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Resumo: Este ensaio tem por objetivo contribuir para análises sobre as implicações da privatização da educação (BEIFIELD; LEVIN, 2002) para a garantia do direito humano à educação, na perspectiva dos indicadores propostos por Tomasevski (2004) (modelo dos 4 A´s). Tais indicadores, compostos por aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos, abarcam quatro características fundamentais da educação: disponibilidade, acessibilidade, aceitabilidade e adaptabilidade, além do controle social (DE BECO, 2009). O texto traz uma discussão teórica sobre as formas e dimensões da privatização da educação no (...) Brasil (ADRIÃO, 2018) analisadas a partir de indicadores que buscam captar seus efeitos sobre a educação enquanto um direito humano. Palavras-chave: privatização da educação; direito à educação; educação como direito humano. The characteristics of education as a human right as analytic lenses to study the privatization of basic education Abstract: This essay aims to contribute to analyses of the implications of privatizing education (BEIFIELD; LEVIN, 2002) in the enforcement of education as a human right, using the indicators in Tomasevski’s (2004) approach (4-A scheme). Such indicators, comprised of quantitative and qualitative aspects, include four fundamental features of education: availability, accessibility, acceptability, and adaptability—along with social control (DE BECO; 2009). This article theoretically discusses the forms and dimensions of educational privatization in Brazil (ADRIÃO, 2018), analyzed through indicators that seek to capture their effects on education understood as a human right. Keywords: privatization of education; right to education; education as a human right. Las características del derecho humano a la educación como matriz analítica para estudios sobre las consecuencias de la privatización de la educación básica Resumen: Este ensayo pretende contribuir al análisis de las implicaciones de la privatización de la educación (BEIFIELD; LEVIN, 2002) para la garantía del derecho humano a la educación, desde la perspectiva de los indicadores propuestos por Tomasevski (2004) (modelo de las 4 A). Dichos indicadores, compuestos por aspectos cuantitativos y cualitativos, abarcan cuatro características fundamentales de la educación: disponibilidad, accesibilidad, aceptabilidad y adaptabilidad—además del control social (DE BECO, 2009). Este texto trae una discusión teórica sobre las formas y dimensiones de la privatización de la educación en Brasil (ADRIÃO, 2018), analizadas a partir de indicadores que buscan captar sus efectos sobre la educación como derecho humano. Palabras clave: privatización de la educación; derecho a la educación; derecho humano a la educación. Data de registro: 27/04/2022 Data de aceite: 26/10/2022. (shrink)

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Background: Nursing students on clinical placements as part of their professional training are routinely faced with situations involving ethical conflicts. The initial act of perceiving a situation as causing an ethical dilemma is the result of both the students’ personal values, drawn from their culture and families, and of the professional knowledge and values that they have acquired through training and experience. Objectives: Nursing students’ experiences on clinical placements in primary care settings were investigated in order to identify situations that (...) they perceived as involving ethical conflict and describe the elements they took into consideration during their decision-making processes in these situations. Methods: The research design was qualitative descriptive case study. Around 50 students from three different intakes to a nursing degree answered a questionnaire and discussed it in focus groups. Ethical considerations: The study was designed in accordance with the principles guiding research with human beings and was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee. Results: Synthesised into two principal axes: (a) ethical conflicts in primary care, linked with the domains of working processes, professional nursing ethics and human and social rights and (b) students’ decision-making processes – realisation, reflection and intervention. Conclusion: The student nurses saw themselves both as actors and spectators in situations involving ethical problems and demanding moral deliberation, demonstrating the ability to base their arguments soundly. They tended to emphasise the possibilities offered by dialogue and that different ethical values must be respected to find fair solutions to ethical problems. (shrink)

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The main purpose of this study is the scientific practice of Edgard Roquette-Pinto at the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro during the 1910’s and 1920’s in the XXth Century. The article examines the relationship between laboratory science and nation building. Driven by Physicians-Anthropologists like Edgard Roquette-Pinto among others, the investigations performed at the Anthropology Laboratory there reveal the dynamic of the borders between Laboratory and Field Sciences, and the new biological parameters adopted at that time. The investigative agenda involved (...) plants, animals and human bodies, and it was related to the current Anthropology concept aligned with the debate of Nation construction. The physiological studies amplified the scientific exchange with different institutions, emphasizing cultural exchange between Brazil and Paraguay, and the role played by Edgard Roquette-Pinto there as he inaugurated the Physiological course at Faculty of Medicine at University of Asunción. (shrink)

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We introduce a deductive system Bal which models the logic of balance of opposing forces or of balance between conflicting evidence or influences. ‘‘Truth values’’ are interpreted as deviations from a state of equilibrium, so in this sense, the theorems of Bal are to be interpreted as balanced statements, for which reason there is only one distinguished truth value, namely the one that represents equilibrium. The main results are that the system Bal is algebraizable in the sense of [5] and (...) its equivalent algebraic semantics BAL is definitionally equivalent to the variety of abelian lattice ordered groups, that is, the categories of the algebras in BAL and of ℓ–groups are isomorphic (see [10], Ch.4, 4). We also prove the deduction theorem for Bal and we study different kinds of semantic consequence associated to Bal. Finally, we prove the co-NP-completeness of the tautology problem of Bal. (shrink)

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Lexical alignment, a communication phenomenon where conversational partners adapt their word choices to become more similar, plays an important role in the development of language and social communication skills. While this has been studied extensively in the conversations of preschool‐aged children and their parents in Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) communities, research in other pediatric populations is sparse. This study makes significant expansions on the existing literature by focusing on alignment in naturalistic conversations of school‐aged children from a (...) non‐WEIRD population across multiple conversational tasks and with different types of adult partners. Typically developing children aged 5 to 8 years (n = 45) engaged in four semi‐structured conversations that differed by task (problem‐solving vs. play‐based) and by partner (parent vs. university student), resulting in a corpus of 180 conversations. Lexical alignment scores were calculated and compared to sham conversations, representing alignment occurring at the level of chance. Both children and adults coordinated their conversational utterances by re‐using or aligning each other's word choices. This alignment behavior persisted across conversational tasks and partners, although the degree of alignment was moderated by the conversational context. These findings suggest that lexical alignment is a robust phenomenon in conversations between school‐age children and adults. Furthermore, this study extends lexical alignment findings to a non‐WEIRD culture, suggesting that alignment may be a coordination strategy employed by adults and children across diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds. (shrink)

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This paper presents a series of 4 single subject experiments aimed to investigate whether children with autism show more social engagement when interacting with the Nao robot, compared to a human partner in a motor imitation task. The Nao robot imitates gross arm movements of the child in real-time. Different behavioral criteria were analyzed based on the video data of the interaction. The results are mixed and suggest a high variability in reactions to the Nao robot. The results are as (...) follows: For Child2 and Child3, the results indicate no effect of the Nao robot in any of the target variables. Child1 and Child4 showed more eye gaze and smile/laughter in the interaction with the Nao robot compared to the human partner and Child1 showed a higher frequency of motor initiations in the interaction with the Nao robot compared to the baselines, but not with respect to the human-interaction. The robot proved to be a better facilitator of shared attention only for Child1. Keywords: human-robot interaction; assistive robotics; autism. (shrink)

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This pathbreaking work pursues two interwoven themes. Firstly, it engages in a deconstruction of Ancient philosopher's texts--mainly from Plato, but also from Homer and Parmenides--in order to free four Greek female figures from the patriarchal discourse which for centuries had imprisoned them in a particular role. Secondly, it attempts to construct a symbolic female order, reinterpreting these figures from a new perspective. Building on the theory of sexual difference, Cavarero shows that death is the central category on which the whole (...) edifice of traditional philosophy is based. By contrast, the category of birth provides the thread with which new concepts of feminist criticism can be woven together to establish a fresh way of thinking. Cavarero develops a philosophical narrative which, by re-interpreting each of the four figures of ancient thought, uncovers several images of the female desire for self-representation. Plato himself had not forseen that one day female subjectivity would assert its autonomy, plundering and throwing into confusion the patriarchal text in order to tell another story. (shrink)

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Se abordará el concepto de democracia como un derecho humano progresivo e interdependiente, que posee como fundamento y base al sufragio como una de las condiciones mínimas, en un Estado constitucional que se jacte de contar con una correcta división de poderes y derechos humanos. Así, en el presente trabajo se planteará y demostrará que el goce y disfrute del derecho humano a la democracia son indivisibles en un proyecto de vida y desarrollo pleno de la persona, más no exclusivo (...) del ciudadano, con lo cual se dignifica al ser humano a través de la dialéctica, la participación ciudadana y la deliberación en la solución de sus conflictos sociales, haciendo gala de su derecho a la igualdad y a la libertad. Lo propuesto se hará mediante el enfoque teórico-conceptual, que retoma los preceptos y elementos de la democracia, a través de la metodología de un análisis documental. Con esto, se concluirá que la democracia es un concepto abstraído netamente procedimental y exclusivo de la ciudadanía, más no de todas, todos y todes las personas, lo que impide una participación ciudadana responsable y consciente de su proyecto de vida. (shrink)

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This paper presents a series of 4 single subject experiments aimed to investigate whether children with autism show more social engagement when interacting with the Nao robot, compared to a human partner in a motor imitation task. The Nao robot imitates gross arm movements of the child in real-time. Different behavioral criteria (i.e. eye gaze, gaze shifting, free initiations and prompted initiations of arm movements, and smile/laughter) were analyzed based on the video data of the interaction. The results are mixed (...) and suggest a high variability in reactions to the Nao robot. The results are as follows: For Child2 and Child3, the results indicate no effect of the Nao robot in any of the target variables. Child1 and Child4 showed more eye gaze and smile/laughter in the interaction with the Nao robot compared to the human partner and Child1 showed a higher frequency of motor initiations in the interaction with the Nao robot compared to the baselines, but not with respect to the human-interaction. The robot proved to be a better facilitator of shared attention only for Child1. Keywords: human-robot interaction; assistive robotics; autism. (shrink)

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Relating Narratives is a major new work by the philosopher and feminist thinkerAdriana Cavarero. First published in Italian to widespread acclaim, Relating Narratives is a fascinating and challenging new account of the relationship between selfhood and narration. Drawing a diverse array of thinkers from both the philosophical and the literary tradition, from Sophocles and Homer to Hannah Arendt, Karen Blixen, Walter Benjamin and Borges,Adriana Cadarero's theory of the `narratable self' shows how narrative models in philosophy and (...) literature can open new ways of thinking about formation of human identities. By showing how each human being has a unique story that can be told about them,Adriana Cavarero inaugurates an important shift in thinking about subjectivity and identity which relies not upon categorical or discursive norms, but rather seeks to account for `who' each one of us uniquely is. (shrink)

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This article critically examines John D. Caputo’s early ethical project, primarily as described in his work Against Ethics. The central theme of flesh in pain is crucial to his ethical approach. This paper highlights the positive aspects of his work while addressing its potential flaws.

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A retrospective ELSPAC study (N = 2756) compared three groups of mothers of three-year-old children: 1) employed, 2) voluntarily unemployed, and 3) involuntarily unemployed, about the quality of their partnership and family relationships. The results show that the involuntarily unemployed mothers have the lowest quality of family life. In these families there is more conflict, disagreement and hostile communication towards the woman and child. Employed mothers also experience some family problems. Overall, those most satisfied with their family lives are the (...) voluntarily unemployed mothers. There is more positive communication between partners, including sharing and intimacy in this group. The results were interpreted as stemming from the distress caused by involuntary unemployment, the double burden of the female role and gender role models in the family. (shrink)

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La vulnerabilidad narrativa, producto de la exclusión de los marcos de representación del contexto, que priva a algunos de ser vistos, escuchados y sentidos por la mayoría, implica la precariedad de amplias generaciones transformadas en “vidas fungibles”, esto es, en instrumentos vivos y animados de las máquinas de la guerra. Estos hombres y mujeres, empero, no son engranajes de la destrucción, sino seres con un nombre y una historia singular. Su capacidad de traducir narrativamente la realidad ofrece otro encuadre de (...) interpretación sobre el pasado y el futuro a partir de su llamado a una nueva vida y al fin de la violencia armada. Aquí reside la propuesta de esta contribución, en la que, usando las reflexiones de Hannah Arendt y de Judith Butler, además de una entrevista a profundidad con un excombatiente colombiano en proceso de reintegración, se advierte en la narración la respuesta a la fungibilidad —‍ la condición de existencias usufructuables, reemplazables y matables‍‍— de forma que se posibilita una vida biográfica, cargada de porvenir. (shrink)

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Este artigo analisa a crítica de Adorno à ontologia de Heidegger. Para tal, utiliza como leitmotiv a interpretação heideggeriana de Kant. Procuraremos mostrar que para Adorno a edificação da ontologia fundamental a partir da filosofia de Kant é uma interpretação indevida desta. Por fim, procura apontar uma possível saída na filosofia de Adorno para o problema da necessidade de fundamentação do discurso filosófico. Tal saída passa pela constatação da importância da arte para a construção da universalidade na filosofia.

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O presente trabalho procura mostrar que apesar das imensas diferenças entre as obras Dialética do Esclarecimento e Teoria Estética, a sofisticada concepção de arte de Theodor Adorno na Teoria Estética deve muito à Dialética do Esclarecimento, ou seja, se realiza a partir de pressupostos desenvolvidos nessa. Por exemplo, um dos pressupostos fundamentais da Dialética do Esclarecimento é que a origem da arte foi o resultado da separação entre a práxis mimética, situada na pré-história, e a práxis cujo núcleo central é (...) o esclarecimento como domínio da natureza, situada na história. Essa dicotomia não foi abandonada na Teoria Estética, ao contrário, essa obra utiliza dessa separação para desenvolver seus principais conceitos. (shrink)

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The difficulties faced by Descartes to think about the body/soul substancial union, since he started from the real distinction of both the substances. An attempt to consider this conflicting union by means of a complementarity oposition.As dificuldades enfrentadas por Descartes para pensar a união substancial corpo/alma, já que partiu da distinção real das duas substâncias. Uma tentativa de pensar essa união conflitante em termos de uma oposição por complementaridade.

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Resumo: Os monstros ocupam um lugar de destaque no ambiente da cultura contemporânea, especialmente no cinema. O objetivo desse artigo é compreender os motivos dessa presença marcante. Em primeiro lugar, podemos observar que os monstros indicam os limites morais e epistemológicos da modernidade. Entretanto, os monstros contemporâneos têm se tornado mais sutis, interiorizando-se ou espiritualizando-se. Podemos notar, então, que eles passaram a representar a potência humana para assumir qualquer vida efetiva – ou a liberdade, entendida como pura indeterminação. Por meio (...) da figura dos monstros, o homem constata sempre que pode ser muito mais do que é. Dessa forma, os monstros nos permitem apreender um dos dilemas centrais da cultura contemporânea: como nós conseguiremos resolver a diferença entre o que somos, aqui e agora, e todas as possíveis vidas humanas que podemos vir a adotar em um processo de autoaperfeiçoamento? (shrink)

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We reconstruct “the classical transformational theory” of Chomsky, and fit it into the structuralist theory of science. We describe both the formal and the empirical features of this classical account, so that one basic hypothesis of this theory – where central notions are used – can be formulated, and in which Chomsky’s “classical” distinction between surface structure and deep structure is clarified. In the empirical claim of this theory are words, sentences and high-structured entities in an inseparable way intertwined. We (...) claim that the formal structure of a natural language is not approximately the same as that of an empirical theory in general. We clarify two special points which affect the structure of the notion of an empirical theory, namely: the delineation of intended applications and the fit between data and models. We hold that the concept of the empirical claim for a linguistic theory should be generalized in comparison with the “standard” structuralist approach. (shrink)

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A última década da Guerra Fria foi turbulenta. Seu início apresentou tensão comparável àquela existente nos anos 1950 e princípio dos 1960. A partir de meados dos anos 1980, entretanto, houve distensão, o fim da Guerra Fria e a desintegração do próprio sistema internacional bipolar de poder. O cinema, como outras formas de produção cultural, foi instrumento de propaganda e mobilização durante toda a Guerra Fria. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar como a Guerra Fria se apresentou nos filmes de (...) maior bilheteria nos EEUU na década de 1980. O inimigo comunista é examinado nesses longas-metragens tendo como base a retórica reaganista do período.The Cold War and the Communist Enemy on the US Movie Theater Screens in the 1980s The last decade of the Cold War was a turbulent one. Its beginning showed tension comparable to that of the 1950s and early 1960s. As of the mid-1980s, however, there was a détente, the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the bipolar international power system. Movies, like other forms of cultural production, were tools for propaganda and mobilization throughout the Cold War. The purpose of this paper is to analyze how the Cold War was shown in the 1980s movies with the highest box-office sales in the US. The Communist enemy is examined in these feature films according to the Reaganist rhetoric of the period. Resumen La Guerra Fría y el enemigo comunista en los cines norteamericanos de los años 1980 La última década de la Guerra Fría fue turbulenta. Su inicio presentó una tensión comparable a la existente en los años 1950 y principios de los años 1960. Sin embargo, a partir de mediados de los años 1980, hubo distensión, el fin de la Guerra Fría y la desintegración del propio sistema internacional bipolar de poder. El cine, como otras formas de producción cultural, fue instrumento de propaganda y movilización durante toda la Guerra Fría. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo la Guerra Fría se presentó en las películas de mayor taquilla en EEUU en la década de los 80'. El enemigo comunista es examinado en esos largometrajes, teniendo como base la retórica reaganista del período. (shrink)

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Twinned 2H martensite is observed in copper-based shape memory alloys together with basal and non-basal plane stacking faults. Knowledge of the twin-boundary structure and its interaction with the faults is important to understand the deformation mechanism by twin coalescence. High-resolution electron microscopy coupled with image simulations have been used for these studies. The interface of the type I twinning in 2H martensite shows an atomic configuration with mirror antisymmetry. An atomic plane is shared by the twinned variants in such a (...) way that the distance between the planes, parallel to the interface, is unchanged at the boundary and the mean atomic volume is conserved. The interaction of the boundary with a basal plane fault generates a shift in the interface. A mirror antisymmetrical boundary is maintained by introducing an imperfect interface dislocation. (shrink)

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Binge-purge eating disorders (BP-ED), such as bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder, may share some neurobiological features. Electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive measurement modality that may aid in research and diagnosis of BP-ED. We conducted a systematic review of the literature on EEG findings in BP-ED, seeking to summarize and analyze the current evidence, as well as identify shortcomings and gaps to inform new perspectives for future studies. Following PRISMA Statement recommendations, the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were (...) searched using terms related to “electroencephalography” and “binge-purge” eating disorders. Of 555 articles retrieved, 15 met predefined inclusion criteria and were included for full-text analysis. Eleven studies investigated EEG by means of event-related potentials (ERP) in BP-ED individuals: 7 using eating disorder-related stimuli (i.e., food, body image) and 4 using non-eating disorder-related stimuli (i.e., facial expressions or auditory clicks). These studies found significant differences in the N200, P200, P300, and LPP components in BP-ED participants compared to controls, indicating that this population exhibits impairments in selective attention, attentional allocation/processing, and allocation of motivational or emotion-based attention. Five studies investigated EEG using frequency analysis; reporting significant differences in beta activity in fronto-temporal and occipito-temporo-parietal areas in BP-ED individuals compared to controls, revealing a dysfunctional brain network. However, the small number of studies, the heterogeneity of samples, study paradigms, stimulus types, and the lack of an adequate assessment of neuropsychological parameters are some limitations of the current literature. Although some EEG data are promising and consistent with neuroimaging and neuropsychological findings in individuals with BP-ED, future studies need to overcome current methodological shortcomings. (shrink)

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El artículo tiene la intención de defender una alternativa a la forma en que los intelectuales han reaccionado a la sensación de insuficiencia cultural sobre América Latina. Este sentimiento se deriva de la percepción de que la vida latinoamericana está constituida como una relación de yuxtaposición entre diferentes elementos culturales. Este modo de existencia no comparte el mismo estatuto de la historia europea moderna. Sin embargo, las evaluaciones tradicionales acerca de la historia de América Latina se llevan a cabo a (...) través de criterios históricos europeos. La propuesta consiste en cambiar las perspectivas de criterios más cerca de nuestro modo de vida. Así que si usted puede conseguir una filosofía más adecuada para el entorno cultural de América Latina o una filosofía latinoamericana que tenga en cuenta nuestra forma de ser. (shrink)

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Um posicionamento filosófico realista que não coloque em dúvida a inteligibilidade do universo ao qual investiga e não se pretenda detentor de qualquer privilégio para alcançar a verdade admite a falibilidade de qualquer representação da realidade, não vendo motivo para fugir ao diálogo com aqueles que propõem explicações diferentes das suas, mesmo que por vezes com elas conflitantes.

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As ideias estão em Deus e são compreendidas por seus limites em relação à sua essência ilimitada. A originalidade do ser de Tomás de Aquino pode ser testada se comparada com as múltiplas teorias a respeito da ideia que se desenvolveram ao longo dos séculos na investigação filosófica. Das ideias subsistentes de Platão à ideia como subsistência em Hegel, os percursos aristotélico e tomista revelam-se opções intelectuais moderadas no âmbito gnosiológico, em razão de suas conquistas metafísicas. Deixando de lado os (...) problemas gnosiológicos em favor de uma abordagem metafísica do problema da ideia, pode-se perceber que, para Tomás, tanto o valor do conceito na ordem gnosiológica, quanto a subsistência da ideia na ordem metafísica, se resolvem apenas em ordem ao ser. A terceira das Quaestiones Disputatae De Veritate aborda diretamente o problema e traz sua formulação definitiva no pensamento de Tomás. Todas as perfeições das ideias estão em Deus formaliter, pertencem à sua essência, mas a ideia da essência divina somente Deus a conhece, pois identifica-se com seu ser, o Ipsum Esse Subsistens. (shrink)

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This article makes an analysis on the role of Jornadinhas Nacionais de Literatura de Passo Fundo, with emphasis on representations of its 4th edition, built by children of 10 years, from the middle class of RS – Ijuí, students of a private school in same municipality. Testimonies of these children are examined at four different times in the light of the Aesthetics of Reception and the Sociology of Reading. The four stages are called placements, a methodology created by Judith Langer (...) and used in this analysis. Thus, this discussion seeks to understand how to make the experience of reading and living of the children mentioned in that moment, in the process of building the 4ª Jornadinha Nacional de Literatura, they intersect and provide representation for the target audience of this work.Este artigo faz uma análise do papel das Jornadinhas Nacionais de Literatura de Passo Fundo, com ênfase nas representações da sua 4ª edição, construídas por crianças de 10 anos de idade, provenientes da classe média de Ijuí – RS, estudantes de uma escola particular no mesmo município. São examinados depoimentos dessas crianças em quatro momentos diferentes, à luz da Estética da Recepção e da Sociologia da Leitura. Os quatro momentos são chamados posicionamentos, uma metodologia criada por Judith Langer e utilizada nesta análise. Assim, esta reflexão busca compreender como se dão as experiências de leitura e de vida das crianças mencionadas e em que momento, no processo de construção da 4ª Jornadinha Nacional de Literatura, elas se cruzam e propiciam representações para o público-alvo deste trabalho. (shrink)

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This article argues that Matthew Lipman’s Philosophy for Children Program is based on a liberal conception of the relationship between education and society--a conception from which the idealist and non-critical character of his pedagogy derives. In order to demonstrate this, a short characterization of this conception is initially presented, emphasizing the equalizing and “redeeming” social mission that it entrusts to the schools. Afterwards, it briefly describes some of the main aspects of Lipman’s program, then explains the way in which it (...) incorporates the liberal doctrine of the “redeeming” school. Finally, it discusses some of the political and ideological implications that follow from this incorporation. It is important to clarify that the reflection here presented does not refer to any of the actual practices of philosophy with children, but to Lipman’s own position, which is developed in two of his most important works, Philosophy Goes to School and Thinking in Education. (shrink)

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