NAME

Shell - run shell commands transparently within perl

SYNOPSIS

use Shell qw(cat ps cp);$passwd = cat('</etc/passwd');@pslines = ps('-ww'),cp("/etc/passwd", "/tmp/passwd");# object oriented my $sh = Shell->new;print $sh->ls('-l');

DESCRIPTION

Caveats

This package is included as a show case, illustrating a few Perl features. It shouldn't be used for production programs. Although it does provide a simple interface for obtaining the standard output of arbitrary commands, there may be better ways of achieving what you need.

Running shell commands while obtaining standard output can be done with theqx/STRING/ operator, or by callingopen with a filename expression that ends with|, giving you the option to process one line at a time. If you don't need to process standard output at all, you might usesystem (in preference of doing a print with the collected standard output).

Since Shell.pm and all of the aforementioned techniques use your system's shell to call some local command, none of them is portable across different systems. Note, however, that there are several built in functions and library packages providing portable implementations of functions operating on files, such as:glob,link andunlink,mkdir andrmdir,rename,File::Compare,File::Copy,File::Find etc.

Using Shell.pm while importingfoo creates a subroutinefoo in the namespace of the importing package. Callingfoo with argumentsarg1,arg2,... results in a shell commandfoo arg1 arg2..., where the function name and the arguments are joined with a blank. (See the subsection on Escaping magic characters.) Since the result is essentially a command line to be passed to the shell, your notion of arguments to the Perl function is not necessarily identical to what the shell treats as a command line token, to be passed as an individual argument to the program. Furthermore, note that this implies thatfoo is callable by file name only, which frequently depends on the setting of the program's environment.

Creating a Shell object gives you the opportunity to call any command in the usual OO notation without requiring you to announce it in theuse Shell statement. Don't assume any additional semantics being associated with a Shell object: in no way is it similar to a shell process with its environment or current working directory or any other setting.

Escaping Magic Characters

It is, in general, impossible to take care of quoting the shell's magic characters. For some obscure reason, however, Shell.pm quotes apostrophes (') and backslashes (\) on UNIX, and spaces and quotes (") on Windows.

Configuration

If you set $Shell::capture_stderr to 1, the module will attempt to capture the standard error output of the process as well. This is done by adding2>&1 to the command line, so don't try this on a system not supporting this redirection.

Setting $Shell::capture_stderr to -1 will send standard error to the bit bucket (i.e., the equivalent of adding2>/dev/null to the command line). The same caveat regarding redirection applies.

If you set $Shell::raw to true no quoting whatsoever is done.

BUGS

Quoting should be off by default.

It isn't possible to call shell built in commands, but it can be done by using a workaround, e.g. shell( '-c', 'set' ).

Capturing standard error does not work on some systems (e.g. VMS).

AUTHOR

Date: Thu, 22 Sep 94 16:18:16 -0700Message-Id: <9409222318.AA17072@scalpel.netlabs.com>To: perl5-porters@isu.eduFrom: Larry Wall <lwall@scalpel.netlabs.com>Subject: a new module I just wrote

Here's one that'll whack your mind a little out.

#!/usr/bin/perluse Shell;$foo = echo("howdy", "<funny>", "world");print $foo;$passwd = cat("</etc/passwd");print $passwd;sub ps;print ps -ww;cp("/etc/passwd", "/etc/passwd.orig");

That's maybe too gonzo. It actually exports an AUTOLOAD to the current package (and uncovered a bug in Beta 3, by the way). Maybe the usual usage should be

use Shell qw(echo cat ps cp);

Larry Wall

Changes by Jenda@Krynicky.cz and Dave Cottle <d.cottle@csc.canterbury.ac.nz>.

Changes for OO syntax and bug fixes by Casey West <casey@geeknest.com>.

$Shell::raw and pod rewrite by Wolfgang Laun.

Rewritten to use closures rather thaneval "string" by Adriano Ferreira.