Results for 'Alex Warleigh'
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- Frozen: Citizenship and European unification.AlexWarleigh -1998 -Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 1 (4):113-151.Citizenship issues are in the vanguard of the democratization process of the European Union. As a result, much academic debate has centred on the significance, worth, and potential of the status of European Union citizen bestowed on all member state nationals by the Maastricht Treaty. This article traces the growing debate on ‘European’ citizenship in the form of a literature review. It places the debate in the context of the EU's own evolution and argues that citizenship, whether broadly or narrowly (...) conceived, is currently in a frozen condition, since it was one of the major issues whose discussion was postponed by the member governments at the Amsterdam summit of 1997. Nonetheless, the creation of the status of EU citizen has unleashed expectations of greater inclusivity in decision making which the EU cannot afford to ignore if the democratization process is to continue. The likely result is an experiment in post‐national citizenship based on a multilevel Europolity and the separation of ethnic and political memberships. (shrink)
- Philosophy of Medicine.Alex Broadbent -2018 - New York, NY: Oup Usa.Philosophy of Medicine provides a fresh and comprehensive treatment of the topic. It offers a novel theory of the nature of medicine, and proposes a new attitude to medicine, aimed at improving the quality of debates between medical traditions and facilitating medicine's decolonization.
- ‘Ought’-contextualism beyond the parochial.Alex Worsnip -2019 -Philosophical Studies 176 (11):3099-3119.Despite increasing prominence, ‘ought’-contextualism is regarded with suspicion by most metaethicists. As I’ll argue, however, contextualism is a very weak claim, that every metaethicist can sign up to. The real controversy concerns how contextualism is developed. I then draw an oft-overlooked distinction between “parochial” contextualism—on which the contextually-relevant standards are those that the speaker, or others in her environment, subscribe to—and “aspirational” contextualism—on which the contextually-relevant standards are the objective standards for the relevant domain. However, I argue that neither view (...) is acceptable. I suggest an original compromise: “ecumenical contextualism”, on which some uses of ‘ought’ are parochial, others aspirational. Ecumenical contextualism is compatible with realism or antirealism, but either combination yields interesting results. And though it’s a cognitivist view, it is strengthened by incorporating an expressivist insight: for robustly normative usages of ‘ought’, the contextually-relevant standards must be endorsed by the speaker. (shrink)
- Lying despite telling the truth.Alex Wiegmann,Jana Samland &Michael R. Waldmann -2016 -Cognition 150 (C):37-42.
- Possibly false knowledge.Alex Worsnip -2015 -Journal of Philosophy 112 (5):225-246.Many epistemologists call themselves ‘fallibilists’. But many philosophers of language hold that the meaning of epistemic usages of ‘possible’ ensures a close knowledge- possibility link : a subject’s utterance of ‘it’s possible that not-p’ is true only if the subject does not know that p. This seems to suggest that whatever the core insight behind fallibilism is, it can’t be that a subject could have knowledge which is, for them, possibly false. I argue that, on the contrary, subjects can have (...) such possibly false knowledge. My ultimate aim, then, is to vindicate a very robust form of fallibilism. Uniquely, however, the account I offer does this while also allowing that concessive knowledge attributions – sentences of the form “I know that p, but it’s possible that not-p” – are not only infelicitous but actually false whenever uttered. The account predicts this result without conceding KPL. I argue that my account has the resources to explain some related cases for which the KPL account yields the wrong predictions. Taken as a whole, the linguistic data not only do not support the proposal that subjects cannot have possibly false knowledge, but indeed positively favor the proposal that they can. (shrink)
- Disagreement as Interpersonal Incoherence.Alex Worsnip -2019 -Res Philosophica 96 (2):245-268.In a narrow sense of ‘disagreement,’ you and I disagree iff we believe inconsistent propositions. But there are numerous cases not covered by this definition that seem to constitute disagreements in a wider sense: disagreements about what to do, disagreements in attitude, disagreements in credence, etc. This wider sense of disagreement plays an important role in metaethics and epistemology. But what is it to disagree in the wider sense? On the view I’ll defend, roughly, you and I disagree in the (...) wide sense iff we hold attitudes that it would be incoherent for a single individual to hold. I’ll argue that this captures the relevant cases, and explore the consequences for metaethical debates between expressivists and contextualists. My view has two broader upshots: that coherence is a theoretically important property, and that an apparently descriptive question—are two subjects disagreeing?—turns on a normative one—are their attitudes jointly incoherent? (shrink)
- Transfer effects between moral dilemmas: A causal model theory.Alex Wiegmann &Michael R. Waldmann -2014 -Cognition 131 (1):28-43.
- Technology and the Character of Contemporary Life: A Philosophical Inquiry.Alex C. Michalos -1986 -Noûs 20 (4):573-574.No categories
- Philosophy of epidemiology.Alex Broadbent -2016 - In Miriam Solomon, Jeremy R. Simon & Harold Kincaid,The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Medicine. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Empirically Investigating the Concept of Lying.Alex Wiegmann,Ronja Rutschmann &Pascale Https://Orcidorg Willemsen -2017 -Journal of the Indian Council of Philosophical Research 34 (3):591-609.Lying is an everyday moral phenomenon about which philosophers have written a lot. Not only the moral status of lying has been intensively discussed but also what it means to lie in the first place. Perhaps the most important criterion for an adequate definition of lying is that it fits with people’s understanding and use of this concept. In this light, it comes as a surprise that researchers only recently started to empirically investigate the folk concept of lying. In this (...) paper, we describe three experimental studies which address the following questions: Does a statement need to be objectively false in order to constitute lying? Does lying necessarily include the intention to deceive? Can one lie by omitting relevant facts? (shrink)
- Prediction, Understanding, and Medicine.Alex Broadbent -2018 -Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 43 (3):289-305.What is medicine? One obvious answer in the context of the contemporary clinical tradition is that medicine is the process of curing sick people. However, this “curative thesis” is not satisfactory, even when “cure” is defined generously and even when exceptions such as cosmetic surgery are set aside. Historian of medicine Roy Porter argues that the position of medicine in society has had, and still has, little to do with its ability to make people better. Moreover, the efficacy of medicine (...) for improving population health has been famously doubted by historians and epidemiologists. The curative thesis demands that we have mostly been stupid, duped, or staggeringly hopeful, given that medicine has not until recently offered more than a handful of effective cures. I suggest, in this article, that the core medical competence is neither to cure, nor to prevent, disease, but to understand and to predict it. I argue that this approach does a better job than the curative thesis at explaining why not all medicine is concerned with curative efforts and that it enjoys historical support from the ancient entanglement of prophecy and medicine and from the fact that medicine thrived for centuries with almost no effective cures and continues to thrive today in various forms that are mostly without curative efficacy. I suggest that this approach grounds a fairer approach to alternative, traditional, and other medical practices, as well as some fresh lessons for the development of mainstream medicine. (shrink)No categories
- Necessity of identity and Tarski's T‐schema.Alex Blum -2022 -Philosophical Investigations 46 (2):264-265.Philosophical Investigations, EarlyView.
- Causation and prediction in epidemiology: A guide to the “Methodological Revolution”.Alex Broadbent -2015 -Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 54:72-80.No categories
- Disease as a theoretical concept: The case of “HPV-itis”.Alex Broadbent -2014 -Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 48:250-257.If there is any value in the idea that disease is something other than the mere absence of health then that value must lie in the way that diseases are classified. This paper offers further development of a view advanced previously, the 'contrastive model' of disease: it develops the account to handle asymptomatic disease ; and in doing so it relates the model to a broadly biostatistical view of health. The developments are prompted by considering cancers featuring viruses as prominent (...) causes, since these appear to amount to cases where the prescriptions of the contrastive model could be followed, but aren't. The resulting irrelevance objection claims that the contrastive model is irrelevant to medical science and practice. The paper seeks to rebut the irrelevance objection. (shrink)
- On the relative expressiveness of description logics and predicate logics.Alex Borgida -1996 -Artificial Intelligence 82 (1-2):353-367.
- The Hevajra Tantra. A Critical Study.Alex Wayman &D. L. Snellgrove -1960 -Journal of the American Oriental Society 80 (2):159.No categories
- The ‘common good’ spirituality of Louis-Joseph Lebret and his influence in the Constitution and development thinking in Brazil.Alex Villas Boas &André Folloni -2021 -Journal of Global Ethics 17 (2):185-203.. The ‘common good’ spirituality of Louis-Joseph Lebret and his influence in the Constitution and development thinking in Brazil. Journal of Global Ethics: Vol. 17, Lebret and the Projects of Économie Humaine, Integral Human Development, and Development Ethics, Guest Editors Des Gasper and Lori Keleher, pp. 185-203.
- Can Robots Do Epidemiology? Machine Learning, Causal Inference, and Predicting the Outcomes of Public Health Interventions.Alex Broadbent &Thomas Grote -2022 -Philosophy and Technology 35 (1):1-22.This paper argues that machine learning and epidemiology are on collision course over causation. The discipline of epidemiology lays great emphasis on causation, while ML research does not. Some epidemiologists have proposed imposing what amounts to a causal constraint on ML in epidemiology, requiring it either to engage in causal inference or restrict itself to mere projection. We whittle down the issues to the question of whether causal knowledge is necessary for underwriting predictions about the outcomes of public health interventions. (...) While there is great plausibility to the idea that it is, conviction that something is impossible does not by itself motivate a constraint to forbid trying. We disambiguate the possible motivations for such a constraint into definitional, metaphysical, epistemological, and pragmatic considerations and argue that “Proceed with caution” is the outcome of each. We then argue that there are positive reasons to proceed, albeit cautiously. Causal inference enforces existing classification schema prior to the testing of associational claims, but associations and classification schema are more plausibly discovered in a back-and-forth process of gaining reflective equilibrium. ML instantiates this kind of process, we argue, and thus offers the welcome prospect of uncovering meaningful new concepts in epidemiology and public health—provided it is not causally constrained. (shrink)No categories
- The C-word, the P-word, and realism in epidemiology.Alex Broadbent -2019 -Synthese 198 (Suppl 10):2613-2628.This paper considers an important recent contribution by Miguel Hernán to the ongoing debate about causal inference in epidemiology. Hernán rejects the idea that there is an in-principle epistemic distinction between the results of randomized controlled trials and observational studies: both produce associations which we may be more or less confident interpreting as causal. However, Hernán maintains that trials have a semantic advantage. Observational studies that seek to estimate causal effect risk issuing meaningless statements instead. The POA proposes a solution (...) to this problem: improved restrictions on the meaningful use of causal language, in particular “causal effect”. This paper argues that new restrictions in fact fail their own standards of meaningfulness. The paper portrays the desire for a restrictive definition of causal language as positivistic, and argues that contemporary epidemiology should be more realistic in its approach to causation. In a realist context, restrictions on meaningfulness based on precision of definition are neither helpful nor necessary. Hernán’s favoured approach to causal language is saved from meaninglessness, along with the approaches he rejects. (shrink)
- Thirty Years of Buddhist Studies.Alex Wayman &Edward Conze -1969 -Journal of the American Oriental Society 89 (1):192.No categories
- Changes in affect interrelations as a function of stressful events.Alex J. Zautra,Johannes Berkhof &Nancy A. Nicolson -2002 -Cognition and Emotion 16 (2):309-318.
- Patenting the Bomb.Alex Wellerstein -2008 -Isis 99 (1):57-87.
- Epidemiological evidence in proof of specific causation.Alex Broadbent -2011 -Legal Theory 17 (4):237-278.This paper seeks to determine the significance, if any, of epidemiological evidence to prove the specific causation element of liability in negligence or other relevant torts—in particular, what importance can be attached to a relative risk > 2, where that figure represents a sound causal inference at the general level. The paper discusses increased risk approaches to epidemiological evidence and concludes that they are a last resort. The paper also criticizes the proposal that the probability of causation can be estimated (...) with reference to the RR, such that RR > 2 is necessary and sufficient for causation. It is argued, following arguments by Sander Greenland and others, that RR > 2 is not necessary for proof of specific causation, except under restrictive biological assumptions that are not known to be satisfied for any important disease, and therefore must never be required. However, the paper argues that in some circumstances RR > 2 can be sufficient to prove causation at law. This position is defended against the widely held judicial and academic view that epidemiological evidence must be accompanied by something else, particular to the case at hand, if it is to have probative force for specific causation. It is argued that far from being epistemically irrelevant, to achieve correct and just outcomes it is in fact mandatory to take epidemiological evidence into account in deciding specific causation. Failing to consider such evidence when it is available leads to error and injustice. The conclusion is that in certain circumstances epidemiological evidence of RR > 2 is not necessary to prove specific causation but that it is sufficient. This “sufficiency” is confined to circumstances where there is no other evidence, as a way of getting clear on what the epidemiological evidence says. Once we have worked out what it says, this must be weighed against the other relevant evidence, if there is any. (shrink)
- A Millennium of Buddhist Logic, Vol. 1.Brendan S. Gillon &Alex Wayman -2001 -Journal of the American Oriental Society 121 (4):672.
- Imaginaires post-travail.Nick Srnicek,Alex Williams &Christophe Degoutin -2016 -Multitudes 63 (2):39-50.La gauche devrait se mobiliser autour d’un consensus sur le post-travail. Cela lui permettrait de viser non seulement des gains appréciables – tels que la réduction de la corvée et de la pauvreté – mais aussi la construction, chemin faisant, d’une puissance politique. Cela implique au moins trois revendications : l’automation aussi complète que possible, une réduction du temps de travail sans réduction des salaires et l’instauration d’un revenu de base universel.
- Teacher talk directed to boys and girls and its relationship to their behaviour.Jeremy Swinson &Alex Harrop -2009 -Educational Studies 35 (5):515-524.There have been a number of investigations into the extent to which teachers in the primary school interact within their classrooms with boys and girls and the results of these investigations have differed considerably, some showing boys receiving more interaction than girls and others showing no differences. The aim of this investigation was to try and clarify matters by examining specific categories of teacher verbal behaviour and by including a measure of the quantity and pattern of the off?task behaviour of (...) the boys and girls. Data were collected from 18 teachers and their pupils in junior school classrooms. The results showed that the boys received more overall verbal communication than the girls in those categories concerned with approbation and disapprobation and that the boys were also less on?task overall than the girls. There were also marked differences between the boys and the girls in their patterns of off?task behaviour. (shrink)
- The Rules of Debate According to AsaṅgaThe Rules of Debate According to Asanga.Alex Wayman -1958 -Journal of the American Oriental Society 78 (1):29.No categories
- ‘On the necessity of identity and Tarski's T‐schema’—A response to Davood Hosseini.Alex Blum -2024 -Philosophical Investigations 47 (2):270-271.Philosophical Investigations, EarlyView.
- Humanization of social relations: Nourishing health and resilience through greater humanity.Saul A. Castro &Alex J. Zautra -2016 -Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology 36 (2):64-80.
- Editorial.Christopher Janaway &Alex Neill -2008 -European Journal of Philosophy 16 (2):163-163.The short 'Editorial' introduces the published papers in 'Schopenhauer's Philosophy of Value', and explains their origin in a conference at the University of Southampton in July 2007.
- Democracy, children, and the environment: a case for commons trusts.Alex Zakaras -2016 -Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy 19 (2):141-162.
- Calming the Mind and Discerning the Real: Buddhist Meditation and the Middle View. From the "Lam rin chen mo" of Tson-kha-pa.Alex Wayman -1981 -Philosophy East and West 31 (3):380-382.
- Lyric Philosophy.Alex Neill -1994 -Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 52 (3):373-375.
- Is the Whole Worth More than the Sum of the Parts? Studies of Examiners' Grading of Individual Papers and Candidates' Whole A-level Examination Performances.Jo-Anne Baird &Alex Scharaschkin -2002 -Educational Studies 28 (2):143-162.Typically, students are assessed on elements of their performance, and it is assumed that the sum of marks for these elements will be just as impressive as the students' whole performances. Examiners might expect more for a particular grade if they only see parts of the students' work separately. Two experiments were carried out comparing examiners' judgements of the grade-worthiness of candidates' A-level examination work at question paper level and at subject level. The results of both studies suggested that examiners (...) may have compensated to some extent for the different aspects of the subject tested in different question papers when they made holistic judgements, but did not make this compensation when they made question paper judgements. Tunnel vision effects are likely to be greater in the AS/A2 examinations than those found here, because the examinations will be broken into smaller parts. (shrink)
- Der Kaiser reist ins Heilige Land: Die Palästinareise Wilhelms II. 1898Der Kaiser reist ins Heilige Land: Die Palastinareise Wilhelms II. 1898.Gary Beckman,Alex Carmel &Ejal Jakob Eisler -2000 -Journal of the American Oriental Society 120 (2):268.No categories
- White (Coat) Lies: Bending the Truth to Stay Faithful to Patients.Christopher Bennett,Alex Finch &Stuart Rennie -2016 -American Journal of Bioethics 16 (9):15-17.
- Dualism and doctrine.Dov Fox &Alex Stein -2016 - In Dennis Michael Patterson & Michael S. Pardo,Philosophical Foundations of Law and Neuroscience. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press UK.Export citation
Bookmark - Assessing the Moral Coherence and Moral Robustness of Social Systems: Proof of Concept for a Graphical Models Approach.Frauke Hoss &Alex John London -2016 -Science and Engineering Ethics 22 (6):1761-1779.This paper presents a proof of concept for a graphical models approach to assessing the moral coherence and moral robustness of systems of social interactions. “Moral coherence” refers to the degree to which the rights and duties of agents within a system are effectively respected when agents in the system comply with the rights and duties that are recognized as in force for the relevant context of interaction. “Moral robustness” refers to the degree to which a system of social interaction (...) is configured to ensure that the interests of agents are effectively respected even in the face of noncompliance. Using the case of conscientious objection of pharmacists to filling prescriptions for emergency contraception as an example, we illustrate how a graphical models approach can help stakeholders identify structural weaknesses in systems of social interaction and evaluate the relative merits of alternate organizational structures. By illustrating the merits of a graphical models approach we hope to spur further developments in this area. (shrink)
- Prestige Does Not Affect the Cultural Transmission of Novel Controversial Arguments in an Online Transmission Chain Experiment.Ángel V. Jiménez &Alex Mesoudi -2020 -Journal of Cognition and Culture 20 (3-4):238-261.Cultural evolutionary theories define prestige as social rank that is freely conferred on individuals possessing superior knowledge or skill, in order to gain opportunities to learn from such individuals. Consequently, information provided by prestigious individuals should be more memorable, and hence more likely to be culturally transmitted, than information from non-prestigious sources, particularly for novel, controversial arguments about which preexisting opinions are absent or weak. It has also been argued that this effect extends beyond the prestigious individual’s relevant domain of (...) expertise. We tested whether the prestige and relevance of the sources of novel, controversial arguments affected the transmission of those arguments, independently of their content. In a four-generation linear transmission chain experiment, British participants recruited online read two conflicting arguments in favour of or against the replacement of textbooks by computer tablets in schools. Each of the two conflicting arguments was associated with one of three sources with different levels of prestige and relevance. Participants recalled the pro-tablets and anti-tablets arguments associated with each source and their recall was then passed to the next participant within their chain. Contrary to our predictions, we did not find a reliable effect of either the prestige or relevance of the sources of information on transmission fidelity. We discuss whether the lack of a reliable effect of prestige on recall might be a consequence of differences between how prestige operates in this experiment and in everyday life. (shrink)No categories
- Putting Freud and Westermarck in Their Places: A Critique of Spain.Alex Walter -1990 -Ethos: Journal of the Society for Psychological Anthropology 18 (4):439-446.
- Chapter 4 Bones In, Bones Out: Political Reburials and Israeli Nationalism.Alex Weingrod -2006 -Global Bioethics 19 (1):45-54.This chapter examines the relationship between political re-burials and emergent nationalism in contemporary Israel. The re-burials include the bodily remains of important Zionist leaders and others who died in the Jewish Diaspora, and who were re-buried at the state's major ceremonial site, Mount Herzl in Jerusalem, as well as the bones of famed Jewish saints who were buried in Morocco and whose remains were later brought to Israel. Attention is also given to the conflicts between Israeli archaeologists and the ultra-orthodox (...) leadership regarding bones that are uncovered in archaeological research. The chapter concludes that the Israeli obsession with bones' is an expression of the current political-cultural struggles between different Israeli élite. (shrink)No categories
- Professional Ethics for Mediators: Tensions Between Justice and Accountability.Alex Wellington -2001 -Social Philosophy Today 17:125-150.In this paper, I examine the development and application of codes of ethics for alternative dispute resolution practitioners, specifically mediators. I discuss thecommon vocabulary that one linds in model codes of conduct, and address the various dilemmas that arise for the "ethical" practitioner who wishes to model their practices on the standards found in such codes. I assert that some of the most intriguing and trenchant work on ethical dilemmas for mediators concerns the tension between accountability to participants, and aspirations (...) to ensure just outcomes. The latter invokes norms pertaining to social justice in society at large. I suggest that it can be helplul to conceive of such dilemmas in terms of a contrast between obligations a rising from the "role" of an ADR prolessional and the "policy" dimensions of evaluating the impacts of the work of ADR professionals on society at large. (shrink)
- Toni Morrison and political theory.Alex Zamalin,Joseph R. Winters,Alix Olson &Wairimu Njoya -2020 -Contemporary Political Theory 19 (4):704-729.
- Conférences sur les mathématiques, faites au Congrès de mathématiques tenu à l'occasion de l'exposition de Chicago.Alex Ziwet,Félix Klein & Laugel -1898 -Revue de Métaphysique et de Morale 6 (2):2-2.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- (1 other version)Philosophy of Medicine: A Dedicated Journal for an Emerging Field.Alex Broadbent -2020 -Philosophy of Medicine 1 (1).No categories
- Extended Scale Relativity, p-Loop Harmonic Oscillator, and Logarithmic Corrections to the Black Hole Entropy.Carlos Castro &Alex Granik -2003 -Foundations of Physics 33 (3):445-466.An extended scale relativity theory, actively developed by one of the authors, incorporates Nottale's scale relativity principle where the Planck scale is the minimum impassible invariant scale in Nature, and the use of polyvector-valued coordinates in C-spaces (Clifford manifolds) where all lengths, areas, volumes⋅ are treated on equal footing. We study the generalization of the ordinary point-particle quantum mechanical oscillator to the p-loop (a closed p-brane) case in C-spaces. Its solution exhibits some novel features: an emergence of two explicit scales (...) delineating the asymptotic regimes (Planck scale region and a smooth region of a quantum point oscillator). In the most interesting Planck scale regime, the solution recovers in an elementary fashion some basic relations of string theory (including string tension quantization and string uncertainty relation). It is shown that the degeneracy of the first collective excited state of the p-loop oscillator yields not only the well-known Bekenstein–Hawking area-entropy linear relation but also the logarithmic corrections therein. In addition we obtain for any number of dimensions the Hawking temperature, the Schwarschild radius, and the inequalities governing the area of a black hole formed in a fusion of two black holes. One of the interesting results is a demonstration that the evaporation of a black hole is limited by the upper bound on its temperature, the Planck temperature. (shrink)
- Starea filmului.Mihai Chirilov,Alex Leo Şerban,Virgil Ştefan Niţulescu,Cezar Paul Bădescu,Andrei Gorzo &Adina Popescu -2003 -Dilema 540:7-11.No categoriesExport citation Bookmark
- Risk Factors for Gambling Problems on Online Electronic Gaming Machines, Race Betting and Sports Betting.Nerilee Hing,Alex M. Russell &Matthew Browne -2017 -Frontiers in Psychology 8.
- Man Is the Redeemer of Nature.Alex Savory-Levine -2012 -Idealistic Studies 42 (1):1-21.In the era of Romanticism, certain authors sought to redefine man’s place in nature as a response to industrialism. The German Naturphilosoph Friedrich Schelling published his treatise Of Human Freedom in 1809 that reveals traces of romantic notions of nature with an existential undercurrent that predated and influenced the philosophical movement known as Existentialism. The existentialist philosopher Martin Heidegger delivered a series of lectures on the treatise at the University of Freiburg in 1936. In his works, Heidegger stresses the importance (...) of being actively involved in the world. His interpretation of the treatise, with its emphasis on the way humans and other creatures are engaged with their environment, calls to mind contemporary thinking in ecology. Through Heidegger’s interpretation, I will show that Schelling’s treatise could be construed as a proto-ecological study, which is to say a study in ecology before the development of the concept or field of study. (shrink)
- Quantitative Analysis for the Delineation of the Subthalamic Nuclei on Three-Dimensional Stereotactic MRI Before Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery for Medication-Refractory Parkinson’s Disease.Chun-Yu Su,Alex Mun-Ching Wong,Chih-Chen Chang,Po-Hsun Tu,Chiung Chu Chen &Chih-Hua Yeh -2022 -Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 16.Delineation of the subthalamic nuclei on MRI is critical for deep brain stimulation surgery in patients with Parkinson’s disease. We propose this retrospective cohort study for quantitative analysis of MR signal-to-noise ratio, contrast, and signal difference-to-noise ratio of the STN on pre-operative three-dimensional stereotactic MRI in patients with medication-refractory PD. Forty-five consecutive patients with medication-refractory PD who underwent STN-DBS surgery in our hospital from January 2018 to June 2021 were included in this study. All patients had whole-brain 3D MRI, including (...) T2-weighted imaging, T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, and susceptibility-weighted imaging, at 3.0 T scanner for stereotactic navigation. The signal intensities of the STN, corona radiata, and background noise were obtained after placing regions of interest on corresponding structures. Quantitative comparisons of SNR, contrast, and SDNR of the STN between MR pulse sequences, including the T2WI, FLAIR, and SWI. Subgroup analysis regarding patients’ sex, age, and duration of treatment. We used one-way repeated measures analysis of variance for quantitative comparisons of SNR, contrast, and SDNR of the STN between different MR pulse sequences, and we also used the dependent t-test for the post hoc tests. In addition, we used Mann–Whitney U test for subgroup analyses. Both the contrast and SDNR were highest on FLAIR. The SNR was highest on SWI, and both the SNR and SDNR were lowest on T2WI. Subgroup analyses demonstrated significantly lower SDNR on SWI for patients receiving medication treatment for ≥13 years. In conclusion, on 3D stereotactic MRI of medication-refractory PD patients, the contrast and SDNR for the STN are highest on FLAIR, suggesting the optimal delineation of STN on FLAIR. (shrink)
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David Bourget (Western Ontario)
David Chalmers (ANU, NYU)
Area Editors:
David Bourget
Gwen Bradford
Berit Brogaard
Margaret Cameron
David Chalmers
James Chase
Rafael De Clercq
Ezio Di Nucci
Esa Diaz-Leon
Barry Hallen
Hans Halvorson
Jonathan Ichikawa
Monte Johnson
Michelle Kosch
Øystein Linnebo
Paul Livingston
Brandon Look
Manolo Martínez
Matthew McGrath
Michiru Nagatsu
Susana Nuccetelli
Giuseppe Primiero
Jack Alan Reynolds
Darrell P. Rowbottom
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Howard Sankey
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Thomas Senor
Daniel Star
Jussi Suikkanen
Aness Kim Webster
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