WO2017035418A1

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Publication number: WO2017035418A1
Application number: PCT/US2016/048800
Authority: WO
Inventors: Jason Allan Wiles; Avinash S. Phadke; Milind Deshpande; Atul Agarwal; Dawei Chen; Venkat Rao GADHACHANDA; Akihiro Hashimoto; Godwin Pais; Qiuping Wang; Xiangzhu Wang; William Greenlee
Original assignee: Achillion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Priority date: 2015-08-26
Filing date: 2016-08-25
Publication date: 2017-03-02

Abstract

Compounds, methods of use, and processes for making inhibitors of complement Factor D are provided comprising Formula I, I" and I"' or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof. The inhibitors described herein target Factor D and inhibit or regulate the complement cascade. The inhibitors of Factor D described herein reduce the excessive activation of complement.

Description

DISUBSTITUTED COMPOUNDS FOR TREATMENT OF IMMUNE AND

INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of provisional U.S. Application No. 62/210,625, filed August 27, 2015 and provisional U.S. Application No. 6/210,409, filed August 26, 2015. The enterity of these applications is hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

[0002] An immune disorder occurs when the immune system is not performing in a normal manner. Inflammation is a protective response that involves immune cells, the immune system generally, blood vessels, and molecular mediators. A wide variety of medical disorders are caused by detrimental immune or inflammatory responses, or the inability of a cell to respond to a normal immune or inflammatory process.

[0003] The complement system is a part of the innate immune system which does not adapt to changes over the course of the host's life, but is recruited and used by the adaptive immune system. For example, it assists, or complements, the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens. This sophisticated regulatory pathway allows rapid reaction to pathogenic organisms while protecting host cells from destruction. Over thirty proteins and protein fragments make up the complement system. These proteins act through opsonization (enhancing phagocytosis of antigens), chemotaxis (attracting macrophages and neutrophils), cell lysis (rupturing membranes of foreign cells) and agglutination (clustering and binding of pathogens together).

[0004] The complement system has three pathways: classical, alternative and lectin. Complement Factor D plays an early and central role in activation of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade. Activation of the alternative complement pathway is initiated by spontaneous hydrolysis of a thioester bond within C3 to produce C3(H₂0), which associates with Factor B to form the C3(H₂0)B complex. Complement Factor D acts to cleave Factor B within the C3(H₂0)B complex to form Ba and Bb. The Bb fragment remains associated with C3(H₂0) to form the alternative pathway C3 convertase C3(H₂0)Bb. Additionally, C3b generated by any of the C3 convertases also associates with Factor B to form C3bB, which Factor D cleaves to generate the later stage alternative pathway C3 convertase C3bBb. This latter form of the alternative pathway C3 convertase may provide important downstream amplification within all three of the defined complement pathways, leading ultimately to the recruitment and assembly of additional factors in the complement cascade pathway, including the cleavage of C5 to C5a and C5b. C5b acts in the assembly of factors C6, C7, C8, and C9 into the membrane attack complex, which can destroy pathogenic cells by lysing the cell.

[0005] The dysfunction of or excessive activation of complement has been linked to certain autoimmune, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as ischemia-reperfusion injury and cancer. For example, activation of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade contributes to the production of C3a and C5a, both potent anaphylatoxins, which also have roles in a number of inflammatory disorders. Therefore, in some instances, it is desirable to decrease the response of the complement pathway, including the alternative complement pathway. Some examples of disorders mediated by the complement pathway include age-related macular degeneration (AMD), paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (P H), multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.

[0007] Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a non-malignant, hematological disorder characterized by the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells and progeny mature blood cells which are deficient in some surface proteins. PNH erythrocytes are not capable of modulating their surface complement activation, which leads to the typical hallmark of PNH - the chronic activation of complement mediated intravascular anemia. Currently, only one product, the anti- C5 monoclonal antibody eculizumab, has been approved in the U.S. for treatment of PNH. However, many of the patients treated with eculizumab remain anemic, and many patients continue to require blood transfusions. In addition, treatment with eculizumab requires life-long intravenous injections. Thus, there is an unmet need to develop novel inhibitors of the complement pathway.

[0008] Other disorders that have been linked to the complement cascade include atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), abdominal aortic aneurysm, hemodialysis complications, hemolytic anemia, or hemodialysis, neuromylitis ( MO), myasthenia gravis (MG), fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver inflammation, cirrhosis, liver failure, dermatomyocitis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

[0009] Factor D is an attractive target for inhibition or regulation of the complement cascade due to its early and essential role in the alternative complement pathway, and its potential role in signal amplification within the classical and lectin complement pathways. Inhibition of Factor D effectively interrupts the pathway and attenuates the formation of the membrane attack complex.

[0010] While initial attempts have been made to develop inhibitors of Factor D, there are currently no small molecule Factor D inhibitors in clinical trials. Examples of Factor D inhibitors or prolyl compounds are described in the following disclosures.

[0011] Biocryst Pharmaceuticals US Pat. No. 6,653,340 titled "Compounds useful in the complement, coagulate and kallikrein pathways and method for their preparation" describes fused bicyclic ring compounds that are potent inhibitors of Factor D. Development of the Factor D inhibitor BCX1470 was discontinued due to lack of specificity and short half-life of the compound.

[0012] Novartis PCT patent publication WO2012/093101 titled "Indole compounds or analogues thereof useful for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration" describes certain Factor D inhibitors. Additional Factor D inhibitors are described in Novartis PCT patent publications WO2014/002051, WO2014/002052, WO2014/002053, WO2014/002054, WO2014/002057, WO2014/002058, WO2014/002059, WO2014/005150, and WO2014/009833.

[0013] Bristol-Myers Squibb PCT patent publication WO2004/045518 titled "Open chain prolyl urea-related modulators of androgen receptor function" describes open chain prolyl urea and thiourea related compounds for the treatment of androgen receptor-associated conditions, such as age-related diseases, for example, sarcopenia.

[0014] Japan Tobacco Inc. PCT patent publication WO 1999/048492 titled "Amide derivatives and nociceptin antagonists" describes compounds with a proline-like core and aromatic substituents connected to the proline core through amide linkages useful for the treatment of pain. [0015] Ferring B.V. and Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. 1TD. PCT patent publication WO 1993/020099 titled "CCK and/or gastrin receptor ligands" describes compounds with a proline-like core and heterocyclic substituents connected to the proline core through amide linkages for the treatment of, for example, gastric disorders or pain.

[0016] Alexion Pharmaceuticals PCT patent publication WO 1995/029697 titled "Methods and compositions for the treatment of glomerulonephritis and other inflammatory diseases" discloses antibodies directed to C5 of the complement pathway for the treatment of glomerulonephritis and inflammatory conditions involving pathologic activation of the complement system. Alexion Pharmaceutical's anti-C5 antibody eculizumab (Soliris®) is currently the only complement-specific antibody on the market, and is the first and only approved treatment for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH).

[0018] Given the wide variety of medical disorders that are caused by detrimental immune or inflammatory responses, new uses and compounds are needed for medical treatment. In one aspect, new uses and compounds are needed to mediate the complement pathway, and for example, which act as Factor D inhibitors for treatment of disorders in a host, including a human, associated with misregulation of the complement cascade, or with undesired result of the complement cascade performing its normal function.

SUMMARY

[0001] This invention includes an active compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof, wherein R¹² and R¹³ on the A group are each independently an R⁶⁹ moiety, wherein R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁰, R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, R⁸⁶, or R⁸⁷; and wherein R¹² and R¹³ are not both from the same R⁸⁰, R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, R⁸⁶, or R⁸⁷ moiety, for use to treat any of the disorders described herein. For clarity, for example, if an R¹² moiety is R⁸⁰, then R¹³ must be selected from R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, R⁸⁶, or R⁸⁷. Each R⁶⁹ can be optionally substituted. In an alternative embodiment, R⁶⁹ can independently be an R⁸⁸.

[0002] R⁸⁰ is an alkyne. R⁸¹ is an amide. R⁸² is an amine. R⁸³ is a carbamate, ester or ketone. R⁸⁴ is a direct linked aryl, heterocyclic or heteroaryl. R⁸³ is an ether (typically bound through the oxygen). R⁸⁶ is a phosphonate (typically bound through the phosphorus). R⁸⁷ is an alkyl derivative. R⁸⁸ is a sulfoximine. Any of these can be optionally substituted, and wherein the moieties are as described herein.

[0003] In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁰ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸¹. In one

embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁰ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸². In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁰ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸³. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁰ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁴. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁰ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁵. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁰ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁶. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁰ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁷.

[0004] In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸¹ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸². In one

embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸¹ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸³. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸¹ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁴. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸¹ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁵. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸¹ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁶. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸¹ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁷.

[0005] In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸² and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸³. In one

embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸² and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁴. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸² and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁵. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸² and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁶. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸² and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁷. [0006] In one embodiment, one of R is R and the other R is R In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸³ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁵. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸³ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁶. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸³ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁷.

[0007] In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁴ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁵. In one

embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁴ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁶. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁴ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁷.

[0008] In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁵ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁶. In one

embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁵ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁷.

[0009] In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁶ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁷.

[0010] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition, as described herein is used to treat a medical disorder which is an inflammatory or immune condition, a disorder mediated by the complement cascade (including a dysfunctional cascade), a disorder or abnormality of a cell that adversely affects the ability of the cell to engage in or respond to normal complement activity, or an undesired complement-mediated response to a medical treatment, such as surgery or other medical procedure or a pharmaceutical or biopharmaceutical drug administration, a blood transfusion, or other allogenic tissue or fluid administration.

[0011] These compounds can be used to treat such condition in a host in need thereof, typically a human. The active compound may act as an inhibitor of the complement factor D cascade. In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of such a disorder is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, Formula Γ or Formula I" or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, as described in more detail below.

[0012] In one embodiment, the disorder is associated with the alternative complement cascade pathway. In yet another embodiment, the disorder is associated with the complement classical pathway. In a further embodiment, the disorder is associated with the complement lectin pathway. Alternatively, the active compound or its salt or prodrug may act through a different mechanism of action than the complement cascade, or in particular as a complement factor D inhibitor, to treat the disorder described herein.

[0013] In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (P H) is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of a compound to a host of Formula I, Formula Γ or Formula I" or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of wet or dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, Formula Γ or Formula I" or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, Formula Γ or Formula I" or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of multiple sclerosis in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, Formula Γ or Formula I" or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0014] In other embodiments, an active compound or its salt or prodrug as described herein can be used to treat fatty liver and conditions stemming from fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver inflammation, cirrhosis, and liver failure, dermatomyocitis, or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

[0015] The active compound or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or a pharmaceutical composition thereof as disclosed herein is also useful for administration in combination or alternation with a second pharmaceutical agent for use in ameliorating or reducing a side effect of the second pharmaceutical agent. For example, in one embodiment, the active compound may be used in combination with an adoptive cell transfer therapy to reduce an inflammatory response associated with such therapy, for example, a cytokine mediated response such as cytokine response syndrome. In one embodiment, the adoptive cell transfer therapy is a chimeric antigen receptor T-Cell (CAR T) or a dendritic cell used to treat a hematologic or solid tumor, for example, a B-cell related hematologic cancer. In one embodiment, the hematologic or solid tumor is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), non- Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, or a cancer that expresses CD 19. In one embodiment, the associated inflammatory response is a cytokine mediated response.

[0016] Another embodiment is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier to a host to treat an ocular, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, or other disorder that can benefit from topical or local delivery.

[0017] Any of the compounds described herein (Formula I, Formula Γ or Formula I") can be administered to the eye in any desired form of administration, including via intravitreal, intrastromal, intracameral, sub-tenon, sub-retinal, retro-bulbar, peribulbar, suprachorodial, conjunctival, subconjunctival, episcleral, posterior juxtascleralscleral, circumcorneal, and tear duct injections, or through a mucus, mucin, or a mucosal barrier, in an immediate or controlled release fashion.

[0018] In other embodiments of the invention, an active compound provided herein can be used to treat or prevent a disorder in a host mediated by complement factor D, or by an excessive or detrimental amount of the complement-C3 amplification loop of the complement pathway. As examples, the invention includes methods to treat or prevent complement associated disorders that are induced by antibody-antigen interactions, a component of an immune or autoimmune disorder or by ischemic injury. The invention also provides methods to decrease inflammation or an immune response, including an autoimmune response, where mediated or affected by factor D.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0019] FIG. 1 provides non-limiting specific embodiments of the Central Core ring, wherein R, R', and R³ are defined below.

[0020] FIGS. 2 A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 2E, 2F, 2G, 2H, 21, 2 J, 2K, 2L, and 2M, provide non-limiting embodiments of CI '; wherein R³ is as defined herein.

[0021] FIG. 3 provides non-limiting embodiments of C2.

[0022] FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, 4F, 4G, 4H, 41, 4J, 4K, 4L, 4M, and 4N, provide non- limiting embodiments of C3.

[0023] FIG. 5 provides non-limiting embodiments of central core small mimetics of a beta- turn, beta turn inducers, reverse turn mimetics and foldamer monomers

[0024] FIG. 6 provides non-limiting embodiments of Α , wherein R³² is defined below.

[0025] FIGS. 7A, 7B and 7C provide non-limiting embodiments of A2, wherein R³² is defined below.

[0026] FIG. 8A, 8B, 8C, and 8D, provide non-limiting embodiments of LI '. [0027] FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, 9E, 9F, 9G, 9H, 91, and 9J, provide non-limiting embodiments of L2.

[0028] FIG. 10A, 10B, IOC, and 10D, provide non-limiting specific embodiments of B l rings, wherein R²⁷, R²⁸, and R²⁹ are defined below.

[0029] FIG. 11A, 1 IB, 11C, 1 ID, provide non-limiting specific embodiments of Β rings, wherein halo is selected from F, CI, Br, or I.

[0030] FIG. 12 provides specific embodiments of B2 rings.

[0031] FIGS. 13 A, 13B, 13C, 13D, 13E, 13F, 13G, 13H, 131, 13 J, 13K, 13L, 13M, 13N, 130, 13P, 13Q, 13R, 13S, 13T, 13U, 13V, 13W, 13X, 13Y, and 13Z, provide specific embodiments of B3 moeities.

[0032] FIG. 14 provides non-limiting embodiments of L2-B3 wherein B3 is R²¹, and R²¹ is defined below.

[0033] FIGS. 15A, 15B, and 15C provide non-limiting embodiments of R⁸⁰.

[0034] FIGS. 16 provides non-limiting embodiments of R⁸¹.

[0035] FIGS. 17A and 17B provide non-limiting embodiments of R⁸².

[0036] FIGS. 18 provides non-limiting embodiments of R⁷².

[0037] FIGS. 19 provides non-limiting embodiments of R⁸³.

[0038] FIGS. 20A and 20B provide non-limiting embodiments of R⁸⁴.

[0039] FIGS. 21A and 21B provide non-limiting embodiments of R⁸⁵.

[0040] FIGS. 22A and 22B provide non-limiting embodiments of R⁸⁶.

[0041] FIGS. 23 A and 24B provide non-limiting embodiments of R⁸⁷.

[0042] FIGS. 24A, 24B, 24C, 24D, 24E, 24F, 24G 24H, 241, 24J, 24K, 24L, 24M, 24N, 24N, 240, 24P, 24Q, 24R, 24S, 24T, 24U, 24V, 24W, 24X, 24Y, 24Z, and 24AA provide non- limiting examples of compounds of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0043] The disclosure provides a com ound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition, salt, isotopic analog, or prodrug thereof. [0044] A is selected from Al, Al ' and A2.

[0045] B is selected from B l, B l ', B2, B3, and B4.

[0046] C is selected from CI, C I ', C2, C3, and C4.

[0047] L is selected from LI , LI ', L2, and L2' .

[0048] L3 is selected from L4 and L5.

[0049] At least one of A, B, C, L, or L3 is selected from A2, B3, C3, L2, L2', or L5.

[0050] Or at least one of A, B, C, L, or L3 is selected from A2, B3, C4, L2, L2', or L5 [0051] If C is CI, CI ' or C2, then Formula I includes at least one of A2, B3, L2, L2' or

L5.

Formula I can be any of A, B, L or L3.

[0054] Q¹ is NCR¹) or C^'R^1').

[0055] Q² is C(R²R^2'), C(R²R^2')-C(R²R^2'), S, O, N(R²) or C(R²R^2')0.

[0056] Q³ is N(R³), S, or C(R³R^3').

[0057] X¹ and X² are independently N, CH, or CZ, or X¹ and X² together are C=C.

[0058] Q¹, Q², Q³, X¹, and X² are selected such that a stable compound results.

[0059] Z is F, CI, NH₂, CH₃, CH₂D, CHD₂, or CD₃.

[0060] R¹, R¹ , R², R² , R³, and R³ are independently selected at each occurrence, as appropriate, and only where a stable compound results, from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, amino, Ci-C6alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, Ci-C₆alkoxy, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₂- Cealkanoyl, Ci-Cethioalkyl, hydroxyCi-Cealkyl, aminoCi-Cealkyl, -Co-C₄alkylNR⁹R¹⁰, -C(0)OR⁹, -OC(0)R⁹, -NR⁹C(0)R¹⁰, -C(0)NR⁹R¹⁰, -OC(0)NR⁹R¹⁰, -NR⁹C(0)OR¹⁰, Ci- C₂haloalkyl, and Ci-C₂haloalkoxy.

[0061] R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, Ci- Cealkyl, (C₃-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl, -Co-C4alkyl(C₃-C7cycloalkyl), and -0-Co-C₄alkyl(C₃- C7cycloalkyl).

[0062] In alternative embodiments, R¹ and R¹ or R³ and R³ may be taken together to form a 3 - to 6-membered carbocyclic spiro ring or a 3 - to 6-membered heterocyclic spiro ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, or S; R² and R² may be taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic spiro ring; or R² and R² may be taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic spiro ring; each of which spiro ring each of which ring may be unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or more substituents independently selected from halogen (and in particular F), hydroxyl, cyano, -COOH, Ci-C4alkyl (including in particular methyl), C₂- C₄alkenyl, C2-C₄alkynyl, Ci-C₄alkoxy, C₂-C₄alkanoyl, hydroxyCi-C₄alkyl, (mono- and di-Ci- C₄alkylamino)Co-C₄alkyl, -Co-C₄alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), -0-Co-C₄alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), Ci- C₂haloalkyl, and Ci-C₂haloalkoxy.

[0063] In alternative embodiments, R¹ and R² may be taken together to form a 3-membered carbocyclic ring; R¹ and R² may be taken together to form a 4- to 6-membered carbocyclic or aryl ring or a 4- to 6-membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S; or R² and R³, if bound to adjacent carbon atoms, may be taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic or aryl ring or a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring; each of which ring may be unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or more substituents independently selected from halogen (and in particular F), hydroxyl, cyano, - COOH, Ci-C₄alkyl (including in particular methyl), C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, Ci-C₄alkoxy, C2- C₄alkanoyl, hydroxyCi-C₄alkyl, (mono- and di-Ci-C₄alkylamino)Co-C₄alkyl, -Co-C₄alkyl(C3- C7cycloalkyl), -0-Co-C₄alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), Ci-C₂haloalkyl, and Ci-C₂haloalkoxy.

[0064] In alternative embodiments, R¹ and R¹ , R² and R² , or R³ and R³ can be taken together to form a carbonyl group. In alternative embodiments, R¹ and R² or R² and R³ can be taken together to form a carbon-carbon double bond.

[0065] Any of the structures illustrated herein, e.g., Al, Al ', A2, Bl, Bl ', B2, B3, B4, CI, CI ', C2, C3, C4, LI, LI ', L2, L2', L4 or L5 can be optionally substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as appropriate, and independently, of an R⁴⁸ substituent.

[0066] Non-limiting examples of CI include the structures of Figure 1.

[0067] R and R' are independently selected from H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl alkyl wherein each group can be optionally substituted or any other substituent group herein that provides the desired properties. In some embodiments, the ring includes one or more chiral carbon atoms. The invention includes embodiments in which the chiral carbon can be provided as an enantiomer, or mixtures of enantiomers, including a racemic mixture. Where the ring includes more than one stereocenter, all of the enantiomers and diastereomers are included in the invention as individual species. [0068] In one embodiment, CI is CI ' .

[0069] Non-limiting examples of CI ' include the structures of Figure 2.

[0070] In one embodiment, a methyl group in a structure illustrated above can be replaced with an alkyl. In another embodiment, the fluoro groups in the structures illustrated above can be replaced with any halogen. As indicated above, any of the structures illustrated above or below can be optionally substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as appropriate, and independently, of an R⁴⁸ substituent.

[0071] C2 is selected from:

wherein q is 0, 1, 2 or 3 and r is 1, 2 or 3.

[0072] R⁴⁴, R⁴⁴ , R⁴⁵, R⁴⁵ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, amino, cyano, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl; wherein each group can be optionally substituted.

[0073] In one embodiment, R⁴⁴ and R⁴⁴ , R⁴⁵ and R⁴⁵ or two R⁴⁷ groups can be taken together to form a carbonyl group.

[0074] In an alternate embodiment, R⁴⁴ and R^44' or R⁴⁵ and R⁴⁵ or R⁴⁶ and R^46' can be taken together to form an optionally substituted 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic spiro ring or a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic spiro ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, or S.

[0075] In one embodiment, R⁴⁴ and R⁴⁵ or R⁴⁴ and R⁴⁵ can be taken together to form a 4- to 6-membered carbocyclic or aryl ring or a 4- to 6-membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring; each of which ring may be unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or more substituents.

[0076] Non-limiting examples of C2 include the structures of Figure 3.

[0077] C3 is selected from:

[0078] X³ is C^R^1').

[0079] X⁴ is N or CH.

[0080] X^4aisN, CH orCZ.

[0081] X⁵ and X⁶ are C^R^1')

[0082] In alternative embodiments, X⁴ and X³ or X⁵ and X⁶ together are C=C.

[0084] X⁸ is C^R^1') or N(R⁴³).

[0085] X^isC^R^1') orO.

[0086] Q⁴ is N or CH. [0087] Q⁵ is N(R⁴⁷) or C(R⁴⁶R^46').

[0088] Q^5a is C(R⁴⁷R⁴⁷), N(R⁴⁷), O, S, SO, or S0₂.

[0089] Q⁶ is N(R⁴⁷), C(R⁴⁶R^46'), S, or O.

[0090] Q⁷ is C(R⁴⁶R^46'), S or N(R⁴⁷).

[0091] Q⁸, Q⁹, Q¹⁰, Q¹¹ and Q¹² are each independently C(R²R^2'), S, SO, SO2, O, N(R²), B(R⁵⁰), Si(R⁴⁹)₂, however if X¹ is N and X² is CH then L and B taken together cannot be anisole substituted in the 4 position.

[0092] In a typical embodiment, no more than one heteroatom is in a three or four membered C3 and no more than one, two or three heteroatoms can be in a five, six or seven membered C3. It is in general known by those of skill in the art which combinations of several heteroatoms will not form a stable ring system. For example, those of skill in the art would understand that the C3 ring system would not normally contain an -O-O-, -0-S-, -Si-Si-, -B-B-, -B-Si-, bond.

[0093] R⁴⁰ is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl wherein each group can be optionally substituted.

[0094] R⁴² is halo, hydroxy, Ci-Cealkoxy, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, -SH, or -S(Ci-C₆alkyl).

[0095] R⁴³ is hydrogen, acyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl wherein each group can be optionally substituted.

[0096] R⁴⁶ and R⁴⁶ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl wherein each group can be optionally substituted and at least one of R⁴⁶ or R⁴⁶ is not hydrogen.

[0097] R⁴⁷ is hydrogen, acyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl wherein each group can be optionally substituted.

[0098] R⁴⁹ is halo, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl wherein each group can be optionally substituted or two R⁴⁹ groups can be taken together to form a double bond that can be optionally substituted.

[0099] R⁵⁰ is hydroxy or Ci-Cealkyoxy. [0100] In one embodiment, the bridged heterocyclic C3 compounds can be optionally substituted.

[0101] In one embodiment, X¹ and Q⁸ or Q⁸ and Q⁹ or Q⁹ and Q¹⁰ or Q¹⁰ and Q¹¹ or Q¹¹ and Q¹² or Q¹² and X² can form a carbon-carbon double bond.

[0102] In one embodiment, two Q^5a groups or a X^4a and a Q^5a group can form a carbon- carbon double bond.

[0103] All variables, including but not limited to X¹, X², X³, X⁴, X⁵, X^5a, X⁶, X⁷, X⁸, Q¹, Q², Q³, Q⁴, Q⁵, Q⁶, Q⁷, Q⁸, Q⁹, Q¹⁰, Q¹¹, Q¹², R¹, R⁴⁰, R⁴², R⁴³, R⁴⁴, R^44', R⁴⁵, and R⁴⁵ are independently selected at each occurrence, as appropriate, and only where a stable compound results. For example, when C3 is a 7-membered ring and comprises silicon or boron, the ring will only comprise one Si(R⁴⁹)₂ or B(R⁵⁰) moiety. In addition, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7-membered rings will not comprise -O-O- or -O-S- bonds.

[0104] Non-limiting examples of C3 include the structures of Figure 4.

[0105] In one embodiment, the methyl groups in the structures illustrated above can be replaced with an alkyl. In another embodiment, the fluoro groups in the structures illustrated above can be replaced with halo. In another embodiment, halo can be chloro. As indicated above, any of the structures illustrated above or below can be optionally substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as appropriate, and independently, of an R⁴⁸ substituent.

[0106] In an alternate embodiment, the central core moiety, C3, can comprise a small mimetic of a beta-turn such as a benzodiazepine, a Friedinger lactam, a 2-oxo-l,3-oxazolidine-4- caroxylate or a β-D-glucose scaffold. See, De Marco, R. et al., "In-peptide synthesis of di- oxazolidinone and dehydroamino acid-oxazolidinone motifs as β-turn inducers", J. Org. Biomol. Chem., 2013, 11, 4316-4326, Hirschmann, R.F. et al., The β-D-Glucose Scaffold as a β-Turn Mimetic, Accounts Chem. Res., 2009, 42, 1511-1520 and Smith, A.B, et al., Accounts of Chem. Res., 2011, 44,180-193. In another embodiment, the central core moiety, C, can comprise a reverse turn mimetic that can include, but is not limited to; a non-peptidic residue, a metal chelation based mimic, or a foldamer. See, Nair, R.V. et al., "Synthetic turn mimetics and hairpin nucleators: Quo Vadimus?", Chem. Comm., 2014, 50, 13874-13884. In some embodiments, the central core moiety, C, can comprise a conformationally constrained cyclic amino acid including but not limited to a (S)- or (R)-a-trifluoromethyl pyroglutamic acid derivative. See, Chaume, G. et al., "Concise access to enantiopure (S)- or (R)-a-trifluoromethyl pyroglutamic acids from ethyl trifluoropymvate-base chiral CF3-oxazolidines (Fox)", J. Fluor. Chem., 2008, 129, 1104-1109 and Andre, C. et al., "(S)-ABOC: A Rigid Bicyclic β-Amino Acid as Turn Inducer", Org. Lett., 2012, 14, 960-963. In some embodiments, the central core moiety, C, can comprise a monomelic unit of a foldamer such as, but not limited to an oxazolidin-2-one. See, Tomasii, C, Angelicim G. and Castellucci, N., "Foldamers Based on Oxazolidin-2-ones", Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2011, 3648-3669.

[0107] Examples of central core small mimetics of a beta-turn, beta turn inducers, reverse turn mimetics and foldamer monomers include, but are not limited to the structures of Figure 5.

[0108] Al is selected from:

-limiting examples of Al include:

[0110] In one embodiment, Al is Α .

[0111] Non-limiting examples of Α include the stmctures of Fig [01 12] A2 is selected from:



[0113] Non-limiting examples of A2 include the structures of Figure 7.

[0114] R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are selected from hydrogen, -JCHO, -JC(0)NH₂, -JC₂-Cealkanoyl, - JC(0)NH(CH₃), -J-COOH, -JP(0)(OR⁹)₂, -JOC(0)R⁹, -JC(0)OR⁹, -JC(0)N(CH₂CH₂R⁹)(R¹⁰), -JNR⁹C(0)R¹⁰, -JS0₂NH₂, -JS(0)NH₂, -JC(CH₂)₂F, -JCH(CF₃)NH₂, -JC(0)Co-C₂alkyl(C₃- Cvcycloalkyl), -JNR⁹(C₂-C₆alkanoyl), -JNR⁹C(0)NR⁹R¹⁰, -JS0₂(Ci-C₆alkyl), -JS0₂(Ci- Cehaloalkyl), -JS0₂NR⁷R⁷, -JSO=NH(Ci-C₆alkyl), -J-nitro, -J-halogen, -J-hydroxyl, -J-phenyl, a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl, -J-cyano, -J-cyanoimino, -J-amino, -J-imino, -Ci-C6alkyl, -Co- C4alkyl(C3-C7heterocycloalkyl), -Co-C4alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl),

, , O-J C_rC₆alkyi , . each of which R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ other than hydrogen, nitro, halogen, cyano, cyanoimino, or -CHO, is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of amino, imino, halogen, hydroxyl, cyano, cyanoimino, Ci-C2alkyl, Ci-C2alkoxy, -Co-C2alkyl(mono- and di-Ci-C4alkylamino), Ci- C2haloalkyl, and Ci-C2haloalkoxy.

[0115] R^4' is selected from -JCHO, -JCO H2, JC₂-C₆alkanoyl, -JSO2 H2, -JC(CH₂)₂F, -JCH(CF₃) H₂, Ci-Cealkyl, -Co-C4alkyl(C₃-C7cycloalkyl), -JC(0)Co-C₂alkyl(C₃- C₇cycloalkyl), JNR⁹(C2-C₆alkanoyl), J R⁹C(0)NR⁹R¹⁰,

each of which R⁴ other than -CHO, is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of amino, imino, halogen, hydroxyl, cyano, cyanoimino, Ci-C2alkyl, Ci-C2alkoxy, -Co-C2alkyl(mono- and di-Ci-C4alkylamino), Ci-C2haloalkyl, and Ci-C2haloalkoxy.

[0116] R⁶ is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, Ci-C4alkyl, -Co-C4alkyl(C₃-C7cycloalkyl), or Ci-C4alkoxy; or R⁶ and R⁶ may be taken together to form an oxo, vinyl, or imino group.

[0117] R⁷ is hydrogen, Ci-Cealkyl, or -Co-C₄alkyl(C₃-C7cycloalkyl).

[0118] R⁸ and R⁸ are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, Ci- C₆alkyl, -Co-C4alkyl(C₃-C7cycloalkyl), Ci-C₆alkoxy, and (Ci-C4alkylamino)Co-C2alkyl; or R⁸ and R⁸ are taken together to form an oxo group; or R⁸ and R⁸ can be taken together with the carbon that they are bonded to form a 3-membered carbocyclic ring.

[0119] R¹⁶ is absent or may include one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, Ci-C₆alkyl, C2-C₆alkenyl, C2-C₆alkanoyl, Ci-C₆alkoxy, -Co- C4alkyl(mono- and di-Ci-C6alkylamino), -Co-C4alkyl(C₃-C7cycloalkyl), Ci-C2haloalkyl, and Ci- C2haloalkoxy. [0120] R is hydrogen, Ci-Cealkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-Cealkanoyl, -SChCi-Cealkyl, (mono- and di-Ci-C6alkylamino)Ci-C4alkyl, -Co-C4alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), -Co-C4alkyl(C3- C7heterocycloalkyl), -Co-C4alkyl(aryl), Co-C4alkyl(heteroaryl), and wherein R¹⁹ other than hydrogen is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, -COOH, and -C(0)OCi-C4alkyl.

[0121] X^u is N or CR^u.

[0122] X¹² is N or CR¹².

[0123] X¹³ is N or CR¹³.

[0124] X¹⁴ is N or CR¹⁴.

[0125] No more than 2 of X¹¹, X¹², X¹³, and X¹⁴ are N.

[0126] R¹² and R¹³ on the A group are independently selected from an R⁶⁹ moiety, wherein R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁰, R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, R⁸⁶, R⁸⁷; and wherein R¹² and R¹³ are not both from the same R⁸⁰, R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, R⁸⁶ or R⁸⁷ moiety. For clarity, for example, if an R¹² moiety is R⁸⁰, then R¹³ must be selected from R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, R⁸⁶ or R⁸⁷.

[0127] R is -C₂-C₆alkynylR , and each R can be optionally substituted. Examples of 8⁰ include, for example, but are not limited to,

[0128] R⁸¹ is C(0)NR²¹R⁷¹, -C(0)NR²⁴R²⁵, -C(0)NR⁹R⁷¹, -C(0)NR²¹S0₂R²², - NR⁹C(0)OR¹⁰, -NR⁹C(0)OR²³, -NR⁹C(0)R²¹, -NR⁹C(0)NR⁹R¹⁰, -NR⁹C(O)NR¹⁰R²³, - NR⁹C(0)NR²⁴R²⁵.

[0129] R⁸² is NR⁷²R⁷³, NR⁹S0₂R⁷³, N(S0₂R⁹)CH₂C(0)R⁷⁴.

[0130] R⁸³ is -OC(0)(CH₂)i_-4R²¹, -OC(0)NR²¹R²², -OC(0)NR²⁴R²⁵, -OC(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C3-6cycloalkyl)(aryl), -OC(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C3-6cycloalkyl)(heteroaryl), -OC(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C₃- 6cycloalkyl)(heterocycle), -OC(0)(heteroaryl), -OC(0)(aryl), -OC(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C₃- ecycloalkyl), -OC(0)NR⁹(CH₂)i-₄P(0)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -C(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C₃-6cycloalkyl)(aryl), - C(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C₃-6cycloalkyl)(heteroaryl), -C(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C₃-6cycloalkyl)(heterocycle), - C(0)(heteroaryl), -C(0)(heterocycle), -C(0)(aryl), -C(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C₃-₆cycloalkyl), - C(0)(CH₂)S(0)R²¹.

[0131] R⁸⁴ is aryl; saturated or unsaturated heterocycle (for example a 5-6 membered ring having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S), in one embodiement the heterocycle is bonded through a carbon atom in the heterocyclic ring to a carbon atom of ring A in the R¹² or R¹³ position; heteroaryl (for example a 5-6 membered ring having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S).

[0132] R⁸⁵ is -0(CH₂)i_-4R^23a, -OC₂-C₄alkenylR^23a, -OC₂-C₄alkynylR²³, -0(CH₂)i-₄paracyclophane, -0(CH₂)i-₄P(0)R^23bR^23b, -0(CH₂)i-₄S(0) R²¹R²², -0(CH₂)i-₄S(0) R²⁴R²⁵, - 0(CH₂)i_-4S0₂ R²¹R²², -0(CH₂)i_-4S0₂ R²⁴R²⁵, -0(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), -O(aiyl), -O(heteroaiyl), - O(heterocycle).

[0133] R⁸⁶ is -P(0)R⁷⁵R⁷⁵.

[0134] R⁸⁷ is -C(CH₂)₆R⁷⁶ or R⁸⁷ is (C₃-C₇cycloalkyl)R⁷⁶

[0135] In an alternative embodiment, R⁶⁹ can independently be an R⁸⁸, which is

O

R 107. ii

106

-s- -R

w

[0136] In an alternative more general embodiment: R⁸⁰ is an alkyne; R⁸¹ is an amide; R⁸² is an amine; R⁸³ is a carbamate, ester or ketone; R⁸⁴ is a direct linked aryl, heterocyclic or heteroaryl; R⁸⁵ is an ether (typically bound through the oxygen); R⁸⁶ is a phosphonate (typically bound through the phosphorus); each of which can be optionally substituted, and wherein the moieties are as defined herein.

[0137] In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁰ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸¹. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁰ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸². In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁰ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸³. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁰ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁴. In one embodiment, one of R is R and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁵. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁰ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁶. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁰ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁷.

[0138] In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸¹ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸². In one

[0139] In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸² and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸³. In one

embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸² and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁴. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸² and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁵. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸² and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁶. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸² and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁷.

[0140] In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸³ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁴. In one

embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸³ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁵. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸³ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁶. In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸³ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁷.

[0141] In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁴ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁵. In one

[0142] In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸³ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁶. In one

embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸³ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁷.

[0143] In one embodiment, one of R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁶ and the other R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁷.

[0144] R⁷⁰ is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, Ci-C6alkyl, Ci- Cehaloalkyl, (aryl)Co-C4alkyl, (C3-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C₄alkyl, (phenyl)Co-C₄alkyl, (4- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl)Co-C₄alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S; (5- or 6- membered unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle)Co-C₄alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S; COOH, Si(CH₃)3, COOR^70a, C₂-Cealkanoyl, -B(OH)₂, -C(0)(CH₂)i_-4S(0)R²¹, -P(0)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -P(0)(OR²¹)R²²,

-P(0)R²¹R²², - R⁹P(0)(NHR²¹)( HR²²), - R⁹P(0)(OR²¹)( HR²²), - R⁹P(0)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -C(S)R²¹, - R²¹S0₂R²², - R⁹S(O) R¹⁰R²², - R⁹SO₂ R¹⁰R²², -S0₂ R⁹COR²², -S0₂ R⁹CO R²¹R²², - R²¹S0₂R²², -C(0) R²¹S0₂R²², -C( H₂) R⁹R²², -C( H₂) R⁹S(0)₂R²², -NR⁹C(0)OR¹⁰, -NR²¹OC(0)R²², -(CH₂)i-₄C(0)NR²¹R²², -C(0)R²⁴R²⁵, -NR⁹C(0)R²¹, -C(0)R²¹, - R⁹C(0) R⁹R¹⁰, - R⁹C(0) R²⁴R²⁵, -(CH₂)i-₄OC(0)R²¹, each of which R³⁰ can be optionally substituted.

[0145] R^70a is Ci-Cealkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, (C3-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl-, (aryl)Co-C4alkyl-, (3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl- having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, and (5- or 6- membered unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle)Co-C4alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, each of which R^70a can be optionally substituted.

[0001] R⁷¹ is selected at each occurrence from hydroxyl, Ci-C₆alkoxy, (C₃- C7c cloalkyl)Co-C₄alkyl, (phenyl)Co-C₄alkyl, -Ci-C₄alkylOC(0)OCi-C6alkyl, -Ci- C₄alkylOC(0)Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C₄alkylC(0)OCi-C6alkyl, (4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl)Co- C4alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, and (5- or 6- membered unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle)Co-C4alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, and each can be optionally substituted.

[0146] R⁷² is selected at each occurrence from aryl, heteroaryl, hetercycle, alkynyl, hydroxyl, Ci-C₆alkoxy, (C₃-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C₄alkyl, (aryl)Co-C₄alkyl, (heterocycle)Co-C₄alkyl, (heteroaiyl)Co-C₄alkyl, -Ci-C₄alkylOC(0)OCi-C6alkyl, -Ci-C₄alkylOC(0)Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci- C₄alkylC(0)OCi-C6alkyl, -S(0)(0)(alkyl), -S(0)(alkyl), -S(0)(0)(heteroalkyl), -S(0)(heteroalkyl), -S(0)(0)(aryl), -S(0)(aryl), -S(0)(0)(heteroaryl), -S(0)(heteroaryl), (and in some embodiments is a (4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl)Co-C₄alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, and (5- or 6- membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocycle)Co-C4alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S), each of which groups can be optionally substituted.

[0147] R⁷³ is selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, hydroxyl, cyano, amino, Ci- C₆alkyl, Ci-C₆haloalkyl, Ci-C₆alkoxy, (C3-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl, (phenyl)Co-C4alkyl, -Ci- C₄alkylOC(0)OCi-C6alkyl, -Ci-C₄alkylOC(0)Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci-C₄alkylC(0)OCi-C6alkyl, (4- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl)Co-C₄alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, and (5- or 6- membered unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle)Co-C4alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, each of which groups can be optionally substituted.

[0148] R⁷⁴ is an optionally substituted proline amide. [0149] R^a is independently selected at each occurrence from (C3-C7cycloalkyl), and each R^23a can be optionally substituted.

[0150] R^23b is independently selected at each occurrence from hydroxyl, Ci-C6alkoxy,Ci- Cealkyl, (C3-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C₄alkyl, (phenyl)Co-C₄alkyl, -0(CH2)2-40(CH₂)8-i8, -OC(R^23c)₂OC(0)OR^23d, -OC(R^23c)₂OC(0)R^23d, an N-linked amino acid or an N-linked amino acid ester, and each R^23b can be optionally substituted.

[0151] R^23c is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, Ci-Csalkyl, C2-C₈alkenyl, C2-C₈alkynyl, (aryl)Co-C₄alkyl, (aryl)C2-C₈alkenyl- or (aryl)C2-C₈alkynyl; or two R^23c groups can be taken together with the carbon that they are bonded to form a 3-6 membered heterocycloalkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or a 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring, and each R^23c can be optionally substituted.

[0152] R^23d is independently selected at each occurrence from Ci-C₈alkyl, C2-C₈alkenyl, C2-C₈alkynyl, (aryl)Co-C₄alkyl, (aryl)C2-C₈alkenyl or (aryl)C2-C₈alkynyl, and each R^23d can be optionally substituted.

[0153] R⁷⁵ is independently selected at each occurrence from hydroxyl, Ci-C₆alkoxy, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, Ci-Cealkyl, (C3-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C₄alkyl-, (aryl)Co-C₄alkyl-, -O-Co- C₄alkyl(aryl), -0-Co-C₄alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), (4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl)Co-C₄alkyl- O- having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S; (5- or 6- membered unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle)Co-C₄alkyl-0- having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S; -0(CH₂)2-₄0(CH2)₈-i₈, -OC(R^75a)₂OC(0)OR^75b, -OC(R^75a)₂OC(0)R^75b, - R⁹R¹⁰, an N-linked amino acid or an N-linked amino acid ester and each R⁷⁵ can be optionally substituted;

[0154] R^75a is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, Ci-C₈alkyl, C2- Csalkenyl, C2-C₈alkynyl, (aryl)Co-C₄alkyl-, (aryl)C2-C₈alkenyl- or (aryl)C2-C₈alkynyl-; or two R^75a groups can be taken together with the carbon that they are bonded to form a 3-6 membered heterocycloalkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or a 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring.

[0155] R^75b is independently selected at each occurrence from Ci-C₈alkyl, C2-C₈alkenyl, C2-C₈alkynyl, (aryl)Co-C₄alkyl, (aryl)C2-C₈alkenyl or (aryl)C2-C₈alkynyl.

[0156] R⁷⁶ is -NR⁹C(0)R⁷⁷ or R⁷⁸. [0157] R and R are each independently selected from Ci-C6alkyl, Ci-C₆haloalkyl, C₂- C₆alkenyl, C2-C₆alkynyl, (C3-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl, (aryl)Co-C4alkyl, (heterocycle)Co-C4alkyl and (heteroaryl)Co-C4alkyl wherein each group can be optionally substituted; or each of which (s) may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from, but not limited to, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, amino, oxo, -B(OH)₂, -Si(CH₃)₃, -COOH, - CONH2, -P(0)(OH)2, Ci-Cealkyl, Ci-Cealkoxy, -Co-C₂alkyl(mono- and di-Ci-C₄alkylamino), Ci- C₆alkylester, Ci-C4alkylamino, Ci-C4hydroxylalkyl, Ci-C₂haloalkyl, and Ci-C₂haloalkoxy.

[0158] R¹¹, R¹⁴, and R¹⁵ are independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, -0(PO)(OR⁹)₂, -(PO)(OR⁹)₂, Ci-Cealkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C2- C₆alkynyl, C₂-C6alkenyl(aryl), C₂-C6alkenyl(cycloalkyl), C₂-C6alkenyl(heterocycle), C2- C6alkenyl(heteroaryl), C2-C₆alkynyl, C₂-C6alkynyl(aryl), C₂-C6alkynyl(cycloalkyl), C2- C6alkynyl(heterocycle), C₂-C6alkynyl(heteroaryl), C2-C₆alkanoyl, Ci-C₆alkoxy, Ci-C₆thioalkyl, -Co-C4alkyl(mono- and di-Ci-C6alkylamino), -Co-C4alkyl(C₃-C7cycloalkyl), -Co-C4alkoxy(C₃- C7cycloalkyl), Ci-C₂haloalkyl, and Ci-C₂haloalkoxy.

[0159] X¹⁵ is H, O, or S.

[0160] X¹⁶ is CR¹².

[0161] X¹⁷ is N or CR¹³.

[0162] X¹⁸ is CR¹².

[0163] X¹⁹ is N or CR¹³.

[0164] X²⁰ is H or O.

[0165] X²¹ is N or CR¹⁴.

[0166] X²² is N or CR¹³.

[0167] X²³ is CR¹².

[0168] X²⁴ and X²⁵ are each independently O or S.

[0169] X²⁶ is N or CR⁴¹.

[0170] X²⁷ is CR¹², NH or O.

[0171] X²⁸ is N or CH.

[0172] X³⁰ is N or CR⁵.

[0173] X³¹ is N, C(R⁵⁴)₂ or CR⁵⁴.

[0174] X³² is NH, C(R⁵⁴)₂ or CR⁵⁴.

[0175] X³³ is -CO- or -SO- or -SO2-. [0176] X³⁴ is CHR , H, O, or S.

[0177] No more than 2 of X²⁸ are N.

[0178] R⁴¹ is hydrogen, Ci-Cealkyl, or -(Co-C2alkyl)(C3-C₅cycloalkyl).

[0179] R⁴⁸ is independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, amino, Ci-C₆alkyl, Ci-C₆haloalkyl, C2-C₆alkenyl, C2-C₆alkynyl, Ci-C₆thioalkyl, Ci-C₆alkoxy, - JC3-C₇cycloalkyl, -B(OH)₂, -JC(0)NR⁹R²³,-JOS0₂OR²¹, -C(0)(CH₂)i-₄S(0)R²¹, -0(CH₂)i-₄S(0)NR²¹R²² -JOP(0)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -JP(0)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -JOP(0)(OR²¹)R²², -JP(0)(OR²¹)R²², -JOP(0)R²¹R²², -JP(0)R²¹R²², -JSP(0)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -JSP(0)(OR²¹)(R²²), -JSP(0)(R²¹)(R²²), - JNR⁹P(0)(NHR²¹)(NHR²²), -JNR⁹P(0)(OR²¹)(NHR²²), -JNR⁹P(0)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -JC(S)R²¹, - JNR²¹S0₂R²², -JNR⁹S(O)NR¹⁰R²², -JNR⁹SO₂NR¹⁰R²², -JS0₂NR⁹COR²², -JS0₂NR⁹CONR²¹R²², - JNR²¹S0₂R²², -JC(0)NR²¹S0₂R²², -JC(NH₂)=NR²², -JCH(NH₂)NR⁹S(0)₂R²², -JOC(0)NR²¹R²², - JNR²¹C(0)OR²², -JNR²¹OC(0)R²², -(CH₂)i-₄C(0)NR²¹R²², -JC(0)NR²⁴R²⁵, -JNR⁹C(0)R²¹, - JC(0)R²¹, -JNR⁹C(O)NR¹⁰R²², -CCR²¹, -(CH₂)i-₄OC(0)R²¹, -JC(0)OR²³; each of which R⁴⁸ may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, amino, oxo, -B(OH)₂, -Si(CH₃)3, -COOH, -CONH2, -P(0)(OH)₂, Ci- C₆alkyl, -Co-C₄alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), Ci-C₆alkoxy, -Co-C₄alkyl(mono- and di-Ci- C₄alkylNR⁹R¹⁰), Ci-Cealkylester, Ci-C₄alkylamino, Ci-C₄hydroxylalkyl, Ci-C₂haloalkyl, Ci- C₂haloalkoxy, -OC(0)R⁹, -NR⁹C(0)R¹⁰, -C(0)NR⁹R¹⁰, -OC(0)NR⁹R¹⁰, -NR⁹C(0)OR¹⁰, Ci- C₂haloalkyl, and Ci-C₂haloalkoxy.

[0180] R^48ais R⁴⁸ , S(0)=NHR²¹, SF₅, and JC(R⁹)=NR²¹ and SO2OR²¹.

[0181] R⁵⁴ is hydrogen, Ci-Cealkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C2-C₆alkynyl, Ci-Cealkoxy, C2- C₆alkynyl, C2-C₆alkanoyl, Ci-C₆thioalkyl, hydroxyCi-Cealkyl, aminoCi-Cealkyl, -Co-C₄alkyl(C3- C7cycloalkyl), (phenyl)Co-C₄alkyl-, (heterocycloalkyl)Co-C₄alkyl and (heteroaryl)Co-C₄alkyl- wherein the groups can be optionally substituted.

[0182] s is 1 or 2.

[0183] L is selected from LI, LI ', L2 and L2' .

[0184] LI is a bond or is selected from the formulas

[0185] R¹⁷ is hydrogen, Ci-Cealkyl, or -Co-C₄alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl) and R¹⁸ and R¹⁸ are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxymethyl, and methyl; and m is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

[0186] In one embodiment, LI is LI ' .

[0187] Non-limiting examples of LI ' include the structures of Figure 8.

[0188] In one embodiment, the methyl groups in the structures illustrated in Figure 8 can be replaced with an alkyl.

[0189] L2 is selected from:

, an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic; an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic-oxy group; an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic group having 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S and from 4 to 7 ring atoms per ring, an optionally substituted -(Co-C4alkyl)(aryl); an optionally substituted -(Co-C4alkyl)(5-membered heteroaryl) selected from pyrrole, furan, thiophene, pyrazole, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole and isothiazole or a substituted imidazole; an optionally substituted -(Co-C4alkyl)(6-membered heteroaryl); an optionally substituted -(Co-C4alkyl)(8-membered heteroaryl); an optionally substituted -(Co- C4alkyl)(9-membered heteroaryl) selected from isoindole, indazole, purine, indolizine, benzothiophene, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, benzofuran, and furopyridine; and -(Co- C4alkyl)(10-membered heteroaryl); q is 1, 2 or 3.

[0190] wherein R⁵¹ is CH₃, CH₂F, CHF₂ or CF₃.

[0191] wherein R⁵³ is cyano, nitro, hydroxyl or Ci-C₆alkoxy.

[0192] X²⁹ can be O or S.

[0193] In certain embodiment, L2 is a bond. In certain embodiments, if L2 is heterocyclic or heteroaryl, then B can be hydrogen.

[0194] Non-limiting examples of L2 include the structures of Figure 9.

[0195] In one embodiment, the methyl groups in the structures illustrated above can be replaced with an alkyl or acyl. In another embodiment, the carbocyclic, heterocyclic, aryl or heteroaryl rings can be optionally substituted. As indicated above, any of the structures illustrated above or below can be optionally substituted with 0, 1 , 2, 3, or 4, as appropriate, and independently, of an R⁴⁸ substituent.

[0196] L3 is selected from L4 or L5.

[0197] L4 is -C(0)-.

[0198] L5 is -C(S)-, -P(0)OH-, -S(O)-, -S(0)₂- or -C(R⁵²)₂-;

[0199] wherein each R⁵² is independently selected from halo, hydrogen, or optionally substituted Cl-C₆alkyl. In certain embodiments the two R⁵² groups can be taken together to form a 3 - to 6-membered carbocyclic spiro ring or a 3 - to 6-membered heterocyclic spiro ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, or S.

[0200] B l is a monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic; a monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic- oxy group; a monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic heterocyclic group having 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S and from 4 to 7 ring atoms per ring; C2-C₆alkenyl; C₂- C₆alkynyl; -(Co-C4alkyl)(aryl); -(Co-C4alkyl)(heteroaryl); or -(Co-C4alkyl)(biphenyl), each of which B l is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from R³³ and R³⁴, and 0 or 1 substituents selected from R³⁵ and R³⁶.

[0201] R³³ is independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, -COOH, cyano, Ci-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, Ci-Cealkoxy, -Co-C₄alkyl R⁹R¹⁰, -SO2R⁹, Ci-C₂haloalkyl, and Ci-C₂haloalkoxy.

[0202] R³⁴ is independently selected from nitro, C2-C₆alkenyl, C2-C₆alkynyl, Ci- Cethioalkyl, -JC₃-C₇cycloalkyl, -B(OH)₂, -JC(0) R⁹R²³,-JOS0₂OR²¹, -C(0)(CH₂)i-4S(0)R²¹, -0(CH₂)i-4S(0) R²¹R²², -JOP(0)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -JP(0)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -JOP(0)(OR²¹)R²², -JP(0)(OR²¹)R²², -JOP(0)R²¹R²², -JP(0)R²¹R²², -JSP(0)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -JSP(0)(OR²¹)(R²²), -JSP(0)(R²¹)(R²²), -JNR⁹P(0)(NHR²¹)( HR²²), -JNR⁹P(0)(OR²¹)( HR²²),

-J R⁹P(0)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -JC(S)R²¹, -J R²¹S0₂R²², -JNR⁹S(O) R¹⁰R²², -J R⁹SO₂ R¹⁰R²², -JS0₂ R⁹COR²², -JS0₂ R⁹CO R²¹R²², -J R²¹S0₂R²², -JC(0) R²¹S0₂R²², -JC( H₂)= R²², -JCH( H₂) R⁹S(0)₂R²², -JOC(0) R²¹R²², -J R²¹C(0)OR²², -J R²¹OC(0)R²², -(CH₂)i-₄C(0) R²¹R²², -JC(0) R²⁴R²⁵, -J R⁹C(0)R²¹, -JC(0)R²¹, -J R⁹C(O) R¹⁰R²², -CCR²¹, -(CH₂)i- 40C(0)R²¹, and -JC(0)OR²³; each of which R³⁴ may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, amino, oxo, -B(OH)₂, -Si(CH₃)₃, -COOH, -CO H2, -P(0)(OH)₂, Ci-Cealkyl, -Co-C4alkyl(C₃-C7cycloalkyl), Ci-C₆alkoxy, -Co-C2alkyl(mono- and di-Ci-C4alkylamino), Ci-C6alkylester, Ci-C4alkylamino, Ci- C4hydroxylalkyl, Ci-C2haloalkyl, and Ci-C2haloalkoxy.

[0203] R³⁵ is independently selected from naphthyl, naphthyloxy, indanyl, (4- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, and bicyclic heterocycle containing 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, and containing 4- to 7- ring atoms in each ring; each of which R³⁵ is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, Ci- C₆alkyl, C2-C₆alkenyl, C2-C₆alkanoyl, Ci-C₆alkoxy, (mono- and di-Ci-C6alkylamino)Co-C4alkyl, Ci-Cealkylester, -Co-C₄alkyl(C₃-C7cycloalkyl), -SO2R⁹, Ci-C₂haloalkyl, and Ci-C₂haloalkoxy. [0204] R is independently selected from tetrazolyl, (phenyl)Co-C2alkyl, (phenyl)Ci- C₂alkoxy, phenoxy, and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl containing 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, B, and S, each of which R³⁶ is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, Ci-C₆alkyl, C2-C₆alkenyl, C2-C₆alkanoyl, Ci-C₆alkoxy, (mono- and di-Ci-C6alkylamino)Co-C4alkyl, Ci- Cealkylester, -Co-C4alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), -SO2R⁹, -OSi(CH₃)2C(CH₃)3, -Si(CH₃)₂C(CH₃)3, Ci- C₂haloalkyl, and Ci-C₂haloalkoxy.

[0205] In one additional alternative embodiment B is selected from:

[0206] In one additional alternative embodiment R³⁶ is selected from:

[0207] In one embodiment R¹ is selected from F, CI, Br, and Ci-C₆alkyl.

[0208] In one embodiment R¹ is selected from hydroxyl and Ci-C₆alkoxy.

[0209] In one embodiment R¹ is selected from C2-C₆alkynyl, C2-C₆alkanoyl, and Ci- C₆thioalkyl.

[0210] In one embodiment R¹ is selected from aminoCi-Cealkyl and -Co-C4alkyl R⁹R¹⁰.

[0211] R²¹ and R²² are independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, hydroxyl, cyano, amino, Ci-C₆alkyl, Ci-C₆haloalkyl, Ci-C₆alkoxy, (C3-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl, (phenyl)Co-C4alkyl, -Ci-C4alkylOC(0)OCi-C₆alkyl, -Ci-C₄alkylOC(0)Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci- C4alkylC(0)OCi-C6alkyl, (4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, and (5- or 6- membered unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle)Co-C4alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, and each R²¹ and R²² can be optionally substituted. In one embodiment, R²¹ and R²² can be taken together to form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring.

[0212] R²³ is independently selected at each occurrence from Ci-C₆alkyl, Ci-C₆haloalkyl, (aryl)Co-C4alkyl, (C3-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl, (phenyl)Co-C4alkyl, (4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, and (5- or 6- membered unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle)Co-C4alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, and each R²³ can be optionally substituted.

[0213] R²⁴ and R²⁵ are taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached to form a 4- to 7-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl group, or a 6- to 10- membered bicyclic heterocyclic group having fused, spiro, or bridged rings, and each R²⁴ and R²⁵ can be optionally substituted.

[0214] J is independently selected at each occurrence from a covalent bond, Ci-C4alkylene, -OCi-C4alkylene, C2-C4alkenylene, and C2-C4alkynylene.

[0215] In one embodiment, B l is selected from the structures of Figure 10.

where R²⁷ is hydrogen, methyl, or trifluorom ethyl; R²⁸ is hydrogen or halogen; and R²⁹ is hydrogen, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or -Si(CH3)2C(CH3)3.

[0216] In one embodiment, B l is B l ' . Non-limiting examples of Β include the structures of Figures 1 1 A-D.

[0217] Examples of B moieties include, but are not limited to

[0218] In one embodiment, B is B2 which is selected from the structures of Figure 12.

[0219] In one embodiment B3 is:

(i) a monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic; a monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic- oxy group; a monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic heterocyclic group having 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S and from 4 to 7 ring atoms per ring; C2-C₆alkenyl; C2-C₆alkynyl; -(Co-C4alkyl)(aryl); -(Co-C4alkyl)(heteroaryl); or -(Co-C4alkyl)(biphenyl); each of which B3 is substituted with one or more of the following: S(0)= HR²¹, SFs, and JC(R⁹)= R²¹;

(ii) a monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic heterocyclic group that has at least one boron or silicon atom in the ring or a a monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic heteroaryl group that has at least one boron in the ring; (iii) a 6-membered aryl group fused to a 5-membered saturated cyclic group that optionally contains 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N and S wherein one of the CH2 groups of the 5-membered cyclic group is optionally substituted by oxo (i.e., =0) excluding dihydrobenzofuran;

(iv) an 8-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl, however; when A is Al or Α ; C is Cl, CI ' or C2; L is LI or LI ' and L3 is L4 the following species are excluded: 6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[l,2-a]imidazole.

(v) a 9-membered monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl group, however; when A is Al or Al ' ; C is Cl, CI ' or C2; L is LI or LI ' and L3 is L4 the following species are excluded: 6-chloro-lH-benzo[d]imidazole bonded at the 7 position, 6-fluoro-lH-benzo[d]imidazole bonded at the 7 position, 6- (methylthio)-lH-benzo[d]imidazole bonded at the 7 position, and 6- (methoxy)-lH-benzo[d]imidazole bonded at the 7 position, 7-chloro- imidazo[l,2-a]pyridine substituted at the eight position, 7-(methylthio)- imidazo[l,2-a]pyridine substituted at the eight position, 7-fluoro- imidazo[l,2-a]pyridine substituted at the eight position, 7- methoxyimidazo[l,2-a]pyridine substituted at the eight position, 4-fluoro- lH-indole substituted at the 4 position,[l,2,4]triazole[4,3-a]pyridine substituted at the 2 position, and [l,2,4]triazole[4,3-a]pyrimidine substituted at the 3 position;

(vi) a 10-membered aryl or heteroaryl group, however; when A is Al or Α ; C is CI, CI ' or C2; L is LI or LI ' and L3 is L4 the following species are excluded: an unsubstituted tetrahydroquinoline and 6,7,8, 9-tetrahydro-5H- [l,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]azepine substituted at the 3-position;

(vii) (optionally substituted alkyl)-(optionally substituted cycloalkyl), (optionally substituted alkenyl)-(optionally substituted cycloalkyl), or (optionally substituted alkynyl)-(optionally substituted cycloalkyl);

[0220] wherein B3 can be further substituted one or more times with the substituents independently selected from R³⁵, R³⁶ and R⁴⁸.

[0221] Alternatively, B3 can be one of the following defined embodiments subject to the restriction that either A is A2, or C is C3, or L is L2 or L2', or L3 is L5; (I) a 4-membered carbocyclic fused to a 5- or 6- membered heteroaryl having

1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S; wherein the 4-5 or 4-6 ring system can be optionally substituted;

(II) a 4-membered carbocyclic fused to a 6-membered aryl ring wherein the 4- 6 ring system can be optionally substituted;

(III) a monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic; a monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic- oxy group; a monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic heterocyclic group having 1,

2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S and from 4 to 7 ring atoms per ring; C2-C₆alkenyl; C2-C₆alkynyl; -(Co-C4alkyl)(aryl); -(Co-C4alkyl)(heteroaryl); or -(Co-C4alkyl)(biphenyl); each of which B3 is substituted one or more times with S(0)₂OR^21;

(IV) (cycloalkyl)-(optionally substituted aryl), (cycloalkyl)-(optionally substituted heteroaryl), (cycloalkyl)-(optionally substituted heterocyclic), (alkyl)-alkenyl), cycloalkyl-alkenyl;

(V) alkyl, (alkyl)-(alkenyl), alkyl(alkynyl), cycloalkyl-alkenyl each of which can be optionally substituted;

(VI) (optionally substituted alkyl)-(optionally substituted cycloalkyl), (alkenyl)- (optionally substituted cycloalkyl), (alkynyl)-(optinally substituted cycloalkyl), (optionally substituted cycloalkyl)-(optionally substituted cycloalkyl);

[0222] wherein B3 can be further substituted 1, 2, 3 or 4 times or more with the substituents independently selected from R³³, R³⁴, R³⁵ R³⁶ and R⁴⁸.

[0223] Non-limiting examples of B3 include the structures of Figure 13.

[0224] In one embodiment, the methyl groups in the structures illustrated above can be replaced by alkyl. In another embodiment, the B3 groups illustrated above can be optionally substituted. As indicated above, any of the structures illustrated above or below can be optionally substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, as appropriate, and independently, with an R⁴⁸ substituent.

[0225] In an alternative embodiment, B3 can also be R²¹ when L2 is either an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic; an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic carbocyclic-oxy group; an optionally substituted monocyclic or bicyclic heterocyclic group having 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S and from 4 to 7 ring atoms per ring, an optionally substituted -(Co-C4alkyl)(aryl); an optionally substituted -(Co-C4alkyl)(5- membered heteroaryl) selected from pyrrole, furan, thiophene, pyrazole, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole and isothiazole or a substituted imidazole; an optionally substituted -(Co-C4alkyl)(6- membered heteroaryl); an optionally substituted -(Co-C4alkyl)(8-membered heteroaryl); an optionally substituted -(Co-C4alkyl)(9-membered heteroaryl) selected from isoindole, indazole, purine, indolizine, benzothiophene, benzothiazole, benzoxazole, benzofuran, and furopyridine; or an optionally substituted -(Co-C4alkyl)(10-membered heteroaryl)

[0226] Non-limiting examples of L2-B3 where B3 is R²¹ include the structures of Figure

14.

[0227] In an alternative embodiment, a Compound of the formula:

is provided that has at least one moiety of R of the formula:

wherein

[0228] One of A, C, L, L3, or B is selected from A2, C3, L2\ L2, L5, and B3.

[0229] R¹⁰⁵ is hydrogen Ci-Cealkyl, Ci-Cealkenyl, Ci-Cealkynyl, C2-C₆alkenyl(aryl), C₂- C6alkenyl(cycloalkyl), C₂-C6alkenyl(heterocycle), C₂-C6alkenyl(heteroaryl), C2-C₆alkynyl, C₂- C6alkynyl(aryl), C₂-C6alkynyl(cycloalkyl), C₂-C6alkynyl(heterocycle), C₂-C6alkynyl(heteroaryl), C2-C₆alkanoyl, Ci-C₆alkoxy, Ci-C₆thioalkyl, -Co-C4alkyl(mono- and di-Ci-C6alkylamino), -Co- C4alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), -Co-C4alkoxy(C3-C7cycloalkyl), Ci-C₂haloalkyl or carbamate.

[0230] R¹⁰⁶ is selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, amino, Ci-C₆alkyl, Ci-C₆haloalkyl, Ci- Cealkoxy, (C3-C7c cloalkyl)Co-C₄alkyl, (phenyl)Co-C₄alkyl, -Ci-C4alkylOC(0)OCi-C₆alkyl, - Ci-C4alkylOC(0)Ci-C₆alkyl, -Ci-C4alkylC(0)OCi-C₆alkyl, (4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, and (5- or 6- membered unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle)Co-C4alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, and each of which can be optionally substituted.

[0231] R¹⁰⁷ is a bond, alkyl (including Ci-C₆ alkyl, which specifically includes cycloalkyl), aryl, heteroaryl or heterocyclic;

[0232] In one embodiment, R⁸⁸ is independently R¹² or R¹³, i.e., R⁶⁹.

[0233] In another embodiment, R⁸⁸ is R¹² or R¹³ and the other R¹² or R¹³ is hydrogen;

[0234] In yet another embodiment, R⁸⁸ is a substituent linked to any of A, L, B, X¹, X²,

Hi , n² , nj³ , T rjvl' , T ι?ν²' , I Γ?ν³' , I Γ?ν⁴ , I Γ?ν⁵ , I Γ?ν⁶ , I Γ?ν⁶' , I ι?ν⁷ , I ι?ν⁸ , I ι?ν⁸' , I ιJνH , D ινM , D ιν15 , T ιν> 16 , τ ιν> 19 , τ ιν> 33 , τ ιν> 34 , τ ιν> 35 , τ ιν> 36 , τ ιν> 80 ,

R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, R⁸⁶, and R⁸⁷; and wherein R¹² or R¹³ are each independently R⁶⁹;

[0235] In yet another embodiment, R⁸⁸ is a substituent linked to any of A, L, B, X¹, X²,

H I./i , n² n³ T? T?²' T?³' T?⁴ Τ?⁵ Τ?⁶ Τ?⁶' Τ?⁷ Τ?⁸ Τ?⁸' Β^{1 1} Χ 1 , ΤΓ>ν15 ,^η 16 τ> 19 , τΓ>ν33 , τ> 34 τ> 35 , τΓ>ν36 , τ> 80

R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, R⁸⁶, and R⁸⁷; and wherein at least one of R¹² or R¹³ is hydrogen.

[0236] Non-limiting examples of moieties with R⁸⁸ include:

[0237] Non-limiting examples of B with R include:

[0238] Non-limiting examples of L-B with R include:

[0239] Non-limiting examples of A with R⁸⁸ include:

[0240] In an alternate embodiment, one of the R⁶⁹ groups can be bonded to B via a linking group to form a compound of Formula Γ :

R⁶⁹ Formula Γ;

[0241] wherein;

[0242] X^y and X^i(J are each independently CH₂, NR , O or S; [0243] p is 2 to 10;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition, salt, isotopic analog, or prodrug thereof.

[0244] In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula IM, wherein R⁶⁹ is monovalent or divalent, as indicated.

Formula IM.

[0245] In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula IN:

.

[0246] In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula IO:

[0247] In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula IP, whereinonovalent or divalent:

Formula IP.

[0248] In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula IQ:

Formula IQ.

[0249] In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula IR:

[0250] In an alternate embodiment, the X⁹-(CH₂)_P-X¹⁰ moiety can be saturated or partially unsaturated. In another embodiment, the X⁹-(CH2)_P-X¹⁰ moiety can comprise one or more heteroatoms.

[0251] In an embodiment, the A group can be bonded to B via a linking group to form a compound of Formula Γ :

[0252] wherein X⁹ and X¹⁰ are each independently CH₂, R⁹, O or S;

[0253] t is 1, 2, or 3;

[0254] or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition, salt, isotopic analog, or prodrug thereof.

[0255] In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula IS:

[0256] In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a compound of Formula IT:

[0257] In an alternate embodiment, the X⁹-(CH2)t-X¹⁰ moiety can be saturated or partially unsaturated. In another embodiment, the X⁹-(CH2)t-X¹⁰ moiety can comprise one or more heteroatoms.

[0258] In an alternate embodiment, the disclosure provides compounds of Formula I"

[0259] A is selected from Al, Al ' and A2.

[0260] B is selected from Bl, B l ', B2, B3 and B4.

[0261] L is selected from LI, LI ', L2 and L2' .

[0262] L3 is selected from L4 and L5.

[0263] R³⁷ is hydrogen, Ci-Cealkyl or -(Co-CialkylXCs-Cecylcoalkyl).

[0264] R³⁸ and R³⁹ are independently hydrogen, deuterium, Ci-C₆alkyl (including C1-C3 alkyl), Ci-C₆haloalkyl, Ci-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C2-C₆alkenyl, C2-C₆alkynyl, Ci-C₆alkoxy, (C3- C6cycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl-, (aryl)Co-C2alkyl-, (heteroaryl)Co-C2alkyl-, or a side chain of an amino acid (i.e., a moiety which is found on the carbon linking the amino group and the carboxyl group in an amino acid) or its isomer; each of which is optionally substituted. The R³⁸ and R³⁹ substituents independently include but are not limited to any corresponding R³⁸ and R³⁹ positions found in natural amino acids (or their D-counterpart) and non-proteogenic amino acids, such as serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, selenocysteine, glycine (e.g., hydrogen), alanine, valine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan, ornithine, glutamine, arginine, histidine, proline, hydroxyproline, selenomethionine, lanthionine, 2-aminoisobutyric acid or dehydroalanine (i.e., R³⁸ or R³⁹ is an exo-double bond), with optional protection of functional groups such as hydroxyl, amino, thiol, etc.

[0265] Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound or salt of Formula I, Formula Γ or Formula I" together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier are also disclosed.

[0266] The present invention thus includes at least the following features:

(a) a compound of Formula I, Formula Γ or Formula I" or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, for use in treating or preventing a disorder listed in the Detailed Description, Part IV, including but not limited to the development of fatty liver and conditions stemming from fatty liver, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver inflammation, cirrhosis, or liver failure; dermatomyocitis; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to biotherapeutics (e.g. CAR T-cell therapy); paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal degeneration, other ophthalmic diseases (e.g., geographic atrophy), a respiratory disease or a cardiovascular disease;

(b) a pharmaceutically acceptable composition of a compound of Formula I, Formula Γ or Formula I" or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier;

(c) a compound selected from Formula I, Formula Γ or Formula I" or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, for use in treating or preventing a disorder mediated by the complement pathway, and for example, cascade Factor D;

(d) use of a compound of Formula I, Formula Γ or Formula I", as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating or preventing a disorder listed in the Detailed Description, Part IV, including but not limited to the development of fatty liver and conditions stemming from fatty liver, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver inflammation, cirrhosis, liver failure; dermatomyocitis; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to biotherapeutics (e.g. CAR T-cell therapy); paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal degeneration, other ophthalmic diseases (e.g., geographic atrophy), a respiratory disease or a cardiovascular disease; (e) a process for manufacturing a medicament intended for the therapeutic use for treating or preventing a disorder listed in the Detailed Description, Part IV, or generally for treating or preventing disorders mediated by complement cascade Factor D, characterized in that a compound selected from Formula I, Formula Γ or Formula I" or an embodiment of the active compound is used in the manufacture;

(f) a compound selected from Formula I, Formula Γ or Formula I" or a salt thereof as described herein in substantially pure form (e.g., at least 90 or 95%):

(g) a compound of Formula I, Formula Γ or Formula I" as described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof, for use in treating a medical disorder which is an inflammatory or immune condition, a disorder mediated by the complement cascade (including a dysfunctional cascade), a disorder or abnormality of a cell that adversely affects the ability of the cell to engage in or respond to normal complement activity, or an undesired complement- mediated response to a medical treatment, such as surgery or other medical procedure or a pharmaceutical or biopharmaceutical drug administration, a blood transfusion, or other allogenic tissue or fluid administration.

(h) For each of (a) through (g) above, and otherwise herein, each assembly of moieties in the Figures and each active compound made therefrom or its use is considered and deemed specifically and individually disclosed, as such depiction is for convenience of space only and not intended to describe a only a genus or even a subgenus for such indication.

I. TERMINOLOGY

[0267] Compounds are described using standard nomenclature. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

[0268] The compounds in any of the Formulas described herein include enantiomers, mixtures of enantiomers, diastereomers, tautomers, racemates and other isomers, such as rotamers, as if each is specifically described.

[0269] The terms "a" and "an" do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item. The term "or" means "and/or". Recitation of ranges of values are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. The endpoints of all ranges are included within the range and independently combinable. All methods described herein can be performed in a suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of examples, or exemplary language (e.g., "such as"), is intended merely to better illustrate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this invention belongs.

[0270] The present invention includes compounds of Formula I, Formula Γ or Formula I" with at least one desired isotopic substitution of an atom, at an amount above the natural abundance of the isotope, i.e., enriched. Isotopes are atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers, i.e., the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.

[0271] Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, and chlorine, such as²H,³H,^UC,¹³C,¹⁴C,¹⁵N,¹⁸F³¹P,³²P,³⁵S,³⁶CI,¹²⁵I respectively. In one embodiment, isotopically labelled compounds can be used in metabolic studies (with¹⁴C), reaction kinetic studies (with, for example²H or³H), detection or imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays, or in radioactive treatment of patients. In particular, an¹⁸F labeled compound may be particularly desirable for PET or SPECT studies. Isotopically labeled compounds of this invention and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the schemes or in the examples and preparations described below by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.

[0272] By way of general example and without limitation, isotopes of hydrogen, for example, deuterium (²H) and tritium (³H) may be used anywhere in described structures that achieves the desired result. Alternatively or in addition, isotopes of carbon, e.g.,¹³C and¹⁴C, may be used. In one embodiment, the isotopic substitution is deuterium for hydrogen at one or more locations on the molecule to improve the performance of the drug, for example, the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, half-life, stability, AUC, Tmax, Cmax, etc. For example, the deuterium can be bound to carbon in a location of bond breakage during metabolism (an a-deuterium kinetic isotope effect) or next to or near the site of bond breakage (a β-deuterium kinetic isotope effect).

[0273] Isotopic substitutions, for example deuterium substitutions, can be partial or complete. Partial deuterium substitution means that at least one hydrogen is substituted with deuterium. In certain embodiments, the isotope is 90, 95 or 99% or more enriched in an isotope at any location of interest. In one embodiments deuterium is 90, 95 or 99% enriched at a desired location. Unless otherwise stated, the enrichment at any point is above natural abundance and enough to alter a detectable property of the drug in a human.

[0274] In one embodiment, the substitution of a hydrogen atom for a deuterium atom can be provided in any of the Al, Al \ A2, B l, Bl ', B2, B3, B4, CI, CI ', C2, C3, C4, LI, LI ', L2, L2', L4 or L5. In one embodiment, the substitution of a hydrogen atom for a deuterium atom occurs within an R group selected from any of R^1', R², R^2', R³, R^3', R⁴' R⁵, R⁶, R^6', R⁷, R⁸, R⁸ , R⁹, 10_R l l_R 12_R 13_R 14 τ> 15 τ> 16 τ> 17 τ> 18_R 18' τ> 19_R 21_R 22_R 23_R 24_R 25_R 26_R 27_R 28_R 29_R 30 31 } 69_R 33_R 34_R 35_R 36_R 70 n il n 72 n 73 n 74 n 75 n 76 n 77_R 78_R 80_R 81_R 82_R 83_R 84_R 85

R⁸⁶, R⁸⁷, R⁸⁸, R⁹⁰, R¹⁰⁰, R¹⁰¹, R¹⁰², R¹⁰⁵, R¹⁰⁶, and R¹⁰⁷. For example, when any of R groups are, or contain for example through substitution, methyl, ethyl, or methoxy, the alkyl residue may be deuterated (in nonlimiting embodiments, CD₃, CH2CD3, CD2CD3, CDH2, CD2H, CD3, CHDCH2D, CH2CD3, CHDCHD2, OCDH2, OCD2H, or OCD3 etc.). In some embodiments, an R group has a " ' " or an "a" designation, which in one embodiment can be deuterated. In certain other embodiments, when two substituents of the central core ring are combined to form a cyclopropyl ring, the unsubstituted methylene carbon may be deuterated.

[0275] The compound of the present invention may form a solvate with solvents (including water). Therefore, in one embodiment, the invention includes a solvated form of the active compound. The term "solvate" refers to a molecular complex of a compound of the present invention (including a salt thereof) with one or more solvent molecules. Nonlimiting examples of solvents are water, ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone and other common organic solvents. The term "hydrate" refers to a molecular complex comprising a compound of the invention and water. Pharmaceutically acceptable solvates in accordance with the invention include those wherein the solvent of crystallization may be isotopically substituted, e.g. D2O, d₆-acetone, d₆-DMSO. A solvate can be in a liquid or solid form. [0276] A dash ("-") that is not between two letters or symbols is used to indicate a point of attachment for a substituent. For example,

is attached through carbon of the keto (C=0) group.

[0277] The term "substituted", as used herein, means that any one or more hydrogens on the designated atom or group is replaced with a moiety selected from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valence is not exceeded and the resulting compound is stable. For example, when the substituent is oxo (i.e., =0) then two hydrogens on the atom are replaced. For example a pyridyl group substituted by oxo is a pyridone. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds or useful synthetic intermediates.

[0278] A stable active compound refers to a compound that can be isolated and can be formulated into a dosage form with a shelf life of at least one month. A stable manufacturing intermediate or precursor to an active compound is stable if it does not degrade within the period needed for reaction or other use. A stable moiety or substituent group is one that does not degrade, react or fall apart within the period necessary for use. Nonlimiting examples of unstable moieties are those that combine heteroatoms in an unstable arrangement, as typically known and identifiable to those of skill in the art.

[0279] Any suitable group may be present on a "substituted" or "optionally substituted" position that forms a stable molecule and meets the desired purpose of the invention and includes, but is not limited to, e.g., halogen (which can independently be F, CI, Br or I); cyano; hydroxyl; nitro; azido; alkanoyl (such as a C2-C6 alkanoyl group); carboxamide; alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, aryloxy such as phenoxy; alkylthio including those having one or more thioether linkages; alkyl sulfinyl; alkylsulfonyl groups including those having one or more sulfonyl linkages; aminoalkyl groups including groups having one or more N atoms; aryl (e.g., phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, or the like, each ring either substituted or unsubstituted aromatic); arylalkyl having for example, 1 to 3 separate or fused rings and from 6 to about 14 or 18 ring carbon atoms, with benzyl being an exemplary arylalkyl group; arylalkoxy, for example, having 1 to 3 separate or fused rings with benzyloxy being an exemplary arylalkoxy group; or a saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic heterocyclic group having 1 to 3 separate or fused rings with one or more N, O or S atoms, e.g. coumarinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, triazinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiazolyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, and pyrrolidinyl. Such heterocyclic groups may be further substituted, e.g. with hydroxy, alkyl, alkoxy, halogen and amino. In certain embodiments "optionally substituted" includes one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, cyano, -CHO, -COOH, - CONH2, Ci-Cealkyl, C2-Cealkenyl, C2-Cealkynyl, -Ci-Cealkoxy, C2-Cealkanoyl, Ci-Cealkylester, (mono- and di-Ci-C6alkylamino)Co-C2alkyl, Ci-C2haloalkyl, hydoxyCi-C₆alkyl, ester, carbamate, urea, sulfonamide,-Ci-C6alkyl(heterocyclo), Ci-C6alkyl(heteroaryl), -Ci-C₆alkyl(C3- C7cycloalkyl), 0-Ci-C6alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), B(OH)2, phosphate, phosphonate and Ci- C2haloalkoxy.

[0280] "Alkyl" is a branched or straight chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group. In one embodiment, the alkyl contains from 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, more generally from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms or from 1 to about 4 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the alkyl contains from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms. In certain embodiments, the alkyl is C1-C2, C1-C3, or Ci-C₆. The specified ranges as used herein indicate an alkyl group having each member of the range described as an independent species. For example, the term Ci-C₆ alkyl as used herein indicates a straight or branched alkyl group having from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms and is intended to mean that each of these is described as an independent species. For example, the term Ci-C4alkyl as used herein indicates a straight or branched alkyl group having from 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms and is intended to mean that each of these is described as an independent species. When Co-Cn alkyl is used herein in conjunction with another group, for example, (C3-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C4 alkyl, or -Co- C4alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), the indicated group, in this case cycloalkyl, is either directly bound by a single covalent bond (Coalkyl), or attached by an alkyl chain in this case 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbon atoms. Alkyls can also be attached via other groups such as heteroatoms as in -0-Co-C4alkyl(C3- C7cycloalkyl). Examples of alkyl include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, 2- methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, 2,3-dimethylbutane, and hexyl. In one embodiment, the alkyl group is optionally substituted as described above. In one embodiment, trimethylsilyl can be used instead of t-butyl.

[0281] In one embodiment, when a term is used that includes "alk" it should be understood that "cycloalkyl" or "carbocyclic" can be considered part of the definition, unless unambiguously excluded by the context. For example and without limitation, the terms alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkanoyl, alkenloxy, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkylene, alkenylene, alkynylene, etc. can all be considered to include the cyclic forms of alkyl, unless unambiguously excluded by context.

[0282] "Alkenyl" is a branched or straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbon group having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds that may occur at a stable point along the chain. Nonlimiting examples are C2-C₈alkenyl, C2-C₆alkenyl and C2-C4alkenyl. The specified ranges as used herein indicate an alkenyl group having each member of the range described as an independent species, as described above for the alkyl moiety. Examples of alkenyl include, but are not limited to, ethenyl and propenyl. In one embodiment, the alkenyl group is optionally substituted as described above.

[0283] "Alkynyl" is a branched or straight chain aliphatic hydrocarbon group having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds that may occur at any stable point along the chain, for example, C2-C₈alkynyl or C2-C₆alkynyl. The specified ranges as used herein indicate an alkynyl group having each member of the range described as an independent species, as described above for the alkyl moiety. Examples of alkynyl include, but are not limited to, ethynyl, propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, 1 -hexynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3- hexynyl, 4-hexynyl and 5-hexynyl. In one embodiment, the alkynyl group is optionally substituted as described above.

[0284] "Alkylene" is a bivalent saturated hydrocarbon. Alkylenes, for example, can be a 1 to 8 carbon moiety, 1 to 6 carbon moiety, or an indicated number of carbon atoms, for example Ci-C4alkylene, Ci-C3alkylene, or Ci-C2alkylene.

[0285] "Alkenylene" is a bivalent hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Alkenylenes, for example, can be a 2 to 8 carbon moiety, 2 to 6 carbon moiety, or an indicated number of carbon atoms, for example C2-C4alkenylene.

[0286] "Alkynylene" is a bivalent hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Alkynylenes, for example, can be a 2 to 8 carbon moiety, 2 to 6 carbon moiety, or an indicated number of carbon atoms, for example C2-C4alkynylene.

[0287] "Alkoxy" is an alkyl group as defined above covalently bound through an oxygen bridge (-0-). Examples of alkoxy include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, i- propoxy, n-butoxy, 2-butoxy, t-butoxy, n-pentoxy, 2-pentoxy, 3-pentoxy, isopentoxy, neopentoxy, n-hexoxy, 2-hexoxy, 3-hexoxy, and 3-methylpentoxy. Similarly an "alkylthio" or a "thioalkyl" group is an alkyl group as defined above with the indicated number of carbon atoms covalently bound through a sulfur bridge (-S-). In one embodiment, the alkoxy group is optionally substituted as described above.

[0288] "Alkenyloxy" is an alkenyl group as defined covalently bound to the group it substitutes by an oxygen bridge (-0-).

[0289] "Alkanoyl" is an alkyl group as defined above covalently bound through a carbonyl (C=0) bridge. The carbonyl carbon is included in the number of carbons, that is C₂alkanoyl is a CH3(C=0)- group. In one embodiment, the alkanoyl group is optionally substituted as described above.

[0290] "Alkylester" is an alkyl group as defined herein covalently bound through an ester linkage. The ester linkage may be in either orientation, e.g., a group of the formula -0(C=0)alkyl or a group of the formula -(C=0)Oalkyl.

[0291] "Amide" or "carboxamide" is -C(0) R^aR^b wherein R^a and R^b are each independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl, for example, Ci-C₆alkyl, alkenyl, for example, C₂- C₆alkenyl, alkynyl, for example, C₂-C₆alkynyl, -Co-C4alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), -Co-C4alkyl(C3- C7heterocycloalkyl), -Co-C4alkyl(aryl), and -Co-C4alkyl(heteroaryl); or together with the nitrogen to which they are bonded, R^a and R^b can form a C3-C7heterocyclic ring. In one embodiment, the R^a and R^b groups are each independently optionally substituted as described above.

[0292] "Carbocyclic group", "carbocyclic ring", or "cycloalkyl" is a saturated or partially unsaturated (i.e., not aromatic) group containing all carbon ring atoms. A carbocyclic group typically contains 1 ring of 3 to 7 carbon atoms or 2 fused rings each containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms. Cycloalkyl substituents may be pendant from a substituted nitrogen or carbon atom, or a substituted carbon atom that may have two substituents can have a cycloalkyl group, which is attached as a spiro group. Examples of carbocyclic rings include cyclohexenyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclobutyl and cyclopropyl rings. In one embodiment, the carbocyclic ring is optionally substituted as described above. In one embodiment, the cycloalkyl is a partially unsaturated (i.e., not aromatic) group containing all carbon ring atoms. In another embodiment, the cycloalkyl is a saturated group containing all carbon ring atoms.

[0293] "Carbocyclic-oxy group" is a monocyclic carbocyclic ring or a mono- or bi-cyclic carbocyclic group as defined above attached to the group it substitutes via an oxygen, -0-, linker.

[0294] "Haloalkyl" indicates both branched and straight-chain alkyl groups substituted with 1 or more halogen atoms, up to the maximum allowable number of halogen atoms. Examples of haloalkyl include, but are not limited to, trifluorom ethyl, monofluorom ethyl, difluorom ethyl, 2- fluoroethyl, and penta-fluoroethyl.

[0295] "Haloalkoxy" indicates a haloalkyl group as defined herein attached through an oxygen bridge (oxygen of an alcohol radical).

[0296] "Hydroxyalkyl" is an alkyl group as previously described, substituted with at least one hydroxyl subsitutuent.

[0297] "Aminoalkyl" is an alkyl group as previously described, substituted with at least one amino subsitutuent.

[0298] "Halo" or "halogen" indicates independently any of fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.

[0299] "Aryl" indicates an aromatic group containing only carbon in the aromatic ring or rings. In one embodiment, the aryl groups contain 1 to 3 separate or fused rings and is 6 to about 14 or 18 ring atoms, without heteroatoms as ring members. When indicated, such aryl groups may be further substituted with carbon or non-carbon atoms or groups. Such substitution may include fusion to a 4 to 7 or a 5 to 7-membered saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic group that optionally contains 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, B, P, Si and/or S, to form, for example, a 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl group. Aryl groups include, for example, phenyl and naphthyl, including 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl. In one embodiment, aryl groups are pendant. An example of a pendant ring is a phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group. In one embodiment, the aryl group is optionally substituted as described above.

[0300] The term "heterocycle," or "heterocyclic ring" as used herein refers to a saturated or a partially unsaturated (i.e., having one or more double and/or triple bonds within the ring without aromaticity) carbocyclic moiety of 3 to about 12, and more typically 3, 5, 6, 7 to 10 ring atoms in which at least one ring atom is a heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus sulfur, silicon and boron, the remaining ring atoms being C, where one or more ring atoms is optionally substituted independently with one or more substituents described above. A heterocycle may be a monocycle having 3 to 7 ring members (2 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, P, S, Si and B) or a bicycle having 6 to 10 ring members (4 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 to 6 heteroatoms selected from N, O, P, S, Si and B), for example: a bicyclo [4,5], [5,5], [5,6], or [6,6] system. In one embodiment, the only heteroatom is nitrogen. In one embodiment, the only heteroatom is oxygen. In one embodiment, the only heteroatom is sulfur, boron or silicon. Heterocycles are described in Paquette, Leo A.; "Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry" (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; "The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs" (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1960) 82:5566. Examples of heterocyclic rings include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, piperidino, piperidonyl, morpholino, thiomorpholino, thioxanyl, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, homopiperidinyl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, oxazepinyl, diazepinyl, thiazepinyl, 2- pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, indolinyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, pyrazolinyl, dithianyl, dithiolanyl, dihydropyranyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydrofuranyl, dihydroisoquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, pyrazolidinylimidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, 2-oxa-5- azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, 3-oxa-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, 8-oxa-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, 6- oxa-3-azabicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 2-oxa-5-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 3-azabicyco[3.1.0]hexanyl, 3- azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanyl, azabicyclo[2.2.2]hexanyl, 3H-indolyl, quinolizinyl, N-pyridyl ureas, and pyrrolopyrimidine. Spiro moieties are also included within the scope of this definition. Examples of a heterocyclic group wherein 1 or 2 ring carbon atoms are substituted with oxo (=0) moieties are pyrimidinonyl and 1, 1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl. The heterocycle groups herein are optionally substituted independently with one or more substituents described herein.

[0301] "Heterocyclicoxy group" is a monocyclic heterocyclic ring or a bicyclic heterocyclic group as described previously linked to the group it substitutes via an oxygen, -0-, linker.

[0302] "Heteroaryl" indicates a stable monocyclic aromatic ring which contains from 1 to 3, or in some embodiments from 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, S, B or P with remaining ring atoms being carbon, or a stable bicyclic or tricyclic system containing at least one 4 to 7 or 5- to 7-membered aromatic ring which contains from 1 to 3, or in some embodiments from 1 to 2, heteroatoms selected from N, O, S, B or P with remaining ring atoms being carbon. In one embodiment, the only heteroatom is nitrogen. In one embodiment, the only heteroatom is oxygen. In one embodiment, the only heteroatom is sulfur. Monocyclic heteroaryl groups typically have from 5 to 7 ring atoms. In some embodiments bicyclic heteroaryl groups are 8- to 10-membered heteroaryl groups, that is, groups containing 8 or 10 ring atoms in which one 5- to 7-member aromatic ring is fused to a second aromatic or non-aromatic ring. When the total number of S and O atoms in the heteroaryl group exceeds 1, these heteroatoms are not adjacent to one another. In one embodiment, the total number of S and O atoms in the heteroaryl group is not more than 2. In another embodiment, the total number of S and O atoms in the aromatic heterocycle is not more than 1. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl (including, for example, 2-hydroxypyridinyl), imidazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, pyrimidinyl (including, for example, 4-hydroxypyrimidinyl), pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, cinnolinyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, isoindolyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, benzofurazanyl, benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and furopyridinyl. Heteroaryl groups are optionally substituted independently with one or more substituents described herein. "Heteroaryloxy" is a heteroaryl group as described bound to the group it substituted via an oxygen, -0-, linker.

[0303] "Heterocycloalkyl" is a saturated ring group. It may have, for example, 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, O, Si and B with remaining ring atoms being carbon. In a typical embodiment, nitrogen is the heteroatom. Monocyclic heterocycloalkyl groups typically have from 3 to about 8 ring atoms or from 4 to 6 ring atoms. Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include morpholinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, and pyrrolinyl.

[0304] The term "mono- and/ or di-alkylamino" indicate a secondary or tertiary alkylamino group, wherein the alkyl groups are independently selected alkyl groups, as defined herein. The point of attachment of the alkylamino group is on the nitrogen. Examples of mono- and di- alkylamino groups include ethylamino, dimethylamino, and methyl-propyl-amino.

[0305] A "dosage form" means a unit of administration of an active agent. Examples of dosage forms include tablets, capsules, injections, suspensions, liquids, emulsions, implants, particles, spheres, creams, ointments, suppositories, inhalable forms, transdermal forms, buccal, sublingual, topical, gel, mucosal, and the like. A "dosage form" can also include an implant, for example an optical implant.

[0306] "Pharmaceutical compositions" are compositions comprising at least one active agent, and at least one other substance, such as a carrier. "Pharmaceutical combinations" are combinations of at least two active agents which may be combined in a single dosage form or provided together in separate dosage forms with instructions that the active agents are to be used together to treat any disorder described herein.

[0307] A "pharmaceutically acceptable salt" is a derivative of the disclosed compound in which the parent compound is modified by making inorganic and organic, non-toxic, acid or base addition salts thereof. The salts of the present compounds can be synthesized from a parent compound that contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting free acid forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base (such as Na, Ca, Mg, or K hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, or the like), or by reacting free base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate acid. Such reactions are typically carried out in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two. Generally, non-aqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are typical, where practicable. Salts of the present compounds further include solvates of the compounds and of the compound salts.

[0308] Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, mineral or organic acid salts of basic residues such as amines; alkali or organic salts of acidic residues such as carboxylic acids; and the like. The pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the conventional non-toxic salts and the quaternary ammonium salts of the parent compound formed, for example, from non-toxic inorganic or organic acids. For example, conventional non-toxic acid salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, pamoic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicylic, mesylic, esylic, besylic, sulfanilic, 2- acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isethionic, HOOC-(CH2)n-COOH where n is 0-4, and the like, or using a different acid that produces the same counterion. Lists of additional suitable salts may be found, e.g., in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., p. 1418 (1985).

[0309] The term "carrier" applied to pharmaceutical compositions/combinations of the invention refers to a diluent, excipient, or vehicle with which an active compound is provided.

[0310] A "pharmaceutically acceptable excipient" means an excipient that is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition/combination that is generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise inappropriate for administration to a host, typically a human. In one embodiment, an excipient is used that is acceptable for veterinary use.

[0311] A "patient" or "host" or "subject" is a human or non-human animal in need of treatment or prevention of any of the disorders as specifically described herein, including but not limited to by modulation of the complement Factor D pathway. Typically the host is a human. A "patient" or "host" or "subject" also refers to for example, a mammal, primate (e.g., human), cows, sheep, goat, horse, dog, cat, rabbit, rat, mice, fish, bird and the like.

[0312] A "prodrug" as used herein, means a compound which when administered to a host in vivo is converted into a parent drug. As used herein, the term "parent drug" means any of the presently described chemical compounds described herein. Prodrugs can be used to achieve any desired effect, including to enhance properties of the parent drug or to improve the pharmaceutic or pharmacokinetic properties of the parent. Prodrug strategies exist which provide choices in modulating the conditions for in vivo generation of the parent drug, all of which are deemed included herein. Nonlimiting examples of prodrug strategies include covalent attachment of removable groups, or removable portions of groups, for example, but not limited to acylation, phosphorylation, phosphonylation, phosphoramidate derivatives, amidation, reduction, oxidation, esterification, alkylation, other carboxy derivatives, sulfoxy or sulfone derivatives, carbonylation or anhydride, among others.

[0313] "Providing a compound with at least one additional active agent," for example, in one embodiment can mean that the compound and the additional active agent(s) are provided simultaneously in a single dosage form, provided concomitantly in separate dosage forms, or provided in separate dosage forms for administration. In one embodiment, the compound administrations are separated by some amount of time that is within the time in which both the compound and the at least one additional active agent are within the blood stream of a patient. In certain embodiments the compound and the additional active agent need not be prescribed for a patient by the same medical care worker. In certain embodiments the additional active agent or agents need not require a prescription. Administration of the compound or the at least one additional active agent can occur via any appropriate route, for example, oral tablets, oral capsules, oral liquids, inhalation, injection, suppositories, parenteral, sublingual, buccal, intravenous, intraaortal, transdermal, polymeric controlled delivery, non-polymeric controlled delivery, nano or microparticles, liposomes, and/or topical contact. [0314] A "therapeutically effective amount" of a pharmaceutical composition/combination of this invention means an amount effective, when administered to a host, to provide a therapeutic benefit such as an amelioration of symptoms or reduction or dimunition of the disease itself. In one embodiment, a therapeutically effective amount is an amount sufficient to prevent a significant increase or will significantly reduce the detectable level of complement Factor D in the patient's blood, serum, or tissues.

II. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ACTIVE COMPOUNDS

[0315] According to the present invention a compound of Formula I is provided:

(I)

as well as the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and compositions thereof. Formula I can be considered to have a central core C, an L substituent, a B substituent, and a L3-A substituent. Formula I comprises at least one of the A2, B3, C3, L2, L2', or L5 (and in certain embodiments, C4) moieties described herein. The invention includes a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof, wherein R¹² and R¹³ on the A group are independently selected from R⁶⁹. In one embodiment, the compound is an inhibitor of complement factor D, and therefore can be used as an effective amount to treat a host in need of complement factor D modulation. In another embodiment, the compound acts through a mechanism other than inhibition of complement D to treat a disorder described herein in a host, typically a human.

[0316] In certain embodiments, any of the active compounds can be provided in its N- oxide form to a patient in need thereof. In a different embodiment, an N-oxide of one of the active compounds or a precursor of the active compound is used in a manufacturing scheme. In yet another embodiment, the N-oxide is a metabolite of administration of one of the active compounds herein, and may have independent activity. The N-oxide can be formed by treating the compound of interest with an oxidizing agent, for example a suitable peroxyacid or peroxide, to generate an N-oxide compound. For example, a heteroaryl group, for example a pyridyl group, can be treated with an oxidizing agent such as sodium percarbonate in the presence of a rhenium-based catalyst under mild reaction conditions to generate an N-oxide compound. A person skilled in the art will understand that appropriate protecting groups may be necessary to carry out the chemistry. See, Jain, S.L. et al., "Rhenium-Catalyzed Highly Efficient Oxidations of Tertiary Nitrogen Compounds to N-Oxides Using Sodium Percarbonate as Oxygen Source, Synlett, 2261-2663, 2006.

[0317] In other embodiments, any of the active compounds with a sulfur can be provided in its sulfoxide or sulfone form to a patient in need thereof. In a different embodiment, a sulfoxide or sulfone of one of the active compounds or a precursor of the active compound is used in a manufacturing scheme, A sulfur atom in a selected compound as described herein can be oxidized

to form a sulfoxide

or a sulfone using known methods. For example, the compound l,3,5-triazo-2,4,6-triphosphorine-2,2,4,4,6,6-tetrachloride (TAPC) is an efficient promoter for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides. See, Bahrami, M. et al ., "TAPC-Promoted Oxidation of sulfides and Deoxygenation of Sulfoxides", J. Org. Chem,, 75, 6208-6213 (2010). Oxidation of sulfides with 30% hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by tantalum carbide provides sulfoxides in high yields, see, Kirihara, A., et. al., "Tantalum Carbide or Niobium Carbide Catalyzed Oxidation of Sulfides with Hydrogen Peroxide: Highly Efficient and Chemoselective Syntheses of Sulfoxides and Sulfones", Synlett, 1557-1561 (2010). Sulfides can be oxidized to sulfones using, for example, niobium carbide as the catalyst, see, Kirihara, A., et al., "Tantalum Cardide or Niobium Carbide Catalyzed Oxidation of Sulfides with Hydrogen Peroxide: Highly Efficient and Chemoselective Syntheses of Sulfoxides and Sulfones", Synlett, 1557-1561 (2010). Urea-hydrogen peroxide adduct is a stable inexpensive and easily handled reagent for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfones, see Varma, R.S. and Naicker, K.P., "The Urea-Hydrogen Peroxide Complex: Solid-State Oxidative Protocols for Hydroxylated Aldehydes and Ketones (Dakin Reaction), Nitriies, Sulfides, and Nitrogen Heterocycl.es", Org. Lett., 1 , 189-191 (1999). One skilled in the art will appreciate that other heteroatonis, such as nitrogen, may need to be protected and then deprotected while earning out the oxidation of a sulfur atom to produce the desired compound.

[0318] The present invention also provides a compound of Formula Γ with an R⁶⁹ which is monovalent or divalent:

as well as the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and compositions thereof. Formula Γ is comprised of a central core C moiety, an A substituent, a L3 substituent, a L substituent, a B substituent and a -X⁹-(CH2)p-X¹⁰ linker; wherein R¹² or R¹³ on the Al and A2 groups, are independently selected from R⁶⁹. Compounds of Formula I" are suitable inhibitors of complement factor D, and therefore can be used as an effective amount to treat a host in need of complement factor D modulation. Alternatively, the compound may act through a different mechanism of action to treat the disorders described herein.

[0319] In addition, the present invention provides a compound of Formula I":

as well as the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and compositions thereof. Formula I" is comprised

of an

moiety, an A substituent, a L3 substituent, a L substituent and a B substituent. Compounds of Formula I", or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof, wherein R¹² or R¹³ on the Al and A2 groups, wherein Al and A2 are independently selected from R⁶⁹ in one embodiment, is an inhibitor of complement factor D, and therefore can be used as an effective amount to treat a host in need of complement factor D modulation. Alternatively, the compound may act through a different mechanism of action to treat the disorders described herein.

[0320] Non-limiting examples of compounds falling within Formula I and Formula Γ with variations in the variables e.g., A, B, R^R³ , and L, are illustrated below. Non-limiting examples of compounds falling within Formula I" with variations in the variables e.g., R³⁷, R³⁸, R³⁹, A, B, L and L3 are illustrated below. The disclosure includes all combinations of these definitions so long as a stable compound results. Formulas 2 through 651

[0321] In one aspect, the disclosure includes compounds and salts of Formulas 2 - 651 for any use and in any composition described in this application.

Table 1. Exemplary Compounds within the Present Invention.

Formula Formula

No. Formula No. Formula

35 A1L5C1L1B3 333 A2L4C1L1B3

36 A1L5C1L1'B1 334 A2L4C1L1'B1

37 A1L5C1L1'B1' 335 A2L4C1L1'B1'

38 A1L5C1L1'B2 336 A2L4C1L1'B2

39 A1L5C1L1'B3 337 A2L4C1L1'B3

40 A1L5C1L2B1 338 A2L4C1L2B1

41 A1L5C1L2B1' 339 A2L4C1L2B1'

42 A1L5C1L2B2 340 A2L4C1L2B2

43 A1L5C1L2B3 341 A2L4C1L2B3

44 A1L5C1'L1B1 342 A2L4C1'L1B1

45 A1L5C1'L1B1' 343 A2L4C1'L1B1'

46 A1L5C1'L1B2 344 A2L4C1'L1B2

47 A1L5C1'L1B3 345 A2L4C1'L1B3

48 A1L5C1'L1'B1 346 A2L4C1'L1'B1

49 A1L5C1'L1'B1' 347 A2L4C1'L1'B1'

50 A1L5C1'L1'B2 348 A2L4C1'L1'B2

51 A1L5C1'L1'B3 349 A2L4C1'L1'B3

52 A1L5C1'L2B1 350 A2L4C1'L2B1

53 A1L5C1'L2B1' 351 A2L4C1'L2B1'

54 A1L5C1'L2B2 352 A2L4C1'L2B2

55 A1L5C1'L2B3 353 A2L4C1'L2B3

56 A1L5C2L1B1 354 A2L4C2L1B1

57 A1L5C2L1B1' 355 A2L4C2L1B1'

58 A1L5C2L1B2 356 A2L4C2L1B2

59 A1L5C2L1B3 357 A2L4C2L1B3

60 A1L5C2L1'B1 358 A2L4C2L1'B1

61 A1L5C2L1'B1' 359 A2L4C2L1'B1'

62 A1L5C2L1'B2 360 A2L4C2L1'B2

63 A1L5C2L1'B3 361 A2L4C2L1'B3

64 A1L5C2L2B1 362 A2L4C2L2B1

65 A1L5C2L2B1' 363 A2L4C2L2B1'

66 A1L5C2L2B2 364 A2L4C2L2B2

67 A1L5C2L2B3 365 A2L4C2L2B3

68 A1L5C3L1B1 366 A2L4C3L1B1

69 A1L5C3L1B1' 367 A2L4C3L1B1'

70 A1L5C3L1B2 368 A2L4C3L1B2

71 A1L5C3L1B3 369 A2L4C3L1B3

72 A1L5C3L1'B1 370 A2L4C3L1'B1

73 A1L5C3L1'B1' 371 A2L4C3L1'B1' Formula Formula

No. Formula No. Formula

74 A1L5C3L1'B2 372 A2L4C3L1'B2

75 A1L5C3L1'B3 373 A2L4C3L1'B3

76 A1L5C3L2B1 374 A2L4C3L2B1

77 A1L5C3L2B1' 375 A2L4C3L2B1'

78 A1L5C3L2B2 376 A2L4C3L2B2

79 A1L5C3L2B3 377 A2L4C3L2B3

80 A1'L4C1L1B3 378 A2L5C1L1B1

81 A1'L4C1L1'B3 379 A2L5C1L1B1'

82 A1'L4C1L2B1 380 A2L5C1L1B2

83 A1'L4C1L2B1' 381 A2L5C1L1B3

84 A1'L4C1L2B2 382 A2L5C1L1'B1

85 A1'L4C1L2B3 383 A2L5C1L1'B1'

86 A1'L4C1'L1B3 384 A2L5C1L1'B2

87 A1'L4C1'L1'B3 385 A2L5C1L1'B3

88 A1'L4C1'L2B1 386 A2L5C1L2B1

89 A1'L4C1'L2B1' 387 A2L5C1L2B1'

90 A1'L4C1'L2B2 388 A2L5C1L2B2

91 A1'L4C1'L2B3 389 A2L5C1L2B3

92 A1'L4C2L1B3 390 A2L5C1'L1B1

93 A1'L4C2L1'B3 391 A2L5C1'L1B1'

94 A1'L4C2L2B1 392 A2L5C1'L1B2

95 A1'L4C2L2B1' 393 A2L5C1'L1B3

96 A1'L4C2L2B2 394 A2L5C1'L1'B1

97 A1'L4C2L2B3 395 A2L5C1'L1'B1'

98 A1'L4C3L1B1 396 A2L5C1'L1'B2

99 A1'L4C3L1B1' 397 A2L5C1'L1'B3

100 A1'L4C3L1B2 398 A2L5C1'L2B1

101 A1'L4C3L1B3 399 A2L5C1'L2B1'

102 A1'L4C3L1'B1 400 A2L5C1'L2B2

103 A1'L4C3L1'B1' 401 A2L5C1'L2B3

104 A1'L4C3L1'B2 402 A2L5C2L1B1

105 A1'L4C3L1'B3 403 A2L5C2L1B1'

106 A1'L4C3L2B1 404 A2L5C2L1B2

107 A1'L4C3L2B1' 405 A2L5C2L1B3

108 A1'L4C3L2B2 406 A2L5C2L1'B1

109 A1'L4C3L2B3 407 A2L5C2L1'B1'

110 A1'L5C1L1B1 408 A2L5C2L1'B2

111 A1'L5C1L1B1' 409 A2L5C2L1'B3

112 A1'L5C1L1B2 410 A2L5C2L2B1 Formula Formula

No. Formula No. Formula

113 A1'L5C1L1B3 411 A2L5C2L2B1'

114 A1'L5C1L1'B1 412 A2L5C2L2B2

115 A1'L5C1L1'B1' 413 A2L5C2L2B3

116 A1'L5C1L1'B2 414 A2L5C3L1B1

117 A1'L5C1L1'B3 415 A2L5C3L1B1'

118 A1'L5C1L2B1 416 A2L5C3L1B2

119 A1'L5C1L2B1' 417 A2L5C3L1B3

120 A1'L5C1L2B2 418 A2L5C3L1'B1

121 A1'L5C1L2B3 419 A2L5C3L1'B1'

122 A1'L5C1'L1B1 420 A2L5C3L1'B2

123 A1'L5C1'L1B1' 421 A2L5C3L1'B3

124 A1'L5C1'L1B2 422 A2L5C3L2B1

125 A1'L5C1'L1B3 423 A2L5C3L2B1'

126 A1'L5C1'L1'B1 424 A2L5C3L2B2

127 A1'L5C1'L1'B1' 425 A2L5C3L2B3

128 A2L4C1L1B4 426 A1'L4C3L1B4

129 A2L4C1L1'B4 427 A1'L4C3L1'B4

130 A2L4C1L2B4 428 A1'L4C3L2B4

131 A2L4C1'L1B4 429 A1'L5C3L1B4

132 A2L4C1'L1'B4 430 A1'L5C3L1'B4

133 A2L4C1'L2B4 431 A1'L5C3L2B4

134 A2L4C2L1B4 432 A1L4C1L2B4

135 A2L4C2L1'B4 433 A1L4C1'L2B4

136 A2L4C2L2B4 434 A1L4C2L2B4

137 A2L4C3L1B4 435 A1L5C1L2B4

138 A2L4C3L1'B4 436 A1L5C1'L2B4

139 A2L4C3L2B4 437 A1L5C2L2B4

140 A2L5C1L1B4 438 A1'L4C1L2B4

141 A2L5C1L1'B4 439 A1'L4C1'L2B4

142 A2L5C1L2B4 440 A1'L4C2L2B4

143 A2L5C1'L1B4 441 A1'L5C1L2B4

144 A2L5C1'L1'B4 442 A1'L5C1'L2B4

145 A2L5C1'L2B4 443 A1'L5C2L2B4

146 A2L5C2L1B4 444 A1L5C1L1B4

147 A2L5C2L1'B4 445 A1L5C1L1'B4

148 A2L5C2L2B4 446 A1L5C1'L1B4

149 A2L5C3L1B4 447 A1L5C1'L1'B4

150 A2L5C3L1'B4 448 A1L5C2L1B4

151 A2L5C3L2B4 449 A1L5C2L1'B4 Formula Formula

No. Formula No. Formula

152 A1L4C3L1B4 450 A1'L5C1L1B4

153 A1L4C3L1'B4 451 A1'L5C1L1'B4

154 A1L4C3L2B4 452 A1'L5C1'L1B4

155 A1L5C3L1B4 453 A1'L5C1'L1'B4

156 A1L5C3L1'B4 454 A1'L5C2L1B4

157 A1L5C3L2B4 455 A1'L5C2L1'B4

158 A1L4C4L2B1 456 A1'L5C4L2B1

159 A1L4C4L2B1' 457 A1'L5C4L2B1'

160 A1L4C4L2B2 458 A1'L5C4L2B2

161 A1L4C4L2B3 459 A1'L5C4L2B3

162 A1L5C4L2B1 460 A2L4C4L2B1

163 A1L5C4L2B1' 461 A2L4C4L2B1'

164 A1L5C4L2B2 462 A2L4C4L2B2

165 A1L5C4L2B3 463 A2L4C4L2B3

166 A1'L4C4L2B1 464 A2L5C4L2B1

167 A1'L4C4L2B1' 465 A2L5C4L2B1'

168 A1'L4C4L2B2 466 A2L5C4L2B2

169 A1'L4C4L2B3 467 A2L5C4L2B3

170 A2L4C4L2B4 468 A1'L4C4L2B4

171 A2L5C4L2B4 469 A1'L5C4L2B4

172 A1L4C4L2B4 470 A1'L5C4L2'B1

173 A1L5C4L2B4 471 A1'L5C4L2'B1'

174 A1L4C4L2'B1 472 A1'L5C4L2'B2

175 A1L4C4L2'B1' 473 A1'L5C4L2'B3

176 A1L4C4L2'B2 474 A2L4C4L2'B1

177 A1L4C4L2'B3 475 A2L4C4L2'B1'

178 A1L5C4L2'B1 476 A2L4C4L2'B2

179 A1L5C4L2'B1' 477 A2L4C4L2'B3

180 A1L5C4L2'B2 478 A2L5C4L2'B1

181 A1L5C4L2'B3 479 A2L5C4L2'B1'

182 A1'L4C4L2'B1 480 A2L5C4L2'B2

183 A1'L4C4L2'B1' 481 A2L5C4L2'B3

184 A1'L4C4L2'B2 482 A1'L4C4L2'B4

185 A1'L4C4L2'B3 483 A1'L5C4L2'B4

186 A2L4C4L2'B4 484 A1'L5C1'L2B1

187 A2L5C4L2'B4 485 A1'L5C1'L2B1'

188 A1L4C4L2'B4 486 A1'L5C1'L2B2

189 A1L5C4L2'B4 487 A1'L5C1'L2B3 Formula Formula

No. Formula No. Formula

190 A1L4C1L2B1 488 A1'L5C2L2B1

191 A1L4C1L2B1' 489 A1'L5C2L2B1'

192 A1L4C1L2B2 490 A1'L5C2L2B2

193 A1L4C1L2B3 491 A1'L5C2L2B3

194 A1L4C1'L2B1 492 A2L4C1L2B1

195 A1L4C1'L2B1' 493 A2L4C1L2B1'

196 A1L4C1'L2B2 494 A2L4C1L2B2

197 A1L4C1'L2B3 495 A2L4C1L2B3

198 A1L4C2L2B1 496 A2L4C1'L2B1

199 A1L4C2L2B1' 497 A2L4C1'L2B1'

200 A1L4C2L2B2 498 A2L4C1'L2B2

201 A1L4C2L2B3 499 A2L4C1'L2B3

202 A1L5C1L2B1 500 A2L4C2L2B1

203 A1L5C1L2B1' 501 A2L4C2L2B1'

204 A1L5C1L2B2 502 A2L4C2L2B2

205 A1L5C1L2B3 503 A2L4C2L2B3

206 A1L5C1'L2B1 504 A2L5C1L2B1

207 A1L5C1'L2B1' 505 A2L5C1L2B1'

208 A1L5C1'L2B2 506 A2L5C1L2B2

209 A1L5C1'L2B3 507 A2L5C1L2B3

210 A1L5C2L2B1 508 A2L5C1'L2B1

211 A1L5C2L2B1' 509 A2L5C1'L2B1'

212 A1L5C2L2B2 510 A2L5C1'L2B2

213 A1L5C2L2B3 511 A2L5C1'L2B3

214 A1'L4C1L2B1 512 A2L5C2L2B1

215 A1'L4C1L2B1' 513 A2L5C2L2B1'

216 A1'L4C1L2B2 514 A2L5C2L2B2

217 A1'L4C1L2B3 515 A2L5C2L2B3

218 A1'L4C1'L2B1 516 A1L4C1L2B4

219 A1'L4C1'L2B1' 517 A1L4C1'L2B4

220 A1'L4C1'L2B2 518 A1L4C2L2B4

221 A1'L4C1'L2B3 519 A1L5C1L2B4

222 A1'L4C2L2B1 520 A1L5C1'L2B4

223 A1'L4C2L2B1' 521 A1L5C2L2B4

224 A1'L4C2L2B2 522 A1'L4C1L2B4

225 A1'L4C2L2B3 523 A1'L4C1'L2B4

226 A1'L5C1L2B1 524 A1'L4C2L2B4

227 A1'L5C1L2B1' 525 A1'L5C1L2B4 Formula Formula

No. Formula No. Formula

228 A1'L5C1L2B2 526 A1'L5C1'L2B4

229 A1'L5C1L2B3 527 A1'L5C2L2B4

230 A2L4C1L2B4 528 A1'L5C1'L2'B1

231 A2L4C1'L2B4 529 A1'L5C1'L2'B1'

232 A2L4C2L2B4 530 A1'L5C1'L2'B2

233 A2L5C1L2B4 531 A1'L5C1'L2'B3

234 A2L5C1'L2B4 532 A1'L5C2L2'B1

235 A2L5C2L2B4 533 A1'L5C2L2'B1'

236 A1L4C1L2'B1 534 A1'L5C2L2'B2

237 A1L4C1L2'B1' 535 A1'L5C2L2'B3

238 A1L4C1L2'B2 536 A2L4C1L2'B1

239 A1L4C1L2'B3 537 A2L4C1L2'B1'

240 A1L4C1'L2'B1 538 A2L4C1L2'B2

241 A1L4C1'L2'B1' 539 A2L4C1L2'B3

242 A1L4C1'L2'B2 540 A2L4C1'L2'B1

243 A1L4C1'L2'B3 541 A2L4C1'L2'B1'

244 A1L4C2L2'B1 542 A2L4C1'L2'B2

245 A1L4C2L2'B1' 543 A2L4C1'L2'B3

246 A1L4C2L2'B2 544 A2L4C2L2'B1

247 A1L4C2L2'B3 545 A2L4C2L2'B1'

248 A1L5C1L2'B1 546 A2L4C2L2'B2

249 A1L5C1L2'B1' 547 A2L4C2L2'B3

250 A1L5C1L2'B2 548 A2L5C1L2'B1

251 A1L5C1L2'B3 549 A2L5C1L2'B1'

252 A1L5C1'L2'B1 550 A2L5C1L2'B2

253 A1L5C1'L2'B1' 551 A2L5C1L2'B3

254 A1L5C1'L2'B2 552 A2L5C1'L2'B1

255 A1L5C1'L2'B3 553 A2L5C1'L2'B1'

256 A1L5C2L2'B1 554 A2L5C1'L2'B2

257 A1L5C2L2'B1' 555 A2L5C1'L2'B3

258 A1L5C2L2'B2 556 A2L5C2L2'B1

259 A1L5C2L2'B3 557 A2L5C2L2'B1'

260 A1'L4C1L2'B1 558 A2L5C2L2'B2

261 A1'L4C1L2'B1' 559 A2L5C2L2'B3

262 A1'L4C1L2'B2 560 A1L4C1L2'B4

263 A1'L4C1L2'B3 561 A1L4C1'L2'B4

264 A1'L4C1'L2'B1 562 A1L4C2L2'B4

265 A1'L4C1'L2'B1' 563 A1L5C1L2'B4 Formula Formula

No. Formula No. Formula

266 A1'L4C1'L2'B2 564 A1L5C1'L2'B4

267 A1'L4C1'L2'B3 565 A1L5C2L2'B4

268 A1'L4C2L2'B1 566 A1'L4C1L2'B4

269 A1'L4C2L2'B1' 567 A1'L4C1'L2'B4

270 A1'L4C2L2'B2 568 A1'L4C2L2'B4

271 A1'L4C2L2'B3 569 A1'L5C1L2'B4

272 A1'L5C1L2'B1 570 A1'L5C1'L2'B4

273 A1'L5C1L2'B1' 571 A1'L5C2L2'B4

274 A1'L5C1L2'B2 572 A2L4C4L1B4

275 A1'L5C1L2'B3 573 A2L4C4L1'B4

276 A2L4C1L2'B4 574 A2L5C4L1B4

277 A2L4C1'L2'B4 575 A2L5C4L1'B4

278 A2L4C2L2'B4 576 A1'L5C4L1B1

279 A2L5C1L2'B4 577 A1'L5C4L1B1'

280 A2L5C1'L2'B4 578 A1'L5C4L1B2

281 A2L5C2L2'B4 579 A1'L5C4L1B3

282 A2L4C4L1B1 580 A1'L5C4L1'B1

283 A2L4C4L1B1' 581 A1'L5C4L1'B1'

284 A2L4C4L1B2 582 A1'L5C4L1'B2

285 A2L4C4L1B3 583 A1'L5C4L1'B3

286 A2L4C4L1'B1 584 A1'L5C4L1B4

287 A2L4C4L1'B1' 585 A1'L5C4L1'B4

288 A2L4C4L1'B2 586 A1L5C4L1B1

289 A2L4C4L1'B3 587 A1L5C4L1B1'

290 A2L5C4L1B1 588 A1L5C4L1B2

291 A2L5C4L1B1' 589 A1L5C4L1B3

292 A2L5C4L1B2 590 A1L5C4L1'B1

293 A2L5C4L1B3 591 A1L5C4L1'B1'

294 A2L5C4L1'B1 592 A1L5C4L1'B2

295 A2L5C4L1'B1' 593 A1L5C4L1'B3

296 A2L5C4L1'B2 594 A1L5C4L1B4

297 A2L5C4L1'B3 595 A1L5C4L1'B4

298 A1'L4C4L1B3 596 A1L4C4L1B3

299 A1'L4C4L1'B3 597 A1L4C4L1'B3

 Formula 604 Formula 605 Formula 606

Formula 607 Formula 608 Formula 609

m is 0 or 1. m is 0 or 1.

Formula 610 Formula 611 Formula 612

m is 0 or 1.

Formula 613 Formula 614 Formula 615

Formula 619 Formula 620 Formula 621

m is 0 or 1. m is 0 or 1. m is 0 or 1.

Formula 622 Formula 623 Formula 624

m is 0 or 1. m is 0 or 1.

Formula 625 Formula 626

Formula 630 Formula 631 Formula 632

Formula 642 Formula 643

Formula 644 Formula 645 Formula 646

Formula 647 Formula 648 Formula 649

Formula 650 Formula 651

[0322] In these embodiments, it should be understood that where R¹ or R³ is attached to a carbon, there can be two independent attachments as in R²/R² and these formulas should be considered to include all such variations.

[0323] Additionally, the disclosure includes compounds and salts of Formula I, Formula Γ and Formula I" pharmaceutically acceptable compositions thereof, and any of their subformulae (2-651) in which at least one of the following conditions is met in the embodiments described below.

The R¹² and R¹³ Substituents

[0324] The In one embodiment, the invention is the use of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or composition thereof, wherein R¹² and R¹³ on the A group are both substituted with certain R⁶⁹ moieties, for the treatment of a disorder in a host, typically a human, wherein the disorder is selected from the group disclosed in the Detailed Description, Part IV.

[0325] R¹² and R¹³ are independently selected from R⁶⁹, wherein R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁰, R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, R⁸⁶, or R⁸⁷, wherein R¹² and R¹³ must both be present and wherein R¹² and R¹³ cannot be selected from the same R⁶⁹ group; and wherein each R⁶⁹ can be optionally substituted. In an alternative embodiment, R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁸.

[0326] R⁸⁰ is -Ci-CealkynylR⁷⁰.

[0327] Nonlimiting examples of R⁸⁰ are:

[0328] R⁸¹ is C(0) R²¹R⁷¹, -C(0) R²⁴R²⁵, -C(0)NR⁹R⁷¹, -C(0) R²¹S0₂R²², - R⁹C(0)OR¹⁰, - R⁹C(0)OR²³, - R⁹C(0)R²¹, - R⁹C(0) R⁹R¹⁰, - R⁹C(O) R¹⁰R²³, - R⁹C(0) R²⁴R²⁵.

[0329] R⁸² is R⁷²R⁷³, NR⁹S0₂R⁷³, N(S0₂R⁹)CH₂C(0)R⁷⁴.

[0330] R⁸³ is -OC(0)(CH₂)i-₄R²¹, -OC(0) R²¹R²², -OC(0) R²⁴R²⁵, -OC(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C3-6cycloalkyl)(aryl), -OC(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C3-6cycloalkyl)(heteroaryl), -OC(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C₃- 6cycloalkyl)(heterocycle), -OC(0)(heteroaryl), -OC(0)(aryl), -OC(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C₃- ecycloalkyl), -OC(0)NR⁹(CH₂)i-₄P(0)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -C(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C₃-6cycloalkyl)(aryl), - C(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C₃-6cycloalkyl)(heteroaryl), -C(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C₃-6cycloalkyl)(heterocycle), - C(0)(heteroaryl), -C(0)(heterocycle), -C(0)(aryl), -C(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C₃-₆cycloalkyl), - C(0)(CH₂)S(0)R²¹.

[0331] R⁸⁴ is aryl; saturated or unsaturated heterocycle (for example a 5-6 membered ring having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S), wherein the heterocycle is bonded through a carbon atom in the heterocyclic ring to a carbon atom of ring A in the R¹² or R¹³ position; heteroaryl (for example a 5-6 membered ring having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S).

[0332] R⁸⁵ is -0(CH₂)i-₄R^23a, -OC2-C₄alkenylR^23a, -OC₂-C4alkynylR²³, -0(CH₂)i-₄paracyclophane, -0(CH₂)i-₄P(0)R^23bR^23b, -0(CH₂)i-₄S(0) R²¹R²², -0(CH₂)i-₄S(0) R²⁴R²⁵, - 0(CH₂)i-4S0₂ R²¹R²², -0(CH₂)i-4S0₂ R²⁴R²⁵, -0(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), -O(aiyl), -O(heteroaiyl), - O(heterocycle).

[0333] R⁸⁶ is -P(0)R⁷⁵R⁷⁵. [0334] R⁸⁷ is -C(CH₂)₂R⁷⁶ or R⁸⁷ is (Cj-C7cycloalkyl)R⁷⁶

[0335] R⁶⁹ can independently be an R⁸⁸, which is

[0336] R is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, Ci-C₆alkyl, Ci- Cehaloalkyl, (aryl)Co-C4alkyl, (C3-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C₄alkyl, (phenyl)Co-C₄alkyl, (4- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl)Co-C₄alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S; (5- or 6- membered unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle)Co-C₄alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S; COOH, Si(CH₃)₃, COOR^70a, C₂-Cealkanoyl, -B(OH)₂, -C(0)(CH₂)i_-4S(0)R²¹, -P(0)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -P(0)(OR²¹)R²²,

-P(0)R²¹R²², - R⁹P(0)( HR²¹)( HR²²), - R⁹P(0)(OR²¹)( HR²²), - R⁹P(0)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -C(S)R²¹, - R²¹S0₂R²², - R⁹S(O) R¹⁰R²², - R⁹SO₂ R¹⁰R²², -S0₂ R⁹COR²², -S0₂ R⁹CO R²¹R²², - R²¹S0₂R²², -C(0) R²¹S0₂R²², -C( H₂) R⁹R²², -C( H₂) R⁹S(0)₂R²², - R⁹C(0)OR¹⁰, - R²¹OC(0)R²², -(CH₂)i-₄C(0) R²¹R²², -C(0)R²⁴R²⁵, - R⁹C(0)R²¹, -C(0)R²¹, - R⁹C(0) R⁹R¹⁰, - R⁹C(0) R²⁴R²⁵, -(CH₂)i_-4OC(0)R²¹, each of which R³⁰ can be optionally substituted.

[0337] R^70a is Ci-Cealkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, (C₃-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C₄alkyl-, (aryl)Co-C₄alkyl-, (3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl)Co-C₄alkyl- having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, and (5- or 6- membered unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle)Co-C₄alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, each of which R^70a can be optionally substituted.

[0002] R⁷¹ is selected at each occurrence from hydroxyl, Ci-C₆alkoxy, (C₃- C7cycloalkyl)Co-C₄alkyl, (phenyl)Co-C₄alkyl, -Ci-C₄alkylOC(0)OCi-C₆alkyl, -Ci- C₄alkylOC(0)Ci-C₆alkyl, -Ci-C₄alkylC(0)OCi-C₆alkyl, (4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl)Co- C₄alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, and (5- or 6- membered unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle)Co-C₄alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, and each can be optionally substituted. [0338] R is selected at each occurrence from aryl, heteroaryl, hetercycle, alkynyl, hydroxyl, Ci-C₆alkoxy, (C3-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl, (aryl)Co-C4alkyl, (heterocycle)Co-C4alkyl, (heteroaryl)Co-C4alkyl, -Ci-C₄alkylOC(0)OCi-C6alkyl, -Ci-C₄alkylOC(0)Ci-C6alkyl, -Ci- C4alkylC(0)OCi-C₆alkyl, -S(0)(0)(alkyl), -S(0)(alkyl), -S(0)(0)(heteroalkyl), -S(0)(heteroalkyl), -S(0)(0)(aryl), -S(0)(aryl), -S(0)(0)(heteroaryl), -S(0)(heteroaryl), (and in some embodiments is a (4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, and (5- or 6- membered saturated or partially unsaturated heterocycle)Co-C4alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S), each of which groups can be optionally substituted.

[0339] R⁷³ is selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, hydroxyl, cyano, amino, Ci- C₆alkyl, Ci-C₆haloalkyl, Ci-C₆alkoxy, (C3-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl, (phenyl)Co-C4alkyl, -Ci- C4alkylOC(0)OCi-C₆alkyl, -Ci-C4alkylOC(0)Ci-C₆alkyl, -Ci-C4alkylC(0)OCi-C₆alkyl, (4- to 7- membered heterocycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, and (5- or 6- membered unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle)Co-C4alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, each of which groups can be optionally substituted.

[0340] R⁷⁴ is an optionally substituted proline amide.

[0341] R^23a is independently selected at each occurrence from (C3-C7cycloalkyl), and each R^23a can be optionally substituted.

[0342] R^23b is independently selected at each occurrence from hydroxyl, Ci-C6alkoxy,Ci- Cealkyl, (C3-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C₄alkyl, (phenyl)Co-C₄alkyl, -0(CH2)2-40(CH₂)8-i8, -OC(R^23c)₂OC(0)OR^23d, -OC(R^23c)₂OC(0)R^23d, an N-linked amino acid or an N-linked amino acid ester, and each R^23b can be optionally substituted.

[0343] R^23c is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, Ci-Csalkyl, C2-C₈alkenyl, C2-C₈alkynyl, (aryl)Co-C4alkyl, (aryl)C2-C₈alkenyl- or (aryl)C2-C₈alkynyl; or two R^23c groups can be taken together with the carbon that they are bonded to form a 3-6 membered heterocycloalkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or a 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring, and each R^23c can be optionally substituted.

[0344] R^23d is independently selected at each occurrence from Ci-C₈alkyl, C2-C₈alkenyl, C2-C₈alkynyl, (aryl)Co-C4alkyl, (aryl)C2-C₈alkenyl or (aryl)C2-C₈alkynyl, and each R^23d can be optionally substituted. [0345] R is independently selected at each occurrence from hydroxyl, Ci-C6alkoxy, Ci-Cehaloalkoxy, Ci-Cealkyl, (C3-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl-, (aryl)Co-C4alkyl-, -O-Co- C4alkyl(aryl), -0-Co-C4alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), (4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl- O- having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S; (5- or 6- membered unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle)Co-C4alkyl-0- having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S; -0(CH2)2-40(CH2 -i8, -OC(R^75a)₂OC(0)OR^75b, -OC(R^75a)₂OC(0)R^75b, - R⁹R¹⁰, an N-linked amino acid or an N-linked amino acid ester and each R⁷⁵ can be optionally substituted;

[0346] R^75a is independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, Ci-Csalkyl, C₂- Csalkenyl, C₂-C₈alkynyl, (aryl)Co-C4alkyl-, (aryl)C₂-C₈alkenyl- or (aryl)C₂-C₈alkynyl-; or

[0347] two R^75a groups can be taken together with the carbon that they are bonded to form a 3-6 membered heterocycloalkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, or a 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring.

[0348] R^75b is independently selected at each occurrence from Ci-C₈alkyl, C₂-C₈alkenyl, C₂-C₈alkynyl, (aryl)Co-C4alkyl, (aryl)C₂-C₈alkenyl or (aryl)C₂-C₈alkynyl.

[0349] R⁷⁶ is - R⁹C(0)R⁷⁷ or R⁷⁸.

[0350] R⁷⁷ and R⁷⁸ are each independently selected from Ci-C₆alkyl, Ci-C₆haloalkyl, C₂- C₆alkenyl, C2-C₆alkynyl, (C3-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl, (aryl)Co-C4alkyl, (heterocycle)Co-C4alkyl and (heteroaryl)Co-C4alkyl wherein each group can be optionally substituted; or each of which (s) may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from, but not limited to, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, amino, oxo, -B(OH)₂, -Si(CH₃)3, -COOH, - CONH2, -P(0)(OH)₂, Ci-Cealkyl, Ci-Cealkoxy, -Co-C₂alkyl(mono- and di-Ci-C₄alkylamino), Ci- C₆alkylester, Ci-C4alkylamino, Ci-C4hydroxylalkyl, Ci-C₂haloalkyl, and Ci-C₂haloalkoxy.

[0351] In certain embodiments, R⁸⁰ is selected from the structures of Figure 15.

[0352] In certain embodiments, R⁸¹ is selected from the structures of Figure 16.

[0353] In certain embodiments, R⁸² is selected from the structures of Figure 17.

[0354] In certain embodiments, R⁷² is selected from the structures of Figure 18.

[0355] In certain embodiments, R⁸³ is selected from the structures of Figure 19.

[0356] In certain embodiments, R⁸⁴ is selected from the structures of Figure 20.

[0357] In certain embodiments, R⁸⁵ is selected from the structures of Figure 21. [0358] In certain embodiments, R⁸⁶ is selected from the structures of Figure 22.

[0359] In one embodiment, two R⁷⁵ groups in a P(0)R⁷⁵R⁷⁵ phosphonate can come together to form a heterocyclic ring that can be optionally substituted with an R¹⁰⁰ group. R¹⁰⁰ is aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and cycloalkyl. See for example: HepDirect (Cyclic l-aryl-l,3-propanyl esters) Prodrugs: Activation via CYP-mediated oxidation of the benzylic carbon. See Hecker, S. J. etal. J. Med. Chem.2007, 50, 3891-3896.

[0360] In certain embodiments, R⁸⁷is selected from the structures of Figure 23.

Non-limiting R¹²R¹³ Embodiments

[0361] In one embodiment,_R12 isR⁸⁴ and R¹³ isR⁸⁰

[0362] In one embodiment,_R12 isR⁸⁴ and R¹³ isR⁸¹

[0363] In one embodiment, R¹² isR⁸⁴ and R¹³ isR⁸²

[0364] In one embodiment, R¹² isR⁸⁴ and R¹³ isR⁸³

[0365] In one embodiment,_R12 isR⁸⁴ and R¹³ is R⁸⁵

[0366] In one embodiment,_R12 isR⁸⁴ and R¹³ isR⁸⁶

[0367] In one embodiment,_R12 isR⁸⁴ and R¹³ isR⁸⁷

[0368] In one embodiment,_R12 isR⁸⁶ and R¹³ isR⁸⁰

[0369] In one embodiment,_R12 isR⁸⁶ and R¹³ isR⁸¹

[0370] In one embodiment, R¹² isR⁸⁶ and R¹³ isR⁸²

[0371] In one embodiment, R¹² isR⁸⁶ and R¹³ isR⁸³

[0372] In one embodiment,_R12 isR⁸⁶ and R¹³ isR⁸⁴

[0373] In one embodiment,_R12 isR⁸⁶ and R¹³ isR⁸⁵

[0374] In one embodiment,_R12 isR⁸⁶ and R¹³ isR⁸⁷

[0375] In one embodiment, R¹³ isR⁸⁴ and_R12 isR⁸⁰

[0376] In one embodiment, R¹³ isR⁸⁴ and_R12 isR⁸¹

[0377] In one embodiment, R¹³ isR⁸⁴ and_R12 isR⁸²

[0378] In one embodiment, R¹³ isR⁸⁴ and R¹² isR⁸³

[0379] In one embodiment, R¹³ isR⁸⁴ and_R12 isR⁸⁵

[0380] In one embodiment, R¹³ isR⁸⁴ and_R12 isR⁸⁶

[0381] In one embodiment, R¹³ isR⁸⁴ and_R12 isR⁸⁷

[0382] In one embodiment, R¹³ isR⁸⁶ and_R12 isR⁸⁰

[0383] In one embodiment, R¹³ isR⁸⁶ and_R12 isR⁸¹ [0384] In one embodiment, R is R and R is R .

[0385] In one embodiment, R¹³ is R⁸⁶ and R¹² is R⁸³.

[0386] In one embodiment, R¹³ is R⁸⁶ and R¹² is R⁸⁴.

[0387] In one embodiment, R¹³ is R⁸⁶ and R¹² is R⁸⁵.

[0388] In one embodiment, R¹³ is R⁸⁶ and R¹² is R⁸⁷.

[0389] In one embodiment, R¹² is aryl and R¹³ is -P(0)R⁷⁵R⁷⁵.

[0390] In one embodiment, R¹² is optionally substituted aryl and R¹³ is -P(0)R⁷⁵R⁷⁵.

[0391] In one embodiment, R¹² is an optionally substituted saturated or unsaturated heterocycle bonded through a carbon atom in the heterocyclic ring to a carbon atom of ring A in the R¹² position and R¹³ is -P(0)R⁷⁵R⁷⁵.

[0392] In one embodiment, R¹² is an optionally substituted heteroaryl and R¹³ is - P(0)R⁷⁵R⁷⁵.

[0393] In one embodiment, R¹² is -P(0)R⁷⁵R⁷⁵ and R¹³ is is aryl.

[0394] In one embodiment, R¹² is -P(0)R⁷⁵R⁷⁵ and R¹³ is an optionally substituted aryl.

[0395] In one embodiment, R¹² is -P(0)R⁷⁵R⁷⁵ and R¹³ is an optionally substituted saturated or unsaturated heterocycle bonded through a carbon atom in the heterocyclic ring to a carbon atom of ring A in the R¹³ position.

[0396] In one embodiment, R¹² is -P(0)R⁷⁵R⁷⁵ and R¹³ is optionally substituted heteroaryl.

Central Core Moiety

[0397] The central core moiety, C, in Formula I is illustrated below:

[0398] C is CI, CI ', C2, C3 or C4.

[0399] CI, CI ', C2, C3 and C4 are described in the summary section.

[0400] C4 is selected from

[0401] R¹⁰¹ is C1-C4 alkyl or C3-C7 cycloalkyl.

[0402] R is C1-C4 alkyl, fluorine, chlorine, or bromine.

Non-limiting Central Core Embodiments

[0403] In alternative embodiments, R¹ and R¹ or R³ and R³ may be taken together to form a 3 - to 6-membered carbocyclic spiro ring or a 3 - to 6-membered heterocyclic spiro ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, or S; R² and R² may be taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic spiro ring; or R² and R² may be taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic spiro ring; each of which ring may be unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or more substituents independently selected from halogen (and in particular F), hydroxyl, cyano, -COOH, Ci-C4alkyl (including in particular methyl), C₂-C4alkenyl, C₂-C4alkynyl, Ci- C4alkoxy, C₂-C4alkanoyl, hydroxyCi-C4alkyl, (mono- and di-Ci-C4alkylamino)Co-C4alkyl, -Co- C₄alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), -0-Co-C4alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), Ci-C₂haloalkyl, and Ci- C₂haloalkoxy.

[0404] In alternative embodiments, R¹ and R² may be taken together to form a 3-membered carbocyclic ring; R¹ and R² may be taken together to form a 4- to 6-membered carbocyclic or aryl ring or a 4- to 6-membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S; or R² and R³, if bound to adjacent carbon atoms, may be taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic or aryl ring or a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring;

[0405] each of which ring may be unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or more substituents independently selected from halogen (and in particular F), hydroxyl, cyano, -COOH, Ci-C4alkyl (including in particular methyl), C₂-C₄alkenyl, C₂-C₄alkynyl, Ci-C₄alkoxy, C₂-C₄alkanoyl, hydroxyCi-C₄alkyl, (mono- and di-Ci-C₄alkylamino)Co-C₄alkyl, -Co-C₄alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), - 0-Co-C₄alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), Ci-C₂haloalkyl, and Ci-C₂haloalkoxy.

[0406] In one embodiment, the central core moiety is proline.

[0407] In one embodiment, the central core moiety is 4-fluoroproline.

[0408] In one embodiment, R¹, R¹ , R² , R³, and R³ , if present, are all hydrogen; and R² is fluoro.

[0409] In one embodiment, R¹, R¹ , R² , and R³ , if present, are all hydrogen; and R² is fluoro and R³ is -Co-C₄alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl) or -0-Co-C₄alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl).

[0410] In one embodiment, R¹ and R² are taken together to form a 3- to 6-membered cycloalkyl group, and R¹ , R² , R³, and R³ , where present, are all hydrogen.

[0411] In one embodiment, R¹, R¹ , R³, and R³ , if present, are all hydrogen, and R² and R² are taken together to form a 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl group having 1 or 2 oxygen atoms.

[0412] In one embodiment, R¹ is hydrogen and R² is fluoro.

[0413] In one embodiment, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring.

[0414] The disclosure includes compounds of Formula I in which the central pyrrolidine is vinyl substituted, for example:

[0415] In one embodiment, the compound of Formula I has the structure:

[0416] In one embodiment, the central pyrrolidine is modified by addition of a second heteroatom to a pyrrolidine ring, such as N, O, S, or Si, for example:

[0417] Another modification within the scope of the disclosure is joining a substituent on the central pyrrolidine ring to R⁷ or R⁸ to form a 5- to 6- membered heterocyclic ring, for example:

0418] Example compounds having the modifications disclosed above include:

Central Core L-B Substituents

[0419] The central core L substituents and B substituents in Formula I are illustrated below:

[0420] L is selected from LI , LI ', L2 and L2' .

:

where R¹⁷ is hydrogen, Ci-C6alkyl, or -Co-C4alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl) and R¹⁸ and R¹⁸ are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxymethyl, and methyl; and m is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

[0422] L2 is described in the summary section.

[0423] B is selected from B 1, B 1 ', B2, B3 and B4.

[0424] B l, Β , B2, B3 and B4 are described in the summary section.

[0425] In one embodiment, -Ll-B l- is

, where

R²⁶ and R²⁷ are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, Ci- C₆alkyl, C2-C₆alkenyl, C2-C₆alkanoyl, Ci-C₆alkoxy, Ci-C₆thioalkyl, -Co-C4alkyl(mono- and di- Ci-C6alkylamino), -Co-C4alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), -Co-C4alkoxy(C3-C7cycloalkyl), Ci- C2haloalkyl, Ci-C2haloalkoxy, and Ci-C2haloalkylthio. Non-Limiting L-B Embodiments

0426] In one embodiment,

[0427] R¹⁸ and R¹⁸ are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxymethyl, and methyl; and m is 0 or 1; and

[0428] R , R , and R are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, Ci-C6alkyl, C2-C₆alkenyl, C2-C₆alkanoyl, Ci-C₆alkoxy, Ci-C₆thioalkyl, (mono- and di-Ci-C6alkylamino)Co-C4alkyl, (C3-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl, (aryl)Co-C4alkyl-, (heteroaiyl)Co- C4alkyl-, and -Co-C4alkoxy(C3-C7cycloalkyl); each of which R²⁶, R²⁷, and R²⁸ other than hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, Ci-C2alkoxy, Ci-C2haloalkyl, (C₃- C7cycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl-, and Ci-C2haloalkoxy; and

[0429] R²⁹ is hydrogen, Ci-C₂alkyl, CiC₂haloalkyl or -Si(CH₃)₂C(CH₃)₃.

[0430] In one embodiment, m is 0.

[0431] In one embodiment, the disclosure further includes compounds and salts of Formula I in which B l is 2-fluoro-3-chlorophenyl. In another embodiment, another carbocyclic, aryl, heterocyclic, or heteroaryl group such as 2-bromo-pyridin-6-yl, l-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-lH- pyrazol-3-yl, 2,2-dichlorocyclopropylmethyl, or 2-fluoro-3-trimethylsilylphenyl is used.

[0432] In another embodiment, Bl is phenyl, pyridyl, or indanyl each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, Ci-C6alkyl, C2-C₆alkenyl, C2-C₆alkanoyl, Ci-C₆alkoxy, Ci- C₆thioalkyl, (mono- and di-Ci-C6alkylamino)Co-C4alkyl, (C3-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl, -Co- C4alkoxy(C3-C7cycloalkyl), (phenyl)Co-C2alkyl, (pyridyl)Co-C2alkyl; each of which substituents other than hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, Ci-C2alkyl, Ci- C₂alkoxy, -OSi(CH₃)2C(CH3)3, -Si(CH3)2C(CH₃)3, Ci-C₂haloalkyl, and Ci-C₂haloalkoxy.

[0433] In another embodiment, B l is phenyl or pyridyl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents selected from chloro, bromo, hydroxyl, -SCF3, Ci-C2alkyl, Ci-C2alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, phenyl and trifluoromethoxy each of which substituents other than chloro, bromo, hydroxyl, -SCF3, can be optionally substitued.

[0434] In certain embodiments, Bl is a 2-fluoro-3-chlorophenyl or a 2-fluoro-3- trifluoromethoxy phenyl group.

[0435] In one embodiment, Bl is pyridyl, optionally substituted with halogen, Ci- C2alkoxy, and trifluoromethyl.

[0436] In one embodiment, Bl is phenyl, substituted with 1, 2, or 3 substituents independently selected from halogen, Ci-C2alkyl, Ci-C2alkoxy, trifluoromethyl, and optionally substituted phenyl.

[0437] In one embodiment, R²³ is independently selected at each occurrence from (C3- C7cycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl, (phenyl)Co-C4alkyl, (4- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, and (5- or 6- membered unsaturated or aromatic heterocycle)Co-C4alkyl having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S.

[0438] In one embodiment, L1-B3 is:

[0439] R²⁷ , and R²⁸ are independently selected from hydrogen, fluoro, bromo, iodo, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, Ci-C6alkyl, C2-C₆alkenyl, C2-C₆alkanoyl, C2-C₆alkoxy, C2-C₆thioalkyl, (mono- and di-Ci-C6alkylamino)Co-C4alkyl, (C3-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl, (aryl)Co-C4alkyl-, (heteroaryl)Co-C4alkyl-, and -Co-C4alkoxy(C3-C7cycloalkyl); each of which R²⁷ , and R²⁸ other than hydrogen, fluoro, bromo, iodo, hydroxyl, nitro, and cyano, is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, Ci-C2alkoxy, Ci- C2haloalkyl, (C3-C7cycloalkyl)Co-C4alkyl-, and Ci-C2haloalkoxy.

Central Core (L3)-A Substituent

[0440] The central core (L3)-A substituent in Formula I is illustrated below:

[0441] L is selected from LI, LI ', L2 and L2' .

[0442] L3 is selected from L4 and L5;

[0443] L4 is -C(O)-.

[0444] L5 is described above in the summary section. [0445] A is selected from Al, Al ' and A2.

[0446] Al, Α and A2 are described above in the summary section.

[0447] In one embodiment, R⁵ and R⁶ are independently selected from -CHO, - C(0) H₂, -C(0) H(CH₃), C₂-Cealkanoyl, and hydrogen.

[0448] In one embodiment, each R⁵ and R⁶ other than hydrogen, hydroxyl, cyano, and -COOH is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, imino, cyano, cyanoimino, Ci-C₂alkyl, Ci-C4alkoxy, -Co- C₂alkyl(mono- and di-Ci-C4alkylamino), Ci-C₂haloalkyl, and Ci-C₂haloalkoxy.

[0449] In one embodiment, R⁸ and R⁸ are independently hydrogen or methyl.

[0450] In one embodiment, R⁸ and R⁸ are hydrogen.

[0451] In one embodiment, R⁷ is hydrogen or methyl.

[0452] In one embodiment, R⁷ is hydrogen.

Embodiments of Formulas IA, IB, IC, and ID

[0453] To further illustrate the invention, various embodiments of Formula IA, IB, IC and ID are provided. These are presented by way of example to show some of the variations among presented compounds within the invention and can be applied to any of the Formulas herein.

[0454] In one aspect, this disclosure includes compounds and salts of Formula IA:

(IA) where

R⁶, R¹², R¹³, and B3 may carry any of the definitions set forth herein for this variable. [0455] In another aspect, this disclosure includes compounds and salts of Formula IB and

[0456] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is heteroaryl, R¹³ is phosphonate, and B is heteroaryl.

[0457] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is heteroaryl, R¹³ is phosphonate, and B is heteroaryl.

[0458] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is heteroaryl, R¹³ is phosphonate, and B is heteroaryl.

[0459] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is heteroaryl, R¹³ is phosphonate, and B is heteroaryl.

[0460] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is phosphonate, R¹³ is heteroaryl, and B is heteroaryl.

[0461] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is phosphonate, R¹³ is heteroaryl, and B is heteroaryl.

[0462] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is phosphonate, R¹³ is heteroaryl, and B is heteroaryl. [0463] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is phosphonate, R¹³ is heteroaryl, and B is heteroaryl.

[0464] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is heteroaryl, R¹³ is phosphonate, and B is phenyl.

[0465] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is heteroaryl, R¹³ is phosphonate, and B is phenyl.

[0466] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is heteroaryl, R¹³ is phosphonate, and B is phenyl.

[0467] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is heteroaryl, R¹³ is phosphonate, and B is phenyl.

[0468] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is phosphonate, R¹³ is heteroaryl, and B is phenyl.

[0469] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is phosphonate, R¹³ is heteroaryl, and B is phenyl.

[0470] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is phosphonate, R¹³ is heteroaryl, and B is phenyl.

[0471] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=0, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is phosphonate, R¹³ is heteroaryl, and B is phenyl.

[0472] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=l, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is heteroaryl, R¹³ is phosphonate, and B is heteroaryl.

[0473] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=l, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is heteroaryl, R¹³ is phosphonate, and B is heteroaryl. [0474] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=l, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is heteroaryl, R¹³ is phosphonate, and B is heteroaryl.

[0475] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=l, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is heteroaryl, R¹³ is phosphonate, and B is heteroaryl.

[0476] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=l, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is phosphonate, R¹³ is heteroaryl, and B is heteroaryl.

[0477] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=l, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is phosphonate, R¹³ is heteroaryl, and B is heteroaryl.

[0478] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=l, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is phosphonate, R¹³ is heteroaryl, and B is heteroaryl.

[0479] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=l, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is phosphonate, R¹³ is heteroaryl, and B is heteroaryl.

[0480] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=l, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is heteroaryl, R¹³ is phosphonate, and B is phenyl.

[0481] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=l, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is heteroaryl, R¹³ is phosphonate, and B is phenyl.

[0482] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=l, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is heteroaryl, R¹³ is phosphonate, and B is phenyl.

[0483] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=l, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is heteroaryl, R¹³ is phosphonate, and B is phenyl. [0484] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=l, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is phosphonate, R¹³ is heteroaryl, and B is phenyl.

[0485] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=l, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is alkanoyl, R¹² is phosphonate, R¹³ is heteroaryl, and B is phenyl.

[0486] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=l, R¹ is H, R² is F, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is phosphonate, R¹³ is heteroaryl, and B is phenyl.

[0487] In some embodiments, structures are provided including Formulas IB and IC, wherein m=l, R¹ and R² are joined to form a 3 membered ring, R⁶ is amide, R¹² is phosphonate, R¹³ is heteroaryl, and B is phenyl.

Embodiments of Formula 652

[0488] To further illustrate the invention, various embodiments of Formula 652 are disclosed. In one aspect, the disclosure includes compounds and salts of Formula 652:

Formula 652, wherein:

[0489] R¹, R², R² , and R³ are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, Ci-C4alkyl, Ci-C₄alkoxy, -Co-C₂alkyl R⁹R¹⁰, -Co-C4alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), -0-Co-C₄alkyl(C3- C7cycloalkyl), Ci-C₂haloalkyl, and Ci-C₂haloalkoxy;

[0490] R⁸ and R⁸ are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, and methyl;

[0491] R⁵ is hydrogen, hydroxyl, cyano, -COOH, Ci-Cealkyl, Ci-Cealkoxy, C₂-Cealkanoyl -Co-C₄alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), -C(0)Co-C₄alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl, Ci-C₂haloalkyl, or Ci- C₂haloalkoxy); [0492] R⁶ is -C(0)CH₃, -C(0) H₂, -C(0)CF₃, -C(0)(cyclopropyl), or -ethyl(cyanoimino); and

[0493] R¹¹ and R¹⁴ are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, cyano, Ci-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, Ci-C6alkoxy, Ci-C₆thioalkyl, -Co- C4alkyl(mono- and di-Ci-C6alkylamino), -Co-C4alkyl(C₃-C7cycloalkyl), -OCo-C4alkyl(C₃- C7cycloalkyl), Ci-C₂haloalkyl, and Ci-C₂haloalkoxy.

[0494] Prodrugs of Formula I, Formula Γ and Formula I" are also within the scope of the disclosure.

III. PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS

[0495] Active compounds described herein can be administered to a host in need thereof as the neat chemical, but are more typically administered as a pharmaceutical composition that includes an effective amount for a host, typically a human, in need of such treatment of an active compound as described herein or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Thus, in one embodiment, the disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt together with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for any of the uses described herein. The pharmaceutical composition may contain a compound or salt as the only active agent, or, in an alternative embodiment, the compound and at least one additional active agent.

[0496] An effective amount of an active compound as described herein, or the active compound described herein in combination or alternation with, or preceded by, concomitant with or followed by another active agent, can be used in an amount sufficient to (a) inhibit the progression of a disorder mediated by the complement pathway, including an inflammatory, immune, including an autoimmune, disorder or complement Factor D related disorder; (b) cause a regression of an inflammatory, immune, including an autoimmune, disorder or complement Factor D related disorder; (c) cause a cure of an inflammatory, immune, including an autoimmune, disorder or complement Factor D related disorder; or inhibit or prevent the development of an inflammatory, immune, including an autoimmune, disorder or complement Factor D related disorder. Accordingly, an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition described herein will provide a sufficient amount of the active agent when administered to a patient to provide a clinical benefit. [0497] The exact amount of the active compound or pharmaceutical composition described herein to be delivered to the host, typically a human, in need thereof, will be determined by the health care provider to achieve the desired clinical benefit.

[0498] In certain embodiments the pharmaceutical composition is in a dosage form that contains from about 0.1 mg to about 2000 mg, from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg, from about 100 mg to about 800 mg, or from about 200 mg to about 600 mg of the active compound and optionally from about 0.1 mg to about 2000 mg, from about 10 mg to about 1000 mg, from about 100 mg to about 800 mg, or from about 200 mg to about 600 mg of an additional active agent in a unit dosage form. Examples are dosage forms with at least about 25, 50, 100, 200, 250, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 750, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1600, or 1700 mg of active compound, or its salt. In one embodiment, the dosage form has at least about 100 mg, 200 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg, lOOOmg, 1200 mg, or 1600 mg of active compound, or its salt. The amount of active compound in the dosage form is calculated without reference to the salt. The dosage form can be administered, for example, once a day (q.d.), twice a day (b.i.d.), three times a day (t.i.d.), four times a day (q.i.d.), once every other day (Q2d), once every third day (Q3d), as needed, or any dosage schedule that provides treatment of a disorder described herein.

[0499] The pharmaceutical composition may for example include a molar ratio of the active compound and an additional active agent that achieves the desired result. For example, the pharmaceutical composition may contain a molar ratio of about 0.5: 1, about 1 : 1, about 2: 1, about 3 : 1 or from about 1.5: 1 to about 4: 1 of an additional active agent in combination with the active compound (additional active agent: active compound), or its salt, described herein. In one embodiment, the additional active agent is an anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressing agent.

[0500] Compounds disclosed herein or used as described herein may be administered orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation or spray, sublingually, via implant, including ocular implant, transdermally, via buccal administration, rectally, as an ophthalmic solution, injection, including ocular injection, intravenous, intra-aortal, intracranial, subdermal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, transnasal, sublingual, intrathecal, or rectal or by other means, in dosage unit formulations containing conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. For ocular delivery, the compound can be administered, as desired, for example, as a solution, suspension, or other formulation via intravitreal, intrastromal, intracameral, sub-tenon, sub-retinal, retro-bulbar, peribulbar, suprachorodial, subchorodial, chorodial, conjunctival, subconjunctival, episcleral, periocular, transscleral, retrobulbar, posterior juxtascleral, circumcorneal, or tear duct injections, or through a mucus, mucin, or a mucosal barrier, in an immediate or controlled release fashion or via an ocular device, injection, or topically administered formulation, for example a solution or suspension provided as an eye drop.

[0501] The pharmaceutical composition may be formulated as any pharmaceutically useful form, e.g., as an aerosol, a cream, a gel, a gel cap, a pill, a microparticle, a nanoparticle, an injection or infusion solution, a capsule, a tablet, a syrup, a transdermal patch, a subcutaneous patch, a dry powder, an inhalation formulation, in a medical device, suppository, buccal, or sublingual formulation, parenteral formulation, or an ophthalmic solution or suspension. Some dosage forms, such as tablets and capsules, are subdivided into suitably sized unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active components, e.g., an effective amount to achieve the desired purpose.

[0502] Pharmaceutical compositions, and methods of manufacturing such compositions, suitable for administration as contemplated herein are known in the art. Examples of known techniques include, for example, US Patent Nos. 4,983,593, 5,013,557, 5,456,923, 5,576,025, 5,723,269, 5,858,411, 6,254,889, 6,303, 148, 6,395,302, 6,497,903, 7,060,296, 7,078,057, 7,404,828, 8,202,912, 8,257,741, 8,263, 128, 8,337,899, 8,431,159, 9,028,870, 9,060,938, 9,211,261, 9,265,731, 9,358,478, and 9,387,252, incorporated by reference herein.

[0503] The pharmaceutical compositions contemplated here can optionally include a carrier. Carriers must be of sufficiently high purity and sufficiently low toxicity to render them suitable for administration to the patient being treated. The carrier can be inert or it can possess pharmaceutical benefits of its own. The amount of carrier employed in conjunction with the compound is sufficient to provide a practical quantity of material for administration per unit dose of the compound. Classes of carriers include, but are not limited to binders, buffering agents, coloring agents, diluents, disintegrants, emulsifiers, fillers, flavorants, glidents, lubricants, pH modifiers, preservatives, stabilizers, surfactants, solubilizers, tableting agents, and wetting agents. Some carriers may be listed in more than one class, for example vegetable oil may be used as a lubricant in some formulations and a diluent in others. Exemplary pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include sugars, starches, celluloses, powdered tragacanth, malt, gelatin; talc, and vegetable oils. Examples of other matrix materials, fillers, or diluents include lactose, mannitol, xylitol, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium diphosphate, and starch. Examples of surface active agents include sodium lauryl sulfate and polysorbate 80. Examples of drug complexing agents or solubilizers include the polyethylene glycols, caffeine, xanthene, gentisic acid and cylodextrins. Examples of disintegrants include sodium starch gycolate, sodium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, methyl cellulose, colloidal silicon dioxide, and croscarmellose sodium. Examples of binders include methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, and gums such as guar gum, and tragacanth. Examples of lubricants include magnesium stearate and calcium stearate. Examples of pH modifiers include acids such as citric acid, acetic acid, ascorbic acid, lactic acid, aspartic acid, succinic acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; bases such as sodium acetate, potassium acetate, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, trisodium phosphate, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, and the like, and buffers generally comprising mixtures of acids and the salts of said acids. Optional other active agents may be included in a pharmaceutical composition, which do not substantially interfere with the activity of the compound of the present invention.

[0504] In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition for administration further includes a compound or salt of Formula I, Γ, or I" and optionally comprises one or more of a phosphoglyceride; phosphatidylcholine; dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC); dioleylphosphatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE); dioleyloxypropyltriethylammonium (DOTMA); dioleoylphosphatidylcholine; cholesterol; cholesterol ester; diacylglycerol; diacylglycerolsuccinate; diphosphatidyl glycerol (DPPG); hexanedecanol; fatty alcohol such as polyethylene glycol (PEG); polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether; a surface active fatty acid, such as palmitic acid or oleic acid; fatty acid; fatty acid monoglyceride; fatty acid diglyceride; fatty acid amide; sorbitan trioleate (Span®85) glycocholate; sorbitan monolaurate (Span®20); polysorbate 20 (Tween®20); polysorbate 60 (Tween®60); polysorbate 65 (Tween®65); polysorbate 80 (Tween®80); polysorbate 85 (Tween®85); polyoxyethylene monostearate; surfactin; a poloxomer; a sorbitan fatty acid ester such as sorbitan trioleate; lecithin; lysolecithin; phosphatidyl serine; phosphatidylinositol; sphingomyelin; phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin); cardiolipin; phosphatidic acid; cerebroside; dicetylphosphate; dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol; stearylamine; dodecylamine; hexadecyl-amine; acetyl palmitate; glycerol ricinoleate; hexadecyl sterate; isopropyl myristate; tyloxapol; poly(ethylene glycol)5000-phosphatidylethanolamine; poly(ethylene glycol)400-monostearate; phospholipid; synthetic and/or natural detergent having high surfactant properties; deoxycholate; cyclodextrin; chaotropic salt; ion pairing agent; glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, trehalose, cellbiose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, glucoronic acid, galactoronic acid, mannuronic acid, glucosamine, galatosamine, and neuramic acid; pullulan, cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), hydroxycellulose (HC), methylcellulose (MC), dextran, cyclodextran, glycogen, hydroxy ethyl starch, carageenan, glycon, amylose, chitosan, Ν,Ο-carboxylmethylchitosan, algin and alginic acid, starch, chitin, inulin, konjac, glucommannan, pustulan, heparin, hyaluronic acid, curdlan, and xanthan, mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol, maltitol, and lactitol, a pluronic polymer, polyethylene, polycarbonate (e.g. poly(l,3-dioxan-2one)), polyanhydride (e.g. poly(sebacic anhydride)), polypropylfumerate, polyamide (e.g. polycaprolactam), polyacetal, polyether, polyester (e.g., polylactide, polyglycolide, polylactide-co-glycolide, polycaprolactone, polyhydroxyacid (e.g. poly((P-hydroxyalkanoate))), poly(orthoester), polycyanoacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol, polyurethane, polyphosphazene, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, polyurea, polystyrene, and polyamine, polylysine, polylysine-PEG copolymer, and poly(ethyleneimine), poly(ethylene imine)-PEG copolymer, glycerol monocaprylocaprate, propylene glycol, Vitamin E TPGS (also known as d-a-Tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate), gelatin, titanium dioxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), methyl cellulose (MC), block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (PEO/PPO), polyethyleneglycol (PEG), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC), hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS).

[0505] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical preparation may include polymers for controlled delivery of the described compounds, including, but not limited to pluronic polymers, polyesters (e.g., polylactic acid, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), polycaprolactone, polyvalerolactone, poly(l,3-dioxan-2one)); polyanhydrides (e.g., poly(sebacic anhydride)); polyethers (e.g., polyethylene glycol); polyurethanes; polymethacrylates; polyacrylates; and polycyanoacrylates. In some embodiments, polymers may be modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG), with a carbohydrate, and/or with acyclic polyacetals derived from polysaccharides. See, e.g., Papisov, 2001, ACS Symposium Series, 786:301, incorporated by reference herein.

[0506] The compounds of the present invention can be formulated as particles. In one embodiment the particles are or include microparticles. In an alternative embodiment the particles are or include nanoparticles.

[0507] In an additional alternative embodiment, common techniques for preparing particles include, but are not limited to, solvent evaporation, solvent removal, spray drying, phase inversion, coacervation, and low temperature casting. Suitable methods of particle formulation are briefly described below. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, including pH modifying agents, disintegrants, preservatives, and antioxidants, can optionally be incorporated into the particles during particle formation.

[0508] In one embodiment, the particles are derived through a solvent evaporation method. In this method, a compound described herein (or polymer matrix and one or more compounds described herein) is dissolved in a volatile organic solvent, such as methylene chloride. The organic solution containing a compound described herein is then suspended in an aqueous solution that contains a surface active agent such as poly(vinyl alcohol). The resulting emulsion is stirred until most of the organic solvent evaporated, leaving solid nanoparticles or microparticles. The resulting nanoparticles or microparticles are washed with water and dried overnight in a lyophilizer. Nanoparticles with different sizes and morphologies can be obtained by this method.

[0509] Pharmaceutical compositions which contain labile polymers, such as certain polyanhydrides, may degrade during the fabrication process due to the presence of water. For these polymers, methods which are performed in completely or substantially anhydrous organic solvents can be used to make the particles.

[0510] Solvent removal can also be used to prepare particles from a compound that is hydrolytically unstable. In this method, the compound (or polymer matrix and one or more compounds) is dispersed or dissolved in a volatile organic solvent such as methylene chloride. This mixture is then suspended by stirring in an organic oil (such as silicon oil) to form an emulsion. Solid particles form from the emulsion, which can subsequently be isolated from the supernatant. The external morphology of spheres produced with this technique is highly dependent on the identity of the drug.

[0511] In one embodiment an active compound as described herein is administered to a patient in need thereof as particles formed by solvent removal. In another embodiment the present invention provides particles formed by solvent removal comprising a compound of the present invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as defined herein. In another embodiment the particles formed by solvent removal comprise a compound of the present invention and an additional therapeutic agent. In a further embodiment the particles formed by solvent removal comprise a compound of the present invention, an additional therapeutic agent, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In another embodiment any of the described particles formed by solvent removal can be formulated into a tablet and then coated to form a coated tablet. In an alternative embodiment the particles formed by solvent removal are formulated into a tablet but the tablet is uncoated.

[0512] In one embodiment, the particles are derived by spray drying. In this method, a compound (or polymer matrix and one or more compounds) is dissolved in an organic solvent such as methylene chloride. The solution is pumped through a micronizing nozzle driven by a flow of compressed gas, and the resulting aerosol is suspended in a heated cyclone of air, allowing the solvent to evaporate from the micro droplets, forming particles. Microparticles and nanoparticles can be obtained using this method.

[0513] In one embodiment an active compound as described herein is administered to a patient in need thereof as a spray dried dispersion (SDD). In another embodiment the present invention provides a spray dried dispersion (SDD) comprising a compound of the present invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as defined herein. In another embodiment the SDD comprises a compound of the present invention and an additional therapeutic agent. In a further embodiment the SDD comprises a compound of the present invention, an additional therapeutic agent, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In another embodiment any of the described spray dried dispersions can be coated to form a coated tablet. In an alternative embodiment the spray dried dispersion is formulated into a tablet but is uncoated.

[0514] Particles can be formed from the active compound as described herein using a phase inversion method. In this method, the compound (or polymer matrix and one or more active compounds) is dissolved in a suitable solvent, and the solution is poured into a strong non-solvent for the compound to spontaneously produce, under favorable conditions, microparticles or nanoparticles. The method can be used to produce nanoparticles in a wide range of sizes, including, for example, from nanoparticles to microparticles, typically possessing a narrow particle size distribution.

[0515] In one embodiment, an active compound as described herein is administered to a patient in need thereof as particles formed by phase inversion. In another embodiment the present invention provides particles formed by phase inversion comprising a compound of the present invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as defined herein. In another embodiment the particles formed by phase inversion comprise a compound of the present invention and an additional therapeutic agent. In a further embodiment the particles formed by phase inversion comprise a compound of the present invention, an additional therapeutic agent, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In another embodiment any of the described particles formed by phase inversion can be formulated into a tablet and then coated to form a coated tablet. In an alternative embodiment the particles formed by phase inversion are formulated into a tablet but the tablet is uncoated.

[0516] Techniques for particle formation using coacervation are known in the art, for example, as described in GB-B-929 406; GB-B-929 40 1; and U.S. Patent Nos. 3,266,987, 4,794,000, and 4,460,563. Coacervation involves the separation of a compound (or polymer matrix and one or more compounds) solution into two immiscible liquid phases. One phase is a dense coacervate phase, which contains a high concentration of the compound, while the second phase contains a low concentration of the compound. Within the dense coacervate phase, the compound forms nanoscale or microscale droplets, which harden into particles. Coacervation may be induced by a temperature change, addition of a non-solvent or addition of a micro-salt (simple coacervation), or by the addition of another polymer thereby forming an interpolymer complex (complex coacervation).

[0517] In one embodiment an active compound as described herein is administered to a patient in need thereof as particles formed by coacervation. In another embodiment the present invention provides particles formed by coacervation comprising a compound of the present invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as defined herein. In another embodiment the particles formed by coacervation comprise a compound of the present invention and an additional therapeutic agent. In a further embodiment the particles formed by coacervation comprise a compound of the present invention, an additional therapeutic agent, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In another embodiment any of the described particles formed by coacervation can be formulated into a tablet and then coated to form a coated tablet. In an alternative embodiment the particles formed by coacervation are formulated into a tablet but the tablet is uncoated.

[0518] Methods for very low temperature casting of controlled release microspheres are described in U.S. Patent No. 5,019,400 to Gombotz et al. In this method, the compound is dissolved in a solvent. The mixture is then atomized into a vessel containing a liquid non-solvent at a temperature below the freezing point of the drug solution which freezes the compound droplets. As the droplets and non-solvent for the compound are warmed, the solvent in the droplets thaws and is extracted into the non-solvent, hardening the microspheres.

[0519] In one embodiment, a compound of the present invention is administered to a patient in need thereof as particles formed by low temperature casting. In another embodiment the present invention provides particles formed by low temperature casting comprising a compound of the present invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients as defined herein. In another embodiment the particles formed by low temperature casting comprise a compound of the present invention and an additional therapeutic agent. In a further embodiment the particles formed by low temperature casting comprise a compound of the present invention, an additional therapeutic agent, and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients. In another embodiment any of the described particles formed by low temperature casting can be formulated into a tablet and then coated to form a coated tablet. In an alternative embodiment the particles formed by low temperature casting are formulated into a tablet but the tablet is uncoated.

[0520] In one aspect of the present invention, an effective amount of an active compound as described herein is incorporated into a nanoparticle, e.g. for convenience of delivery and/or extended release delivery. The use of materials in nanoscale provides one the ability to modify fundamental physical properties such as solubility, diffusivity, blood circulation half-life, drug release characteristics, and/or immunogenicity. A number of nanoparticle-based therapeutic and diagnostic agents have been developed for the treatment of cancer, diabetes, pain, asthma, allergy, and infections. These nanoscale agents may provide more effective and/or more convenient routes of administration, lower therapeutic toxicity, extend the product life cycle, and ultimately reduce health-care costs. As therapeutic delivery systems, nanoparticles can allow targeted delivery and controlled release.

[0521] In addition, nanoparticle-based compound delivery can be used to release compounds at a sustained rate and thus lower the frequency of administration, deliver drugs in a targeted manner to minimize systemic side effects, or deliver two or more drugs simultaneously for combination therapy to generate a synergistic effect and suppress drug resistance. A number of nanotechnology-based therapeutic products have been approved for clinical use. Among these products, liposomal drugs and polymer-based conjugates account for a large proportion of the products. See, Zhang, L., et al., Nanoparticles in Medicine: Therapeutic Applications and Developments, Clin. Pharm. and Ther., 83(5):761-769, 2008. [0522] Methods for producing nanoparticles are known in the art. For example, see Muller, R.H., et al., Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) for controlled drug delivery - a review of the state of the art, Eur. H. Pharm. Biopharm., 50: 161-177, 2000; US 8,691,750 to Consien et al.; WO 2012/145801 to Kanwar. US 8,580,311 to Armes, S. et al.; Petros, R.A. and DeSimone, J.M., Strategies in the design of nanoparticles for therapeutic applications, Nature Reviews/Drug Discovery, vol. 9:615-627, 2010; US 8,465,775; US 8,444,899; US 8,420,124; US 8,263, 129; US 8, 158,728; 8,268,446; Pellegrino et al., 2005, Small, 1 :48; Murray et al., 2000, Ann. Rev. Mat. Sci., 30:545; and Trindade et al., 2001, Chem. Mat., 13 :3843; all incorporated herein by reference. Additional methods have been described in the literature (see, e.g., Doubrow, Ed., "Microcapsules and Nanoparticles in Medicine and Pharmacy," CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1992; Mathiowitz et al., 1987, J. Control. Release, 5: 13; Mathiowitz et al., 1987, Reactive Polymers, 6:275; and Mathiowitz et al., 1988, J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 35:755; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,578,325 and 6,007,845; P. Paolicelli et al., "Surface-modified PLGA-based Nanoparticles that can Efficiently Associate and Deliver Virus-like Particles" Nanomedicine. 5(6):843-853 (2010)), U.S. Pat. No. 5,543, 158 to Gref et al., or WO publication WO2009/051837 by Von Andrian et al. Zauner et al., 1998, Adv. Drug Del. Rev., 30:97; and Kabanov et al., 1995, Bioconjugate Chem., 6:7;(PEI; Boussif et al., 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 1995, 92:7297), and poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (Kukowska-Latallo et al., 1996, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 93 :4897; Tang et al., 1996, Bioconjugate Chem., 7:703; and Haensler et al., 1993, Bioconjugate Chem., 4:372; Putnam et al., 1999, Macromolecules, 32:3658; Barrera et al., 1993, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 115: 11010; Kwon et al., 1989, Macromolecules, 22:3250; Lim et al., 1999, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 121 :5633; and Zhou et al., 1990, Macromolecules, 23 :3399). Examples of these polyesters include poly(L-lactide-co-L-lysine) (Barrera et al., 1993, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 115: 11010), poly(serine ester) (Zhou et al., 1990, Macromolecules, 23 :3399), poly(4-hydroxy-L-proline ester) (Putnam et al., 1999, Macromolecules, 32:3658; and Lim et al., 1999, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 121 :5633), and poly(4-hydroxy-L-proline ester) (Putnam et al., 1999, Macromolecules, 32:3658; and Lim et al., 1999, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 121 :5633; U.S. Pat. No. 6, 123,727; U.S. Pat. No. 5,804,178; U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,417; U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,372; U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,404; U.S. Pat. No. 6,095,148; U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,752; U.S. Pat. No. 5,902,599; U.S. Pat. No. 5,696,175; U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,378; U.S. Pat. No. 5,512,600; U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,665; U.S. Pat. No. 5,019,379; U.S. Pat. No. 5,010,167; U.S. Pat. No. 4,806,621; U.S. Pat. No. 4,638,045; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,929; Wang et al., 2001, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 123 :9480; Lim et al., 2001, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 123 :2460; Langer, 2000, Acc. Chem. Res., 33 :94; Langer, 1999, J. Control. Release, 62:7; and Uhrich et al., 1999, Chem. Rev., 99:3181; Concise Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Polymeric Amines and Ammonium Salts, Ed. by Goethals, Pergamon Press, 1980; Principles of Polymerization by Odian, John Wiley & Sons, Fourth Edition, 2004; Contemporary Polymer Chemistry by Allcock et al., Prentice-Hall, 1981; Deming et al., 1997, Nature, 390:386; and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,506,577, 6,632,922, 6,686,446, and 6,818,732; C. Astete et al., "Synthesis and characterization of PLGA nanoparticles" J. Biomater. Sci. Polymer Edn, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 247-289 (2006); K. Avgoustakis "Pegylated Poly(Lactide) and Poly(Lactide-Co- Glycolide) Nanoparticles: Preparation, Properties and Possible Applications in Drug Delivery" Current Drug Delivery 1 :321-333 (2004); C. Reis et al., "Nanoencapsulation I. Methods for preparation of drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles" Nanomedicine 2:8-21 (2006); P. Paolicelli et al., "Surface-modified PLGA-based Nanoparticles that can Efficiently Associate and Deliver Virus-like Particles" Nanomedicine. 5(6):843-853 (2010); U.S. Pat. No. 6,632,671 to Unger Oct. 14, 2003, all incorporated herein by reference.

[0523] In one embodiment, the polymeric particle is between about 0.1 nm to about 10000 nm, between about 1 nm to about 1000 nm, between about 10 nm and 1000 nm, between about 1 and 100 nm, between about 1 and 10 nm, between about 1 and 50 nm, between about 100 nm and 800 nm, between about 400 nm and 600 nm, or about 500 nm. In one embodiment, the micro- particles are no more than about 0.1 nm, 0.5 nm, 1.0 nm, 5.0 nm, 10 nm, 25 nm, 50 nm, 75 nm, 100 nm, 150 nm, 200 nm, 250 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, 950 nm, 1000 nm, 1250 nm, 1500 nm, 1750 nm, or 2000 nm. In some embodiments, a compound described herein may be covalently coupled to a polymer used in the nanoparticle, for example a polystyrene particle, PLGA particle, PLA particle, or other nanoparticle.

[0524] The pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated for oral administration. These compositions can contain any amount of active compound that achieves the desired result, for example between 0.1 and 99 weight % (wt.%) of the compound and usually at least about 5 wt.% of the compound. Some embodiments contain at least about 10%, 15%, 20%, 25 wt.% to about 50 wt. % or from about 5 wt.% to about 75 wt.% of the compound.

[0525] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for rectal administration are typically presented as unit dose suppositories. These may be prepared by admixing the active compound with one or more conventional solid carriers, for example, cocoa butter, and then shaping the resulting mixture.

[0526] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for topical application to the skin preferably take the form of an ointment, cream, lotion, paste, gel, spray, aerosol, or oil. Carriers which may be used include petroleum jelly, lanoline, polyethylene glycols, alcohols, transdermal enhancers, and combinations of two or more thereof.

[0527] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for transdermal administration may be presented as discrete patches adapted to remain in intimate contact with the epidermis of the recipient for a prolonged period of time. Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for transdermal administration may also be delivered by iontophoresis {see, for example, Pharmaceutical Research 3 (6):318 (1986)) and typically take the form of an optionally buffered aqueous solution of the active compound. In one embodiment, microneedle patches or devices are provided for delivery of drugs across or into biological tissue, particularly the skin. The microneedle patches or devices permit drug delivery at clinically relevant rates across or into skin or other tissue barriers, with minimal or no damage, pain, or irritation to the tissue.

[0528] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to the lungs can be delivered by a wide range of passive breath driven and active power driven single/-multiple dose dry powder inhalers (DPI). The devices most commonly used for respiratory delivery include nebulizers, metered-dose inhalers, and dry powder inhalers. Several types of nebulizers are available, including jet nebulizers, ultrasonic nebulizers, and vibrating mesh nebulizers. Selection of a suitable lung delivery device depends on parameters, such as nature of the drug and its formulation, the site of action, and pathophysiology of the lung.

[0529] Additional non-limiting examples of inhalation drug delivery devices and methods include, for example, US 7,383,837 titled "Inhalation device" (SmithKline Beecham Corporation); WO/2006/033584 titled "Powder inhaler" (Glaxo SmithKline Pharmaceuticals SA); WO/2005/044186 titled "Inhalable pharmaceutical formulations employing desiccating agents and methods of administering the same" (Glaxo Group Ltd and SmithKline Beecham Corporation); US9,095,670 titled "Inhalation device and method of dispensing medicament", US 8,205,611 titled "Dry powder inhaler" (Astrazeneca AB); WO/2013/038170 titled "Inhaler" (Astrazeneca AB and Astrazeneca UK Ltd.); US/2014/0352690 titled "Inhalation Device with Feedback System", US 8,910,625 and US/2015/0165137 titled "Inhalation Device for Use in Aerosol Therapy" (Vectura GmbH); US 6,948,496 titled "Inhalers", US/2005/0152849 titled "Powders comprising anti- adherent materials for use in dry powder inhalers", US 6,582,678, US 8, 137,657, US/2003/0202944, and US/2010/0330188 titled "Carrier particles for use in dry powder inhalers", US 6,221,338 titled "Method of producing particles for use in dry powder inhalers", US 6,989, 155 titled "Powders", US/2007/0043030 titled "Pharmaceutical compositions for treating premature ejaculation by pulmonary inhalation", US 7,845,349 titled "Inhaler", US/2012/0114709 and US 8, 101,160 titled "Formulations for Use in Inhaler Devices", US/2013/0287854 titled "Compositions and Uses", US/2014/0037737 and US 8,580,306 titled "Particles for Use in a Pharmaceutical Composition", US/2015/0174343 titled "Mixing Channel for an Inhalation Device", US 7,744,855 and US/2010/0285142 titled "Method of making particles for use in a pharmaceutical composition", US 7,541,022, US/2009/0269412, and US/2015/0050350 titled "Pharmaceutical formulations for dry powder inhalers" (Vectura Limited).

[0530] Many methods and devices for drug delivery to the eye are known in the art. Non- limiting examples are described in the following patents and patent applications (fully incorporated herein by reference). Examples are US 8,192,408 titled "Ocular trocar assembly" (Psivida Us, Inc.); US 7,585,517 titled "Transcleral delivery" (Macusight, Inc.); US 5,710,182 and US 5,795,913 titled "Ophthalmic composition" (Santen OY); US 8,663,639 titled "Formulations for treating ocular diseases and conditions", US 8,486,960 titled "Formulations and methods for vascular permeability-related diseases or conditions", US 8,367,097 and US 8,927,005 titled "Liquid formulations for treatment of diseases or conditions", US 7,455,855 titled "Delivering substance and drug delivery system using the same" (Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.); WO/2011/050365 titled "Conformable Therapeutic Shield For Vision and Pain" and WO/2009/145842 titled "Therapeutic Device for Pain Management and Vision" (Forsight Labs, LLC); US 9,066,779 and US 8,623,395 titled "Implantable therapeutic device", WO/2014/160884 titled "Ophthalmic Implant for Delivering Therapeutic Substances", US 8,399,006, US 8,277,830, US 8,795,712, US 8,808,727, US 8,298,578, and WO/2010/088548 titled "Posterior segment drug delivery", WO/2014/152959 and US20140276482 titled "Systems for Sustained Intraocular Delivery of Low Solubility Compounds from a Port Delivery System Implant", US 8,905,963 and US 9,033,911 titled "Injector apparatus and method for drug delivery", WO/2015/057554 titled "Formulations and Methods for Increasing or Reducing Mucus", US 8,715,712 and US 8,939,948 titled "Ocular insert apparatus and methods", WO/2013/116061 titled "Insertion and Removal Methods and Apparatus for Therapeutic Devices", WO/2014/066775 titled "Ophthalmic System for Sustained Release of Drug to the Eye", WO/2015/085234 and WO/2012/019176 titled "Implantable Therapeutic Device", WO/2012/065006 titled "Methods and Apparatus to determine Porous Structures for Drug Delivery", WO/2010/141729 titled "Anterior Segment Drug Delivery", WO/2011/050327 titled "Corneal Denervation for Treatment of Ocular Pain", WO/2013/022801 titled "Small Molecule Delivery with Implantable Therapeutic Device", WO/2012/019047 titled "Subconjunctival Implant for Posterior Segment Drug Delivery", WO/2012/068549 titled "Therapeutic Agent Formulations for Implanted Devices", WO/2012/019139 titled " Combined Delivery Methods and Apparatus", WO/2013/040426 titled "Ocular Insert Apparatus and Methods", WO/2012/019136 titled "Injector Apparatus and Method for Drug Delivery", WO/2013/040247 titled "Fluid Exchange Apparatus and Methods" (ForSight Vision4, Inc.).

[0531] Additional non-limiting examples of how to deliver the active compounds are provided in WO/2015/085251 titled "Intracameral Implant for Treatment of an Ocular Condition" (Envisia Therapeutics, Inc.); WO/2011/008737 titled "Engineered Aerosol Particles, and Associated Methods", WO/2013/082111 titled "Geometrically Engineered Particles and Methods for Modulating Macrophage or Immune Responses", WO/2009/132265 titled "Degradable compounds and methods of use thereof, particularly with particle replication in non-wetting templates", WO/2010/099321 titled "Interventional drug delivery system and associated methods", WO/2008/100304 titled "Polymer particle composite having high fidelity order, size, and shape particles", WO/2007/024323 titled "Nanoparticle fabrication methods, systems, and materials" (Liquidia Technologies, Inc. and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill); WO/2010/009087 titled "Iontophoretic Delivery of a Controlled-Release Formulation in the Eye", (Liquidia Technologies, Inc. and Eyegate Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) and WO/2009/132206 titled "Compositions and Methods for Intracellular Delivery and Release of Cargo", WO/2007/133808 titled "Nano-particles for cosmetic applications", WO/2007/056561 titled "Medical device, materials, and methods", WO/2010/065748 titled "Method for producing patterned materials", WO/2007/081876 titled "Nanostructured surfaces for biomedical/biomaterial applications and processes thereof (Liquidia Technologies, Inc.).

[0532] Additional non-limiting examples of methods and devices for drug delivery to the eye include, for example, WO2011/106702 and US 8,889, 193 titled "Sustained delivery of therapeutic agents to an eye compartment", WO2013/138343 and US 8,962,577 titled "Controlled release formulations for the delivery of HIF- 1 inhibitors", WO/2013/138346 and US2013/0272994 titled "Non-Linear Multiblock Copolymer-Drug Conjugates for the Delivery of Active Agents", WO2005/072710 and US 8,957,034 titled "Drug and Gene Carrier Particles that Rapidly Move Through Mucus Barriers", WO2008/030557, US2010/0215580, US2013/0164343 titled "Compositions and Methods for Enhancing Transport Through Mucous", WO2012/061703, US2012/0121718, and US2013/0236556 titled "Compositions and Methods Relating to Reduced Mucoadhesion", WO2012/039979 and US2013/0183244 titled "Rapid Diffusion of Large Polymeric Nanoparticles in the Mammalian Brain", WO2012/109363 and US2013/0323313 titled "Mucus Penetrating Gene Carriers", WO 2013/090804 and US2014/0329913 titled "Nanoparticles with enhanced mucosal penetration or decreased inflammation", WO2013/110028 titled "Nanoparticle formulations with enhanced mucosal penetration", WO2013/166498 and US2015/0086484 titled "Lipid-based drug carriers for rapid penetration through mucus linings" (The Johns Hopkins University); WO2013/166385 titled "Pharmaceutical Nanoparticles Showing Improved Mucosal Transport", US2013/0323179 titled "Nanocrystals, Compositions, And Methods that Aid Particle Transport in Mucus" (The Johns Hopkins University and Kala Pharmaceuticals, Inc.); WO/2015/066444 titled "Compositions and methods for ophthalmic and/or other applications", WO/2014/020210 and WO/2013/166408 titled "Pharmaceutical nanoparticles showing improved mucosal transport" (Kala Pharmaceuticals, Inc.); US 9,022,970 titled "Ophthalmic injection device including dosage control device", WO/2011/153349 titled "Ophthalmic compositions comprising pbo-peo-pbo block copolymers", WO/2011/140203 titled "Stabilized ophthalmic galactomannan formulations", WO/201 1/068955 titled "Ophthalmic emulsion" , WO/201 1/037908 titled "Injectable aqueous ophthalmic composition and method of use therefor", US2007/0149593 titled "Pharmaceutical Formulation for Delivery of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibiting (RTKi) Compounds to the Eye", US 8,632,809 titled "Water insoluble polymer matrix for drug delivery" (Alcon, Inc.).

[0533] Additional non-limiting examples of drug delivery devices and methods include, for example, US20090203709 titled "Pharmaceutical Dosage Form For Oral Administration Of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor" (Abbott Laboratories); US20050009910 titled "Delivery of an active drug to the posterior part of the eye via subconjunctival or periocular delivery of a prodrug", US 20130071349 titled "Biodegradable polymers for lowering intraocular pressure", US 8,481,069 titled "Tyrosine kinase microspheres", US 8,465,778 titled "Method of making tyrosine kinase microspheres", US 8,409,607 titled "Sustained release intraocular implants containing tyrosine kinase inhibitors and related methods", US 8,512,738 and US 2014/0031408 titled "Biodegradable intravitreal tyrosine kinase implants", US 2014/0294986 titled "Microsphere Drug Delivery System for Sustained Intraocular Release", US 8,911,768 titled "Methods For Treating Retinopathy With Extended Therapeutic Effect" (Allergan, Inc.); US 6,495, 164 titled "Preparation of injectable suspensions having improved injectability" (Alkermes Controlled Therapeutics, Inc.); WO 2014/047439 titled "Biodegradable Microcapsules Containing Filling Material" (Akina, Inc.); WO 2010/132664 titled "Compositions And Methods For Drug Delivery" (Baxter International Inc. Baxter Healthcare SA); US20120052041 titled "Polymeric nanoparticles with enhanced drugloading and methods of use thereof (The Brigham and Women's Hospital, Inc.); US20140178475, US20140248358, and US20140249158 titled "Therapeutic Nanoparticles Comprising a Therapeutic Agent and Methods of Making and Using Same" (BIND Therapeutics, Inc.); US 5,869, 103 titled "Polymer microparticles for drug delivery" (Danbiosyst UK Ltd.); US 8628801 titled "Pegylated Nanoparticles" (Universidad de Navarra); US2014/0107025 titled "Ocular drug delivery system" (Jade Therapeutics, LLC); US 6,287,588 titled "Agent delivering system comprised of microparticle and biodegradable gel with an improved releasing profile and methods of use thereof, US 6,589,549 titled "Bioactive agent delivering system comprised of microparticles within a biodegradable to improve release profiles" (Macromed, Inc.); US 6,007,845 and US 5,578,325 titled "Nanoparticles and microparticles of non-linear hydrophilichydrophobic multiblock copolymers" (Massachusetts Institute of Technology); US20040234611, US20080305172, US20120269894, and US20130122064 titled "Ophthalmic depot formulations for periocular or subconjunctival administration (Novartis Ag); US 6,413,539 titled "Block polymer" (Poly-Med, Inc.); US 20070071756 titled "Delivery of an agent to ameliorate inflammation" (Peyman); US 20080166411 titled "Injectable Depot Formulations And Methods For Providing Sustained Release Of Poorly Soluble Drugs Comprising Nanoparticles" (Pfizer, Inc.); US 6,706,289 titled "Methods and compositions for enhanced delivery of bioactive molecules" (PR Pharmaceuticals, Inc.); and US 8,663,674 titled "Microparticle containing matrices for drug delivery" (Surmodics). IV. USES OF ACTIVE COMPOUNDS FOR TREATMENT OF SELECTED DISORDERS

[0534] In one aspect, an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is used to treat a medical disorder which is an inflammatory or immune condition, a disorder mediated by the complement cascade (including a dysfunctional cascade) including a complement D-related disorder, a disorder or abnormality of a cell that adversely affects the ability of the cell to engage in or respond to normal complement activity, or an undesired complement-mediated response to a medical treatment, such as surgery or other medical procedure or a pharmaceutical or biopharmaceutical drug administration, a blood transfusion, or other allogenic tissue or fluid administration.

[0535] In one embodiment, the disorder is selected from fatty liver and conditions stemming from fatty liver, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver inflammation, cirrhosis and liver failure. In one embodiment of the present invention, a method is provided for treating fatty liver disease in a host by administering an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein.

[0536] In another embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is used to modulate an immune response prior to or during surgery or other medical procedure. One non-limiting example is use in connection with acute or chronic graft versus host disease, which is a common complication as a result of allogeneic tissue transplant, and can also occur as a result of a blood transfusion.

[0537] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing dermatomyositis by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein.

[0538] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein.

[0539] In another embodiment, a method is provided for the treatment or prevention of cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to the administration of pharmaceutical or biotherapeutic (e.g. CAR T-cell therapy or monoclonal antibody therapy) in a host by administering an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. Various types of cytokine or inflammatory reactions may occur in response to a number of factors, such as the administrations of biotherapeutics. In one embodiment, the cytokine or inflammatory reaction is cytokine release syndrome. In one embodiment, the cytokine or inflammatory reaction is tumor lysis syndrome (which also leads to cytokine release). Symptoms of cytokine release syndrome range from fever, headache, and skin rashes to bronchospasm, hypotension and even cardiac arrest. Severe cytokine release syndrome is described as cytokine storm, and can be fatal.

[0540] Fatal cytokine storms have been observed in response to infusion with several monoclonal antibody therapeutics. See, Abramowicz D, et al. "Release of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-2, and gamma-interferon in serum after injection of OKT3 monoclonal antibody in kidney transplant recipients" Transplantation (1989) 47(4):606-8; Chatenoud L, et al. "In vivo cell activation following OKT3 administration. Systemic cytokine release and modulation by corticosteroids" Transplantation (1990) 49(4):697-702; and Lim LC, Koh LP, and Tan P. "Fatal cytokine release syndrome with chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab in a 71 -year- old patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia" J. Clin Oncol. (1999) 17(6): 1962-3.

[0541] Also contemplated herein, is the use of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein to mediate an adverse immune response in patients receiving bi- specific T-cell engagers (BiTE). A bi-specific T-cell engager directs T-cells to target and bind with a specific antigen on the surface of a cancer cell. For example, Blinatumomab (Amgen), a BiTE has recently been approved as a second line therapy in Philadelphia chromosome-negative relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blinatumomab is given by continuous intravenous infusion in 4-week cycles. The use of BiTE agents has been associated with adverse immune responses, including cytokine release syndrome. The most significantly elevated cytokines in the CRS associated with ACT include IL-10, IL-6, and IFN-γ (Klinger et al., Immunopharmacologic response of patients with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia to continuous infusion of T cell-engaging CD 19/CD3-bi specific BiTE antibody blinatumomab. Blood (2012) 119:6226-6233).

[0542] In another embodiment, the disorder is episcleritis, idiopathic episcleritis, anterior episcleritis, or posterior episcleritis. In one embodiment, the disorder is idiopathic anterior uveitis, HLA-B27 related uveitis, herpetic keratouveitis, Posner Schlossman syndrome, Fuch's heterochromic iridocyclitis, or cytomegalovirus anterior uveitis.

[0543] In yet another embodiment, the disorder is selected from:

(i) vitritis, sarcoidosis, syphilis, tuberculosis, or Lyme disease; (ii) retinal vasculitis, Eales disease, tuberculosis, syphilis, or toxoplasmosis;

(iii) neuroretinitis, viral retinitis, or acute retinal necrosis;

(iv) varicella zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, lichen planus, or Dengue-associated disease (e.g., hemorraghic Dengue Fever);

(v) Masquerade syndrome, contact dermatitis, trauma induced inflammation, UVB induced inflammation, eczema, granuloma annulare, or acne.

[0544] In an additional embodiment, the disorder is selected from:

(i) acute myocardial infarction, aneurysm, cardiopulmonary bypass, dilated cardiomyopathy, complement activation during cardiopulmonary bypass operations, coronary artery disease, restenosis following stent placement, or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA);

(ii) antibody-mediated transplant rejection, anaphylactic shock, anaphylaxis, allogenic transplant, humoral and vascular transplant rejection, graft dysfunction, graft-versus-host disease, Graves' disease, adverse drug reactions, or chronic graft vasculopathy;

(iii) allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, allergic neuritis, drug allergy, radiation- induced lung injury, eosinophilic pneumonia, radiographic contrast media allergy, bronchiolitis obliterans, or interstitial pneumonia;

(iv) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, parkinsonism-dementia complex, sporadic frontotemporal dementia, frontotemporal dementia with Parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, tangle only dementia, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, cerebrovascular disorder, certain forms of frontotemporal dementia, chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), PD with dementia (PDD), argyrophilic grain dementia, dementia pugilistica, dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), or multi-infarct dementia;

(v) Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington's disease, multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN), prion protein cerebral amyloid angiopathy, polymyositis, postencephalitic parkinsonism, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, non-Guamanian motor neuron disease with neurofibrillary tangles, neural regeneration, or diffuse neurofibrillary tangles with calcification.

[0545] In one embodiment, the disorder is selected from:

(i) atopic dermatitis, dermatitis, dermatomyositis, dermatomyositis bullous pemphigoid, scleroderma, sclerodermatomyositis, psoriatic arthritis, pemphigus vulgaris, Discoid lupus erythematosus, cutaneous lupus, chilblain lupus erythematosus, or lupus erythematosus-lichen planus overlap syndrome.;

(ii) cryoglobulinemic vasculitis, mesenteric/enteric vascular disorder, peripheral vascular disorder, antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV), IL-2 induced vascular leakage syndrome, or immune complex vasculitis;

(iii) angioedema, low platelets (HELLP) syndrome, sickle cell disease, platelet refractoriness, red cell casts, or typical or infectious hemolytic uremic syndrome (tHUS);

(iv) hematuria, hemodialysis, hemolysis, hemorrhagic shock, immunothrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), drug-induced thrombocytopenia, autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), azotemia, blood vessel and/or lymph vessel inflammation, rotational atherectomy, or delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction;

(v) British type amyloid angiopathy, Buerger's disease, bullous pemphigoid, Clq nephropathy, cancer, or catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome.

[0546] In another embodiment, the disorder is selected from:

(i) wet AMD, dry AMD, chorioretinal degeneration, choroidal neovascularization (CNV), choroiditis, loss of RPE function, loss of vision (including loss of visual acuity or visual field), loss of vision from AMD, retinal damage in response to light exposure, retinal degeneration, retinal detachment, retinal dysfunction, retinal neovascularization (RNV), retinopathy of prematurity, or RPE degeneration;

(ii) pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, symptomatic macular degeneration related disorder, optic nerve degeneration, photoreceptor degeneration, cone degeneration, loss of photoreceptor cells, pars planitis, scleritis, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, or formation of ocular drusen;

(iii) chronic urticaria, Churg-Strauss syndrome, cold agglutinin disease (CAD), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), cryoglobulinemia, cyclitis, damage of the Bruch's membrane, Degos disease, diabetic angiopathy, elevated liver enzymes, endotoxemia, epidermolysis bullosa, or epidermolysis bullosa acquisita;

(iv) essential mixed cryoglobulinemia, excessive blood urea nitrogen-BUN, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, giant cell arteritis, gout, Hallervorden-Spatz disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis, or abnormal urinary sediments;

(v) hepatitis, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),

(vi) a viral infection more generally, for example selected from Flaviviridae, Retroviruses, Coronaviridae, Poxviridae, Adenoviridae, Herpesviridae, Caliciviridae, Reoviridae, Picornaviridae, Togaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, or Hepadnaviridae;

(vii) Neisseria meningitidis, shiga toxin E. coli-related hemolytic uremic syndrome (STEC- HUS), Streptococcus, or poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.

[0547] In a further embodiment, the disorder is selected from:

(viii) hyperlipidemia, hypertension, hypoalbuminemia, hypobolemic shock, hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome, hypophosphastasis, hypovolemic shock, idiopathic pneumonia syndrome, or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis;

(ix) inclusion body myositis, intestinal ischemia, iridocyclitis, iritis, juvenile chronic arthritis, Kawasaki's disease (arteritis), or lipiduria;

(x) membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) I, microscopic polyangiitis, mixed cryoglobulinemia, molybdenum cofactor deficiency (MoCD) type A, pancreatitis, panniculitis, Pick's disease, polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), progressive subcortical gliosis, proteinuria, reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), or renovascular disorder;

(xi) multiple organ failure, multiple system atrophy (MSA), myotonic dystrophy, Niemann- Pick disease type C, chronic demyelinating diseases, or progressive supranuclear palsy;

(xii) spinal cord injury, spinal muscular atrophy, spondyloarthropathies, Reiter's syndrome, spontaneous fetal loss, recurrent fetal loss, pre-eclampsia, synucleinopathy, Takayasu's arteritis, post-partum thryoiditis, thyroiditis, Type I cryoglobulinemia, Type II mixed cryoglobulinemia, Type III mixed cryoglobulinemia, ulcerative colitis, uremia, urticaria, venous gas embolus (VGE), or Wegener's granulomatosis;

[0548] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is useful for treating or preventing a disorder selected from autoimmune oophoritis, endometriosis, autoimmune orchitis, Ord's thyroiditis, autoimmune enteropathy, coeliac disease, Hashimoto's encephalopathy, antiphospholipid syndrome (APLS) (Hughes syndrome), aplastic anemia, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (Canale-Smith syndrome), autoimmune neutropenia, Evans syndrome, pernicious anemia, pure red cell aplasia, thrombocytopenia, adipose dolorosa (Dercum's disease), adult onset Still's disease, ankylosing spondylitis, CREST syndrome, drug-induced lupus, eosinophilic fasciitis (Shulman's syndrome), Felty syndrome, IgG4-related disease, mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), palindromic rheumatism (Hench- Rosenberg syndrome), Parry-Romberg syndrome, Parsonage-Turner syndrome, relapsing polychondritis (Meyenburg-Altherr-Uehlinger syndrome), retroperitonial fibrosis, rheumatic fever, Schnitzler syndrome, fibromyalgia, neuromyotonia (Isaac's disease), paraneoplastic degeneration, autoimmune inner ear disease, Meniere's disease, interstitial cystitis, autoimmune pancreatitis, zika virus-related disorders, chikungunya virus-related disorders, subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE), IgA nephropathy, IgA vasculitis, polymyalgia rheumatic, rheumatoid vasculitis, alopecia areata, autoimmune progesterone dermatitis, dermatitis herpetiformis, erythema nodosum, gestational pemphigoid, hidradenitis suppurativa, lichen sclerosus, linear IgA disease (LAD), morphea, myositis, pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta, vitiligo post- myocardial infarction syndrome (Dressier' s syndrome), post-pericardiotomy syndrome, autoimmune retinopathy, Cogan syndrome, Graves opthalmopathy, ligneous conjunctivitis, Mooren's ulcer, opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome, optic neuritis, retinocochleocerebral vasculopathy (Susac's syndrome), sympathetic opthalmia, Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, interstitial lung disease, anti synthetase syndrome, Addison's disease, autoimmune poly endocrine syndrome (APS) type I, autoimmune poly endocrine syndrome (APS) type II, autoimmune poly endocrine syndrome (APS) type III, disseminated sclerosis (multiple sclerosis, pattern II), rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis (RPGN), juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, enthesitis-related arthritis, reactive arthritis (Reiter's syndrome), autoimmune hepatitis or lupoid hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBS), primary sclerosing cholangitis, microscopic colitis, latent lupus (undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD)), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), acute motor axonal neuropathy, anti-n-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis, Balo concentric sclerosis (Schilders disease), Bickerstaff s encephalitis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating disease, Lambert-Eaton mysathenic syndrome, Oshtoran syndrome, pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcus (PANDAS), progressive inflammatory neuropathy, restless leg syndrome, stiff person syndrome, Sydenhem syndrome, transverse myelitis, lupus vasculitis, leukocytoclastic vasculitis, Microscopic Polyangiitis, polymyositis or ischemic-reperfusion injury of the eye. [0549] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is useful for treating or preventing a disorder that is mediated by the complement pathway, and in particular, a pathway that is modulated by complement Factor D. In another embodiment, the compound is effective to treat the disorder, albeit through a different mechanism.

[0550] In certain embodiments, the disorder is an inflammatory disorder, an immune disorder, an autoimmune disorder, or complement Factor D related disorders in a host. In one embodiment, the disorder is an ocular disorder or an eye disorder.

[0551] Examples of eye disorders that may be treated according to the compositions and methods disclosed herein include amoebic keratitis, fungal keratitis, bacterial keratitis, viral keratitis, onchorcercal keratitis, bacterial keratoconjunctivitis, viral keratoconjunctivitis, corneal dystrophic diseases, Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy, Sjogren's syndrome, Stevens- Johnson syndrome, autoimmune dry eye diseases, environmental dry eye diseases, corneal neovascularization diseases, post-corneal transplant rejection prophylaxis and treatment, autoimmune uveitis, infectious uveitis, anterior uveitis, posterior uveitis (including toxoplasmosis), pan-uveitis, an inflammatory disease of the vitreous or retina, endophthalmitis prophylaxis and treatment, macular edema, macular degeneration, age related macular degeneration, proliferative and non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, an autoimmune disease of the retina, primary and metastatic intraocular melanoma, other intraocular metastatic tumors, open angle glaucoma, closed angle glaucoma, pigmentary glaucoma and combinations thereof.

[0552] In a further embodiment, the disorder is selected from age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, neuromyelitis optica (NMO), vasculitis, hemodialysis, blistering cutaneous diseases (including bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus, and epidermolysis bullosa), ocular cicatrical pemphigoid, uveitis, adult macular degeneration, diabetic retinopa retinitis pigmentosa, macular edema, Behcet's uveitis, multifocal choroiditis, Vogt- Koyangi-Harada syndrome, imtermediate uveitis, birdshot retino-chorioditis, sympathetic ophthalmia, ocular dicatricial pemphigoid, ocular pemphigus, nonartertic ischemic optic neuropathy, postoperative inflammation, and retinal vein occlusion, or uveitis (including Behcet's disease and other sub-types of uveitis).

[0553] In some embodiments, complement mediated diseases include ophthalmic diseases (including early or neovascular age-related macular degeneration and geographic atrophy), autoimmune diseases (including arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis), respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases. In other embodiments, the compounds of the invention are suitable for use in the treatment of diseases and disorders associated with fatty acid metabolism, including obesity and other metabolic disorders.

[0554] Disorders that may be treated or prevented by an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein also include, but are not limited to:

(i) paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (P H), hereditary angioedema, capillary leak syndrome, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), abdominal aortic aneurysm, hemodialysis complications, hemolytic anemia, or hemodialysis;

(ii) myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, C3 glomerulonephritis (C3GNs), MPGN II (dense deposit disease), neurological disorders, Guillain Barre Syndrome, diseases of the central nervous system and other neurodegenerative conditions, glomerulonephritis (including membrane proliferative glomerulonephritis), SLE nephritis, proliferative nephritis, liver fibrosis, tissue regeneration and neural regeneration, or Barraquer- Simons Syndrome;

(iii) inflammatory effects of sepsis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), disorders of inappropriate or undesirable complement activation, interleukin-2 induced toxicity during IL-2 therapy, inflammatory disorders, inflammation of autoimmune diseases, system lupus erythematosus (SLE), Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, lupus nephritides, arthritis, immune complex disorders and autoimmune diseases, systemic lupus, or lupus erythematosus;

(iv) ischemia/ reperfusion injury (I/R injury), myocardial infarction, myocarditis, post- ischemic reperfusion conditions, balloon angioplasty, atherosclerosis, post-pump syndrome in cardiopulmonary bypass or renal bypass, renal ischemia, mesenteric artery reperfusion after aortic reconstruction, antiphospholipid syndrome, autoimmune heart disease, ischemia- reperfusion injuries, obesity, or diabetes;

(v) Alzheimer's dementia, stroke, schizophrenia, traumatic brain injury, trauma, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, transplant rejection, prevention of fetal loss, biomaterial reactions (e.g. in hemodialysis, inplants), hyperacute allograft rejection, xenograft rejection, transplantation, psoriasis, burn injury, thermal injury including burns or frostbite;

(vi) asthma, allergy, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cystic fibrosis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, dyspnea, hemoptysis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, pulmonary embolisms and infarcts, pneumonia, fibrogenic dust diseases, inert dusts and minerals (e.g., silicon, coal dust, beryllium, and asbestos), pulmonary fibrosis, organic dust diseases, chemical injury (due to irritant gases and chemicals, e.g., chlorine, phosgene, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia, and hydrochloric acid), smoke injury, thermal injury (e.g., burn, freeze), bronchoconstriction, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, parasitic diseases, Goodpasture's Syndrome (anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis), pulmonary vasculitis, Pauci-immune vasculitis, or immune complex- associated inflammation.

[0555] In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (P H) in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of multiple sclerosis in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of myasthenia gravis in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of C3 glomerulonephritis in host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm in host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In another embodiment, a method for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica ( MO) in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. [0556] In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of sickle cell in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of immunothrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), or idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of ANCA-vasculitis in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of IgA nephropathy in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis (RPGN), in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of lupus nephritis, in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of hemorraghic dengue fever, in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein.

[0557] In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods of treating or preventing an inflammatory disorder or a complement related disease, by administering to a host in need thereof an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods of treating or preventing an inflammatory disorder more generally, an immune disorder, autoimmune disorder, or complement Factor D related disease in a host, by providing an effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein to patient with a Factor D mediated inflammatory disorder. An active compound or its salt or composition as described herein as the only active agent or may be provided together with one or more additional active agents.

[0558] In one embodiment, a method for the treatment of a disorder associated with a dysfunction in the complement cascade in a host is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In one embodiment, a method of inhibiting activation of the alternative complement pathway in a subject is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein. In one embodiment, a method of modulating Factor D activity in a subject is provided that includes the administration of an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein.

[0559] In an additional alternative embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is used in the treatment of an autoimmune disorder.

[0560] The complement pathway enhances the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from the body. It is part of the innate immune system and in healthy individuals is an essential process. Inhibiting the complement pathway will decrease the body's immune system response. Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to treat autoimmune disorders by administering an effective does of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein to a subject in need thereof.

[0561] In one embodiment the autoimmune disorder is caused by activity of the complement system. In one embodiment the autoimmune disorder is caused by activity of the alternative complement pathway. In one embodiment the autoimmune disorder is caused by activity of the classical complement pathway. In another embodiment the autoimmune disorder is caused by a mechanism of action that is not directly related to the complement system, such as the over-proliferation of T-lymphocytes or the over-production of cytokines.

[0562] Non-limiting examples of autoimmune disorders include: lupus, allograft rejection, autoimmune thyroid diseases (such as Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis), autoimmune uveoretinitis, giant cell arteritis, inflammatory bowel diseases (including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, regional enteritis, granulomatous enteritis, distal ileitis, regional ileitis, and terminal ileitis), diabetes, multiple sclerosis, pernicious anemia, psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, and scleroderma.

[0563] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is used in the treatment of lupus. Non-limiting examples of lupus include lupus erythematosus, cutaneous lupus, discoid lupus erythematosus, chilblain lupus erythematosus, or lupus erythematosus-lichen planus overlap syndrome.

[0564] Lupus erythematosus is a general category of disease that includes both systemic and cutaneous disorders. The systemic form of the disease can have cutaneous as well as systemic manifestations. However, there are also forms of the disease that are only cutaneous without systemic involvement. For example, SLE is an inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology that occurs predominantly in women, and is characterized by articular symptoms, butterfly erythema, recurrent pleurisy, pericarditis, generalized adenopathy, splenomegaly, as well as CNS involvement and progressive renal failure. The sera of most patients (over 98%) contain antinuclear antibodies, including anti-DNA antibodies. High titers of anti-DNA antibodies are essentially specific for SLE. Conventional treatment for this disease has been the administration of corticosteroids or immunosuppressants.

[0565] There are three forms of cutaneous lupus: chronic cutaneous lupus (also known as discoid lupus erythematosus or DLE), subacute cutaneous lupus, and acute cutaneous lupus. DLE is a disfiguring chronic disorder primarily affecting the skin with sharply circumscribed macules and plaques that display erythema, follicular plugging, scales, telangiectasia and atrophy. The condition is often precipitated by sun exposure, and the early lesions are erythematous, round scaling papules that are 5 to 10 mm in diameter and display follicular plugging. DLE lesions appear most commonly on the cheeks, nose, scalp, and ears, but they may also be generalized over the upper portion of the trunk, extensor surfaces of the extremities, and on the mucous membranes of the mouth. If left untreated, the central lesion atrophies and leaves a scar. Unlike SLE, antibodies against double-stranded DNA (e.g., DNA-binding test) are almost invariably absent in DLE.

[0566] Multiple Sclerosis is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder that is believed to be T lymphocyte dependent. MS generally exhibits a relapsing-remitting course or a chronic progressive course. The etiology of MS is unknown, however, viral infections, genetic predisposition, environment, and autoimmunity all appear to contribute to the disorder. Lesions in MS patients contain infiltrates of predominantly T lymphocyte mediated microglial cells and infiltrating macrophages. CD4+ T lymphocytes are the predominant cell type present at these lesions. The hallmark of the MS lesion is plaque, an area of demyelination sharply demarcated from the usual white matter seen in MRI scans. Histological appearance of MS plaques varies with different stages of the disease. In active lesions, the blood-brain barrier is damaged, thereby permitting extravasation of serum proteins into extracellular spaces. Inflammatory cells can be seen in perivascular cuffs and throughout white matter. CD4+ T-cells, especially Thl, accumulate around postcapillary venules at the edge of the plaque and are also scattered in the white matter. In active lesions, up-regulation of adhesion molecules and markers of lymphocyte and monocyte activation, such as IL2-R and CD26 have also been observed. Demyelination in active lesions is not accompanied by destruction of oligodendrocytes. In contrast, during chronic phases of the disease, lesions are characterized by a loss of oligodendrocytes and hence, the presence of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibodies in the blood.

[0567] Diabetes can refer to either type 1 or type 2 diabetes. In one embodiment an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is provided at an effective dose to treat a patient with type 1 diabetes. In one embodiment an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is provided at an effective dose to treat a patient with type 2 diabetes.

[0568] Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease. An autoimmune disease results when the body's system for fighting infection (the immune system) turns against a part of the body. The pancreas then produces little or no insulin.

V. COMBINATION THERAPY

[0569] In one embodiment an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination or alternation with or preceded by, concomitant with or followed by, an effective amount of at least one additional therapeutic agent, for example, for treatment of a disorder listed herein. Non-limiting examples of second active agents for such combination therapy are provided below.

[0570] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination or alternation with at least one additional inhibitor of the complement system or a second active compound with a different biological mechanism of action. In the description below and herein generally, whenever any of the terms referring to an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein are used, it should be understood that pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs or compositions are considered included, unless otherwise stated or inconsistent with the text.

[0571] In non-limiting embodiments, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided together with a protease inhibitor, a soluble complement regulator, a therapeutic antibody (monoclonal or polyclonal), complement component inhibitor, receptor agonist, or siRNA.

[0572] In other embodiments, an active compound described herein is administered in combination or alternation with an antibody against tumor necrosis factor (TNF), including but not limited to infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab, certolizumab, golimumab, or a receptor fusion protein such as etanercept (Embrel).

[0573] In another embodiment, an active compound as described herein can be administered in combination or alternation with an anti-CD20 antibody, including but not limited to rituximab (Rituxan), adalimumab (Humira), ofatumumab (Arzerra), tositumomab (Bexxar), obinutuzumab (Gazyva), or ibritumomab (Zevalin).

[0574] In an alternative embodiment, an active compound as described herein can be administered in combination or alternation with an anti-IL6 antibody, including but not limited to tocilizumab (Actemra) and siltuximab (Sylvant).

[0575] In an alternative embodiment, an active compound as described herein can be administered in combination or alternation with an IL17 inhibitor, including but not limited to secukibumab (Cosentyx).

[0576] In an alternative embodiment, an active compound as described herein can be administered in combination or alternation with a p40 (IL12/IL23) inhibitor, including but not limited to ustekinumab (Stelara).

[0577] In an alternative embodiment, an active compound as described herein can be administered in combination or alteration with an IL23 inhibitor, including but not limited to risankizumab.

[0578] In an alternative embodiment, an active compound as described herein can be administered in combination or alteration with an anti-interferon a antibody, for example but not limited to sifalimumab.

[0579] In an alternative embodiment, an active compound as described herein can be administered in combination or alteration with a kinase inhibitor, for example but not limited to a JAK1/JAK3 inhibitor, for example but not limited to tofacitinib (Xelianz). In an alternative embodiment, an active compound as described herein can be administered in combination or alteration with a JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor, for example but not limited to baracitibib.

[0580] In another embodiment, an active compound as described herein can be administered in combination or alternation with an immune checkpoint inhibitor. Non-limiting examples of checkpoint inhibitors are anti-PD-1 or anti-PDLl antibodies (for example, Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Pidilizumab and Atezolizumab) and anti-CTLA4 antibodies (Ipilimumab and Tremelimumab). [0581] Non-limiting examples of active agents that can be used in combination with active compounds described herein are:

[0582] Protease inhibitors: plasma-derived Cl-INH concentrates, for example Cetor® (Sanquin), Berinert-P® (CSL Behring, Lev Pharma), and Cinryze®; recombinant human Cl- inhibitors, for example Rhucin®; ritonavir (Norvir®, Abbvie, Inc.);

[0583] Soluble complement regulators: Soluble complement receptor 1 (TP 10) (Avant

Immunotherapeutics); sCRl-sLe^x/TP-20 (Avant Immunotherapeutics); MLN-2222 /CAB-2 (Millenium Pharmaceuticals); Mirococept (Inflazyme Pharmaceuticals);

[0584] Therapeutic antibodies: Eculizumab/Soliris (Alexion Pharmaceuticals); Pexelizumab (Alexion Pharmaceuticals); Ofatumumab (Genmab A/S); TNX-234 (Tanox); TNX- 558 (Tanox); TA106 (Taligen Therapeutics); Neutrazumab (G2 Therapies); Anti-properdin (Novelmed Therapeutics); HuMax-CD38 (Genmab A/S);

[0585] Complement component inhibitors: Compstatin/POT-4 (Potentia Pharmaceuticals); ARC 1905 (Archemix);

[0586] Receptor agonists: PMX-53 (Peptech Ltd.); JPE-137 (Jerini); JSM-7717 (Jerini);

[0587] Others: Recombinant human MBL (rhMBL; Enzon Pharmaceuticals);

[0588] Imides and glutarimide derivatives such as thalidomide, lenalidomide, pomalidomide;

[0589] Additional non-limiting examples that can be used in combination or alternation active compound or its salt or composition as described herein include the following.

Imp me P R3 B ot era o u e eta-g ucan

[0590] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided together with a compound that inhibits an enzyme that metabolizes an administered protease inhibitor. In one embodiment, a compound or salt may be provided together with ritonavir.

[0591] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with a complement C5 inhibitor or C5 convertase inhibitor. In another embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody directed to the complement factor C5 and manufactured and marketed by Alexion Pharmaceuticals under the tradename Soliris. Eculizumab has been approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of PNH and aHUS.

[0592] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided together with a compound that inhibits complement factor D. In one embodiment of the invention, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein as described herein can be used in combination or alternation with a compound described in Biocryst Pharmaceuticals US Pat. No. 6,653,340 titled "Compounds useful in the complement, coagulate and kallikrein pathways and method for their preparation" describes fused bicyclic ring compounds that are potent inhibitors of Factor D; Novartis PCT patent publication WO2012/093101 titled "Indole compounds or analogues thereof useful for the treatment of age- related macular degeneration" describes certain Factor D inhibitors; Novartis PCT patent publications WO2014/002051, WO2014/002052, WO2014/002053, WO2014/002054, WO2014/002057, WO2014/002058, WO2014/002059, WO2014/005150, WO2014/009833, WO 2013/164802, WO 2015/009616, WO 2015/066241, Bristol-Myers Squibb PCT patent publication WO2004/045518 titled "Open chain prolyl urea-related modulators of androgen receptor function"; Japan Tobacco Inc. PCT patent publication WO 1999/048492 titled "Amide derivatives and nociceptin antagonists"; Ferring B.V. and Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. LTD. PCT patent publication WO 1993/020099 titled "CCK and/or gastrin receptor ligands"; Alexion Pharmaceuticals PCT patent publication WO 1995/029697 titled "Methods and compositions for the treatment of glomerulonephritis and other inflammatory diseases"; or Achillion Pharmaceuticals filed PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017523 and U.S. Patent Application No. 14/631,090 titled "Alkyne Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders"; PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017538 and U.S. Patent Application No. 14/631,233 titled "Amide Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders"; PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017554 and U.S. Patent Application No. 14/631,312 titled "Amino Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders"; PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017583 and U.S. Patent Application No. 14/631,440 titled "Carbamate, Ester, and Ketone Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders"; PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017593 and U.S. Patent Application No. 14/631,625 titled "Aryl, Heteroaryl, and Heterocyclic Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders"; PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017597 and U.S. Patent Application No. 14/631,683 titled "Ether Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders"; PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017600 and U.S. Patent Application No. 14/631,785 titled "Phosphonate Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders"; and PCT Patent Application No. PCT/US2015/017609 and U.S. Patent Application No. 14/631,828 titled "Compounds for Treatment of Complement Mediated Disorders."

[0593] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is administered in combination with an anti-inflammatory drug, antimicrobial agent, anti- angiogenesis agent, immunosuppressant, antibody, steroid, ocular antihypertensive drug or combinations thereof. Examples of such agents include amikacin, anecortane acetate, anthracenedione, anthracycline, an azole, amphotericin B, bevacizumab, camptothecin, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, chlorhexidine, chlorhexidine digluconate, clortrimazole, a clotrimazole cephalosporin, corticosteroids, dexamethasone, desamethazone, econazole, eftazidime, epipodophyllotoxin, fluconazole, flucytosine, fluoropyrimidines, fluoroquinolines, gatifloxacin, glycopeptides, imidazoles, itraconazole, ivermectin, ketoconazole, levofloxacin, macrolides, miconazole, miconazole nitrate, moxifloxacin, natamycin, neomycin, nystatin, ofloxacin, polyhexamethylene biguanide, prednisolone, prednisolone acetate, pegaptanib, platinum analogues, polymicin B, propamidine isethionate, pyrimidine nucleoside, ranibizumab, squalamine lactate, sulfonamides, triamcinolone, triamcinolone acetonide, triazoles, vancomycin, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents, VEGF antibodies, VEGF antibody fragments, vinca alkaloid, timolol, betaxolol, travoprost, latanoprost, bimatoprost, brimonidine, dorzolamide, acetazol amide, pilocarpine, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, gentamycin, tobramycin, cefazolin, voriconazole, gancyclovir, cidofovir, foscarnet, diclofenac, nepafenac, ketorolac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, fluoromethalone, rimexolone, anecortave, cyclosporine, methotrexate, tacrolimus and combinations thereof.

[0594] In one embodiment of the present invention, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein can be administered in combination or alternation with at least one immunosuppressive agent. The immunosuppressive agent as non-limiting examples, may be a calcineurin inhibitor, e.g. a cyclosporin or an ascomycin, e.g. Cyclosporin A ( EORAL®), FK506 (tacrolimus), pimecrolimus, a mTOR inhibitor, e.g. rapamycin or a derivative thereof, e.g. Sirolimus (RAPAMU E®), Everolimus (Certican®), temsirolimus, zotarolimus, biolimus-7, biolimus-9, a rapalog, e.g.ridaforolimus, azathioprine, campath 1H, a SIP receptor modulator, e.g. fingolimod or an analogue thereof, an anti IL-8 antibody, mycophenolic acid or a salt thereof, e.g. sodium salt, or a prodrug thereof, e.g. Mycophenolate Mofetil (CELLCEPT®), OKT3 (ORTHOCLO E OKT3®), Prednisone, ATGAM®, THYMOGLOBULIN®, Brequinar Sodium, OKT4, T10B9.A-3A, 33B3.1, 15-deoxyspergualin, tresperimus, Leflunomide ARAVA®, CTLAI- Ig, anti-CD25, anti-IL2R, Basiliximab (SIMULECT®), Daclizumab (ZENAPAX®), mizorbine, methotrexate, dexamethasone, ISAtx-247, SDZ ASM 981 (pimecrolimus, Elidel®), CTLA41g (Abatacept), belatacept, LFA31g, etanercept (sold as Enbrel® by Immunex), adalimumab (Humira®), infliximab (Remicade®), an anti-LFA-1 antibody, natalizumab (Antegren®), Enlimomab, gavilimomab, antithymocyte immunoglobulin, siplizumab, Alefacept efalizumab, pentasa, mesalazine, asacol, codeine phosphate, benorylate, fenbufen, naprosyn, diclofenac, etodolac and indomethacin, tocilizumab (Actemra), siltuximab (Sylvant), secukibumab (Cosentyx), ustekinumab (Stelara), risankizumab, sifalimumab, aspirin and ibuprofen.

[0595] Examples of anti-inflammatory agents include methotrexate, dexamethasone, dexamethasone alcohol, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, fluromethalone acetate, fluromethalone alcohol, lotoprendol etabonate, medrysone, prednisolone acetate, prednisolone sodium phosphate, difluprednate, rimexolone, hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone acetate, lodoxamide tromethamine, aspirin, ibuprofen, suprofen, piroxicam, meloxicam, flubiprofen, naproxan, ketoprofen, tenoxicam, diclofenac sodium, ketotifen fumarate, diclofenac sodium, nepafenac, bromfenac, flurbiprofen sodium, suprofen, celecoxib, naproxen, rofecoxib, glucocorticoids, diclofenac, and any combination thereof. In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is combined with one or more non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) selected from naproxen sodium (Anaprox), celecoxib (Celebrex), sulindac (Clinoril), oxaprozin (Daypro), salsalate (Disalcid), diflunisal (Dolobid), piroxicam (Feldene), indomethacin (Indocin), etodolac (Lodine), meloxicam (Mobic), naproxen (Naprosyn), nabumetone (Relafen), ketorolac tromethamine (Toradol), naproxen/esomeprazole (Vimovo), and diclofenac (Voltaren), and combinations thereof.

[0596] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is administered in combination or alteration with an omega-3 fatty acid or a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARs) agonist. Omega-3 fatty acids are known to reduce serum triglycerides by inhibiting DGAT and by stimulating peroxisomal and mitochondrial beta oxidation. Two omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been found to have high affinity for both PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma. Marine oils, e.g., fish oils, are a good source of EPA and DHA, which have been found to regulate lipid metabolism. Omega-3 fatty acids have been found to have beneficial effects on the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, especially mild hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia and on the coagulation factor VII phospholipid complex activity. Omega-3 fatty acids lower serum triglycerides, increase serum HDL- cholesterol, lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure and the pulse rate, and lower the activity of the blood coagulation factor Vll-phospholipid complex. Further, omega-3 fatty acids seem to be well tolerated, without giving rise to any severe side effects. One such form of omega-3 fatty acid is a concentrate of omega-3, long chain, polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish oil containing DHA and EPA and is sold under the trademark Omacor®. Such a form of omega-3 fatty acid is described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,502,077, 5,656,667 and 5,698,594, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0597] Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily ligand-activated transcription factors that are related to retinoid, steroid and thyroid hormone receptors. There are three distinct PPAR subtypes that are the products of different genes and are commonly designated PPAR-alpha, PPAR-beta/delta (or merely, delta) and PPAR-gamma. General classes of pharmacological agents that stimulate peroxisomal activity are known as PPAR agonists, e.g., PPAR-alpha agonists, PPAR-gamma agonists and PPAR-delta agonists. Some pharmacological agents are combinations of PPAR agonists, such as alpha/gamma agonists, etc., and some other pharmacological agents have dual agonist/antagonist activity. Fibrates such as fenofibrate, bezafibrate, clofibrate and gemfibrozil, are PPAR-alpha agonists and are used in patients to decrease lipoproteins rich in triglycerides, to increase HDL and to decrease atherogenic-dense LDL. Fibrates are typically orally administered to such patients. Fenofibrate or 2-[4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy]-2-methyl-propanoic acid, 1- methylethyl ester, has been known for many years as a medicinally active principle because of its efficacy in lowering blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels.

[0598] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein in combination with an anti-VEGF agent. Non-limiting examples of anti-VEGF agents include, but are not limited to, aflibercept (Eylea®; Regeneron Pharmaceuticals); ranibizumab (Lucentis®: Genentech and Novartis); and pegaptanib (Macugen®; OSI Pharmaceuticals and Pfizer); Bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech/Roche); anecortane acetate, squalamine lactate, and corticosteroids, including, but not limited to, triamcinolone acetonide.

[0599] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein with an additional inhibitor of the complement system or another active compound with a different biological mechanism of action. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein in combination or alternation with eculizumab. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein in combination or alternation with CP40. In one embodiment, the additional agent is PEGylated-CP40. CP40 is a peptide inhibitor that shows a strong binding affinity for C3b and inhibits hemolysis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) erythrocytes. [0600] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing rheumatoid arthritis by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a composition comprising an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein in combination or alternation with an additional inhibitor of the complement system, or an active agent that functions through a different mechanism of action. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing rheumatoid arthritis by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein in combination or alternation with methotrexate. In certain embodiments, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is administered in combination or alternation with at least one additional therapeutic agent selected from: salicylates including aspirin (Anacin, Ascriptin, Bayer Aspirin, Ecotrin) and salsalate (Mono-Gesic, Salgesic); nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); nonselective inhibitors of the cyclo-oxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) enzymes, including diclofenac (Cataflam, Voltaren), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), ketoprofen (Orudis), naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn), piroxicam (Feldene), etodolac (Lodine), indomethacin, oxaprozin (Daypro), nabumetone (Relafen), and meloxicam (Mobic); selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors including Celecoxib (Celebrex); disease- modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), including azathioprine (Imuran), cyclosporine (Sandimmune, Neoral), gold salts (Ridaura, Solganal, Aurolate, Myochrysine), hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil), leflunomide (Arava), methotrexate (Rheumatrex), penicillamine (Cuprimine), and sulfasalazine (Azulfidine); biologic drugs including abatacept (Orencia), etanercept (Enbrel), infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira), and anakinra (Kineret); corticosteroids including betamethasone (Celestone Soluspan), cortisone (Cortone), dexamethasone (Decadron), methylprednisolone (SoluMedrol, DepoMedrol), prednisolone (Delta-Cortef), prednisone (Deltasone, Orasone), and triamcinolone (Aristocort); gold salts, including Auranofin (Ridaura); Aurothioglucose (Solganal); Aurolate; Myochrysine; or any combination thereof.

[0601] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing multiple sclerosis by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein in combination or alternation with an additional inhibitor of the complement system, or an active agent that functions through a different mechanism of action. In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing multiple sclerosis by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein in combination or alternation with a corticosteroid. Examples of corticosteroids include, but are not limited to, prednisone, dexamethasone, solumedrol, and methylprednisolone. In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is combined with at least one anti-multiple sclerosis drug, for example, selected from: Aubagio (teriflunomide), Avonex (interferon beta- la), Betaseron (interferon beta- lb), Copaxone (glatiramer acetate), Extavia (interferon beta- lb), Gilenya (fingolimod), Lemtrada (alemtuzumab), Novantrone (mitoxantrone), Plegridy (peginterferon beta- la), Rebif (interferon beta- la), Tecfidera (dimethyl fumarate), Tysabri (natalizumab), Solu-Medrol (methylprednisolone), High-dose oral Deltasone (prednisone), H.P. Acthar Gel (ACTH), or a combination thereof.

[0602] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is useful in a combination with another pharmaceutical agent to ameliorate or reduce a side effect of the agent. For example, in one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be used in combination with adoptive cell transfer therapies to reduce an associated inflammatory response associated with such therapies, for example, a cytokine mediated response such as cytokine release syndrome. In one embodiment, the adoptive cell transfer therapy includes the use of a chimeric antigen receptor T-Cell (CAR T). In one embodiment, the adoptive cell transfer therapy includes the use of a chimeric antigen receptor T- Cell (CAR T) or a dendritic cell to treat a hematologic or solid tumor, for example, a B-cell related hematologic cancer. In one embodiment, the hematologic or solid tumor is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, or a cancer that expresses CD 19

[0603] In an additional alternative embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with eculizumab for the treatment of P H, aHUSs, STEC-HUS, ANCA-vasculitis, AMD, CAD, chronic hemolysis, neuromyelitis optica, or transplantation rejection. In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with compstatin or a compstatin derivative for the treatment of PNH, aHUSs, STEC-HUS, ANCA-vasculitis, AMD, CAD, chronic hemolysis, neuromyelitis optica, or transplantation rejection. [0604] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with rituxan for the treatment of a complement mediated disorder. In one embodiment, the complement mediated disorder is, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA) (Wegener's Granulomatosis), and Microscopic Polyangiitis (MP A). In one embodiment, the disorder is Lupus.

[0605] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with cyclophosphamide for the treatment of a complement mediated disorder. In one embodiment, the disorder is an autoimmune disease. In one embodiment, the complement mediated disorder is, for example, rheumatoid arthritis, Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA) (Wegener's Granulomatosis), and Microscopic Polyangiitis (MP A). In one embodiment, the disorder is Lupus.

[0606] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is dosed in combination with a conventional DLE treatment for the treatment of lupus to a subject in need thereof.

[0607] Examples of conventional DLE treatments include topical corticosteroid ointments or creams, such as triamcinolone acetonide, fluocinolone, flurandrenolide, betamethasone valerate, or betamethasone dipropionate. Resistant plaques can be injected with an intradermal corticosteroid. Other potential DLE treatments include calcineurin inhibitors such as pimecrolimus cream or tacrolimus ointment. Particularly resistant cases can be treated with systemic antimalarial drugs, such as hydroxychloroquine (PLAQUENIL).

[0608] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with methotrexate for the treatment of Lupus.

[0609] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with azathioprine for the treatment of Lupus.

[0610] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of Lupus.

[0611] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with a corticosteroid for the treatment of Lupus.

[0612] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with a belimumab (Benlysta) for the treatment of Lupus. [0613] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) for the treatment of Lupus.

[0614] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with sifalimumab for the treatment of Lupus.

[0615] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with OMS721 (Omeros) for the treatment of a complement mediated disorder. In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or

composition as described herein may be provided in combination with OMS906 (Omeros) for the treatment of a complement mediated disorder. In one embodiment, the complement mediated disorder is, for example, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) or aHUS.

[0616] In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with an anti-inflammatory agent, immunosuppressive agent, or anti-cytokine agent for the treatment or prevention of cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to the administration of pharmaceuticals or biotherapeutics (e.g. adoptive T-cell therapy (ACT) such as CAR T-cell therapy, or monoclonal antibody therapy). In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with a corticosteroid, for example prednisone, dexamethasone, solumedrol, and methylprednisolone, and/or anti-cytokine compounds targeting, e.g., IL-4, IL-10, IL-11, IL-13 and TGFp. In one embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with an anti-cytokine inhibitor including, but are not limited to, adalimumab, infliximab, etanercept, protopic, efalizumab, alefacept, anakinra, siltuximab, secukibumab, ustekinumab, golimumab, and tocilizumab, or a combination thereof. Additional anti-inflammatory agents that can be used in combination with an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein include, but are not limited to, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug(s) (NSAIDs); cytokine suppressive anti-inflammatory drug(s) (CSAIDs); CDP-571/BAY- 10-3356 (humanized anti-T Fa antibody; Celltech/Bayer); cA2/infliximab (chimeric anti-T Fa antibody; Centocor); 75 kdT FR-IgG/etanercept (75 kD T F receptor-IgG fusion protein; Immunex); 55 kdT F-IgG (55 kD TNF receptor-IgG fusion protein; Hoffmann-LaRoche); IDEC- CE9.1/SB 210396 (non-depleting primatized anti-CD4 antibody; IDEC/SmithKline); DAB 486- IL-2 and/or DAB 389-IL-2 (IL-2 fusion proteins; Seragen); Anti-Tac (humanized anti-IL-2Ra; Protein Design Labs/Roche); IL-4 (anti-inflammatory cytokine; DNAX/Schering); IL-10 (SCH 52000; recombinant IL-10, anti-inflammatory cytokine; DNAX/Schering); IL-4; IL-10 and/or IL- 4 agonists (e.g., agonist antibodies); IL-1RA (IL-1 receptor antagonist; Synergen/Amgen); anakinra (Kineret®/Amgen); TNF-bp/s-TNF (soluble TNF binding protein); R973401 (phosphodiesterase Type IV inhibitor); MK-966 (COX-2 Inhibitor); Iloprost, leflunomide (antiinflammatory and cytokine inhibiton); tranexamic acid (inhibitor of plasminogen activation); T- 614 (cytokine inhibitor); prostaglandin El; Tenidap (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug); Naproxen (non-steroidal anti -inflammatory drug); Meloxicam (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug); Ibuprofen (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug); Piroxicam (non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug); Diclofenac (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug); Indomethacin (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug); Sulfasalazine; Azathioprine; ICE inhibitor (inhibitor of the enzyme interleukin-ΐβ converting enzyme); zap-70 and/or lck inhibitor (inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase zap-70 or lck); TNF-convertase inhibitors; anti-IL-12 antibodies; anti-IL-18 antibodies; interleukin-11; interleukin-13; interleukin-17 inhibitors; gold; penicillamine; chloroquine; chlorambucil; hydroxychloroquine; cyclosporine; cyclophosphamide; anti-thymocyte globulin; anti-CD4 antibodies; CD5-toxins; orally-administered peptides and collagen; lobenzarit disodium; Cytokine Regulating Agents (CRAB) HP228 and HP466 (Houghten Pharmaceuticals, Inc.); ICAM-1 antisense phosphorothioate oligo-deoxynucleotides (ISIS 2302; Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc.); soluble complement receptor 1 (TP 10; T Cell Sciences, Inc.); prednisone; orgotein; glycosaminoglycan polysulphate; minocycline; anti-IL2R antibodies; marine and botanical lipids (fish and plant seed fatty acids); auranofin; phenylbutazone; meclofenamic acid; flufenamic acid; intravenous immune globulin; zileuton; azaribine; mycophenolic acid (RS-61443); tacrolimus (FK-506); sirolimus (rapamycin); amiprilose (therafectin); cladribine (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine).

[0617] In a specific embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with a corticosteroid for the treatment or prevention of cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to the administration of pharmaceuticals or biotherapeutics. In another embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with etarnercept for the treatment or prevention of cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to the administration of pharmaceuticals or biotherapeutics. In another embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with tocilizumab for the treatment or prevention of cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to the administration of pharmaceuticals or biotherapeutics. In another embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with etarnercept and tocilizumab for the treatment or prevention of cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to the administration of pharmaceuticals or biotherapeutics. In another embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with infliximab for the treatment or prevention of cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to the administration of pharmaceuticals or biotherapeutics. In another embodiment, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein may be provided in combination with golimumab for the treatment or prevention of cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to the administration of pharmaceuticals or biotherapeutics.

VI. COMBINATIONS FOR PROPHYLACTIC OR CONCOMMITANT ANTIBACTERIAL THERAPY

[0618] In one aspect of the present invention, a method is provided for treating a host in need thereof that comprises administering an effective amount of a prophylactic anti -bacterial vaccine prior to administration of an active compound or its salt or composition for any of the disorders described herein. In another aspect of the present invention, a method is provided for treating a host in need thereof that comprises administering an effective amount of a prophylactic anti -bacterial drug, such as a pharmaceutical drug, prior to administration of an active compound or its salt or composition for any of the disorders described herein. In one aspect of the present invention, a method is provided for treating a host in need thereof that comprises administering an effective amount of an anti-bacterial vaccine after administration of an active compound or its salt or composition for any of the disorders described herein. In another aspect of the present invention, a method is provided for treating a host in need thereof that comprises administering an effective amount of an anti -bacterial drug, such as a pharmaceutical drug, after administration of an active compound or its salt or composition for any of the disorders described herein. In one embodiment, the disorder is PNH or aHUS. In one embodiment, the host has received an organ or other tissue or biological fluid transplant. In one embodiment, the host is also administered eculizumab.

[0619] In one aspect of the present invention, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is administered to a host concomitantly to a subject following the prophylactic administration of a vaccine against a bacterial infection. In one embodiment, the complement mediated disorder is PNH or aHUS. In one embodiment, the subject has received an organ or other tissue or biological fluid transplant. In one embodiment, the subject is also administered eculizumab.

[0620] In one aspect of the present invention, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is administered to a subject concomitantly with the prophylactic administration of a vaccine against a bacterial infection. In one embodiment, the complement mediated disorder is PNH or aHUS. In one embodiment, the subject has received an organ or other tissue or biological fluid transplant. In one embodiment, the subject is also administered eculizumab.

[0621] In one aspect of the present invention, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is administered to a subject and, during the administration period of the compound or salt, a vaccine against a bacterial infection is administered to the subject. In one embodiment, the complement mediated disorder is PNH or aHUS. In one embodiment, the subject has received an organ or other tissue or biological fluid transplant. In one embodiment, the subject is also administered eculizumab.

[0622] In one aspect of the present invention, the subject is administered an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein in combination with an antibiotic compound for the duration of factor D inhibitor administration. In one embodiment, the complement mediated disorder is PNH or aHUS. In one embodiment, the subject has received an organ or other tissue or biological fluid transplant. In one embodiment, the subject is also administered eculizumab.

[0623] In one aspect of the present invention, an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein is administered to a subject following the prophylactic administration of a vaccine against a bacterial infection, and in combination with an antibiotic compound for the duration of factor D inhibitor administration. In one embodiment, the complement mediated disorder is PNH or aHUS. In one embodiment, the subject has received an organ or other tissue or biological fluid transplant. In one embodiment, the subject is also administered eculizumab.

[0624] In one embodiment, the subject, prior to receiving an active compound or its salt or composition as described herein, is vaccinated against abacterial infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria meningitidis. In one embodiment, the subject is vaccinated against a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. In one embodiment, the Haemophilus influenzae is Haemophilus influenzae serotype B (Hib). In one embodiment, the subject is vaccinated against a bacterial infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. In one embodiment, the subject is vaccinated against a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Nisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, or Streptococcus pneumoniae, or a combination of one or more of Nisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, or Streptococcus pneumoniae. In one embodiment, the subject is vaccinated against a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Nisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

[0625] In other embodiments, the subject is vaccinated against a bacterial infection caused by a bacterium selected from a Gram-negative bacterium. In one embodiment, the subject is vaccinated against a bacterial infection caused by a bacterium selected from a Gram-positive bacterium. In one embodiment, the subject is vaccinated against a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Nisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, or Streptococcus pneunemoniae, or a combination of one or more of Nisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, or Streptococcus pneumoniae, and one or more of, but not limited to, Bacillus anthracis, Bordetella pertussis, Clostridium tetani, Cory neb acterium diphtheria, Coxiella burnetii, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia ewingii, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia canis, Neorickettsia sennetsu, Mycobacterium leprae, Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia mayonii, Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia garinii, Mycobacterium bovis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Treponema pallidum, Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis,

[0626] In one embodiment, the subject is vaccinated with one or more vaccines selected from, but not limited to, typhoid vaccine, live (Vivotif Berna Vaccine, PaxVax), typhoid Vi polysaccharide vaccine (Typhim Vi, Sanofi), pneumococcal 23-polyvalent vaccine, PCV13 (Pneumovax 23, Merck), pneumococcal 7-valent vaccine, PCV7 (Prevnar, Pfizer), pneumococcal 13-valent vaccine, PCV13 (Prevnar 13, Pfizer), haemophilus b conjugate (prp-t) vaccine (ActHIB, Sanofi; Hibrix, GSK), haemophilus b conjugate (hboc) vaccine (HibTITER, Neuron Biotech), haemophilus b conjugate (prp-omp) vaccine (PedvaxHIB, Merck), haemophilus b conjugate (prp- t) vaccine/meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenHibrix, GSK), haemophilus b conjugate (prp-t) vaccine/meningococcal conjugate vaccine/Hepatitis B vaccine (Comvax, Merck), meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (Menomune A / C / Y / W-135, Sanofi), meningococcal conjugate vaccine/diphtheria CRM197 conjugate (Menveo, GSK; Menactra, Sanofi), meningococcal group B vaccine (Bexsero, GSK; Trumenba, Pfizer), anthrax vaccine adsorbed (Biothrax, Emergent Biosolutions), tetanus toxoid (Te Anatoxal Berna, Hendricks Regional Health), Bacillus Calmette and Guerin, live, intravesical (TheraCys, Sanofi; Tice BCG, Organon), cholera vaccine, live, oral (Vachora, Sanofi; Dukoral, SBL Vaccines; ShanChol, Shantha Biotec; Micromedex, Truven Health), tetanus toxoids and diphtheria absorbed (Tdap; Decavac, Sanofi; Tenivac, Sanofi; td, Massachusetts Biological Labs), diphtheria and tetanus toxois and pertussis (DTap; Daptacel, Sanofi; Infanrix, GSK; Tripedia, Sanofi), diphtheria and tetanus toxois and pertussis/polio (Kinrix, GSK; Quadracel, Sanofi), diphtheria and tetanus toxois and pertussis tetanus/hepatitis B/polio (Pediarix, GSK), diphtheria and tetanus toxois and pertussis/ polio, haemophilus influenza tybe b (Pentacel, Sanofi), and/or diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap; Boostrix, GSK; Adacel, Sanofi), or a combination thereof.

[0627] As described above, a subject receiving a compound of the present invention to treat a disorder is prophylactically administered an antibiotic compound in addition to a factor D inhibitor described herein. In one embodiment, the subject is administered an antibiotic compound for the duration of administration of the active compound to reduce the development of a bacterial infection. Antibiotic compounds for concomitant administration with a factor D inhibitor described herein can be any antibiotic useful in preventing or reducing the effect of a bacterial infection. Antibiotics are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to, amikacin (Amikin), gentamicin (Garamycin), kanamycin (Kantrex), neomycin (Neo-Fradin), netilmicin (Netromycin), tobramycin (Nebcin), paromomycin (Humatin), streptomycin, spectinomycin (Trobicin), geldanamycin, herbimycin, rifaximin (Xifaxan), loracarbef (Lorabid), ertapenem (Invanz), doripenem (Doribax), imipenem/cilastatin (Primaxin), meropenem (Merrem), cefadroxil (Duricef), cefazolin (Ancef), cefalotin/cefalothin (Keflin), cephalexin (Keflex), cefaclor (Distaclor), cefamandole (Mandol), cefoxitin (Mefoxin), cefprozil (Cefzil), cefuroxime (Ceftin, Zinnat), cefixime (Cefspan), cefdinir (Omnicef, Cefdiel), cefditoren (Spectracef, Meiact), cefoperazone (Cefobid), cefotaxime (Claforan), cefpodoxime (Vantin) ceftazidime (Fortaz), ceftibuten (Cedax), ceftizoxime (Cefizox), ceftriaxone (Rocephin), cefepime (Maxipime), ceftaroline fosamil (Teflaro), ceftobiprole (Zeftera), teicoplanin (Targocid), vancomycin (Vancocin), telavancin (Vibativ), dalbavancin (Dalvance), oritavancin (Orbactiv), clindamycin (Cleocin), lincomycin (Lincocin), daptomycin (Cubicin), azithromycin (Zithromax, Sumamed, Xithrone), clarithromycin (Biaxin), dirithromycin (Dynabac), erythromycin (Erythocin, Erythroped), roxithromycin, troleandomycin (Tao), telithromycin (Ketek), spiramycin (Rovamycine), aztreonam (Azactam), furazolidone (Furoxone), nitrofurantoin (Macrodantin, Macrobid), linezolid (Zyvox), posizolid, radezolid, torezolid, amoxicillin (Novamox, Amoxil), ampicillin (Principen),azlocillin, carbenicillin (Geocillin), cloxacillin (Tegopen), dicloxacillin (Dynapen), flucloxacillin (Floxapen), mezlocillin (Mezlin), methicillin (Staphcillin), nafcillin (Unipen),oxacillin (Prostaphlin), penicillin G (Pentids),penicillin V (Veetids (Pen-Vee-K), piperacillin (Pipracil), penicillin G (Pfizerpen), temocillin (Negaban),ticarcillin (Ticar), amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin), ampicillin/sulbactam (Unasyn), piperacillin/tazobactam (Zosyn), ticarcillin/clavulanate (Timentin),bacitracin, colistin (Coly-Mycin-S), polymyxin B, ciprofloxacin (Cipro, Ciproxin, Ciprobay), enoxacin (Penetrex), gatifloxacin (Tequin), gemifloxacin (Factive), levofloxacin (Levaquin), lomefloxacin (Maxaquin), moxifloxacin (Avelox), nalidixic acid (NegGram), norfloxacin (Noroxin), ofloxacin (Floxin, Ocuflox), trovafloxacin (Trovan), grepafloxacin (Raxar), sparfloxacin (Zagam), temafloxacin (Omniflox), mafenide (Sulfamylon), sulfacetamide (Sulamyd, Bleph-10), sulfadiazine (Micro-Sulfon), silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene), sulfadimethoxine (Di-Methox, Albon), sulfamethizole (Thiosulfil Forte), sulfamethoxazole (Gantanol), sulfanilamide, sulfasalazine (Azulfidine), sulfisoxazole (Gantrisin), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole) (TMP-SMX) (Bactrim, Septra), sulfonamidochrysoidine (Prontosil), demeclocycline (Declomycin), doxycycline (Vibramycin), minocycline (Minocin), oxytetracycline (Terramycin), tetracycline (Sumycin, Achromycin V, Steclin), clofazimine (Lamprene), dapsone (Avlosulfon), capreomycin (Capastat), cycloserine (Seromycin), ethambutol (Myambutol), ethionamide (Trecator), isoniazid (I.N.H.), pyrazinamide (Aldinamide), rifampicin (Rifadin, Rimactane), rifabutin (Mycobutin), rifapentine (Priftin), streptomycin, arsphenamine (Salvarsan), chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin), fosfomycin (Monurol, Monuril), fusidic acid (Fucidin), metronidazole (Flagyl), mupirocin (Bactroban), platensimycin, quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid), thiamphenicol, tigecycline (Tigacyl), tinidazole (Tindamax Fasigyn), trimethoprim (Proloprim, Trimpex), and/or teixobactin, or a combination thereof.

[0628] In one embodiment, the subject is administered a prophylactic antibiotic selected from cephalosporin, for example, ceftriaxone or cefotaxime, ampicillin-sulbactam, Penicillin G, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolone, aztreonam, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gemifloxacin, vancomycin, clindamycin, cefazolin, azithromycin, meropenem, ceftaroline, tigecycline, clarithromycin, moxifloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, cefuroxime, axetil, ciprofloxacin, rifampin, minocycline, spiramycin, and cefixime, or a combination of two or more thereof.

VII. PROCESS OF PREPARATION OF COMPOUNDS OF FORMULA I, FORMULA I' AND FORMULA I"

ABBREVIATIONS

ACN Acetonitrile

Ac Acetyl

AC2O Acetic anhydride

AcOEt, EtOAc ethyl acetate

AcOH Acetic acid

Boc₂0 di-tert-butyl dicarbonate

Bu Butyl

CAN Ceric ammonium nitrate

CBz Carboxybenzyl

CDI Carbonyldiimidazole

CH3OH, MeOH Methanol

CsF Cesium fluoride

Cul Cuprous iodide

DCM, CH2CI2 Dichlorom ethane

DIE A, DIPEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine

DMA N,N-di methyl acetami de

DMAP 4-Dimethylaminopyridine

DMF N,N-dimethylformamide

DMS Dimethyl sulfide

DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide

DPPA Diphenyl phosphoryl azide

EDCI l-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide

Et Ethyl

Et₃N, TEA Triethylamine

EtOAc Ethyl acetate

EtOH Ethanol

l-[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-lH-l,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium3-

Η I 1.Δ \Τ 1 Τ 1 Τ

oxide hexafluorophosphate

HC1 Hydrochloric acid

HOBT Hy droxyb enzotri azol e

iBu, /^'-Bu, isoBu Isobutyl

iPr, z^'-Pr, isoPr Isopropyl 'PnNEt N,N-diisopropylethylamine

K2CO3 Potassium carbonate

LiOH Lithium hydroxide

Me Methyl

Mel Methyl iodide

Ms Mesyl

MsCl Mesylchloride

MTBE Methyl ¾utyl ether

Na₂S0₄ Sodium sulfate

NaCl Sodium chloride

NaH Sodium hydride

NaHCC-3 Sodium bicarbonate

NBS N-bromo succinimide

NCS N-chloro succinimide

Et3 Trimethylamine

MP N-Methy 1 -2-py rroli done

PCC Pyridinium chlorochromate

Pd (ΟΑ Palladium acetate

Pd(dppf)Cl₂ [l,l '-Bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II)

Pd(PPh3)₂Cl₂ Bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) dichloride

Pd(PPh₃)4 Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0)

Pd/C Palladium on carbon

Pd₂ (dba) 3 Tris(dibenzylideneacetone)dipalladium(0)

PMB 4-Methoxybenzyl ether

PPh3 Triphenylphosphine

Pr Propyl

Py, py Pyridine

RT Room temperature

TBAF Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride

TBAT Tetrabutylammonium difluorotriphenylsilicate

tBu, t-Bu Tertbutyl

tBuOK Potassium tert-butoxide

TEA Trimethylamine

Tf₂0 Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride

TFA Trifluoroacetic acid

THF Tetrahydrofuran

TMS Trimethylsilane TMSBr Bromotrimethylsilane

Retention time

Troc 2,2,2-Trichlorethoxycarbonyl chloride

Zn (CN)₂ Zinc cyanide

GENERAL METHODS

[0629] All nonaqueous reactions were performed under an atmosphere of dry argon or nitrogen gas using anhydrous solvents. The progress of reactions and the purity of target compounds were determined using one of the two liquid chromatography (LC) methods listed below. The structure of starting materials, intermediates, and final products was confirmed by standard analytical techniques, including NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry.

LC Method A

Instrument: Waters Acquity Ultra Performance LC

Column: ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 2.1 x 50 mm, 1.7 μιη

Column Temperature: 40 °C

Mobile Phase: Solvent A: H₂0 + 0.05% FA; Solvent B: CFLCN + 0.05% FA

Flow Rate: 0.8 mL/min

Gradient: 0.24 min @ 15% B, 3.26 min gradient (15-85% B), then 0.5 min @ 85% B. Detection: UV (PDA), ELS, and MS (SQ in EI mode)

LC Method B

Instrument: Shimadzu LC-2010A HT

Column: Athena, C18-WP, 50 4.6 mm, 5 μιη

Column Temperature: 40 °C

Mobile Phase: Solvent A: H₂0/CH₃OH/FA = 90/10/0.1; Solvent B: H₂0/CH₃OH/FA = 10/90/0.1

Flow Rate: 3 mL/min

Gradient: 0.4 min @ 30% B, 3.4 min gradient (30-100% B), then 0.8 min @ 100% B Detection: UV (220/254 nm) LC Method C

Instrument: Agilent 1100 / 1200 series LC system with DAD detector

Column: Atlantis dC18 (250 x 4.6) mm, 5 μιη

Column Temperature: Ambient

Mobile Phase A: 0.1% TFA in water, Mobile Phase B: Acetonitrile

Flow Rate: l .O mL/min

Gradient:

Detection: (210-400

LC Method D

Instrument: Shimadzu LC 20AD system with PDA detector

Column: Phenomenex Gemini NX C18 (150 x 4.6) mm, 5 μιη

Column Temperature: Ambient

Mobile Phase A: lOmM NFLOAC in water, Mobile Phase B: Acetonitrile

Flow Rate: l .O mL/min

Gradient:

Detection: (210-400

EXAMPLE 1. GENERAL ROUTE OF SYNTHESIS

[0630] A compound of the present invention can be prepared, for example, from a central core. In one embodiment, for example, the central core Structure 1 is an N-protected aminoacid where X¹ is nitrogen and PG = protecting group. In one embodiment, the central core is coupled to an amine to generate an amide of Structure 2 (wherein L-B includes a C(0)N moiety). Structure 2 can then be deprotected to generate Structure 3. Structure 3 is coupled to Structure 4 (A-COOH) to generate a second amide bond, forming a compound within Formula I. The chemistry is illustrated in Route 1. activation

removal of

Structure 1

Formula I

Route 1

[0631] In an alternative embodiment, central core Structure 5 is reacted with a heterocyclic or heteroaryl compound to generate a compound of Structure 6. In one embodiment, Structure 6 is deprotected to generate a carboxylic acid, Structure 7. In one embodiment, Structure 7 is coupled to an amine to generate a compound of Formula I. This chemistry is illustrated in Route 2.

coupling removal of

Structure 6

Structure 5

Structure 7 Formula I

Route 2

[0632] In an alternative embodiment, Structure 8 is deprotected to generate an amine which is Structure 9. Structure 9 is then coupled to generate an amide which is Structure 6. Structure 6 is then deprotected to generate a carboxylic acid which is Structure 7. Structure 7 is then coupled to form the amide which falls within Formula I. The chemistry is illustrated in Route 3.

A-COOH (structure 4)

coupling

Structure 9

Structure 8

Structure 6 Structure 7 Formula I

Route 3

[0633] In an alternate embodiment, a heteroaryl or aryl moiety, 4-1, is coupled to a central core to generate 4-2. The protected acid, 4-2 is deblocked to form the carboxylic acid, 4- 3. The carboxylic acid is then coupled to form an amide (L-B) which is 4-4 . The heteroaryl or aryl moiety, A', can then be further derivitized to add substituents at the X¹¹, X¹², X¹³ and X¹⁴ positions to generate compounds of Formula I. This chemistry is illustrated in Route 4.

4-2 4- activation

, /¹

4-4

Formula

Route 4 [0634] In an alternate embodiment, Structure 5-1 is coupled to an acid, Structure 5-2, to generate Structure 5-3. The carboxylic acid, Structure 5-3, is deblocked to generate a carboxylic acid which is Structure 5-4. Carboxylic acid Structure 5-4 is coupled to an amine to form the product amide (L-B) which is a compound within Formula I. This chemistry is illustrated in Route 5.

Structure 5-4

Structure 5-3

coup ng

Formula

Route 5

EXAMPLE 2. EXAMPLES OF CENTRAL SYNTHONS

Z^A is halogen.

[0635] In one embodiment, deuterated L-proline synthons are disclosed. Deuterated synthons include, but are not limited to, for example, the following compounds:

J

[0636] Structure A can be treated with deuterium oxide to generate Structure B. See, Barraclough, P. et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 46, 4653-4655; Barraclough, P. et al. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2006, 4, 1483-1491 and WO 2014/037480 (p.103). Structure B can be reduced to generate Structure C. See, Barraclough, P. et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 2005, 46, 4653-4655; Barraclough, P. et al. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2006, 4, 1483-1491. Structure C can be treated with Mitsunobu reaction conditions to generate Structure D. Structure B can be treated with DAST to generate Structure E. See, WO 2014/037480. Structure A can be treated with sodium borodeuteride to generate Structure F. See, Dormoy, J. -R.; Castro, B. Synthesis 1986, 81-82. Compound F can be used to generate Structure K. See, Dormoy, J. -R.; Castro, B. Synthesis 1986, 81-82. Structure B can be treated with a deuterated reducing agent, for example sodium borodeuteride to generate Structure G. Structure G can be treated with DAST to generate Structure H. Structure F can be used to generate Structure K. See, Dormoy, J. -R.; Castro, B. Synthesis 1986, 81-82. Structure G can be used to generate Structure I. Structure J can be prepared according to Hruby, V. J. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 202-212. Structures A-J can be used to prepare compounds of Formula I.

EXAMPLE 3. PREPARATION OF CENTRAL-L-B SYNTHONS

Routes la, lb and lc.

[0637] In Route la, 5-azaspiro[2.4]heptane-4,5-dicarboxylic acid, 5-(l,l-dimethylethyl) ester, (4S)-, CAS 209269-08-9, can be prepared as described in Tandon, M. et al. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1998, 8, 1139-1144. In Step 2, the protected azaspiro[2.4]heptane is coupled to an amine in the presence of an organic solvent, a base and a coupling reagent to generate an amide bond; the L-B moiety. In one embodiment, the amine is (3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl) methanamine. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is DMF. In one embodiment, the base is diisopropylethylamine. In one embodiment, the coupling reagent is HATU. In Step 3, the protecting group is removed. In one embodiment, the starting material is reacted with an acid in the presence of an organic solvent. In one embodiment, the acid is 4N hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is dioxane.

[0638] In Route lb, (4S) 4-oxazolidinecarboxylic acid, hydrochloride is treated with an amine protecting reagent. In one embodiment, the amine protecting reagent is di-tert-butyl dicarbonate. In another embodiment, 3,4-oxazolidinedicarboxylic acid, 3-(l,l-dimethylethyl) ester, (4S)-, is commercially available from JPM2 Pharmaceuticals. In one embodiment the reaction is carried out in an organic solvent in the presence of a base. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is acetonitrile. In one embodiment, the base is 4-dimentylaminopyridine (DMAP). In Step 2, the protected 4-oxazolidinecarboxylic acid is coupled to an amine in the presence of an organic solvent, a base and a coupling reagent to generate an amide bond; the L-B moiety. In one embodiment, the amine is (3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl) methanamine. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is DMF. In one embodiment, the base is diisopropylethylamine. In one embodiment, the coupling reagent is HATU. In Step 3, the protecting group is removed. In one embodiment, the starting material is reacted with an acid in the presence of an organic solvent. In one embodiment, the acid is 4N hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is dioxane.

[0639] In Route lc, (S)-5-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-5-azaspiro[2.4]heptane-6-caboxylic acid, CAS 1129634-44-1, is commercially available from Ark Pharm. In Step 2, the carboxylic acid is coupled to an amine in the presence of an organic solvent, a base and a coupling reagent to generate an amide bond; the L-B moiety. In one embodiment, the amine is (3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl) methanamine. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is DMF. In one embodiment, the base is diisopropylethylamine. In one embodiment, the coupling reagent is HATU. In Step 3, the protecting group is removed. In one embodiment, the starting material is reacted with an acid in the presence of an organic solvent. In one embodiment, the acid is 4N hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is dioxane.

Boc Step 1 Boc

2c

Routes 2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d.

[0640] In Route 2a, commercially available Boc-L-proline is coupled to an amine in the presence of an organic solvent, a base and a coupling reagent to generate an amide bond; the L-B moiety. In one embodiment, the amine is (3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl) methanamine. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is DMF. In one embodiment, the base is diisopropylethylamine. In one embodiment, the coupling reagent is HATU. In Step 2, the Boc protecting group is removed. In one embodiment, the starting material is reacted with an acid in the presence of an organic solvent. In one embodiment, the acid is 4N hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is dioxane.

[0641] In Route 2b, commercially available (1R, 3S, 5R)-2-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]-2- azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxylic acid, from Enamine, is coupled to an amine in the presence of an organic solvent, a base and a coupling reagent to generate an amide bond; the L-B moiety. In one embodiment, the amine is (3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl) methanamine. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is DMF. In one embodiment, the base is diisopropylethylamine. In one embodiment, the coupling reagent is HATU. In Step 2, the Boc protecting group is removed. In one embodiment, the starting material is reacted with an acid in the presence of an organic solvent. In one embodiment, the acid is 4N hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is dioxane.

[0642] In Route 2c, commercially available (2S,4R)-l-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4- fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid, from Manchester Organics, is coupled to an amine in the presence of an organic solvent, a base and a coupling reagent to generate an amide bond; the L-B moiety. In one embodiment, the amine is (3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl) methanamine. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is DMF. In one embodiment, the base is diisopropylethylamine. In one embodiment, the coupling reagent is HATU. In Step 2, the Boc protecting group is removed. In one embodiment, the starting material is reacted with an acid in the presence of an organic solvent. In one embodiment, the acid is 4N hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is dioxane.

[0643] In Route 2d, commercially available (S)-l-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)indoline-2- carboxylic acid, from Chem-Impex, is coupled to an amine in the presence of an organic solvent, a base and a coupling reagent to generate an amide bond; the L-B moiety. In one embodiment, the amine is (3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl) methanamine. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is DMF. In one embodiment, the base is diisopropylethylamine. In one embodiment, the coupling reagent is HATU. In Step 2, the Boc protecting group is removed. In one embodiment, the starting material is reacted with an acid in the presence of an organic solvent. In one embodiment, the acid is 4N hydrochloric acid. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is dioxane. This chemistry is illustrated in Scheme 2.

[0644] Additional starting materials that can readily be converted to Central-L-B-Synthons include, but are not limited to: (S)-l-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2,3-dihydro-lH-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, CAS 90104-21-5, available from Ark Pharm; cyclopent-l-ene-l,2-dicarboxylic acid, CAS 3128-15-2, purchased from Ark Pharm; imidazole, lH-imidazole-l,2-dicarboxylic acid, 1-(1, 1- dimethylethyl) 2-ethyl ester, CAS 553650-00-3, commercially available from FCH Group; Boc- L-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid can be purchased from Chem Impex. The compound, [0645]

can be prepared according to the procedures disclosed in WO

2004/111041; (S)-Boc-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid is available from the Aldrich Chemical Co.; (l S,2S,5R)-3-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.3.0]hexane-2-carboxylic acid is available from Ark Pharm; (S)-3-Boc-thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid is available from Alfa Aesar; (2S,4R)-l-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-chloropyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid is available from Arch Bioscience; (l S,3aR,6aS)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrole-l-carboxylic acid is available from Ark Pharm; 1,2-pyrrolidinedicarboxylic acid, 3- [[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino]-, l-(l, l-dimethylethyl) ester, (2S,3R) can be prepared as disclosed in WO 2004/007501. The Cbz group can be removed and the amino group can be alkylated to generate central core compounds of the present invention.

[0646] The compou

can be prepared as disclosed by Braun, J.V.;

Heymons, Albrecht Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft [Abteilung] B: Abhandlungen (1930) 63B, 502-7.

[0647] The compounds (2S,3S,4S)-4-fluoro-3-methoxy-pyrrolidine-l,2-dicarboxylic acid 1-tert-butyl ester and (2R,3R,4R)-3-fluoro-4-methoxy -pyrrolidine- 1,2-dicarboxylic acid 1-tert- butyl ester can be prepared as a mixture according to WO 2012/093101 to Novartis and the regioisomers can be ultimately separated once coupled to generate the central core-L-B synthons. The compound (S)-Boc-5-oxopyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid is available from the Aldrich Chemical Co.

EXAMPLE 4. SYNTHESIS OF L-B MOIETIES

[0648] Scheme 4-1 : In Step 1 the appropriately substituted dibromo species is coupled with an appropriate boronic acid as known in the art to form a mixture of biaryl and triaryl products from which the desired biaryl compound is isolated. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted biaryl species is converted to the Grignard reagent with activated magnesium. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted aldehyde is treated with the previously prepared Grignard reagent to form an alcohol. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted alcohol is converted to a bromide as known in the art with carbon tetrabromide and triphenyl phosphine. In Step 5 the appropriately substituted bromide is converted to the Grignard reagent with activated magnesium.

EXAMPLE 5. SYNTHESIS OF C-L-B MOIETIES

Scheme 5-1

DIEA, DCM, OX to rt

Step 1

DSEA, DOM, QX to rt

Step 1

Step 1

1. Herdeis, C, et ai. (1994). Liebigs Ann. Chem.(11)i 1117-1120.

[0649] Scheme 5-1 : In Step 1 the appropriately substituted carboxylic acid is coupled to the appropriately substituted amine as known in the art to form an amide. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted Boc-protected species is deprotected with acid to liberate the free amine. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted amine is Cbz-protected as known in the art to form a protected carboxylic acid. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted carboxylic acid can be orthogonally protected as known in the art to form an ester. In Step 5 the appropriately substituted and protected alkene is subjected to a carbene to form a bicyclic ring. In Step 6 the appropriately substituted ester is saponified with acid to liberate the carboxylic acid. In Step 7 the appropriately substituted Cbz-protected species is deprotected with hydrogen to liberate the free amine.

Scheme 5-2

1. Vasil'eva, T, P. (2003). uss, Chem. Bull. 52(4): 958-960.

[0650] Scheme 5-2: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted sulfide is oxidized to a sulfoxide as known in the art. Alternatively, in Step 2 the appropriately substituted sulfide is oxidized to a sulfone as known in the art. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted carboxylic acid is coupled to the appropriately substituted amine as known in the art to form an amide. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted Boc-protected species is deprotected with acid to liberate the free amine.

[0651] Scheme 5-3 : In Step 1 the appropriately substituted carboxylic acid is converted to the acyl chloride as known in the art. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted acyl chloride is converted to the Weinreb amide as known in the art. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted Weinreb amide is reacted with a Grignard reagent to afford a ketone. The synthesis of complex Grignard reagents is described in Example 4. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted carbamate protected amine is deprotected to liberate the free amine.

Scheme 5~4

[0652] Scheme 5-4: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted amide is converted to a thioamide with Lawesson's reagent. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted Boc-protected amine is deprotected with acid to liberate the free amine.

Scheme 5-5

[0653] Scheme 5-5: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted carboxylic acid is converted to a Weinreb amide as known in the art. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted Weinreb amide is reduced as known in the art to afford an aldehyde. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted aldehyde is subjected to an amine to form a Schiff base which is subsequently quenched in Step 4. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted Schiff base is subjected to an appropriate nucleophile to form a complex amine. In Step 5 the appropriately substituted Boc-protected species is deprotected with acid to liberate the free amine.

Scheme 5-6

1. Prosser, A. R, and D. C. Liotta (2015). Tetrahedron Lett. 56(23): 3005-3007,

[0654] Scheme 5-6: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted alcohol is subjected to TMS-C1 as known in the art to afford a silyl ether. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted silyl ether is subjected with sodium cyanide to afford a cyano species. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted cyano species is reduced as known in the art to afford an aldehyde. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted aldehyde is further reduced with borane to afford an alcohol. In Step 5 the appropriately substituted alcohol is oxidized as known in the art to afford a carboxylic acid. In Step 6 the appropriately substituted carboxylic acid is coupled to the appropriately substituted amine as known in the art to form an amide. In Step 7 the appropriately substituted ester is converted to a methyl ketone by insitu formation of the Weinreb amide with subsequent attack by the methyl Grignard reagent. In Step 8 the appropriately substituted methyl ketone is subjected to bromine to afford a bromide. By choice of the appropriate starting material all mixtures of chiral centers may be prepared as described.

ı64 [0655] Scheme 6-1 : In Step 1 the appropriately substituted and protected aniline is converted as known in the art to a sulfonamide. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted alcohol is converted as known in the art to a triflouro sulfonamide. In Step 3 the previously prepared reagents are subjected to sodium hydride to afford their adduct. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted ketal is subjected to a strong lewis acid to afford deprotection and subsequent cyclization to a biaryl species. In Step 5 the appropriately substituted sulfonamide is deprotected in the presence of base to afford a free amine. Alternatively, in Step 6 the appropriately substituted sulfonamide is deprotected in the presence of hydrogen gas and palladium to afford a free alcohol. In Step 7 the appropriately substituted phenol is subjected as known in the art to a tosylate and base to afford an ether. In Step 8 the appropriately substituted indole is acylated as known in the art. In Step 9 the appropriately substituted heterocycle is subjected to a bromide species of the appropriate linker to afford the appropriately protected species. In an alternative embodiment this synthetic protocol can simply be applied to other aniline isomers to afford substituents on alternative positions.

5

Pd₂{dbaJ₃, Xarstphos

Cs₂CG₃₎ D!ViF

[0656] Scheme 6-2: Non-limiting examples of various combinations of substituents with ethers are provided, demonstrating the robust nature of the synthetic protocol. Synthons 1-6 are subjected to an appropriately substituted aryl bromide to afford a complex system.

1. Thompson, A. L. S,, et a!. (2005), Syrathesis(4): 547-550. [0657] Scheme 6-3 : In Step 1 the appropriately substituted indole is acylated as known in the art. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted heterocycle is subjected to a bromide species of the appropriate linker to afford the appropriately protected species. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted aryl bromide is subjected to a boronic acid to afford an aryl species. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted benzyl alcohol is deprotected in the presence of hydrogen gas and palladium to afford a free alcohol. In Step 5 the appropriately substituted phenol is subjected to an acyl chloride to afford an ester. In Step 6 the appropriately substituted phenol is subjected to a tosylate to afford an ether. In Step 7 the appropriately substituted phenol is subjected to a sulfonic anhydride to afford a leaving group. In Step 8 the appropriately substituted aryl species is converted to a boronic acid as known in the art. In Step 9 the appropriately substituted boronic acid is subj ected to copper bromide to afford an aryl bromide species. In an alternative embodiment this synthetic protocol can simply be applied to other indole isomers to afford substituents on alternative positions.

[0658] Scheme 6-4: Non-limiting examples of various combinations of substituents are provided, demonstrating the robust nature of the synthetic protocol. Synthons 1-5 are subjected to an appropriately substituted aryl bromide to afford a complex system.

1. Vimogradova, E. V., et ai. (2012). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134(27): 11132-11135.

2. Thompsort, A. L. S., et a!. (2005). Synthesis(4): 547-550. [0659] Scheme 6-5: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted indole is acylated as known in the art. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted heterocycle is subjected to a bromide species of the appropriate linker to afford the appropriately protected species. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted aryl bromide is converted to an isocyanate as known in the art. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted isocyanate is subjected to an amine to afford a urea species. In Step 5 the appropriately substituted benzyl alcohol is deprotected in the presence of hydrogen gas and palladium to afford a free alcohol. In Step 6 the appropriately substituted phenol is subjected to an acyl chloride to afford an ester. In Step 7 the appropriately substituted phenol is subjected to a tosylate to afford an ether. In Step 8 the appropriately substituted phenol is subjected to a sulfonic anhydride to afford a leaving group. In Step 9 the appropriately substituted aryl species is converted to a boronic acid as known in the art. In Step 10 the appropriately substituted boronic acid is subj ected to copper bromide to afford an aryl bromide species. In an alternative embodiment this synthetic protocol can simply be applied to other indole isomers to afford substituents on alternative positions.

[0660] Scheme 6-6: Non-limiting examples of various combinations of substituents are provided, demonstrating the robust nature of the synthetic protocol. Synthons 1-5 are subjected to an appropriately substituted aryl bromide to afford a complex system.

., et al. (2005). Synthesis(4): 547-550. [0661] Scheme 6-7: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted indole is acylated as known in the art. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted heterocycle is subjected to a bromide species of the appropriate linker to afford the appropriately protected species. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted aryl bromide is subjected to phosphonic species to afford a phosphonate. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted benzyl alcohol is deprotected in the presence of hydrogen gas and palladium to afford a free alcohol. In Step 5 the appropriately substituted phenol is subjected to an acyl chloride to afford an ester. In Step 6 the appropriately substituted phenol is subjected to a tosylate to afford an ether. In Step 7 the appropriately substituted phenol is subjected to a sulfonic anhydride to afford a leaving group. In Step 8 the appropriately substituted aryl species is converted to a boronic acid as known in the art. In Step 9 the appropriately substituted boronic acid is subj ected to copper bromide to afford an aryl bromide species. In an alternative embodiment this synthetic protocol can simply be applied to other indole isomers to afford substituents on alternative positions.

[0662] Scheme 6-8: Non-limiting examples of various combinations of substituents are provided, demonstrating the robust nature of the synthetic protocol. Synthons 1-5 are subjected to an appropriately substituted aryl bromide to afford a complex system.

ı77 [0663] Scheme 6-9: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted indole is acylated as known in the art. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted heterocycle is subjected to a bromide species of the appropriate linker to afford the appropriately protected species. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted aryl bromide is subjected to a terminal alkyne as known in the art to afford an internal alkyne. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted para-methoxybenzyl alcohol is deprotected in the presence of CAN to afford a free alcohol. In Step 5 the appropriately substituted phenol is subjected to an acyl chloride to afford an ester. In Step 6 the appropriately substituted phenol is subjected to a tosylate to afford an ether. In Step 7 the appropriately substituted phenol is subjected to a sulfonic anhydride to afford a leaving group. In Step 8 the appropriately substituted aryl species is converted to a boronic acid as known in the art. In Step 9 the appropriately substituted boronic acid is subjected to copper bromide to afford an aryl bromide species. In an alternative embodiment this synthetic protocol can simply be applied to other indole isomers to afford substituents on alternative positions.

Scheme 6-10

[0664] Scheme 6-10: Non-limiting examples of various combinations of substituents are provided, demonstrating the robust nature of the synthetic protocol. Synthons 1-5 are subjected to an appropriately substituted aryl bromide to afford a complex system.

1. Thompson, A. L. S., et al. (2005). Synthesis(4): 547-550. [0665] Scheme 6-11 : In Step 1 the appropriately substituted indole is acylated as known in the art. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted heterocycle is subjected to a bromide species of the appropriate linker to afford the appropriately protected species. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted aryl bromide is subjected to a sulfonamide as known in the art to afford an aryl sulfonamide. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted benzyl alcohol is deprotected in the presence of hydrogen gas and palladium to afford a free alcohol. In Step 5 the appropriately substituted phenol is subjected to an acyl chloride to afford an ester. In Step 6 the appropriately substituted phenol is subjected to a tosylate to afford an ether. In Step 7 the appropriately substituted phenol is subjected to a sulfonic anhydride to afford a leaving group. In Step 8 the appropriately substituted aryl species is converted to a boronic acid as known in the art. In Step 9 the appropriately substituted boronic acid is subjected to copper bromide to afford an aryl bromide species. In an alternative embodiment this synthetic protocol can simply be applied to other indole isomers to afford substituents on alternative positions.

Scheme 6-12

[0666] Scheme 6-12: Non-limiting examples of various combinations of substituents are provided, demonstrating the robust nature of the synthetic protocol. Synthons 1-6 are subjected to an appropriately substituted aryl bromide to afford a complex system. EXAMPLE 7. SYNTHESIS OF L3-A MOIETIES

Scheme 7-1

[0667] Scheme 7-1 : In Step 1 the appropriately substituted aryl compound is subjected to a bromide to afford a sulfonic acid substituted species. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted sulfonic acid species is chlorinated as known in the art.

Scheme 7-2

[0668] Scheme 7-2: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted aryl compound is subjected to a chloride to afford a phosphonic acid substituted species. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted phosphonic acid species is chlorinated as known in the art.

EXAMPLE 8. COUPLING OF L3-A TO C-L-B

Scheme 8-1

[0669] Scheme 8-1 : In Step 1 the appropriately substituted amine is subjected to a sulfonyl chloride which can be prepared as described in Scheme 7-1 to afford a compound of Formula I. Scheme 8-2

[0670] Scheme 8-2: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted amine is subjected to a phosponic dichloride which can be prepared as described in Scheme 7-2 followed by a subsequent quench with water to afford a compound of Formula I.

1. Wyitschik, Georg. Thesis, http://dx.doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-005697432, ETH (2008)

[0671] Scheme 8-3 : In Step 1 the appropriately substituted oxetane is subjected to conditions known in the art to form an amino/cyano substituted species. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted cyano species is reduced as known in the art to afford an aldehyde. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted aldehyde is reduced with borane to afford an alcohol. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted alcohol is converted to a bromide as known in the art. In Step 5 the appropriately substituted bromide is subjected to a heteroaryl species as known in the art to afford a compound of Formula I.

[0672] Scheme 8-4: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted bromide is subjected to a heteroaryl species to afford a compound of Formula I.

Scheme 8-5

Step 1 Scheme 8-5 cont

D!EA, DCM, GX to rt

Step 1

Step 1

Step 1

[0673] Scheme 8-5: In Step 1 the appropriately substituted carboxylic acid is coupled the appropriately substituted amine as known in the art to form a compound of Formula I. EXAMPLE 9. SYNTHESIS OF DISUBSTITUTED COMPOUNDS OF FORMULA I'

Scheme 9-1

[0674] Scheme 9-1 : In Step 1 the appropriately substituted aryl bromide is converted to a boronic acid as known in the art. In Step 2 the appropriately substituted boronic acid is subjected to an aryl bromide as known in the art to afford a biaryl species. In Step 3 the appropriately substituted bromide is subjected to a phthalimide to afford a protected alkene species. In Step 4 the appropriately substituted phthalimide-protected amine is subjected to hydrazine as known in the art to afford a free amine. In Step 5 the two appropriately substituted species previously prepared react as known in the art to afford an alkene species. In Step 6 the appropriately substituted ester is treated with TFA to afford a carboxylic acid. In Step 7 the appropriately substituted carboxylic acid is converted to an amide as known in the art. In Step 8 the di-alkene species is cyclized as known in the art to form a macrocyclic species. In Step 9 the appropriately substituted macrocyclic-alkene species is reduced with hydrogen to afford a macrocyclic-alkyl species.

EXAMPLE 10. NON-LIMITING EXAMPLES OF DISUBSTITUTED COMPOUNDS OF FORMULA I

Non-limiting examples of compounds of the present invention include the structures of Figure 24.

EXAMPLE 11. HUMAN FACTOR D ASSAY

[0675] Human Factor D (purified from human serum, Complement Technology, Inc.) at 80 nM final concentration is incubated with test compound at various concentrations for 5 minutes at room temperature in 50 mM Tris, 1M NaCl, pH 7.5. A synthetic substrate Z-L-Lys-SBzl and DTNB (Ellman's reagent) are added to final concentrations of 100 μΜ each. Absorbance at 405 nm (A405) is recorded at 30 second intervals for 30 minutes using a microplate spectrophotometer. IC50 values are calculated by nonlinear regression of complement Factor D reaction rates as a function of test compound concentration.

EXAMPLE 12. HEMOLYSIS ASSAY

[0676] The hemolysis assay was previously described by G. Ruiz-Gomez, et al., J. Med. Chem. (2009) 52: 6042-6052. Prior to the assay, the optimum concentration of Normal Human Serum (NHS) needed to achieve 100% lysis of rabbit erythrocytes (RE) is determined by titration. In the assay, NHS (Complement Technology) is diluted in GVB° Buffer (0.1 % gelatin, 5 mM Veronal, 145 mMNaCl, 0.025 % NaN₃, pH 7.3, Complement Technology) plus 10 mM Mg-EGT A and incubated with test compound at various concentrations for 15 minutes at 37°C. RE (Complement Technology) freshly suspended in GVB° plus 10 mM Mg-EGT A are added to a final concentration of 1 x 10⁸ cells/mL and reactions are incubated for 30 minutes at 37°C. Positive control reactions (100% lysis) consist of GVB° plus 10 mM Mg-EGTA with NHS and RE but without test compound; negative control reactions (0% lysis) consist of GVB° plus 10 mM Mg- EGTA with RE only. Samples are centrifuged at 2000g for 3 minutes and supernatants collected. Absorbance at 405 nm (A405) is recorded using a microplate spectrophotometer. IC50 values are calculated by nonlinear regression from the percentage of hemolysis as a function of test compound concentration.

Claims

We claim

1. A compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

A is selected from Al, Α and A2;

B is selected from Bl, B l ', B2, B3, and B4;

C is selected from CI, CI ', C2, and C3;

L is selected from LI, LI ', and L2;

L3 is selected from L4 and L5;

at least one of A, B, C, L, or L3 is selected from A2, B3, C3, L2, or L5.

CI is

Q¹ is NCR¹) or C^R^1');

Q² is C(R²R^2'), C(R²R^2')-C(R²R^2'), S, O, N(R²) or C(R²R^2')0;

Q³ is N(R³), S, or C(R³R^3');

X¹ and X² are independently N, CH, or CZ, or X¹ and X² together are C=C;

Z is F, CI, NH₂, CH₃, CH₂D, CHD₂, or CD₃;

R¹, R¹ , R², R² , R³, and R³ are independently selected at each occurrence, from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, amino, Ci-C6alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, Ci-C₆alkoxy, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₂-C₆alkanoyl, Ci-C₆thioalkyl, hydroxyCi-Cealkyl, aminoCi-Cealkyl, -Co- C₄alkylNR⁹R¹⁰, -C(0)OR⁹, -OC(0)R⁹, -NR⁹C(0)R¹⁰, -C(0)NR⁹R¹⁰, -OC(0)NR⁹R¹⁰, - NR⁹C(0)OR¹⁰, Ci-C₂haloalkyl, and Ci-C₂haloalkoxy;

R⁹ and R¹⁰ are independently selected at each occurrence from hydrogen, Ci-C₆alkyl, (C₃- C7cycloalkyl)Co-C₄alkyl, -Co-C₄alkyl(C₃-C7cycloalkyl), and -0-Co-C₄alkyl(C₃-C7cycloalkyl); or R¹ and R² are linked to form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic or aryl ring;

or R² and R³ are linked to form a 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic ring; or R¹ and R¹ , or R² and R² , or R³ and R³ are linked to form a 3 - to 6-membered carbocyclic spiro ring;

or R¹ and R¹', R² and R² or R³ and R³ are linked to form a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic spiro ring;

R and R' are independently selected from H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl

CI ' is selected from Figure 2.

C2 is selected from:

wherein q is 0, 1, 2 or 3 and r is 1, 2 or 3.

R⁴⁴, R⁴⁴ , R⁴⁵, R⁴⁵ are independently hydrogen, hydroxyl, amino, cyano, halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl; wherein each group can be optionally substituted.

or R⁴⁴ and R⁴⁴ , R⁴⁵ and R⁴⁵ or two R⁴⁷ groups can be taken together to form a carbonyl group.

or R⁴⁴ and R⁴⁴ or R⁴⁵ and R⁴⁵ or R⁴⁶ and R⁴⁶ can be taken together to form an optionally substituted 3- to 6-membered carbocyclic spiro ring or a 3- to 6-membered heterocyclic spiro ring containing 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, or S.

or R⁴⁴ and R⁴⁵ or R⁴⁴ and R⁴⁵ can be taken together to form a 4- to 6-membered carbocyclic or aryl ring or a 4- to 6-membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl ring; each of which ring may be unsubstituted or substituted with 1 or more substituents.

C2 is selected from the structures of Figure 3.

C3 is selected from:

X³ is C^R^1');

X⁴ is N or CH;

X^4a is N, CH or CZ;

X⁵ and X⁶ are C(R¹R¹ );

X⁴ and X⁵ or X⁵ and X⁶ together are C=C;

X^sCi^R^1') or N(R⁴³);

X^isC^R^1') orO;

Q⁴ is N or CH; Q⁵ is N(R⁴⁷) or C(R⁴⁶R^46');

Q^5a is C(R⁴⁷R⁴⁷), N(R⁴⁷), O, S, SO, or SO2;

Q⁶ is N(R⁴⁷), C(R⁴⁶R^46'), S, or O;

Q⁷ is C(R⁴⁶R^46'), S or N(R⁴⁷);

Q⁸, Q⁹, Q¹⁰, Q¹¹ and Q¹² are each independently C(R²R^2'), S, SO, SO2, O, N(R²), B(R⁵⁰), Si(R⁴⁹)₂, however if X¹ is N and X² is CH then L and B taken together cannot be anisole substituted in the 4 position;

R⁴⁰ is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl wherein each group can be optionally substituted;

R⁴² is halo, hydroxy, Ci-C₆alkoxy, Ci-C₆haloalkoxy, -SH, or -S(Ci-C₆alkyl);

R⁴³ is hydrogen, acyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl wherein each group can be optionally substituted;

R⁴⁶ and R⁴⁶ are independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl wherein each group can be optionally substituted and at least one of R⁴⁶ or R⁴⁶ is not hydrogen;

R⁴⁷ is hydrogen, acyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl wherein each group can be optionally substituted;

R⁴⁹ is halo, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl wherein each group can be optionally substituted or two R⁴⁹ groups can be taken together to form a double bond that can be optionally substituted;

R⁵⁰ is hydroxy or Ci-C₆alkyoxy;

Al is selected from:

Non-limiting examples of Al include:

In one embodiment, Al is Α .

Non-limiting examples of Α include the stmctures of Fig A2 is selected from:

198

199

R⁴, R⁵, and R⁶ are selected from hydrogen, -JCHO, -JC(0) H₂, -JC₂-Cealkanoyl, - JC(0) H(CH₃), -J-COOH, -JP(0)(OR⁹)₂, -JOC(0)R⁹, -JC(0)OR⁹, -JC(0)N(CH₂CH₂R⁹)(R¹⁰), -JNR⁹C(0)R¹⁰, -JS0₂ H₂, -JS(0) H₂, -JC(CH₂)₂F, -JCH(CF₃) H₂, -JC(0)Co-C₂alkyl(C₃- Cvcycloalkyl), -J R⁹(C₂-C₆alkanoyl), -J R⁹C(0) R⁹R¹⁰, -JS0₂(Ci-C₆alkyl), -JS0₂(Ci- Cehaloalkyl), -JS0₂ R⁷R⁷,

-J-nitro, -J-halogen, -J-hydroxyl, -J-phenyl, a 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl, -J-cyano, -J-cyanoimino, -J-amino, -J-imino, -Ci-C₆alkyl, -Co- -C7heterocycloalkyl), -Co-C4alkyl(C₃-C7cycloalkyl),

each of which R⁴, R⁵ and R⁶ other than hydrogen, nitro, halogen, cyano, cyanoimino, or -CHO, is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of amino, imino, halogen, hydroxyl, cyano, cyanoimino, Ci-C₂alkyl, Ci-C₂alkoxy, -Co-C₂alkyl(mono- and di-Ci-C4alkylamino), Ci- C₂haloalkyl, and Ci-C₂haloalkoxy;

R^4' is selected from -JCHO, -JCO fc, JC₂-Cealkanoyl, -JS0₂ H₂, -JC(CH₂)₂F, -JCH(CF₃) H₂, Ci-Cealkyl, -Co-C4alkyl(C₃-C7cycloalkyl), -JC(0)Co-C₂alkyl(C₃- Cvcycloalkyl), J R⁹(C₂-C₆alkanoyl), JNR⁹C(0)NR⁹R¹⁰,

each of which R⁴ other than -CHO, is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of amino, imino, halogen, hydroxyl, cyano, cyanoimino, Ci-C2alkyl, Ci-C2alkoxy, -Co-C2alkyl(mono- and di-Ci-C4alkylamino), Ci-C2haloalkyl, and Ci-C2haloalkoxy;

R⁶ is hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, Ci-C4alkyl, -Co-C4alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), or Ci- C4alkoxy; or R⁶ and R⁶ may be taken together to form an oxo, vinyl, or imino group.

R⁷ is hydrogen, Ci-C₆alkyl, or -Co-C4alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl).

R⁸ and R⁸ are independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, Ci-C₆alkyl, -Co- C4alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), Ci-C₆alkoxy, and (Ci-C4alkylamino)Co-C2alkyl; or R⁸ and R⁸ are taken together to form an oxo group; or R⁸ and R⁸ can be taken together with the carbon that they are bonded to form a 3-membered carbocyclic ring;

R¹⁶ is absent or may include one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, nitro, cyano, Ci-C₆alkyl, C2-C₆alkenyl, C2-C₆alkanoyl, Ci-C₆alkoxy, -Co- C4alkyl(mono- and di-Ci-C6alkylamino), -Co-C4alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), Ci-C2haloalkyl, and Ci- C2haloalkoxy.

R¹⁹ is hydrogen, Ci-C₆alkyl, C2-C₆alkenyl, C2-C₆alkanoyl, -S02Ci-C₆alkyl, (mono- and di- Ci-C6alkylamino)Ci-C4alkyl, -Co-C4alkyl(C3-C7cycloalkyl), -Co-C4alkyl(C3-C7heterocycloalkyl), -Co-C4alkyl(aryl), Co-C4alkyl(heteroaryl), and wherein R¹⁹ other than hydrogen is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino, -COOH, and -C(0)OCi-C₄alkyl.

X¹¹ is N or CR¹¹.

X¹² is N or CR¹².

X¹³ is N or CR¹³.

X¹⁴ is N or CR¹⁴.

No more than 2 of X¹¹, X¹², X¹³, and X¹⁴ are N.

R¹² and R¹³ on the A group are independently selected from an R⁶⁹ moiety, wherein R⁶⁹ is R⁸⁰, R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, R⁸⁶ or R⁸⁷; and wherein R¹² and R¹³ are not both from the same R⁸⁰, R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, R⁸⁶ or R⁸⁷ moiety. For clarity, for example, if an R¹² moiety is R⁸⁰, then R¹³ must be selected from R⁸¹, R⁸², R⁸³, R⁸⁴, R⁸⁵, R⁸⁶ or R⁸⁷.

R⁸⁰ is -C2-C6alkynylR⁷⁰, and each R⁸⁰ can be optionally substituted;

R⁸¹ is C(0) R²¹R⁷¹, -C(0) R²⁴R²⁵, -C(0) R⁹R⁷¹, -C(0) R²¹S0₂R²², - R⁹C(0)OR¹⁰, - R⁹C(0)OR²³, - R⁹C(0)R²¹, - R⁹C(0) R⁹R¹⁰, - R⁹C(O) R¹⁰R²³, - R⁹C(0) R²⁴R²⁵;

R⁸² is R⁷²R⁷³, NR⁹S0₂R⁷³, N(S0₂R⁹)CH₂C(0)R⁷⁴;

R⁸³ is -OC(0)(CH₂)i-₄R²¹, -OC(0) R²¹R²², -OC(0) R²⁴R²⁵, -OC(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C₃- 6cycloalkyl)(aryl), -OC(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C₃-₆cycloalkyl)(heteroaryl), -OC(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C₃- 6cycloalkyl)(heterocycle), -OC(0)(heteroaryl), -OC(0)(aryl), -OC(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C₃- ecycloalkyl), -OC(0)NR⁹(CH₂)i-₄P(0)(OR²¹)(OR²²), -C(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C₃-6cycloalkyl)(aryl), - C(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C₃-6cycloalkyl)(heteroaryl), -C(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C₃-6cycloalkyl)(heterocycle), - C(0)(heteroaryl), -C(0)(heterocycle), -C(0)(aryl), -C(0)(Ci-₆alkyl or C₃-₆cycloalkyl), - C(0)(CH₂)S(0)R²¹;

R⁸⁴ is aryl; saturated or unsaturated heterocycle (for example a 5-6 membered ring having 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S), and heteroaryl;

R⁸⁵ is -0(CH₂)i-₄R^23a, -OC2-C₄alkenylR^23a, -OC₂-C4alkynylR²³, -0(CH₂)i-₄paracyclophane, -0(CH₂)i-₄P(0)R^23bR^23b, -0(CH₂)i-₄S(0) R²¹R²², -0(CH₂)i-₄S(0) R²⁴R²⁵, - 0(CH₂)i-4S0₂ R²¹R²², -0(CH₂)i-4S0₂ R²⁴R²⁵, -0(C₃-C₇cycloalkyl), -O(aiyl), -O(heteroaiyl), - O(heterocycle);

R⁸⁶ is -P(0)R⁷⁵R⁷⁵;

R⁸⁷ is -C(CH₂)₆R⁷⁶; or

R⁸⁷ is (C3-C7cycloalkyl)R⁷⁶.

2. A compound of Formula I:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein

A is selected from Al, Α and A2;

B is selected from Bl, Bl', B2, B3, and B4;

C is selected from CI, CI', C2, C3, and C4;

L is selected from LI, LI', L2, and L2';

L3 is selected from L4 and L5;

at least one of A, B, C, L, or L3 is selected from A2, B3, C3, (L2 or L2') or L5, and either CisC4 orLisL2';

' is selected from:

204

R is C1-C4 alkyl;

R¹⁰² is C1-C4 alkyl, Br, CI or F; and wherein

Al, Al', A2, Bl, Bl', B2, B3, B4, CI, CI', C2, C3, LI, LI', L2, L4, andL5 are as defined 1.

3. A method for the treatment of a host with a disorder selected from fatty liver and conditions stemming from fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver inflammation, cirrhosis, liver failure; dermatomyocitis; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to biotherapeutics, or an inflammatory reaction to CAR T-cell therapy, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound selected from claim 1 or claim 2.

4. A method for the treatment of a host with a disorder selected from paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), C3 glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, age- related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal degeneration, an ophthalmic disease, a respiratory disease or a cardiovascular disease, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound selected from claim 1 or claim 2.

5. A compound selected from claim 1 or claim 2 for use to treat of a host with a disorder selected from fatty liver and conditions stemming from fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver inflammation, cirrhosis, liver failure; dermatomyocitis; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to biotherapeutics, or an inflammatory reaction to CAR T-cell therapy.

6. A compound selected from claim 1 or claim 2 for use to treat a host with a disorder selected from paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), C3 glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal degeneration, an ophthalmic disease, a respiratory disease or a cardiovascular disease.

7. Use of a compound of claim 1 or claim 2 in the manufacture of a medicament to treat a host with a disorder selected from fatty liver and conditions stemming from fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver inflammation, cirrhosis, liver failure; dermatomyocitis; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to biotherapeutics, or an inflammatory reaction to CAR T-cell therapy.

8. Use of a compound of claim 1 or claim 2 in the manufacture of a medicament to treat a host with a disorder selected from paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), C3 glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal degeneration, an ophthalmic disease, a respiratory disease or a cardiovascular disease.

9. A compound of claim 1 or claim 2 for use to treat of a host with a disorder selected from fatty liver and conditions stemming from fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), liver inflammation, cirrhosis, liver failure; dermatomyocitis; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to biotherapeutics, or an inflammatory reaction to CAR T-cell therapy.

10. A compound of claim 1 or claim 2 for use to treat a host with a disorder selected from paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), C3 glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinal degeneration, an ophthalmic disease, a respiratory disease or a cardiovascular disease.

11. The method of claim 3 or 4, wherein the disorder is NASH, and the host is a human.

12. The method of claim 3 or 4, wherein the disorder is fatty liver, and the host is a human.

13. The method of claim 3 or 4, wherein the disorder is cirrhosis, and the host is a human.

14. The method of claim 3 or 4, wherein the disorder is liver failure, and the host is a human.

15. The method of claim 3 or 4, wherein the disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the host is a human.

16. The method of claim 3 or 4, wherein the disorder is cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to a pharmaceutical or biotherapeutic, or an inflammatory reaction to CAR T- cell therapy, and the host is a human.

17. The compound of claim 5 or 6, wherein the disorder is NASH, and the host is a human.

18. The compound of claim 5 or 6, wherein the disorder is fatty liver, and the host is a

human.

19. The compound of claim 5 or 6, wherein the disorder is cirrhosis, and the host is a human.

20. The compound of claim 5 or 6, wherein the disorder is liver failure, and the host is a

human.

21. The compound of claim 5 or 6, wherein the disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the host is a human.

22. The compound of claim 5 or 6, wherein the disorder is cytokine or inflammatory

reactions in response to a pharmaceutical or biotherapeutic, or an inflammatory reaction to CAR T-cell therapy, and the host is a human.

23. The use of claim 7 or 8, wherein the disorder is NASH, and the host is a human.

24. The use of claim 7 or 8, wherein the disorder is fatty liver, and the host is a human.

25. The use of claim 7 or 8, wherein the disorder is cirrhosis, and the host is a human. The compound of claim 7 or 8, wherein the disorder is liver failure, and the host is a human.

The compound of claim 7 or 8, wherein the disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the host is a human.

The compound of claim 7 or 8, wherein the disorder is cytokine or inflammatory reactions in response to biotherapeutics, or an inflammatory reaction to CAR T-cell therapy, and the host is a human.