LOCAL MEDIA LOADING ADAPTATION
Technical Field
The exemplary and non-limiting embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to wireless communications and more specifically to adapting local loading of media/video data to a UE in a wireless network such as LTE.
Background Art This section is intended to provide a background or context to embodiments that are recited in the claims. The description herein may include concepts that could be pursued, but are not necessarily ones that have been previously conceived, implemented or described. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated herein, what is described in this section is not prior art to the description and claims in this application and is not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.
Within conventional adaptive streaming a UE/client end user can request each section of video using a separate URL in a wireless network (such as LTE). Multiple different versions of each URL exist, one for different compression levels/bit rates of each single section of video within the overall video requested by the UE/end user/client. In general the UE will estimate the wireless link speed on the previous section of the video, and then choose the URL for the next section of the video approximately matching the bit rate observed during the previous section. In this scenario it is generally difficult for the wireless network to directly cause the application to choose some other compression levels/downloading bit rates. Summary:
According to a first aspect described herein, a method, comprising: detecting, by a network element, of a wireless network a downloading link providing a media content at a first bit rate to a user equipment from a first content delivery network located outside of the wireless network, wherein that media content is not available at the first bit rate from the content delivery network located inside of the wireless network; getting information, by the network element, on one or more alternative versions of the media content associated with
corresponding one or more alternate alternative bit rates in a second content delivery network located inside of an enhanced packet core of the wireless network; and providing a command, by the network element, to modify for the user equipment a prioritization of the media content to be downloaded to use one of the one or more alternate alternative bit rates instead of a prioritization corresponding to the first bit rate, if the alternate alternative bit rate associated with the media content to be downloaded is within a predetermined range of the first bit rate.
According to a second aspect described herein, an apparatus comprising: at least one processor and a memory storing a set of computer instructions, in which the processor and the memory storing the computer instructions are configured to cause the apparatus, supporting a network element in a wireless network, to: detect a downloading link providing a media content at a first bit rate to a user equipment from a first content delivery network located outside of the wireless network, wherein that media content is not available at the first bit rate from the content delivery network located inside of the wireless network; get information on one or more alternative versions of the media content associated with corresponding one or more alternative bit rates in a second content delivery network located inside of the wireless network; and provide a command to modify for the user equipment a prioritization of the media content to be downlo ded to use one of the one or more alternative bit rates instead of a prioritization corresponding to the first bit rate, if the alternative bit rate associated with the media content to be downloaded is within a predetermined range of the first bit rate.
According to a third aspect described herein, a computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable medium bearing computer program code embodied herein for use with a computer, the computer program code comprising: code for detecting by a network element of a wireless network a downloading link providing a media content at a first bit rate to a user equipment from a first content delivery network located outside of the wireless network, wherein that media content is not available at the first bit rate from the content delivery network located inside of the wireless network; code for getting information, by the network element, on one or more alternative versions of the media content associated with corresponding one or more alternative bit rates in a second content delivery network located inside of the wireless network; and code for providing a command, by the network element, to modify for the user equipment a prioritization of the media content to be downloaded to use one of the one or more alternative bit rates instead of a prioritization corresponding to the first bit rate, if the alternative bit rate associated with the media content to be downloaded is within a predetermined range of the first bit rate. According to a fourth aspect described herein, a method, comprising: requesting by a user equipment through a wireless network for a first segment of a media content at the first bit rate; receiving by the user equipment the requested first segment of the media content at the first bit rate from a first content delivery network located outside of the wireless network; receiving by the user equipment a prioritization of the media content to be downloaded to use one of one or more alternative bit rates instead of a prioritization corresponding to the first bit rate, if the alternative bit rate associated with the media content to be downloaded is within a predetermined range of the first bit rate, wherein the one or more alternative versions of the media content associated with corresponding one or more alternate bit rates is in a second content delivery network located inside of the wireless network; and requesting by the user equipment through a wireless network for a subsequent segment of a media content at the one of the one or more alternative bit rates to be downloaded from the second content delivery network.
According to a fifth aspect described herein, an apparatus comprising: at least one processor and a memory storing a set of computer instructions, in which the processor and the memory storing the computer instructions are configured to cause the apparatus to: request through a wireless network for a first segment of a media content at the first bit rate receive the requested first segment of the media content at the first bit rate from a first content delivery network located outside of the wireless network; receive a prioritization of the media content to be downloaded to use one of one or more alternative bit rates instead of a prioritization corresponding to the first bit rate, if the alternative bit rate associated with the media content to be downloaded is within a predetermined range of the first bit rate, wherein the one or more alternative versions of the media content associated with corresponding one or more alternate bit rates is in a second content delivery network located inside of the wireless network; and request through a wireless network for a subsequent segment of a media content at the one of the one or more alternative bit rates to be downloaded from the second content delivery network.
According to a sixth aspect described herein, a computer program product comprising a non- transitory computer readable medium bearing computer program code embodied herein for use with a computer, the computer program code comprising: code for requesting by a user equipment through a wireless network for a first segment of a media content at the first bit rate; code for receiving by the user equipment the requested first segment of the media content at the first bit rate from a first content delivery network located outside of the wireless network; code for receiving by the user equipment a prioritization of the media content to be downloaded to use one of one or more alternative bit rates instead of a prioritization corresponding to the first bit rate, if the alternative bit rate associated with the media content to be downloaded is within a predetermined range of the first bit rate, wherein the one or more alternative versions of the media content associated with corresponding one or more alternate bit rates is in a second content delivery network located inside of the wireless network; and code for requesting by the user equipment through a wireless network for a subsequent segment of a media content at the one of the one or more alternative bit rates to be downloaded from the second content delivery network.
Brief Description of the Drawings:
For a better understanding of the nature and objects of exemplary embodiments described, reference is made to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the following drawings, in which:
Figures 1 is a diagram of a dependence of a bit rate vs. time demonstrating a conventional adaptive streaming adaptation;
Figures 2-4 are diagrams depicting a dependence of a bit rate vs. time for different non-limiting examples of applying embodiments described herein to download media/video content from a local CDN;
Figure 5 is a flow chart demonstrating implementation of an exemplary embodiment by a network element;
Figure 6 is a flow chart demonstrating implementation of an exemplary embodiment by a user equipment; and
Figure 7 is a block diagram of a network element and UE for practicing various exemplary embodiments.
Detailed Description
It is noted that in the following, in embodiments described herein, the term "video data" may be equivalent to "video clips", "video", "media", "media content", "content", "video content", "media data", "video and audio data" or "audio data". In a conventional adaptive streaming a UE (alternatively can be called a client or end user) does not have a control (or even knowledge) in regard to wherefrom in the network the video sections/video data requested using appropriate URLs (for example chosen from a manifest file) are downloaded. The source of the requested media content (such as video data) may be within a wireless network, for example, in a CDN (control delivery network), within an EPC of the wireless network or outside of the wireless network (such as in the internet).
Moreover, CDN technology is proliferating and is being embedded both inside and outside of EPC systems. This may create an opportunity to enable a wireless operator to avoid sporadic/costly/disruptive scenarios where the media content is being pulled from a remote origin server when the media content with a similar but somewhat different compression level is stored locally. Following up this opportunity may be important since the measurement-based data indicates that when caching, the client adaptation algorithm can become unstable when a cache hit ratio falls below 95% (more than 5% cache misses). Various embodiments described here may overcome this problem.
A new method, apparatus, and software related product (such as a computer readable memory) are presented for adapting local loading of media data to a UE in a wireless network such as LTE. This may include managing a rate (bit rate) at which the UE can requests a version of compressed media which are locally cached (for example using local CDN) by triggering the establishment or modification of a bearer, at least partially in response to knowledge regarding compression levels of the requested media data being available in the local/closest CDN. As a non-limiting example, the modification of the bearer may include modification of a UE AMBR value of a default bearer or establishment of dedicated bearers and the associated scheduling bit rate targets.
In one embodiment, the network can modify a UE AMBR value of the default bearer to avoid the UE requesting video content which is not stored locally. For example if the users best effort wireless link speed is 1.2 Mb per second, but the local CDN only has 1 Mb per second and 2 Mb per second versions cached, then the best effort AMBR may be reduced to about 1 Mb per second, such that the user will retrieve the content from the local CDN as opposed to retrieving the 1.2 Mb per second version which is stored only at the origin remote server. Later, if the user's wireless conditions improve, then the AMBR may be increased. For example, if the user's best effort link speed later improves up to 2.2 Mb per second, then the AMBR can be increased up to about 2 Mb per second, so that the 2 Mb per second version in the local CDN can be retrieved by the user.
In an alternative embodiment, a dedicated bearer may be established by choosing the bit rate which is closest to the "best effort bit rate" (wireless condition appropriate bit rate the UE would receive if best effort was in use with a normal/higher AMBR), among the bit rates which are stored for that particular media in the local CDN. This may be achieved through a network element which has access to PCRF/QOS, and CDN/application knowledge (for example using the manifest file) and "local" CDN storage. This can also be achieved by PDN-GW because PDN-GW can establish dedicated bearer on behalf of a mobile node.
Moreover, this dedicated bearer may also be achieved through a CDN server which may determine which compression levels are stored in a local CDN as opposed to a remote CDN, and subsequently initiating establishment of appropriate bearer QOS setting through PCRF (and subsequently through PCEF) as per various embodiments described herein.
Various embodiments described herein may be further enabled through a manifest file wherein a distinction can be made based on the locality of the desired content: whether is it locally cached or not. The manifest file may contain pointers to several different bit rate video files. The network element can look into the content of the manifest file to identify which video content is located in the local cache versus the origin (remote) server. The network element (for example located in the EPC) can perform the following operations based on the content of manifest file:
• monitor the content of the manifest File and overwrite the device (UE) request so that HTTP request is directed towards the local CDN cache;
• modify the UE-AMBR value of the UE so that the video content can be optimally sent over the default bearer;
· establish dedicated bearer on behalf of the UE to ensure that the video can be optimally streamed over the dedicated bearer.
Thus according to one embodiment, a network element of a wireless network can detect a downloading link providing a media content at a first bit rate to a UE from a first CDN located outside of the wireless network, wherein that media content may not be available at the first bit rate from the content delivery network located inside of the wireless network. The network element may get information (for example detected by the eNB serving the UE through local CDN or local CDN interface) on one or more alternative versions of the media content associated with a corresponding one or more alternative bit rates in a second (local) CDN located inside of an EPC of the wireless network. Then based on the detected and collected information, the network element can provide a command (the command may be provided to the PCRF and subsequently to the PCEF) to modify for the UE a prioritization of the media content to be downloaded to use one of the one or more alternative bit rates (for example available at the second/local CDN) instead of a prioritization corresponding to the first bit rate, if the alternative bit rate associated with the media content to be downloaded is within a predetermined range of the first bit rate, (see illustrative non-limiting examples shown in Figures 2-4).
For example, the one of the one or more alternative bit rates may be lower or higher than the first bit rate (the first bit rate may be 0.75 Mbps and the one of the one or more alternative bit rates may be 0.5 and/or 1 Mbps). The network element may be located within the EPC (enhanced packet core) of the wireless network. The network element may be a media optimizer, a content server, an eNB or similar network elements. It is noted that each of the one or more alternative bit rates could be different from the first bit rate and may be implemented using throttling or boosting at the UE per instructions from the network element.
According to a further embodiment, an average bit rate for downloading of the media content from the second CDN using the one or alternative more bit rates can be substantially equal to the first bit rate for downloading of the media content from the first content delivery network (see Figure 4 as an example).
According to another embodiment, modifying for the UE a prioritization of the media content may comprise initiating QOS (quality of service) modification signaling to the PCRF (policy and charging rule function) and subsequently to the PCEF (policy and charging enforcement function) to modify at least one of an AMBR, a GBR and a MBR.
According still to another embodiment, detecting the one or more alternative versions of the media content associated with a corresponding one or more alternative bit rates in the second CDN may comprise querying the second content dehvery network to determine which bit rate versions of the media content are stored in the second content delivery network.
Thus, it is leveraging knowledge of which specific compression levels of specific videos are cached in a local CDN, and leveraging dedicated bearer capabilities (setting up over the air QOS to cause the user to receive a particular bit rate) so that the adaptive video application in the UE (e.g. NETFLIX, APPLE LIVE STREAM, MICROSOFT SMOOTH STREAM) will preferentially select compression levels of the video which are locally stored.
The embodiments described herein provide a number of advantages which include (but are not limited to):
significantly reduce the occurrence of CDN cache misses,
reduce the amount of delay in retrieving content from the origin (remote) servers, and reduce the amount of traffic traversing the metered connection to the internet and possibly other network elements for retrieving content from the origin (remote) server as opposed to a more local CDN cache.
Figures 1 shows an example where a conventional adaptive streaming adaptation is used. Here the UE requests in action 11a segment of a media (video) content with a bit rate 0.75 Mbps and in response receives a bit stream 10 from a remote CDN (not located in the wireless network) because the requested content is not available locally (in local CDN). The UE repeats the request for a next video segment using the same bit rate of 0.75 Mbps because in the conventional approach the UE will estimate the wireless link speed on a previous section of the video, and then choose the URL for a next section of the video approximately matching the bit rate observed during the previous section. In other words, in Figure 1 the download speed is approximately the same as the bite rate of the downloaded segment. If, however, the download speed is not the same as the bite rate of the downloaded segment, in a next segment the requested bit rate may be different from the previous segment (higher if the downloaded speed is higher or lower if the downloaded speed is lower). The important factor here is that the decision in the conventional approach is based on the downloaded speed available and has nothing to do with the fact whether the requested segment is available or not available locally (in local CDN). Line 13 identifies AMBR or MBR.
Figures 2-4 show different non-Limiting examples of applying embodiments described herein to download media/video content from a local CDN.
In Figure 2 the UE requests in action 11a a media (video) content for a first segment with a bit rate of 0.75 Mbps (like in Figure 1) and in response receives a bit stream 10a from a remote CDN (not located in the wireless network) because the requested content is not available locally (in local CDN). A network element (such as media optimizer) of the wireless network detects in action 15a requesting and a downloading link providing the media/video content at a first bit rate of 0.75 Mbps to the UE from a remote CDN located outside of the wireless network. In response to such detection and based on background information on the local CDN rates, in a next video segment the network element modifies in action 16a for the UE a prioritization of the media content to be downloaded from the local CDN using a lower bit rate of 0.5 Mbps (if another available local bit rate of 1 Mbps is higher than the available downloading speed or higher than AMB , MBR or GBR, see line 13a). The lower bit rate of 0.5 Mbps can be accomplished by a throttling operation using a corresponding command by the network element to the PCRF and subsequently to the PCEF. Then based on this prioritization, the HE requests in action 17a the media (video) content for a next (second) segment with a bit rate of 0.5 Mbps and in response receives a bit stream 12a from a local CDN.
In Figure 3 the UE requests in action lib a media (video) content for a first segment with a bit rate of 0.75 Mbps (like in Figures 1 and 2) and in response receives a bit stream 10b from a remote CDN (not located in the wireless network) because the requested content is not available locally (in local CDN). A network element (such as media optimizer) of the wireless network detects in action 15b requesting and a downloading link providing the media/video content at a first bit rate of 0.75 Mbps to the UE from a remote CDN located outside of the wireless network.
In response to such detection and based on background information on the local CDN rates, in a next video segment/section the network element modifies in action 18b or the UE a prioritization of the media content to be downloaded from the local CDN using a higher bit rate of 1 Mbps (if the available local bit rate of 1 Mbps is not higher than the available downloading speed or not higher than AMBR, MBR or GBR, see line 13b). The higher bit rate of 1 Mbps can be accomplished by boosting operation using a corresponding command by the network element to the PCRF and subsequently to the PCEF. Then based on this prioritization, the UE requests in action 19b the media (video) content for a next (second) segment with a bit rate of 1 Mbps and in response receives a bit stream 14b from a local CDN.
In Figure 4 the UE requests in action 11c a media content for a first segment with a bit rate of 0.75 Mbps (like in Figures 1-3) and in response receives a bit stream 10c from a remote CDN (not located in the wireless network) because the requested content is not available locally (in local CDN). A network element (such as media optimizer) of the wireless network detects in action 15c requesting and a downloading link providing the media/video content at a first bit rate of 0.75 Mbps to the UE from a remote CDN located outside of the wireless network. In response to such detection and based on background information on the local CDN rates, in a next video segment the network element modifies in action 16c for the UE a prioritization of the media content to be downloaded from the local CDN using a lower bit rate of 0.5 Mbps (if another available local bit rate of 1 Mbps is higher than the available downloading speed or higher than AMBR, MBR or GBR, see line 13c). The lower bit rate of 0.5 Mbps can be accomplished by a throttling operation using a corresponding command by the network element to the PCRF and subsequently to the PCEF. Then based on this prioritization, the UE requests in action 17c the media (video) content for a next (second) segment with a bit rate of 0.5 Mbps and in response receives a bit stream 12c from a local CDN.
Furthermore, in response to an increase in the detected download speed and based on background information on local CDN rates, in a next (third) video segment the network element modifies in action 18c for the UE a prioritization of the media content to be downloaded from the local CDN using a higher bit rate of 1 Mbps (if the available local bit rate of 1 Mbps is not higher than the available downloading speed or not higher than AMBR, MBR or GBR, see line 13c). The higher bit rate of 1 Mbps can be accomplished by a boosting operation using a corresponding command by the network element to the PCRF and subsequently to the PCEF, Then based on this prioritization, the UE requests in action 19c the media (video) content for a next (third) segment with a bit rate of 1 Mbps and in response receives a bit stream 14c from a local CDN.
It is noted that from Figure 4 an average bit rate for downloading of the media content from the local CDN using the one or more alternative bit rates (0.5 Mbps and 1 Mbps) may be substantially equal to the bit rate (0.75 Mbps) for downloading of the media content from the remote (non-local) CDN.
Figure 5 shows an exemplary flow chart demonstrating implementation of embodiments by a network element (such as MO, content server, etc.). It is noted that the order of steps shown in Figure 5 is not absolutely required, so in principle, the various steps may be performed out of the illustrated order. Also certain steps may be skipped, different steps may be added or substituted, or selected steps or groups of steps may be performed in a separate application.
In a method according to this exemplary embodiment, as shown in Figure 5, in a first step 40, the network element of a wireless network detects a request from the UE for media (video) content at a first bit rate. In a next step 42, the network element detects a downloading link providing the media (video) content at the first bit rate to the UE from a first CDN located outside of the wireless network.
In a next step 44, the network element gets information on one or more alternative versions of the media content associated with corresponding one or more alternative bit rates in a second CDN located inside of the wireless network (for example inside EPC).
In a next step 46, the network element provides a command to modify for the UE a prioritization of the media content to be downloaded (for example from the second (local CDN) to use one of the one or more alternative bit rates instead of a prioritization
corresponding to the first bit rate, if the alternative bit rate associated with the media content to be downloaded is within a predetermined range of the first bit rate.
Figure 6 shows an exemplary flow chart demonstrating implementation of
embodiments by a UE. It is noted that the order of steps shown in Figure 6 is not absolutely required, so in principle, the various steps may be performed out of the illustrated order. Also certain steps may be skipped, different steps may be added or substituted, or selected steps or groups of steps may be performed in a separate application.
In a method according to this exemplary embodiment, as shown in Figure 6, in a first step 50, the UE requests through a wireless network for a first section/segment of a media (video) content at the first bit rate.
In a next step 52, the UE receives the requested first segment of the media content at the first bit rate from a first CDN located outside of the wireless network.
In a next step 54, the UE receives a prioritization of the media content to be downloaded to use one of one or more alternative bit rates instead of a prioritization corresponding to the first bit rate, if the alternative bit rate associated with the media content to be downloaded is within a predetermined range of the first bit rate, wherein the one or more alternative versions of the media content associated with corresponding one or more alternate bit rates is in a second CDN located inside of the wireless network (e.g., inside EPC)
In a next step 56, the UE requests through a wireless network for a subsequent segment of a media content at the one of the one or more alternative bit rates to be downloaded from the second (local) CDN.
Figure 7 shows an example of a simplified block diagram of devices including a network element 180 (such as MO, content server, etc.) and a UE 80 for practicing exemplary embodiments described herein. Figure 7 is a simplified block diagram of various electronic devices that are suitable for practicing the exemplary embodiments, and a specific manner in which components of an electronic device are configured to cause that electronic device to operate. The UE 80 may be a mobile phone, a camera mobile phone, a wireless video phone, a portable device or a wireless computer, etc.
The device 180 comprises a local loading adaptation module 200, at least one processor 208, at least one memory 220, at least one transmitter 210 and at least one receiver 212 for transmitting and receiving corresponding signals (wireless or non-wireless, transniitting and receiving antennas are not shown in Figure 7). A link 222 may be used to provide information to the device 180 to perform steps 40-44 shown in Figure 5.
The local loading adaptation module 200 (for performing steps 40-46 in Figure 5) comprises an application module 202 for detecting request and download of media content from remote CDN by implementing steps 40-42 in Figure 5, a collecting information on local CDN application module 204 for implementing step 44 in Figure 5, and a QOC prioritization modifying command generating module 206 for implementing step 46 in Figure 5 thus generating signal 218 provided to a PCRF 60a and subsequently through a PCEF 60b and eNB 70 to a UE 80. A local CDN 62 (located within EPC of the wireless network) may provide the media content using one of the one or more alternative bit rates through PCEF 60b to the UE 80. It is noted that Figure 7 also show a remote CDN 64 which can provide the media content at the first bit rate (see steps 40, 42, 50 and 52 in Figures 5 and 6 respectively).
The transmitter 210 and the receiver 212 may be generally means for
transmitting/receiving and may be implemented as a transceiver, or a structural equivalence (equivalent structure) thereof.
Various embodiments of the at least one memory 220 (e.g., computer readable memory) may include any data storage technology type which is suitable to the local technical environment, including but not limited to semiconductor based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory, removable memory, disc memory, flash memory, DRAM, SRAM, EEPROM and the like. Various embodiments of the processor 208 include but are not limited to general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and multi-core processors.
The module 200, or each of the modules 202, 204 and 206 may be implemented as an application computer program stored, e.g., in the at least one memory 220, but in general it may be implemented as a software, a firmware and/or a hardware module or a combination thereof. In particular, in the case of software or firmware, one embodiment may be implemented using a software related product such as a computer readable memory (e.g., a non-transitory computer readable memory), computer readable medium or a computer readable storage structure comprising computer readable instructions (e.g., program instructions) using a computer program code (i.e., the software or firmware) thereon to be executed by a computer processor.
Furthermore, the module 200, 202, 204 or 206 may be implemented as a separate block or may be combined with any other module/block of the module 200 or it may be split into several blocks according to their functionality. Moreover, it is noted that all or selected modules of the module 200 may be implemented using an integrated circuit (e.g., using an application specific integrated circuit, ASIC).
The UE 80 may have similar components (see modules 80a, 80b and 80c) as the device 180, as shown in Figure 7, so that the above discussion about components of the device 180 is fully applicable to the components of the UE 80.
The adapting local loading application module 80e may provide various instructions for performing steps 40-48 shown in Figure. The module 80e may be implemented as an application computer program stored in the memory 80d, but in general it may be implemented as software, firmware and/or hardware module or a combination thereof. In particular, in the case of software or firmware, one embodiment may be implemented using a software related product such as a computer readable memory (e.g., non-transitory computer readable memory), computer readable medium or a computer readable storage structure comprising computer readable instructions (e.g., program instructions) using a computer program code (i.e., the software or firmware) thereon to be executed by a computer processor. Furthermore, the module 80e may be implemented as a separate block or may be combined with any other module/block of the device 80, or it may be split into several blocks according to their functionality.
It is noted that various non-limiting embodiments described herein may be used separately, combined or selectively combined for specific applications.
Further, some of the various features of the above non-limiting embodiments may be used to advantage without the corresponding use of other described features; The foregoing description should therefore be considered as merely illustrative of the principles, teachings and exemplary embodiments of this invention, and not in limitation thereof.
It is to be understood that the above-described arrangements are only illustrative of the application of the principles of the present invention. Numerous modifications and alternative arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention, and the appended claims are intended to cover such modifications and
arrangements.
The following abbreviations that may be found in the specification and/or the drawing figures are defined as follows:
3GPP third generation partnership project
AMBR aggregate maximum bit rate
CDN content delivery network
DL downlink
E-UTRA evolved universal terrestrial radio access
eNB or eNodeB evolved node b /base station in an E-UTRAN system
EPC enhanced packet core
E-UTRAN evolved UTRAN (LTE)
GBR guaranteed bit rate
LTE long term evolution
LTE- A long term evolution advanced
MAC medium access control
Mbps megabit per second
MBR maximum bit rate
MO media optimizer
PCRF policy and charging rule function
PCEF policy and charging enforcement function
PDN-GW packet data network gateway
QOS quality of service
RF radio frequency
UE user equipment (e.g. mobile terminal) uplink
uniform resource locator
universal terrestrial radio access network