. Anderson,J. L. Gonzalez-Hernandez,J. H. Peng,N. Lapitan,L. L. Qi,B. Echalier,B. S. Gill,K. G. Hossain,V. Kalavacharla,S. F. Kianian,D. Sandhu,M. Erayman,K. S. Gill,P. E. McGuire,C. O. Qualset &M. E. Sorrells -unknowndetailsThe focus of this study was to analyze the content, distribution, and comparative genome relationships of 996 chromosome bin-mapped expressed sequence tags accounting for 2266 restriction fragments on the homoeologous group 3 chromosomes of hexaploid wheat. Of these loci, 634, 884, and 748 were mapped on chromosomes 3A, 3B, and 3D, respectively. The individual chromosome bin maps revealed bins with a high density of mapped ESTs in the distal region and bins of low density in the proximal region of the (...) chromosome arms, with the exception of 3DS and 3DL. These distributions were more localized on the higher-resolution group 3 consensus map with intermediate regions of high-mapped-EST density on both chromosome arms. Gene ontology classification of mapped ESTs was not significantly different for homoeologous group 3 chromosomes compared to the other groups. A combined analysis of the individual bin maps using 537 of the mapped ESTs revealed rearrangements between the group 3 chromosomes. Approximately 232 of the consensus mapped ESTs matched sequences on rice chromosome 1 and revealed large- and small-scale differences in gene order. Of the group 3 mapped EST unigenes ∼21 and 32% matched the Arabidopsis coding regions and proteins, respectively, but no chromosome-level gene order conservation was detected. (shrink)
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When Scientists Deceive: Applying the Federal Regulations.Collin C. O'Neil &Franklin G. Miller -2009 -Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 37 (2):344-350.detailsDeception is a useful methodological device for studying attitudes and behavior, but deceptive studies fail to fulfill the informed consent requirements in the U.S. federal regulations. This means that before they can be approved by Institutional Review Boards, they must satisfy the four regulatory conditions for a waiver or alteration of these requirements. To illustrate our interpretation, we apply the conditions to a recent study that used deception to show that subjects judged the same wine as more enjoyable when they (...) believed it had a higher price. (shrink)
The Construction of the Sixth Book of Polybius.C. O. Brink &F. W. Walbank -1954 -Classical Quarterly 4 (3-4):97-.detailsIn 1943 one of the authors of this paper set out a case for the view that the sixth book of Polybius' Histories contained two layers, written at different times, and indicating a change in the historian's assessment of the achievements and merits of the Roman hegemony. The arguments there put forward met with some acceptance; but the recent burst of interest in the problems of the sixth book has shown that unanimity is still remote. Among scholars writing since 1943, (...) one, G. B. Cardona, is a ‘separatist’ who accepts the views of De Sanctis; another, W. Theiler, believes that three ‘layers’ of composition can be detected and isolated; three, E. Mioni, H. Erbse, and H. Ryffel, are ‘Unitarians’, but vary in the date they assign to the composition of the Histories; and K. Ziegler in his R.E. article on Polybius argues for composition in the sixties followed by a revision and publication before 146. (shrink)
Philosophy at the University of Adelaide.C. Mortensen,G. Nerlich,G. Cullity &G. O'Brien -unknowndetailsChris Mortensen, Graham Nerlich, Garrett Cullity and Gerard O'Brien.