The Significance of the Lvov-Warsaw School in the European Culture.Jan Woleński,Friedrich Stadler &Anna Brożek (eds.) -2017 - Cham, Switzerland: Springer Verlag.detailsThis volume is a result of the international symposium “The Tradition of the Lvov-Warsaw School in European Culture,” which took place in Warsaw, Poland, September 2015. It collects almost all the papers presented at the symposium as well as some additional ones. The contributors include scholars from Austria, the Netherlands, Ireland, and Poland. The papers are devoted to the history and reception of the Lvov-Warsaw School, a Polish branch of analytic philosophy. They present the School’s achievements as well as its (...) connections to other analytic groups. The contributors also show how the tradition of the School is developed contemporarily. The title will appeal to historians of analytic philosophy as well as historians of philosophy in Central Europe. (shrink)
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Maria Kokoszyńska: Between the Lvov-Warsaw School and the Vienna Circle.Anna Brożek -2017 -Journal for the History of Analytical Philosophy 5 (2).detailsMaria Kokoszyńska-Lutmanowa was one of the most outstanding female representatives of the Lvov-Warsaw School. After achieving her PhD in philosophy under Kazimierz Twardowski’s supervision, she was Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz’s assistant. She was also influenced by Alfred Tarski whose results in semantics she analyzed and popularized. After World War II, she got the chair of logic in University of Wrocław and she organized studies in logic in this academic center. In the 1930s, Kokoszyńska kept in contact with members of the Vienna Circle (...) and became a kind of connecting factor between Polish logicians and the Viennese group. In Poland, she presented the views of members of the Vienna Circle. In Vienna, she emphasized the results of her Polish colleagues. In the present paper, some of Kokoszyńska’s results connected with the matters discussed in the Vienna Circle are presented, namely with the problem of metaphysics, the status of logic and the idea of unity of science. (shrink)
Jan Łukasiewicz’s program of the logicization of philosophy: its genesis, content and realizations.Anna Brożek -2022 -Synthese 200 (3):1-24.detailsIn the paper, Jan Łukasiewicz’s program of the logicization of philosophy is presented and discussed. Łukasiewicz, known mostly for his invention of trivalent logic as well as his achievements in propositional calculus and metalogic, had always been concerned with the methodological condition of philosophy. He finally found “the measure of exactness” in mathematical logic. According to him, only the use of logical tools may provide philosophical investigations with an appropriate level of exactness. He expressed his views most firmly and directly (...) in the paper, “A call for the method of Philosophy”. Łukasiewicz proposed giving philosophical theories the form of axiomatic systems by indicating the primitive terms of their language, selecting suitable axioms, and explicitly determining the applied rules of inference. All the theses of these systems should be consequences of the accepted axioms and confronted with the data of experience and the results of science. Łukasiewicz’s program is presented together with its inspirations and prospects. (shrink)
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Tradition of the Lvov-Warsaw School : Ideas and Continuations.Anna Brożek,Alicja Chybińska,Jacek Jadacki &Jan Woleński (eds.) -2015 - Boston: Brill | Rodopi.detailsThe volume aims to show the variety of research currents of the Lvov-Warsaw School and the ways in which these currents are developed today. The content of the book is divided into three parts: “Logic and Semiotics”, “Metaphysics and Ontology”, and “Psychology and Sociology”.
Rekonstrukcja pojęć w Szkole Lwowsko-Warszawskiej. Teoria i praktyka.Anna Brożek -2022 -Roczniki Filozoficzne 70 (2):155-179.detailsPojęcia były zawsze jednym z najważniejszych obiektów badań filozoficznych. Szczególnie duży wkład do teorii analizy pojęć wnieśli przedstawiciele polskiej gałęzi XX-wiecznej filozofii analitycznej, czyli Szkoły Lwowsko-Warszawskiej. Badaniom filozoficznym w tej szkole przyświecał postulat jasności myślenia i mowy. Analiza i doskonalenie pojęć oraz języka filozoficznego jako ich nośnika były naturalnym wyrazem programu metodologicznego, jaki formacji tej nadał jej założyciel, Kazimierz Twardowski. W artykule przedstawiona jest procedura rekonstrukcji pojęć, stosowana powszechnie w szkole Twardowskiego. Okazuje się, że pomimo głębokich niekiedy różnic między poszczególnymi (...) przedstawicielami SLW da się wskazać pewne rysy wspólne prowadzonych w szkole badań nad pojęciami. Są to przede wszystkim moment kategorialny i moment konstrukcyjny, ze względu na który całą procedurę najlepiej określić właśnie jako „rekonstrukcję”. Bliżej zostały omówione dwa przykłady rekonstrukcji pojęć: praca Jana Łukasiewicza dotycząca pojęcia przyczyny oraz wyniki Alfreda Tarskiego dotyczące pojęcia prawdy. (shrink)
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Carnap and the Members of the Lvov–Warsaw School. Carnap’s Warsaw Lectures in the Polish context.Anna Brożek -2021 - In Christian Damböck & Gereon Wolters,Der Junge Carnap in Historischem Kontext: 1918–1935 / Young Carnap in an Historical Context: 1918–1935. Springer Verlag. pp. 205-221.detailsIn March 1930, Alfred Tarski visited Vienna and delivered few lectures which presented the achievements of the logical branch of the Lvov-Warsaw School. Rudolf Carnap was one of the most careful listeners of these lectures. The same year, in November, Carnap, invited by the Warsaw Philosophical Society, visited Warsaw where he gave three lectures. This was an opportunity for him to meet such members the Lvov-Warsaw School as Jan Łukasiewicz, Stanisław Leśniewski, Tadeusz Kotarbiński, and others. Many years later, Carnap reminisced (...) that he left Warsaw “grateful for many stimulating suggestions and the fruitful exchange of ideas”.In the paper, I reconstruct the details of Carnap’s visit in Warsaw based on Carnap’s diaries, reports published in the Polish Journal Ruch Filozoficzny [Philosophical Movement] and some correspondence. I also discuss some problems presented by Carnap in Warsaw lectures and compare his views to the positons of members of the Lvov-Warsaw School. These problems are: the foundations of psychology, the status of metaphysical sentences, and the character of reasoning. (shrink)
Pytania w opisie analitycznym. Logika erotetyczna z metodologicznego punktu widzenia.Anna Brożek -2021 -Roczniki Filozoficzne 69 (4):259-280.detailsThe article presents the method of analytic description as applied in the theory of questions. This procedure, described by Tadeusz Czeżowski and broadly used in the Lvov-Warsaw School, is applied first of all at the pre-theoretic stage of research, namely to construct the conceptual scheme of a given discipline and to classify the objects of investigations. Ajdukiewicz’s theory of questions and its developments, in particular recent works of Adam Jonkisz, are presented as examples of the applications of this method. Analytic (...) description is contrasted with other procedures, which differ from it with respect to the empirical basis and theoretical perspective. On this background, differences between various currents in erotetic research as well as the sources of misunderstandings between the representatives of these currents are explained. (shrink)
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Bocheński on authority.Anna Brożek -2013 -Studies in East European Thought 65 (1-2):115-133.detailsJózef Maria Bocheński introduced an important distinction between deontic and epistemic authority. A typical example of epistemic authority is the relation of a teacher to his students; a typical example of deontic authority is the relation between an employer and his employee. The difference between the two lies in domains of authority: declarative sentences make up the domain in the case of epistemic authority, orders—in the domain of deontic authority. In the article, I analyze in detail the concepts of the (...) two kinds of authority and propose some new explications. The concept of epistemic authority is distinguished from the concept of infallibility and expertise; and the concept of deontic authority is distinguished from the concept of sovereign. I interpret various kinds of deontic authority in the light of the theory of imperative sentences. The concepts of gradation and de-gradation of authority are introduced and explicated. (shrink)
Our resolutions and their causes: Twardowski on free will in ethical and legal contexts.Anna Brożek -forthcoming -Theoria:e12577.detailsThe paper aimed to reconstruct Twardowski's approach to the problem of free will and his analyses of the consequences of various solutions to this problem in ethics and criminal law. According to Twardowski, if we understand ‘free will’ as the possibility of making resolutions other than actually made, then (most probably) nobody has free will. Our resolutions are determined by a set of mental dispositions (character) and incentives that activate these dispositions. However, the existence of freedom of will such understood (...) is not a necessary condition for the correct functioning of ethical systems or criminal law. On the contrary, ethical systems and criminal law seem to assume that at least some of our resolutions are determined by our relatively stable dispositions. Only then can these resolutions and the actions that follow them be ascribed to certain agents. Twardowski's views on free will are presented here in the context of the metaphilosophical positions of the Lvov–Warsaw School, the central European branch of analytic philosophy. His position is also juxtaposed with Brentano's view of free will and Łukasiewicz's approach to the determinism/indeterminism debate. This juxtaposition illustrates the variety of philosophical positions and the diversity of the metaphilosophical toolkit applied in early analytic philosophy. (shrink)
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Jan Łukasiewicz and His German Ally. A History of Łukasiewicz-Scholz Cooperation and Friendship.Anna Brożek -2024 -Studia Humana 13 (2):9-22.detailsThe article presents interpersonal relations and mutual influences between German logician Heinrich Scholz and Polish scholars, first of all Jan Łukasiewicz. The background for presenting these relationships consists of reflections on the development of logic in Poland and various conceptions of how to apply logic to philosophical issues. Firstly, Jan Łukasiewicz’s program of logicisation of philosophy and his search for allies is presented. Secondly, the forms of cooperation between Łukasiewicz and Scholz, as well as contacts between the latter and other (...) Polish scholars are sketched. Finally, forms of Scholz’s help to Polish friends during the tumultuous period of World War II are examined. The article provides also some reflections on the approach to logic in various European centers of analytic philosophy and historical comments on the continuity of philosophical and logical schools. (shrink)
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„Wiara oświeconych”. Uwagi metodologiczne o rozprawie Władysława Witwickiego oraz kilka przykładów stosunku „oświeconych” do Boga i wiary.Anna Brożek -2019 -Roczniki Filozoficzne 67 (1):35-63.detailsThe first part of the article contains a logical reconstruction and a methodological analysis of some aspects of the famous Władysław Witiwcki’s work “Faith of Enlightened”. In particular, the classifications of believers and the principles of these classifications are analyzed; methodological errors committed by Witwicki are indicated. In the second part of the text, Witwicki's distinctions are illustrated by attitudes towards God and faith represented by four representatives of the Lvov-Warsaw School: Kazimierz Twardowski, Jan Łukasiewicz, Tadeusz Kotarbiński, and Józef Maria (...) Bocheński. (shrink)
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Performatives and Imperatives.Anna Brożek -2011 -European Journal of Analytic Philosophy 7 (2):17-34.detailsThe term “performative” is used in at least two different senses. In the first sense, performatives are generatives, i.e. expressions by the use of which one creates new deontic states of affairs on the ground of extralinguistic conventions. In the second sense, performatives are operatives, i.e. expressions which contain verbal predicates and state their own utterances. In the article, both these types of expressions are compared to the class of imperatives which are characterized as expressions of the form “Let x (...) see to it that p” and typically express wishes. It is claimed that (1) only these imperatives are generatives which are uttered by deontic authorities, (2) no imperative is an imperative sensu stricto; (3) imperative operatives are used instead of “pure” imperatives in order to emphasize the force of resolution. (shrink)
Izydora Dąmbska: The First Lady of the Twentieth-Century Polish Philosophy.Anna Brożek &Jacek Jadacki -2018 - In Urszula Wybraniec-Skardowska & Ángel Garrido,The Lvov-Warsaw School. Past and Present. Cham, Switzerland: Springer- Birkhauser,. pp. 223-233.detailsIzydora Dąmbska was one of the most creative women-representatives of the Lvov-Warsaw School. The paper presents her extraordinary personality, life, as well as the list of her main works and the greatest scientific achievements. The main area of her interest was the logic of natural language, methodology and the history of Greek semiotics. She gave meticulous analysis of the relation between conventionalism on one hand, and relativism, scepticism and agnosticism on the other. In semiotics, she proposed new approach to the (...) problem of empty names and material implication, of the correct definition of truth, as well as of pragmatic functions of silence and namelessness. In methodology, her reconstruction of the notion of scientific laws is of great importance. (shrink)
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Knowledge, Language and Silence: Selected Papers.Anna Brożek &Jacek Jadacki (eds.) -2016 - Boston: Brill | Rodopi.detailsIzydora Dąmbska was a Polish philosopher; a student of Kazimierz Twardowski, and his last assistant. The present volume includes twenty eight translations of her representative papers.
Ajdukiewicz’s Semantic Turn.Anna Brożek -2023 -Przeglad Filozoficzny - Nowa Seria 32:77-94.detailsAjdukiewicz called his article Problemat idealizmu transcendentalnego w sformułowaniu semantycznym [The Semantic Version of Transcendental Idealism], published in “Przegląd Filozoficzny” in 1937, a “turning point” of his philosophical development. The aim of the paper is to present various aspects of this turn. Firstly, the historical and philosophical background of the 1937 paper is sketched. It includes the metaphilosophical position of the Lvov‑Warsaw School, and the development of methods applied in this group. Secondly, Ajdukiewicz’s ideas up to 1937 are outlined in (...) order to present what the semantic turn consisted in. Next, the program of the semantic theory of knowledge is sketched, and the steps of Ajdukiewicz’s argumentation against transcendental idealism, with an emphasis on the use of metalogical and semantic results, are presented. Finally, Ajdukiewicz’s proposal is discussed from the methodological point of view. (shrink)
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Kazimierz Twardowski: A Great Teacher of Great Philosophers.Anna Brożek -2018 - In Urszula Wybraniec-Skardowska & Ángel Garrido,The Lvov-Warsaw School. Past and Present. Cham, Switzerland: Springer- Birkhauser,. pp. 15-32.detailsKazimierz Twardowski was the founder of the Lvov-Warsaw School, one of the greatest phenomena in the European culture. The School had its representatives in all scientific disciplines, logic and mathematics including. Among his pupils are such great figures of European philosophy like: Jan Łukasiewicz, Stanisław Leśniewski, Tadeusz Kotarbiński, Władysław Tatarkiewicz and Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz. The paper presents his life and various fields of his rich activity, as well as the list of his main works and the greatest achievements in philosophy. He (...) is best known in the world as the author of the distinction presentation-object-content, act-product, as well as the supporter of the postulate of clarity of thought and speech and the critic of psychologism, relativity of truth, symbolomania and pragmatophobia in science. (shrink)
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Axiological Intuitionism in the Lvov-Warsaw School.Anna Brożek -2015 -Etyka 50:49-72.detailsThe article discusses the metaethical views of the philosophers associated with the Lvov-Warsaw School, namely Tadeusz Czeżowski, Tadeusz Kotarbiński, Marian Przełęcki, and Władysław Tatarkiewicz. The common feature of their views is the presence of axiological intuition, understood as direct cognition of values. The similarities as well as the differences between the views of the mentioned authors are listed. These analyses are preceded by conceptual distinctions between types of intuition and kinds of intuitionism.
Józef M. Bocheński and the categorial reconstruction of concepts in the Lvov–Warsaw School.Anna Brożek -2021 -Studies in East European Thought 74 (2):241-254.detailsIn this article, Józef M. Bocheński is presented as a representative of the methodological tendencies of the Lvov–Warsaw School. Special attention is given to the reconstructive analysis of concepts, the categorial trait of this procedure, and examples of its application by Bocheński. First, some historical and substantial arguments are presented for including Bocheński in the LWS. Secondly, the procedure of the reconstruction of concepts applied in the LWS is characterized. Then the attention turns to the categorial trait of the analysis (...) as indicated by Bocheński. Finally, two examples of Bocheński’s categorial reconstruction of concepts are presented. The article ends with a recapitulation and general remarks. (shrink)
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On Prejudices, Judgments, and Other Topics in Philosophy.Anna Brożek &Jacek Jadacki (eds.) -2014 - Brill | Rodopi.detailsThe volume contains almost thirty papers by Kazimierz Twardowski, the founder of the Lvov-Warsaw School. The papers are published in English for the first time. The papers concern fundamental problems of philosophy: the methods of philosophizing, the boundary of psychology and semiotics, the conceptual apparatus of metaphysics, ethical skepticism, the question of free will and ethical obligation, the aesthetics of music and so on. The systematic considerations are complemented by concise but excellent sketches of the philosophical views of Socrates, Aquinas, (...) Leibniz, Spencer, Nietzsche, and Bergson. (shrink)
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The Significance of Kazimierz Twardowski in Philosophy and Culture.Anna Brożek -2014 -Pro-Fil 15 (1):32.detailsThe paper presents the academic personality of Kazimierz Twardowski (1866-1938). Twardowski was born and educated in Vienna, where he was a student of Franz Brentano. After achieving habilitation, he moved to Lvov, where he organized serious philosophical research and became the founder of the Lvov-Warsaw School of philosophy and logic. The Twardowski’s achievements in three dimensions: as a teacher, as an organizer and as a scientist are briefly described.
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O rozumowaniach imperatywnych.Anna Brożek &Jacek Jadacki -2023 -Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Philosophica. Ethica-Aesthetica-Practica 25:133-149.detailsWe assume that the imperative reasoning is a reasoning containing at least one step which is an imperative (or rather its content). At the same time, we understand the term "imperative" as a synonym of "imperative sentence". We assume that in its main usage, imperatives express a certain volitional act: namely, a will of realizing a certain state of affairs. In our opinion, such characterization is related to the contents of imperatives; we call these contents "prescriptions", remembering that in untypical (...) usages prescriptions are not expressed by imperatives. Traditional approach to the processes of reasoning takes into account only these mental processes steps of which are declaratives or declarative sentences (or rather their contents – i.e. judgments). If processes of imperative reasoning are to belong to the range of the term "reasoning", the notion of reasoning has to receive a new, enlarging explication. We propose such an explication in the paper. (shrink)
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Formal and Informal Methods in Philosophy.Marcin Będkowski,Anna Brożek,Alicja Chybińska,Stepan Ivanyk &Dominik Traczykowski (eds.) -2020 - Boston: Brill | Rodopi.detailsThe title of this book refers to the tension between formal and informal elements in the ways analytical philosophy is practiced. The authors examine questions of the scopes and limits of both kinds of research methods.
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A Generalized Notion Of Reasoning.Anna Brożek &Jacek Jadacki -2012 -Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia 7 (1):105-119.detailsThe article proposes some extension of the concept of reasoning that includes also operations on interrogative sentences and imperative sentences , or rather on their contents — interrogations and prescriptions. Key words REASONING.
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At the Sources of the Twentieth-Century Analytical Movement: Kazimierz Twardowski and His Position in European Philosophy.Anna Brożek &Jacek Jadacki (eds.) -2022 - Boston: BRILL.detailsThe Lvov-Warsaw School was one of the most important currents in the 20th-century analytical movement. Kazimierz Twardowski, a student Franz Brentano and a professor of philosophy in Lvov, was the founder and at the same time an outstanding representative of the School. The papers included into the volume present comprehensively Twardowski’s views and indicate what his lasting contribution to philosophy consists of.
(2 other versions)Chapter VI. The Structure of Natural-Language Questions.Anna Brożek -unknown -Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities 99:129-169.detailsBefore presenting the analysis of logical form of questions, I shall make some comments concerning questions in natural language. By utilizing examples of such questions I shall try to justify my conception of the semiotic function of questions and provide a basis for my analysis of their structure. One of the main aims of this chapter is to introduce definitions of erotetic concepts which I will use in the subsequent parts of the book and to sketch definitional connections between elements (...) of the erotetic conceptual scheme. (shrink)
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Chapter XV. Questions in Surveys.Anna Brożek -unknown -Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities 99:315-330.detailsSurvey - or research conducted with the help of questionnaires - is one of the most important methods in sociology. That is why I shall present the problems concerning of surveys and questionnaires on the example of sociology. But one has to remember that the remarks made in this chapter also refer to questionnaires in other disciplines in which one examines human beings and communities.
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Chapter XI. The Analysis of Erotetic Situation.Anna Brożek -unknown -Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities 99:241-259.detailsIn this chapter, I sketch the aspects of erotetic which, on the one hand, are not presented in previous chapters, and, on the other hand, are important with respect to some practical applications of erotetics which are presented in the third part of the book. I start from describing the modifications of a typical erotetic situation and indicating some kinds of questions put in untypical situations. Furthermore, I shall concentrate on the situational concepts of an answer. The last part of (...) the chapter is devoted to the concept of the lie in questions and answers. (shrink)
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Filozofia nowej muzyki – rediviva.Anna Brożek -2011 -Semina Scientiarum 10:10-20.detailsProblems of the philosophy of music may be divided into three domain: ontological, epistemological and axiological one. In the ontological domain, the ontological status of such objects as sounds and wholes composed of them, especially of musical compositions, is a leading problem. In the epistemological domain, the problem of how to obtain the adequate cognition of music plays a similar role. Finely, in the axiological domain, one finds the problem of what is the general value of musical composition which is (...) based on partial values of different kinds as a crucial problem. In the paper, I analyze these problems from the point of view of traditional music and describe how the perspective changes if we take new music into considerations. (shrink)
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Intuicje modalne.Anna Brożek &Jacek J. Jadacki -2008 -Roczniki Filozoficzne 56 (1):39-59.detailsThe authors proposes a philosophical hinterland of nomological type for various conceptions of alethic modalities. Differences among these conceptions are explained by the fact, that modalizators can be relativized to various types of laws. Thus one can speak respectively about logic and definitional, ontical and physical, technical and dispositional, psychological and methodological, and finally deontic modalities. The authors shows that in their conceptual apparatus modal logics find intuitive interpretation more clear and ontologically more cautious than the semantics of possible worlds (...) philosophically interpreted. The nomological explication of main notions of this semantics (like “possible world” and “accessibility relation”) is also given. (shrink)