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  1. Scientific literacy: what it is, why it is important, and why scientists think we don't have it.BjornClaeson,Emily Martin,Wendy Richardson,Monica Schoch-Spana &Karen-Sue Taussig -1996 - In Laura Nader,Naked science: anthropological inquiry into boundaries, power, and knowledge. New York: Routledge.
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  2. Against the de minimis principle.Björn Lundgren &H. Orri Stefánsson -2020 -Risk Analysis 40 (5):908-914.
    According to the class of de minimis decision principles, risks can be ignored (or at least treated very differently from other risks) if the risk is sufficiently small. In this article, we argue that a de minimis threshold has no place in a normative theory of decision making, because the application of the principle will either recommend ignoring risks that should not be ignored (e.g., the sure death of a person) or it cannot be used by ordinary bounded and information-constrained (...) agents. (shrink)
     
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  3. Chapter One Virtual Survey on North Mesopotamian Tell Sites by Means of Satellite Remote SensingBjorn H. Menze, Simone Muhl.Bjorn H. Menze -2007 - In Bart Ooghe & Geert Verhoeven,Broadening horizons: multidisciplinary approaches to landscape study. Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Press. pp. 5.
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  4.  768
    Consciousness without a cerbral cortex: A challenge for neuroscience and medicine.Bjorn Merker -2007 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30 (1):63-81.
    A broad range of evidence regarding the functional organization of the vertebrate brain – spanning from comparative neurology to experimental psychology and neurophysiology to clinical data – is reviewed for its bearing on conceptions of the neural organization of consciousness. A novel principle relating target selection, action selection, and motivation to one another, as a means to optimize integration for action in real time, is introduced. With its help, the principal macrosystems of the vertebrate brain can be seen to form (...) a centralized functional design in which an upper brain stem system organized for conscious function performs a penultimate step in action control. This upper brain stem system retained a key role throughout the evolutionary process by which an expanding forebrain – culminating in the cerebral cortex of mammals – came to serve as a medium for the elaboration of conscious contents. This highly conserved upper brainstem system, which extends from the roof of the midbrain to the basal diencephalon, integrates the massively parallel and distributed information capacity of the cerebral hemispheres into the limited-capacity, sequential mode of operation required for coherent behavior. It maintains special connective relations with cortical territories implicated in attentional and conscious functions, but is not rendered nonfunctional in the absence of cortical input. This helps explain the purposive, goal-directed behavior exhibited by mammals after experimental decortication, as well as the evidence that children born without a cortex are conscious. Taken together these circumstances suggest that brainstem mechanisms are integral to the constitution of the conscious state, and that an adequate account of neural mechanisms of conscious function cannot be confined to the thalamocortical complex alone. (Published Online May 1 2007) Key Words: action selection; anencephaly; central decision making; consciousness; control architectures; hydranencephaly; macrosystems; motivation; target selection; zona incerta. (shrink)
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  5.  16
    Dialogues with Children and Adolescents: A Psychoanalytic Guide.Björn Salomonsson &Majlis Winberg-Salomonsson -2016 - Routledge.
    Psychoanalytic work with children is popular, but the sophisticated language used in psychoanalytic discourse can be at odds with how children communicate, and how best to communicate with them. _Dialogues with Children and Adolescents: A Psychoanalytic Guide _shows how these aims can be achieved for the most effective clinical outcome with children from infancy up to late adolescence. _Björn Salomonsson_ and _Majlis Winberg Salomonsson_ draw on extensive case material which reveals the essence of communication between child and therapist. They enfranchise (...) the patient of all ages as an equal participant in the therapeutic relationship. Presented in letter form the cases contain no professional terms. Only the final chapter contains theoretical commentaries applicable to each case. These terms and theories help to explain a child’s behaviour, the analyst’s technique and the background to the disorder. This is new creative development in child therapy and analysis which is written in a very accessible style. _Dialogues with Children and Adolescents_ will be essential reading for beginners in psychoanalytic work with children and will cast a fresh light on such work for more experienced clinicians. It will also appeal to the non-professional lay reader. (shrink)
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  6. Disease, illness, and sickness.Bjorn Hofmann -2016 - In Miriam Solomon, Jeremy R. Simon & Harold Kincaid,The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Medicine. New York, NY: Routledge.
  7.  217
    The liabilities of mobility: A selection pressure for the transition to consciousness in animal evolution.Bjorn H. Merker -2005 -Consciousness and Cognition 14 (1):89-114.
    The issue of the biological origin of consciousness is linked to that of its function. One source of evidence in this regard is the contrast between the types of information that are and are not included within its compass. Consciousness presents us with a stable arena for our actions—the world—but excludes awareness of the multiple sensory and sensorimotor transformations through which the image of that world is extracted from the confounding influence of self-produced motion of multiple receptor arrays mounted on (...) multijointed and swivelling body parts. Likewise excluded are the complex orchestrations of thousands of muscle movements routinely involved in the pursuit of our goals. This suggests that consciousness arose as a solution to problems in the logistics of decision making in mobile animals with centralized brains, and has correspondingly ancient roots. (shrink)
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  8.  124
    Why does music move us?Björn Vickhoff &Helge Malmgren -2004 -Philosophical Communications.
    The communication of emotion in music has with few exceptions, as L. B. Meyer´s Emotion and Meaning in Music (1956) and the contour theory (Kivy 1989, 2002), focused on music structure as representations of emotions. This implies a semiotic approach - the assumption that music is a kind of language that could be read and decoded. Such an approach is largely restricted to the conscious level of knowing, understanding and communication. We suggest an understanding of music and emotion based on (...) action-perception theory - present moment perception, implicit knowledge and imitation. This theory does not demand consciousness or the use of signs. Neuroscientific findings (adaptive oscillators, mirror neurons) are in concordance with our suggestion. Recently these findings have generated articles on empathy – relevant to the understanding of music and emotion. (shrink)
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  9. Brill Online Books and Journals.Björn Arp -2005 -Journal of Critical Realism 4 (1).
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  10.  19
    Muss Philosophie nachmetaphysisch sein?Björn Freter -2016 -Fiph-Journal 28:39.
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  11. The Efference Cascade, Consciousness, and its Self: Naturalizing the First Person Pivot of Action Control.Bjorn Merker -2014 - In Ezequiel Morsella & T. Andrew Poehlman,Consciousness and action control. Lausanne, Switzerland: Frontiers Media SA.
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  12. Om begreppet ’disposition’ och dispositionella analyser av önskningar.Björn Petersson -1999 -Filosofisk Tidskrift 1999 (1).
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  13. And global history: The three cultural crystallisations.Bjorn Wittrock -2001 - In Aleksander Koj & Piotr Sztompka,Images of the world: science, humanities, art. Kraków: Jagiellonian University. pp. 123.
     
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  14. Useful Science and Scientific Openness: Baconian Vision or Faustian Bargain?Bjorn Wittrock -1985 - In Michael Gibbons & Björn Wittrock,Science as a commodity: threats to the open community of scholars. Harlow, Essex, UK: Longman. pp. 156.
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  15.  60
    Moral Practice after Error Theory: Negotiationism.Björn Eriksson &Jonas Olson -2018 - In Richard Garner & Richard Joyce,The End of Morality: Taking Moral Abolitionism Seriously. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 113-130.
    We first deal with a few preliminary matters and discuss what-if any-distinct impact belief in moral error theory should have on our moral practice. Second, we describe what is involved in giving an answer to our leading question and take notice of some factors that are relevant to what an adequate answer might look like. We also argue that the specific details of adequate answers to our leading question will depend largely on context. Third, we consider three extant answers to (...) our leading question: fictionalism, conservationism, and abolitionism. Of these three, conservationism seems most promising. However, conservationism leaves pertinent questions unanswered. In order to provide answers to these questions, and ultimately to provide an answer to our leading question, conservationism needs to be supplemented, yielding an account we call “negotiationism.” This final proposal is not neat and tidy, but it might work reasonably well in the moral environment in which error theorists are likely to find themselves. (shrink)
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  16.  43
    From probabilities to percepts.Bjorn Merker -2012 - In Shimon Edelman, Tomer Fekete & Neta Zach,Being in Time: Dynamical Models of Phenomenal Experience. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 88--37.
  17.  86
    Emile the citizen? A reassessment of the relationship between private education and citizenship in Rousseau’s political thought.Bjorn Gomes -2018 -European Journal of Political Theory 17 (2):194-213.
    It is often said that the claims of man and citizen are irreconcilable in the philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. This view, most famously articulated by Judith Shklar, holds that the making of a man and the making of a citizen are to be understood as rival enterprises or competing alternatives. This reading has recently been challenged by Frederick Neuhouser. He argues that one can make a man and a citizen, but only if the education of each is performed in the (...) absence of the other. In his view, Emile is raised to be a man first (Books I–IV) before his subsequent instruction in citizenship (Book V). This paper challenges both views. I argue that the making of man and citizen are, in principle, neither rival enterprises nor competing alternatives, and that although Neuhouser is indeed correct to argue for a successive system of education, the making of a citizen is not completed in Emile, but extends into the Social Contract. His account diminishes the crucial role the Lawgiver plays in the fashioning of citizens capable of discerning the general will. I show that although raising individuals under a system of private instruction does not preclude their transformation into citizens but makes such a transformation possible, it is on its own incapable of making citizens. (shrink)
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  18.  120
    What is natural selection?Björn Brunnander -2007 -Biology and Philosophy 22 (2):231-246.
    ‘Natural selection’ is, it seems, an ambiguous term. It is sometimes held to denote a consequence of variation, heredity, and environment, while at other times as denoting a force that creates adaptations. I argue that the latter, the force interpretation, is a redundant notion of natural selection. I will point to difficulties in making sense of this linguistic practise, and argue that it is frequently at odds with standard interpretations of evolutionary theory. I provide examples to show this; one example (...) involving the relation between adaptations and other traits, and a second involving the relation between selection and drift. (shrink)
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  19.  25
    Managing Value Tensions in Collective Social Entrepreneurship: The Role of Temporal, Structural, and Collaborative Compromise.Björn C. Mitzinneck &Marya L. Besharov -2019 -Journal of Business Ethics 159 (2):381-400.
    Social entrepreneurship increasingly involves collective, voluntary organizing efforts where success depends on generating and sustaining members’ participation. To investigate how such participatory social ventures achieve member engagement in pluralistic institutional settings, we conducted a qualitative, inductive study of German Renewable Energy Source Cooperatives. Our findings show how value tensions emerge from differences in RESCoop members’ relative prioritization of community, environmental, and commercial logics, and how cooperative leaders manage these tensions and sustain member participation through temporal, structural, and collaborative compromise strategies. (...) We unpack the mechanisms by which each strategy enables members to justify organizational decisions that violate their personal value priorities and demonstrate their varying implications for organizational growth. Our findings contribute new insights into the challenges of collective social entrepreneurship, the capacity of hybrid organizing strategies to mitigate value concessions, and the importance of logic combinability as a key dimension of pluralistic institutional settings. (shrink)
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  20.  28
    Derrida and Technology: Life, Politics, and Religion: Translated by Stephen Donovan.Björn Sjöstrand -2021 - Springer Verlag.
    This book is the first monograph that takes a comprehensive approach to Jacques Derrida as a philosopher of technology. It refines and complements his mainstream image as a philosopher of language and deconstructionist of classical literary and philosophical texts. This volume outlines the key features of Derrida’s alternative philosophy of technology, a philosophy which Sjöstrand argues, avoids the problems associated with, on the one hand, a Heideggerian orientation, which completely separates thinking and technology and, on the other, an empirically oriented (...) ”post-phenomenology” that can be said to be hegemonic within the field today. Based on a sustained interpretation of Derrida, and a robust, coherent philosophy of technology, a phenomenology of technology is developed that, in a radical way, extends the concept of technology to cover the entire field of phenomenology. This places the technological not in opposition to humanity, but rather always already in close proximity to man and, consequently, to life, ethics, politics, democracy and religion. Strikingly, this important aspect of Derrida’s thinking is only rarely analyzed or discussed by his many exegetes. This text appeals to graduates and researchers working on Derrida, phenomenology, and the philosophy of technology. (shrink)
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  21. On designing and evaluating teaching sequences taking geometrical optics as an example.Björn Andersson &Frank Bach -2005 -Science Education 89 (2):196-218.
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  22.  4
    Modernismens åldrande: Theodor W. Adorno och den moderna konstens kris.Björn Billing -2001 - Stockholm/Stehag: Brutus Östlings Bokförlag Symposium.
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  23.  31
    Discussion note : Did Darwin really answer Paley's question?Björn Brunnander -unknown
    It is commonly thought that natural selection explains the rise of adaptive complexity. Razeto-Barry and Frick have recently argued in favour of this view, dubbing it the Creative View. I argue that the Creative View is mistaken if it claims that natural selection serves to answer Paley’s question. This is shown by a case that brings out the contrastive structure inherent in this demand for explanation. There is, however, a rather trivial sense in which specific environmental conditions are crucial for (...) the rise of specific adaptations, but this is hardly what opponents of the Creative View are denying. (shrink)
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  24. Rec av Thomas Wetterström: Toward a theory of basic ethics.Björn Eriksson -1989 -Norsk Filosofisk Tidsskrift 10 (4):28.
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  25.  81
    Understanding Narrative Explanation.Björn Eriksson -2005 -Croatian Journal of Philosophy 5 (2):317-344.
    The paper describes and defends an eclectic approach to narrative explanation in history and social sciences (as well as in natural history). The view of narrative explanation defended allows combinations of several recent ideas concerning the nature of narrative explanation.The guiding idea is that the explanatory power of narratives consists in their capacity to accommodate various forms of explanations and interpretations. Narrative explanations are seen as theories abouthappenings that may consist of diverse forms of explanations, interpretations and explanation sketches. There (...) is no single form of narrative explanation, rather narrative is seen as a form tor synthesizing various explanations.Several problems concerning explanation and narrative are discussed with relation to the proposed approach: laws in explanations, literary or fictional aspects of narratives, relativism, constructivism and noncognitivism or antirealism. Hayden White’s theory of the explanatory role of “emplotment” is discussed and criticized.The upshot is that the eclectic approach defended does not face any problems unique to it: problems faced are general epistemological problem. The literary aspects of historical narrative are interpreted as normative and rhetorical, making the relevance of these aspects tor narrative explanation depend on the question whether there are legitimate moral explanations. (shrink)
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  26. State of Charge Observer for Hybrid Vehicles.Bjorn Falth -1994 - In Stephen Everson,Language: Companions to Ancient Thought, Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 280--5316.
     
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  27.  10
    (1 other version)Outline of a Naturalized Externalistic Epistemology.Bjorn Haglund -2013 - In Christer Svennerlind, Almäng Jan & Rögnvaldur Ingthorsson,Johanssonian Investigations: Essays in Honour of Ingvar Johansson on His Seventieth Birthday. Frankfurt: Ontos Verlag. pp. 5--22.
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  28.  11
    Peter Euben: Platonic Noise. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2003.Björn Hammar -2003 -Foro Interno. Anuario de Teoría Política 3:146-148.
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  29.  13
    A General Sense of Common Interest.Björn Petersson -unknown
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  30. Hjärnklyvning – ett tveeggat argument.Björn Petersson -1993 -Filosofisk Tidskrift 1993 (1).
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  31.  31
    The concept of group identification and some of its implications.Björn Petersson -unknown
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  32. Islamism: Cromwell's Ghost in the Middle East'.Björn Olav Utvik -1997 - In Stein Tønnesson,Between national histories and global history. Helsingfors: FHS.
     
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  33.  208
    The second mistake in moral mathematics is not about the worth of mere participation.Björn Petersson -2004 -Utilitas 16 (3):288-315.
    ‘The Second Mistake’ (TSM) is to think that if an act is right or wrong because of its effects, the only relevant effects are the effects of this particular act. This is not (as some think) a truism, since ‘the effects of this particular act’ and ‘its effects’ need not co-refer. Derek Parfit's rejection of TSM is based mainly on intuitions concerning sets of acts that over-determine certain harms. In these cases, each act belongs to the relevant set in virtue (...) of a causal relation (other than marginal contribution) to a specific harmful event. This feature may make an act wrong, in a fashion consequentialists could admit. That explication of TSM does not rely on the questionable assumption that the set of acts is what harms here. Independently of this, there are several other reasons to prefer it to the ‘mere participation’ approach. Correspondence:c1bjorn[email protected]. (shrink)
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  34.  73
    Models as icons: modeling models in the semiotic framework of Peirce’s theory of signs.Björn Kralemann &Claas Lattmann -2013 -Synthese 190 (16):3397-3420.
    In this paper, we try to shed light on the ontological puzzle pertaining to models and to contribute to a better understanding of what models are. Our suggestion is that models should be regarded as a specific kind of signs according to the sign theory put forward by Charles S. Peirce, and, more precisely, as icons, i.e. as signs which are characterized by a similarity relation between sign (model) and object (original). We argue for this (1) by analyzing from a (...) semiotic point of view the representational relation which is characteristic of models. We then corroborate our hypothesis (2) by discussing the conceptual differences between icons, i.e. models, and indexical and symbolic signs and (3) by putting forward a general classification of all icons into three functional subclasses (images, diagrams, and metaphors). Subsequently, we (4) integratively refine our results by resorting to two influential and, as can be shown, complementary philosophy of science approaches to models. This yields the following result: models are determined by a semiotic structure in which a subject intentionally uses an object, i.e. the model, as a sign for another object, i.e. the original, in the context of a chosen theory or language in order to attain a specific end by instituting a representational relation in which the syntactic structure of the model, i.e. its attributes and relations, represents by way of a mapping the properties of the original, which hence are regarded as similar in a relevant manner. (shrink)
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  35.  143
    The integrated information theory of consciousness: A case of mistaken identity.Bjorn Merker,Kenneth Williford &David Rudrauf -2022 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 45:e41.
    Giulio Tononi's integrated information theory (IIT) proposes explaining consciousness by directly identifying it with integrated information. We examine the construct validity of IIT's measure of consciousness,phi(Φ), by analyzing its formal properties, its relation to key aspects of consciousness, and its co-variation with relevant empirical circumstances. Our analysis shows that IIT's identification of consciousness with the causal efficacy with which differentiated networks accomplish global information transfer (which is what Φ in fact measures) is mistaken. This misidentification has the consequence of requiring (...) the attribution of consciousness to a range of natural systems and artifacts that include, but are not limited to, large-scale electrical power grids, gene-regulation networks, some electronic circuit boards, and social networks. Instead of treating this consequence of the theory as a disconfirmation, IIT embraces it. By regarding these systems as bearers of consciousnessex hypothesi, IIT is led toward the orbit of panpsychist ideation. This departure from science as we know it can be avoided by recognizing the functional misattribution at the heart of IIT's identity claim. We show, for example, what function is actually performed, at least in the human case, by the cortical combination of differentiation with integration that IIT identifies with consciousness. Finally, we examine what lessons may be drawn from IIT's failure to provide a credible account of consciousness for progress in the very active field of research concerned with exploring the phenomenon from formal and neural points of view. (shrink)
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  36.  45
    Music structure determines heart rate variability of singers.Björn Vickhoff,Helge Malmgren,Rickard Åström,Gunnar Nyberg,Seth-Reino Ekström,Mathias Engwall,Johan Snygg,Michael Nilsson &Rebecka Jörnsten -2013 -Frontiers in Psychology 4.
  37.  308
    Collective Omissions and Responsibility.Björn Petersson -2008 -Philosophical Papers 37 (2):243-261.
    Sometimes it seems intuitively plausible to hold loosely structured sets of individuals morally responsible for failing to act collectively. Virginia Held, Larry May, and Torbj rn T nnsj have all drawn this conclusion from thought experiments concerning small groups, although they apply the conclusion to large-scale omissions as well. On the other hand it is commonly assumed that (collective) agency is a necessary condition for (collective) responsibility. If that is true, then how can we hold sets of people responsible for (...) not having acted collectively? This paper argues that that loosely structured inactive groups sometimes meet this requirement if we employ a weak (but nonetheless non-reductionist) notion of collective agency. This notion can be defended on independent grounds. The resulting position on distribution of responsibility is more restrictive than Held's, May's or T nnsj 's, and this consequence seems intuitively attractive. (shrink)
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  38.  68
    Utilitarianism for Sinners.Björn Eriksson -1997 -American Philosophical Quarterly 34 (2):213 - 228.
    It is argued that utilitarianism should be reformulated as a scalar theory admitting of degrees of wrongdoing. It is also argued that the degree of wrongness of an action should be sensitive both to the relative valueloss the action results in and to the difficulty of having acted better. A version of utilitarianism meeting these specifications is forumalted.
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  39.  61
    Chesterton's Influence in Norway.Bjorn Are Davidsen -1984 -The Chesterton Review 10 (3):360-362.
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  40. Recension av Torsten Petterson.Björn Eriksson -1989 -Norsk Filosofisk Tidsskrift 10 (3):38.
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  41.  15
    Mediävistische Wissenschaftsblogs – Einführung und Überblick.Björn Gebert -2015 -Das Mittelalter 20 (2):416-422.
    Name der Zeitschrift: Das Mittelalter Jahrgang: 20 Heft: 2 Seiten: 416-422.
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  42. Contra Bealer's reductio of Direct Reference Theory.Bjorn Jespersen &Marian Zouhar -2011 -Logique Et Analyse 54 (216):487-502.
  43. Causal induction enables adaptive decision making.Björn Meder &York Hagmayer -2009 - In N. A. Taatgen & H. van Rijn,Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.
     
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  44. Time, Inertia and the Medical Cyborg: Jean-Dominique Bauby's The Diving Bell and the Butterfly.Bjorn Nansen -2007 - In Jan Lloyd Jones,Art and Time. Australian Scholarly Publishing. pp. 207.
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  45.  16
    An Ambiguity in Tuomela's 'We-mode'.Björn Petersson -unknown
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  46.  18
    Collective Suffering.Björn Petersson -unknown
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  47.  27
    Overdetermination, responsibility and causal involvement.Björn Petersson -unknown
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  48. Brief notices-representations of power in medieval germany, 800-1500.Bjorn Weiler &Simon MacLean -2007 -Speculum 82 (1):264.
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  49.  107
    Analysis of Generative Mechanisms.Björn Blom &Stefan Morén -2011 -Journal of Critical Realism 10 (1):60-79.
    The focus of this article is the analysis of generative mechanisms, a basic concept and phenomenon within the metatheoretical perspective of critical realism. It is emphasized that research questions and methods, as well as the knowledge it is possible to attain, depend on the basic view – ontologically and epistemologically – regarding the phenomenon under scrutiny. A generative mechanism is described as a trans empirical but real existing entity, explaining why observable events occur. Mechanisms are mostly possible to grasp only (...) indirectly by analytical work, based however on empirical observations. In order to achieve such an explanatory analysis, five methodological steps are suggested and discussed, among them abduction and retroduction. These steps are illustrated throughout by examples drawn from empirical research regarding social work practice. The article is concluded with a discussion of the need for knowledge of generative mechanisms. (shrink)
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  50.  36
    Both Reaction Time and Accuracy Measures of Intraindividual Variability Predict Cognitive Performance in Alzheimer's Disease.Björn U. Christ,Marc I. Combrinck &Kevin G. F. Thomas -2018 -Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 12.
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