SCROLLING COLOR PROJECTION SYSTEM INCORPORATING ELECTRO-OPTIC LIGHT MODULATOR AND ROTATING LIGHT-REFLECTIVE ELEMENT
This invention relates to color projection systems, and more particularly relates to such projection systems incorporating a single electro-optical light modulator with a rotating light-reflective element.
Color projection display systems are known in which a white light source is separated into red, blue and green sub-beams for separate modulation by corresponding color components of an incoming display signal, and then the modulated subbeams are recombined into a full color display for projection onto a viewing screen. Modulation of the subbeams is commonly carried out using three separate electro-optical light modulators such as liquid crystal display (LCD) panels, one for each of the three subbeams.
In one type of color projection system, described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,763 to Janssen et al., the three subbeams are all modulated by a single LCD panel. This is accomplished by shaping the subbeams into band-shaped cross-sections, and scrolling the bands sequentially across the LCD panel, while synchronously addressing those portions of the panel which are illuminated by the bands with the corresponding display signal information. Such projection systems are referred to herein as single panel scrolling raster (SPSR) projectors. The simultaneous use of a substantial portion of the available red, blue and green light through a single light valve panel provides optical efficiencies comparable to that of three-panel systems employing the same types of light- alve panels. Using only a single panel eliminates the need to mechanically converge different color images, formed on different panels, and reduces system cost. Various scrolling means for such SPSR systems are disclosed in U.S. Pat.
No. 5,548,347 to Melnik et al. for example. A system employing single-prism scrolling means is simple and compact, while multiple-prism (either separated or physically joined) scrolling means offer better scroll-speed uniformity (for the different color light bands) and scroll-speed linearity (for each light band) than the single-prism system. A system employing three physically separate prisms located in separate light paths, as shown in FIG. 16 of that patent, offers better optical efficiency than a system employing three physically joined prisms, but is less compact.
An improved SPSR color projection system that uses only one moving part to accomplish scrolling is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,266,105 to Gleckman. In this system the illumination beam is not separated into separate color beams prior to scrolling, and the optical architecture is simple and compact. A single rotationally-symmetric element with reflective surface portions having different color reflection bands rotates about its axis while white light from a source is incident on the reflecting surface, and is separated into color components by the surface portions which reflect the desired color bands into a relay lens which images a prescribed portion of the surface of the element onto the light modulator panel. The color bands reflected from the element are scrolled across a single electro-optical light modulator panel by virtue of its rotation. Driver electronics synchronously address the panel with the corresponding color components of the display information during scrolling. The rotationally-symmetric element of Gleckman has a cylindrical surface, and the reflective portions comprise dichroic filters having a cylindrical curvature matching that of the element's surface. Such curvature enables retro-reflection to take place when the incident light beam is directed normal to the surface of the element, ensuring minimal color shifts during rotation due to the angular sensitivity of the cut-off wavelengths of the dichroic filters, as well as ensuring minimal aberrations in the imaging of the surface onto the panel. Moreover, such a reflective element, e.g., a drum, employed in the retro-reflective mode as described above, can be of small cross-section (e.g., less than 40 mm diameter), which further reduces size and cost.
The use of such a reflective element as the scrolling means in a SPSR system eliminates the need to separate the white light into sub-beams prior to scrolling, and thereby enables a smaller (less than 1.3 inch) light modulator panel, and correspondingly smaller optical components. Thus, a simple and compact optical architecture is possible, leading to a compact projector with a small component count.
However, in the apparatus disclosed by Gleckman the color bands reflected from the element are the same size as the light modulator panel. With a rotating element of this or similar type, the drum for rotating element carries either reflective for transmissive color filters arranged in some combination of red/green/blue order. Light incident on the drum is either reflected or transmitted via appropriate optics such that the color transitions are focused onto the display device. As the drum rotates the colors scroll down the device so that as a color boundary moves down the panel and reaches the bottom another color boundary appears at the top. A red/green boundary follows a blue/red boundary, etc. Consequently, there are at most two color patches, i.e., one color transition, on the panel at any given time.
Modifying this apparatus so that all three of the colors are on the panel at once, preferably in equal areas, should create a better looking picture, since all three color components would be being viewed at the exact same time. In a preferred embodiment of the apparatus disclosed herein therefore, all three colors appear at once as separate bars, and scroll together across the panel. For example, as the red field scrolls off the bottom of the panel a new red field appears at the top, in the same manner as in Philips scrolling color architecture where the scrolling colors or produced by light reflected through rotating prisms, except here the scrolling color bands are provided by the rotating element, e.g., drum.
Accordingly, according to one aspect of the invention, an apparatus is provided for color projection including a light source; a rotationally-symmetric element having an axis of rotation and a plurality of surface segments capable of providing light from the light source as a plurality of mutually different color bands including at least a first color, a second color, and a third color; a first optical circuit disposed to direct light from the light source to the surface segments; a display-image producing electro-optical light modulator panel; and a second optical circuit disposed to direct light from the surface segments onto the light modulator panel, such when the rotationally-symmetric element is rotating about the axis of rotation at least three of the mutually different color bands including at least a first color, a second color, and a third color are scrolling across the electro-optical light modulator panel at the same time.
According to another aspect of the invention, a method for color projection is provided in which light is generated from a light source and converted into a plurality of mutually different color bands including at least a first color, a second color, and a third color by directing the light from the light source onto at least three surface segments of a rotationally-symmetric element having an axis of rotation. By rotating the rotationally- symmetric element about the axis of rotation, the plurality of mutually different color bands are scrolled across a display-image-producing electro-optical light modulator panel such that at least three of the mutually different color bands including at least the first, second, and third colors are scrolling across the electro-optical light modulator panel at the same time. The invention will now be described in terms of a limited number of preferred embodiments, with reference to the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a reflective color drum in accordance with one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2A is a diagrammatic cross-section of a portion of one embodiment of a reflecting segment of the drum of FIG. 1 ;
FIG. 2B is a diagrammatic cross-section of a portion of another embodiment of a reflecting segment of the drum of FIG. 1;
FIG. 2C is a diagrammatic cross-section of a portion of yet another embodiment of a reflecting segment of the drum of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a color projection system of the invention, incorporating the color drum of FIG. 1, and including a telephoto set of lenses, three relay lenses and two polarization beam splitters (PBSs).
FIG. 1 shows in a perspective view an illustrative embodiment of a reflective color drum 10 of the invention, having an axis of rotation X and eighteen dichroic color segments 11, each occupying about 20 degrees of circumference, which reflect red, green and blue light in the order red green/blue (R/G/B), the sequence repeated six times on the cylindrical surface 12 of the drum. Other embodiments could use the order red/blue/green. In theory, there could be as few as six or nine color segments, or conversely there could be more than eighteen segments. The exact number depends on the desired speed of rotation of the drum and the desired addressing speed of the electro- optical light modulator.
The reflective segments 11 will be used to reflect light of the respective colors onto a display-image producing electro-optical light modulator panel, which in this embodiment is a reflective LCD panel (RLCD) 72 (visible in FIG. 3). Dark bands 14 located between the color segments 11 prevent illumination of the RLCD during the time interval in which the pixels are returning to an "off state. The addition of one or more white segments interspersed with color segments can result in light output increases of the system of up to 50%. Typically, one white segment may be added to each RGB group of segments 11, resulting for example, in a 24-segment variant of the drum of FIG. 1, with a repeating color segment sequence for example.
The segments 11 may be fabricated, for example, by forming each dichroic filter on a separate thin, flexible substrate such as a plastic sheet (e.g., 80 microns thick) or a glass sheet (e.g., 50 microns thick), and then dividing the sheets into segments 11 of the appropriate size. The segments 11 are then flexed to conform to the drum surface and attached, e.g., with a bonding agent.
Preferably, the flexible sheet is plastic, chosen from low temperature plastics, such as polycarbonates and polyesters, or high temperature plastics, such as polyimides (e.g., KAPTON™). Suitable dichroic coating deposition methods include sputtering (in the case of low temperature plastic) and thermal evaporation (in the case of high temperature plastics).
The arrangement of the segments 11 and the choice of adjacent layers should preferably be such that the light of wavelengths outside the reflection band is substantially absorbed or scattered at angles which are outside the collection angle of the relay system.
FIG. 2A is a diagrammatic cross-section of a portion of one possible embodiment of the reflective segments 11 of the drum of FIG. 1. Thin sheet 122 supports dichroic filter layer 123, and is bonded to the drum surface 120 by an adhesive layer 121. Layers 121 and 122 will normally be light transmitting. Thus, drum surface 120 should either be light-absorptive (e.g., black matte) or light-scattering. Alternatively, or in addition, layer 121 and/or layer 122 can be made light-absorbing or light-scattering, eg, by the addition of pigment or scattering particles to the layers. Light which is not reflected by the filter layer 123 will thus be either absorbed or scattered by the underlying structure.
FIG. 2B is a cross-section similar to that of FIG. 2A, in which a quarter wave foil 124 and an anti-reflection layer 125 have been formed on top of the dichroic filter layer 123. This arrangement enables the use of simple uniaxial foils having a band width matched to that of the filter, so that the wide band quarter wave plate as shown in FIG. 3 may be omitted.
FIG. 2C shows an alternate embodiment of the reflective segments 11 of the drum, in which a transmissive dichroic filter layer 128 replaces the reflective dichroic filter layer 123 in the FIG. 2 A embodiment. Reflection is provided, for example, by an evaporated coating of aluminum 126, and quarter wave foil 127, inserted between the reflective layer 126 and the filter layer 128, changes the polarization of the incoming light from P to S, by virtue of the passage light through the layer twice, once as incident light and once as reflected light (the light which is reflected by the dichroic filter has unchanged polarization and is therefor rejected by the PBS which follows).
FIG. 3 is schematic diagram of one embodiment of a color projection system of the invention, incorporating a color drum 58 similar to that shown in FIG. 1, having reflecting dichroic filter segments on the surface thereof, two of which, 60 and 62 are visible in FIG. 3. Illumination from a source 38, preferably a high intensity source such as a high intensity discharge (HID) lamp, e.g., a UHP lamp, is made uniform and rectangular by integrator plates 40a and 40b, and then converted to polarized light of the P type by a flat PCS (polarization conversion system) 42.
A first optical circuit 100 directs light from the light source 38 to the surface of the rotating drum 58. A telephoto set of lenses 44, 46 and 48 forms a telecentric P illumination beam at the PBS 50 and quarter wave foil 54, formed in this embodiment on a face of PBS 50. The telephoto set of lenses reduces the length of the light path between the PCS 42 and the PBS 50. Alternatively, a simpler lens system could be used, having at least one lens element. This P beam passes through polarization beam splitter (PBS) 50 and wide band quarter wave foil 54, to cylindrical lens 56, which focuses the light onto the surface of the rotating drum 58 at angles of incidence such that retro-reflection takes place (i.e., light is directed along the normal to the surface of the drum). This eliminates color shifts which might otherwise occur due to the angle dependence of the color reflection bands of the dichroic filters. The telecentricity of the incident beam insures the same angle of incidence across the drum surface.
After reflection by the drum 58, a second optical circuit 200 direct lights from the surface segments onto the light modulator panel. The P type polarized light is converted to S type by quarter wave foil 54, and thence reflected by the reflection surface 52 of PBS 50 into relay lenses 64 and 66, whose function is to image the filters onto the
RLCD 72. The relay system of lenses 56, 64 and 66 should be of sufficient quality to image the filter segments precisely onto the RLCD with no or insignificant overlap of segments, thereby avoiding color mixing or at least keeping color mixing to tolerable levels. While lens 56 is a cylindrical lens, lenses 64 and 66 may be axially symmetric, such as molded aspheres, which have the advantage of reducing the length of the light path.
Reflection surface 70 of PBS 68 reflects the light from relay lenses 56, 64 and 66 onto the RLCD, which modifies the light in accordance with a display signal, for example, from video input 37, applied by driver electronics 36, to produce a display image. RLCE reflects the image to projection lens 74 via PBS 68, for projection to a viewer. The RLCD 72 in the bright state converts the S light back to P light for projection by projection lens 74.
Telecentricity of the reflected beam is preserved by reflecting surface 52 of PBS 50, and by relay lenses 64, 66, and reflecting surface 70 of PBS 68, thus insuring that each pixel of the LCD sees the same angle of incidence across the PBS 68. Consequently, there are little or no color, brightness or contrast changes across the image generated by the RLCD 72.
The PBS's may be of the conventional (MacNeille) glass type, or may be the lighter weight polymer type, (see D. Wortman, "A Recent Advance in Reflective Polarizer Technology", 1997 International Display Research Conference, incorporated herein by reference) although where the highest quality image is desired, the glass type is preferred for PBS 68, since reflecting surface 70 can be made more optically flat than is the case for the polymer type.
The wide band quarter wave foil may be for example an achromatic stack of uniaxial foils, a single non-uniaxial foil, or a single layer of a polymer liquid crystal of the type described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,506,704, to Broer et al.
The invention has been described in terms of a limited number of embodiments. Other embodiments, variations of embodiments and art-recognized equivalents will become apparent to those skilled in the art, and are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the invention, as set forth in the appended claims. For example, instead of a drum, the rotationally-symmetric element may be a faceted element such as a multi-sided polyhedron with a polygonal cross-section. The element could also have its reflecting surface segments or facets inclined with respect to the axis of rotation, as in the case of a conically-shaped element, in order to direct the reflected light away from the path of the incoming light.
Instead of forming the reflective segments on a substrate and attaching the substrate to the element, the segments could be formed directly on the surface of the element, e.g., by depositing them through a mask.
Instead of beginning with P type polarization, converting to S type and then back to P type for projection, the polarization types could be reversed, i.e., begin with S type, convert to P type and back to S type.
Finally, additional embodiments of the invention could be made where the surface segments are transmissive instead of reflective. Variations using transmissive segments can be easily realized, for example using a planar or conical color wheel, or a hollow drum with internal reflection elements for example.