- Strategies for the control of voluntary movements with one mechanical degree of freedom.Gerald L. Gottlieb,Daniel M. Corcos &Gyan C. Agarwal -1989 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12 (2):189-210.details
A theory is presented to explain how accurate, single-joint movements are controlled. The theory applies to movements across different distances, with different inertial loads, toward targets of different widths over a wide range of experimentally manipulated velocities. The theory is based on three propositions. (1) Movements are planned according to “strategies” of which there are at least two: a speed-insensitive (SI) and a speed-sensitive (SS) one. (2) These strategies can be equated with sets of rules for performing diverse movement tasks. (...) The choice between SI and SS depends on whether movement speed and/or movement time (and hence appropriate muscle forces) must be constrained to meet task requirements. (3) The electromyogram can be interpreted as a low-pass filtered version of the controlling signal to the motoneuron pools. This controlling signal can be modelled as a rectangular excitation pulse in which modulation occurs in either pulse amplitude or pulse width. Movements to different distances and with loads are controlled by the SI strategy, which modulates pulse width. Movements in which speed must be explicitly regulated are controlled by the SS strategy, which modulates pulse amplitude. The distinction between the two movement strategies reconciles many apparent conflicts in the motor control literature. (shrink)
| |
| Adaptability of innate motor patterns and motor control mechanisms.M. B. Berkinblit,A. G. Feldman &O. I. Fukson -1986 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9 (4):585-599.details | |
Is human cognition adaptive?John R. Anderson -1991 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14 (3):471-485.detailsCan the output of human cognition be predicted from the assumption that it is an optimal response to the information-processing demands of the environment? A methodology called rational analysis is described for deriving predictions about cognitive phenomena using optimization assumptions. The predictions flow from the statistical structure of the environment and not the assumed structure of the mind. Bayesian inference is used, assuming that people start with a weak prior model of the world which they integrate with experience to develop (...) stronger models of specific aspects of the world. Cognitive performance maximizes the difference between the expected gain and cost of mental effort. Memory performance can be predicted on the assumption that retrieval seeks a maximal trade-off between the probability of finding the relevant memories and the effort required to do so; in categorization performance there is a similar trade-off between accuracy in predicting object features and the cost of hypothesis formation; in casual inference the trade-off is between accuracy in predicting future events and the cost of hypothesis formation; and in problem solving it is between the probability of achieving goals and the cost of both external and mental problem-solving search. The implemention of these rational prescriptions in neurally plausible architecture is also discussed. (shrink) | |
The origin and use of positional frames of reference in motor control.Anatol G. Feldman &Mindy F. Levin -1995 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):723-744.detailsA hypothesis about sensorimotor integration (the λ model) is described and applied to movement control and kinesthesia. The central idea is that the nervous system organizes positional frames of reference for the sensorimotor apparatus and produces active movements by shifting the frames in terms of spatial coordinates. Kinematic and electromyographic patterns are not programmed, but emerge from the dynamic interaction among the system s components, including external forces within the designated frame of reference. Motoneuronal threshold properties and proprioceptive inputs to (...) motoneurons may be cardinal components of the physiological mechanism that produces positional frames of reference. The hypothesis that intentional movements are produced by shifting the frame of reference is extended to multi-muscle and multi-degrees-of-freedom systems with a solution of the redundancy problem that allows the control of a joint alone or in combination with other joints to produce any desired limb configuration and movement trajectory. The model also implies that for each motor behavior, the nervous system uses a strategy that minimizes the number of changeable control variables and keeps the parameters of these changes invariant. Examples are provided of simulated kinematic and electromyographic signals from single- and multi-joint arm movements produced by suggested patterns of control variables. Empirical support is provided and additional tests of the model are suggested. The model is contrasted with others based on the ideas of programming of motoneuronal activity, muscle forces, stiffness, or movement kinematics. (shrink) | |
| Strategies for the control of studies of voluntary movements with one mechanical degree of freedom.Gerale E. Loeb -1989 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12 (2):227-227.details | |
| Different regions of space or different spaces altogether: What are the dorsal/ventral systems processing?Gary W. Strong -1990 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (3):556-557.details | |
| If human cognition is adaptive, can human knowledge consist of encodings?Robert L. Campbell &Mark H. Bickhard -1991 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14 (3):488-489.details | |
| What are the building blocks of the frog's wiping reflex?Ilan Golani -1986 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9 (4):607-608.details | |
| Functional specialization in the lower and upper visual fields in humans: Its ecological origins and neurophysiological implications.Fred H. Previc -1990 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (3):519-542.details | |
| Planning reaches by evaluating stored postures.David A. Rosenbaum,Loukia D. Loukopoulos,Ruud G. J. Meulenbroek,Jonathan Vaughan &Sascha E. Engelbrecht -1995 -Psychological Review 102 (1):28-67.details | |
| The prerequisites for one-jint motor control theories.S. V. Adamovich &A. G. Feldman -1989 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12 (2):210-211.details | |
| Simple changes in reflex threshold cannot explain all aspects of rapid voluntary movements.C. Gielen &J. C. Houk -1986 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9 (4):605-607.details | |
| Direct pattern-imposing control or dynamic regulation?Marl L. Latash -1989 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12 (2):226-227.details | |
| Braking may be more critical than acceleration.William A. MacKay -1989 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12 (2):227-228.details | |
| Visual processing in three-dimensional space: Perceptions and misperceptions.Fred H. Previc -1990 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (3):559-575.details | |
(1 other version)Speed, Accuracy, and Serial Order in Sequence Production.Peter Q. Pfordresher,Caroline Palmer &Melissa K. Jungers -2007 -Cognitive Science 31 (1):63-98.detailsThe production of complex sequences like music or speech requires the rapid and temporally precise production of events (e.g., notes and chords), often at fast rates. Memory retrieval in these circumstances may rely on the simultaneous activation of both the current event and the surrounding context (Lashley, 1951). We describe an extension to a model of incremental retrieval in sequence production (Palmer & Pfordresher, 2003) that incorporates this logic to predict overall error rates and speed—accuracy trade-offs, as well as types (...) of serial ordering errors. The model—assumes that retrieval of the current event is influenced by activations of surrounding events. Activations of surrounding events increase over time, such that both the accessibility of distant events and overall accuracy increases at slower production rates. The model's predictions were tested in an experiment in which pianists performed unfamiliar music at 8 different tempi. Model fits to speed—accuracy data and to serial ordering errors support model predictions. Parameter fits to individual data further suggest that working memory contributes to the retrieval of serial order and overall accuracy is influenced in addition by motor dexterity and domain-specific skill. (shrink) | |
| Computational resources do constrain behavior.John K. Tsotsos -1991 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14 (3):506-507.details | |
| In search of the theoretical basis of motor control.M. B. Berkinblit,A. G. Feldman &O. I. Fukson -1986 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9 (4):626-638.details | |
| Do subprograms for movement always seek equilibrium?Z. Hasan -1986 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9 (4):609-610.details | |
| Does visual-field specialization really have implications for coordinated visual-motor behavior?Richard A. Abrams -1990 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (3):542-543.details | |
| Complexity in control of movements.Gyan C. Agarwal &Gerald L. Gottlieb -1986 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9 (4):599-600.details | |
| Human cognition is an adaptive process.Gyan C. Agarwal -1991 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14 (3):485-486.details | |
| Do legs have surplus degrees of freedom?R. McN Alexander -1986 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9 (4):600-600.details | |
Is the multi-joint pointing movement model applicable to equilibrium control during upper trunk movements?Alexey Alexandrov,Alexander Frolov &Jean Massion -1995 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):745-746.detailsTwo aspects of the target article, (1) the extension of the equilibrium point theory to multi-joint movements, and (2) the consequence that the EMG pattern is not directly controlled by the central nervous system (CNS), are discussed in light of the experiments on upper trunk bending in humans. The principle component kinematic analysis and the analysis of the EMG data, obtained under microgravity and additional loading conditions, support the application of Feldman and Levin's for multi-joint pointing movement to equilibrium control (...) during upper trunk movement. (shrink) | |
Tendon elasticity and positional control.R. McN Alexander -1995 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):745-745.detailsThe spring-like behaviour of a joint following a sudden change of torque is partly a result of the elastic properties of tendons. A large fall in a muscle with a long tendon may be accompanied by tendon recoil causing joint movements as large as 20°. | |
| More on rational analysis.John R. Anderson -1991 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14 (3):508-517.details | |
| Some thinking is irrational.Jonathan Baron -1991 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14 (3):486-487.details | |
| The nonoptimality of Anderson's memory fits.Gordon M. Becker -1991 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14 (3):487-488.details | |
A few reasons why psychologlsts can adhere to Feldman and Levin's model.Mireille Bonnard &Jean Pailhous -1995 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):746-747.detailsWe emphasize the relevance to cognitive psychology of Feldman and Levin's theoretical position. Traditional views of motor control have failed to clearly separate “production control” at the level of motor command, based on task-independent CV (control variables), from intentional “product control” based on task-dependent parameters. Because F&L's approach concentrates on the first process (trajectory formation), it can distinguish the product control stage. | |
| Seeing double: Dichotomizing the visual system.R. Martyn Bracewell -1990 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (3):543-544.details | |
| The benefits and constraints of visual processing dichotomies.Julie R. Brannan -1990 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (3):544-545.details | |
| Ups and downs of the visual field: Manipulation and locomotion.Bruno G. Breitmeyer -1990 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (3):545-546.details | |
| Skeletal and oculomotor control systems compared.Bruce Bridgeman -1989 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12 (2):212-212.details | |
| Response field biases in parietal, temporal, and frontal lobe visual areas.Charles J. Bruce &Martha G. MacAvoy -1990 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (3):546-547.details | |
| Twisting the world by 90°.M. P. Bryden &Geoffrey Underwood -1990 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (3):547-548.details | |
| Saturation is not an evolutlonarily stable strategy.Daniel Bullock -1989 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12 (2):212-214.details | |
| Strategies and motor programs.Bruce D. Burns &Jeffery J. Summers -1989 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12 (2):214-214.details | |
| Functional specialization in the visual system: Retinotopic or body centered?Charles M. Butter -1990 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (3):548-549.details | |
| Variations of reflex parameters and their implications for the control of movements.Charles Capaday &Richard B. Stein -1986 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9 (4):600-602.details | |
| Mechanistic and rationalistic explanations are complementary.B. Chandrasekaran -1991 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14 (3):489-491.details | |
| The diversity of variability.William D. Chapple -1986 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9 (4):602-602.details | |
| Visual information in the upper and lower visual fields may be processed differently, but how and why remains to be established.Leo M. Chalupa &Cheryl A. White -1990 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (3):549-550.details | |
Conservative or nonconservative control schemes.Daniel M. Corcos &Kerstin Pfann -1995 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):747-749.detailsThe conservative strategy proposed by the authors suggests a solution of the degrees-of-freedom problem of the controller. However, several simple motor control tasks cannot be explained by this strategy. A nonconservative strategy, in which more parameters of the control signal vary, can account for these simple motor tasks. However, the simplicity that distinguishes the proposed model from many others is lost. | |
| Does constraining movements constrain the developement of movement theories?Daniel M. Corcos,Gerland L. Gottlieb &Gyan C. Agarwal -1989 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12 (2):237-250.details | |
| Movement strategies and the necessity for task differentiation.Daniel M. Corcos,Simon R. Gutman,Gyan C. Agarwal &Gerald L. Gottlieb -1991 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14 (2):359-364.details | |
| Normative theories of categorization.James E. Corter -1991 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14 (3):491-492.details | |
| On to real-life movements.Paul J. Cordo,Fay B. Horak &Susan P. Moore -1989 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12 (2):214-215.details | |
| The ups and downs of visual fields.David P. Crewther -1990 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (3):550-551.details | |
| Potential difficulties in the evaluation of motor strategies using EMG patterns.Warren G. Darling -1991 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14 (2):352-353.details | |
The lambda model is only one piece in the motor control puzzle.Jeffrey Dean -1995 -Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18 (4):749-749.detailsThe lambda model provides a physiologically grounded terminology for describing muscle function and emphasizes the important influence of environmental and reflex-mediated effects on final states. However, lambda itself is only a convenient point on the length-tension curve; its importance should not be overemphasized. Ascribing movement to changes in a lambda-based frame of reference is generally valid, but it leaves unanswered a number of questions concerning mechanisms. | |
