WO2003012569A1 - Maximum powerpoint tracker - Google Patents
Maximum powerpoint trackerDownload PDFInfo
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- WO2003012569A1 WO2003012569A1PCT/NL2002/000434NL0200434WWO03012569A1WO 2003012569 A1WO2003012569 A1WO 2003012569A1NL 0200434 WNL0200434 WNL 0200434WWO 03012569 A1WO03012569 A1WO 03012569A1
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- Prior art keywords
- power
- produced
- energy source
- output voltage
- maximum
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- 238000000034methodMethods0.000claimsdescription4
- 238000010845search algorithmMethods0.000description4
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- 230000003247decreasing effectEffects0.000description3
- 238000010586diagramMethods0.000description2
- 101000907578Homo sapiens Forkhead box protein M1Proteins0.000description1
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- 101001115426Homo sapiens MAGUK p55 subfamily member 3Proteins0.000description1
- 102100032498MAGUK p55 subfamily member 2Human genes0.000description1
- 102100023260MAGUK p55 subfamily member 3Human genes0.000description1
- 230000007423decreaseEffects0.000description1
- 238000011084recoveryMethods0.000description1
- 230000004044responseEffects0.000description1
Classifications
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
- G05F1/66—Regulating electric power
- G05F1/67—Regulating electric power to the maximum power available from a generator, e.g. from solar cell
Definitions
- the inventionrelates to a maximum powerpoint tracker provided with memory means for storing information about the power produced by an energy source at a determined incoming power in this energy source depending as desired on the output voltage or the output current of this energy source, and with processor means for determining from this information the maximum power which can be produced by this energy source and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose.
- Such a maximum powerpoint trackeris a per se known circuit which is applied to maximize the power produced by an energy source with varying power.
- an energy sourceexamples include photovoltaic systems and wind turbines.
- the known MPP-trackersearches for the maximum power in the power curve of an energy source, and sends this information to a control circuit which applies a voltage over the output of the energy source (or draws off a current from the energy source) such that it produces a greater output current (or has a higher output voltage) as the power increases, and produces a smaller output current (or has a lower output voltage) as the power decreases.
- the power curveis defined in the foregoing as the progression of the power produced by the energy source as a function of the output voltage or the output current of this energy source.
- a search algorithm for a so-called extreme value adjustmentis applied in order to determine the maximum power which can be drawn off at a given incoming power in the source, for instance incident sunlight or intercepted wind energy.
- the output voltage or the output current of the energy sourceis changed in stepwise manner (increased or decreased) , and the power produced is compared to power produced before the change. If the last-measured power is greater than the previously measured power, the output voltage or the output current is changed in stepwise manner in the same direction (i.e. increased or decreased). If the last- measured power is smaller than the previously measured power, the output voltage or the output current is changed in stepwise manner in opposing direction (i.e. decreased or increased) .
- a maximum powerpoint trackerof the type specified in the preamble, wherein according to the invention the processor means are adapted to perform an algorithm according to which the maximum power which can be produced by an energy source and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose at a first incoming power in this energy source is determined from information stored in the memory means about the maximum power which can be produced and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose at at least a second and a third incoming power in this energy source.
- the information stored in the memory means about the maximum power which can be produced and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose at at least a second and a third incoming power in this energy sourceis given by a coefficient ⁇ ' of an exponential function which describes the relation between the maximum power P mpp which can be produced and the output voltage u mpp required for this purpose (expressed in a dimensionless unit) .
- the exponential function pu'e Umpp is based on an ideal solar cell, i.e. a solar cell which, in a simplified model, is represented by a voltage source with a resistance-free diode connected in parallel. It has been found that an exponential function forms a good approximation of the stated relation.
- the information stored in the memory means about the maximum power which can be produced and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose at at least a second and a third incoming power in this energy sourceis given by the coefficients a t of an n th degree p L oly-*nomial which describes the relation between the maximum power P rapp which can be produced and the output voltage u mpp required for this purpose (expressed in a dimensionless unit) , wherein n is a whole number preferably equal to 2.
- the information stored in the memory means about the maximum power which can be produced and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose at at least a second and a third incoming power in this energy sourcecomprises the parameters for describing a linear interdependence of the maximum power which can be produced and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose at the incoming power.
- a maximum powerpoint trackeris preferably adapted to perform at predetermined time intervals a determination of the information about the maximum power which can be produced and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose at at least a second and a third incoming power in this energy source and to store this information in the memory means.
- the algorithmcomprises an iteration procedure .
- the algorithmis followed after a predetermined instruction by a second algorithm for performing an extreme value adjustment, so that the maximum power which can be produced and the associated output voltage or output current can be determined with great accuracy.
- the first algorithmcomprises an iteration procedure
- the determined instructioncomprises for instance of performing a predetermined number of iterations.
- Fig. 1is a diagram with three curves I-III which show the power P which can be produced by a solar cell as a function of the output voltage U, with a first curve IV which represents the maximum power P mpp which can be produced by a solar cell as a function of the output voltage U mpp at that maximum power which can be produced,
- Fig. 2shows a part of fig. 1 in enlarged view
- Fig. 3shows a second curve IV representing the maximum power P mpp which can be produced by a solar cell as a function of the output voltage U rapp at that maximum power which can be produced
- Fig. 4shows a third curve IV" representing the maximum power P mpp which can be produced by a solar cell as a function of the output voltage U mpp at that maximum power which can be produced.
- Fig. 1shows a diagram with three curves I-III representing the power P which can be produced by a solar cell as a function of the output voltage ⁇ at different incoming amounts of power, for instance as a result of different amounts of incident sunlight with varying cloud cover.
- the points MPPl, MPP2 and MPP3 in the respective curves I-IIIrepresent the maximum amounts of power which can be produced at the respective incoming amounts of power, and are connected by curve IV.
- the operation of the MPP-tracker according to the inventioncan be understood as follows.
- the power of a determined quantity of light incident in a solar cellcorresponds for instance to a power which can be produced by this solar cell as according to curve I.
- the maximum power PI which can be produced at an output voltage Ulis represented by the point MPPl on curve I.
- the power which can be producedcorresponds to another curve, in the example curve II.
- a power P2would be produced which is lower than the maximum power which can be produced in the conditions.
- the MPP- tracker"searches" on the curve IV for the output voltage U2 corresponding to the power P2, then on curve II for the power P3 corresponding to the output voltage U2, on the curve IV for the output voltage U3 corresponding to the power P3, on curve II for the power P4 (not shown) corresponding to the output voltage U3 etc., until after a sufficient number of iterations there follows a search algorithm for an extreme value adjustment according to the prior art.
- the optimal power line IVcan be predetermined and can be inputted into the memory of an MPP-tracker intended for that type of solar cells.
- Fig. 2shows an enlarged view of the part of fig. 1 enclosed by an ellipse.
- Fig. 3shows a curve IV representing the maximum power P mpp which can be produced by an ideal solar cell as a function of the output voltage U mpp at that maximum power which can be produced.
- An MPP-tracker according to the inventionis particularly suitable for application in photovoltaic systems, in particular solar panels assembled from solar cells connected in series, where the shorter recovery time following a change in radiated power results in an increase in the produced power such that the extra investment cost of an MPP-tracker according to the invention is recouped in a relatively short time.
- the MPP-tracker according to the inventioncan however also be applied in other energy-generating systems, for instance wind turbines.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Control Of Electrical Variables (AREA)
Abstract
Description
MAXIMUM POWERPOINT TRACKER
The invention relates to a maximum powerpoint tracker provided with memory means for storing information about the power produced by an energy source at a determined incoming power in this energy source depending as desired on the output voltage or the output current of this energy source, and with processor means for determining from this information the maximum power which can be produced by this energy source and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose.
Such a maximum powerpoint tracker, generally designated with the abbreviation MPP-tracker, is a per se known circuit which is applied to maximize the power produced by an energy source with varying power. Examples of such an energy source are photovoltaic systems and wind turbines.
The known MPP-tracker "searches" for the maximum power in the power curve of an energy source, and sends this information to a control circuit which applies a voltage over the output of the energy source (or draws off a current from the energy source) such that it produces a greater output current (or has a higher output voltage) as the power increases, and produces a smaller output current (or has a lower output voltage) as the power decreases. The power curve is defined in the foregoing as the progression of the power produced by the energy source as a function of the output voltage or the output current of this energy source.
In the known MPP-tracker a search algorithm for a so-called extreme value adjustment is applied in order to determine the maximum power which can be drawn off at a given incoming power in the source, for instance incident sunlight or intercepted wind energy. In an extreme value adjustment the output voltage or the output current of the energy source is changed in stepwise manner (increased or decreased) , and the power produced is compared to power produced before the change. If the last-measured power is greater than the previously measured power, the output voltage or the output current is changed in stepwise manner in the same direction (i.e. increased or decreased). If the last- measured power is smaller than the previously measured power, the output voltage or the output current is changed in stepwise manner in opposing direction (i.e. decreased or increased) .
It is a drawback of the known MPP-tracker that when the above described search algorithm is applied it responds relatively slowly to acute changes in the incoming power in the energy source. Such acute changes occur for instance in a photovoltaic system when cloud suddenly develops or clears away, and can occur in wind turbines in the case of local variations in wind-force. A slow response of the stepwise search algorithm results in a relatively long period in which the energy source does not produce its optimal power, and therefore in costly energy losses.
It is an object of the invention to provide an MPP- tracker which responds quickly to acute changes in the incoming power in an energy source for which this MPP- tracker is applied.
This objective is realized with a maximum powerpoint tracker of the type specified in the preamble, wherein according to the invention the processor means are adapted to perform an algorithm according to which the maximum power which can be produced by an energy source and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose at a first incoming power in this energy source is determined from information stored in the memory means about the maximum power which can be produced and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose at at least a second and a third incoming power in this energy source.
In an embodiment of a maximum powerpoint tracker according to the invention, the information stored in the memory means about the maximum power which can be produced and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose at at least a second and a third incoming power in this energy source is given by a coefficient ϋ' of an exponential function
which describes the relation between the maximum power Pmpp which can be produced and the output voltage umpp required for this purpose (expressed in a dimensionless unit) .
The exponential function p =u'eUmpp is based on an ideal solar cell, i.e. a solar cell which, in a simplified model, is represented by a voltage source with a resistance-free diode connected in parallel. It has been found that an exponential function forms a good approximation of the stated relation. In a practical advantageous embodiment the information stored in the memory means about the maximum power which can be produced and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose at at least a second and a third incoming power in this energy source is given by the coefficients at of an nth degree pLoly-*nomial
which describes the relation between the maximum power Prapp which can be produced and the output voltage umpp required for this purpose (expressed in a dimensionless unit) , wherein n is a whole number preferably equal to 2.
In a practical simple embodiment the information stored in the memory means about the maximum power which can be produced and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose at at least a second and a third incoming power in this energy source comprises the parameters for describing a linear interdependence of the maximum power which can be produced and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose at the incoming power.
A maximum powerpoint tracker according to the invention is preferably adapted to perform at predetermined time intervals a determination of the information about the maximum power which can be produced and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose at at least a second and a third incoming power in this energy source and to store this information in the memory means.
In an embodiment of an MPP-tracker according to the invention the algorithm comprises an iteration procedure .
In another embodiment the algorithm is followed after a predetermined instruction by a second algorithm for performing an extreme value adjustment, so that the maximum power which can be produced and the associated output voltage or output current can be determined with great accuracy. In a case where the first algorithm comprises an iteration procedure, the determined instruction comprises for instance of performing a predetermined number of iterations.
The invention will now be elucidated hereinbelow with reference to the drawings. In the drawings
Fig. 1 is a diagram with three curves I-III which show the power P which can be produced by a solar cell as a function of the output voltage U, with a first curve IV which represents the maximum power Pmpp which can be produced by a solar cell as a function of the output voltage Umpp at that maximum power which can be produced,
Fig. 2 shows a part of fig. 1 in enlarged view, Fig. 3 shows a second curve IV representing the maximum power Pmpp which can be produced by a solar cell as a function of the output voltage Urapp at that maximum power which can be produced, and Fig. 4 shows a third curve IV" representing the maximum power Pmpp which can be produced by a solar cell as a function of the output voltage Umpp at that maximum power which can be produced. Fig. 1 shows a diagram with three curves I-III representing the power P which can be produced by a solar cell as a function of the output voltage ϋ at different incoming amounts of power, for instance as a result of different amounts of incident sunlight with varying cloud cover. The points MPPl, MPP2 and MPP3 in the respective curves I-III represent the maximum amounts of power which can be produced at the respective incoming amounts of power, and are connected by curve IV. The operation of the MPP-tracker according to the invention can be understood as follows. The power of a determined quantity of light incident in a solar cell corresponds for instance to a power which can be produced by this solar cell as according to curve I. The maximum power PI which can be produced at an output voltage Ul is represented by the point MPPl on curve I. In the case of a sudden fall in the quantity of incident sunlight, the power which can be produced corresponds to another curve, in the example curve II. At the original output voltage Ul a power P2 would be produced which is lower than the maximum power which can be produced in the conditions. According to the invention the MPP- tracker "searches" on the curve IV for the output voltage U2 corresponding to the power P2, then on curve II for the power P3 corresponding to the output voltage U2, on the curve IV for the output voltage U3 corresponding to the power P3, on curve II for the power P4 (not shown) corresponding to the output voltage U3 etc., until after a sufficient number of iterations there follows a search algorithm for an extreme value adjustment according to the prior art.
In practical situations, where the power curves of solar cells manufactured in accordance with a standard process are known, the optimal power line IV can be predetermined and can be inputted into the memory of an MPP-tracker intended for that type of solar cells.
Fig. 2 shows an enlarged view of the part of fig. 1 enclosed by an ellipse.
Fig. 3 shows a curve IV representing the maximum power Pmpp which can be produced by an ideal solar cell as a function of the output voltage Umpp at that maximum power which can be produced. Curve IV is calculated from the expLonential function P pp =u'eUmpp which describes the relation between the maximum power Pmpp which can be produced and the output voltage umpp required for this purpose (expressed in a dimensionless unit) for an ideal solar cell. Fig. 4 shows a curve IV" representing the maximum power Pmpp which can be produced by a solar cell as a function of the output voltage Umpp at that maximum power which can be produced, which curve IV" is calculated from a sixth deg -2ree p ∑rolynomial pmpp=∑^ ~j.QaJ,umjpp which describes the relation between the maximum power Pmpp which can be produced and the output voltage urapp (expressed in a dimensionless unit) .
An MPP-tracker according to the invention is particularly suitable for application in photovoltaic systems, in particular solar panels assembled from solar cells connected in series, where the shorter recovery time following a change in radiated power results in an increase in the produced power such that the extra investment cost of an MPP-tracker according to the invention is recouped in a relatively short time. The MPP-tracker according to the invention can however also be applied in other energy-generating systems, for instance wind turbines.
Claims
1. Maximum powerpoint tracker provided with memory means for storing information about the power produced by an energy source at a determined incoming power in said energy source depending as desired on the output voltage or the output current of said energy source, and with processor means for determining from this information the maximum power which can be produced by said energy source and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose, characterized in that the processor means are adapted to perform an algorithm according to which the maximum power which can be produced by an energy source and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose at a first incoming power in said energy source is determined from information stored in the memory means about the maximum power which can be produced and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose at at least a second and a third incoming power in said energy source.
2. Maximum powerpoint tracker as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the information stored in the memory means about the maximum power which can be produced and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose at at least a second and a third incoming power in said energy source is given by a coefficient U' of an exponential function p mpp *u'eUm p which describes the relation between the maximum power Pmpp which can be produced and the output voltage umpp required for this purpose.
3. Maximum powerpoint tracker as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the information stored in the memory means about the maximum power which can be produced and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose at at least a second and a third incoming power in said energy source is given by the coefficients a± of an nth degree polynomial
which describes the relation between the maximum power Pmpp which can be produced and the output voltage urapp required for this purpose, wherein n is a whole number.
4. Maximum powerpoint tracker as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that n has the value 2.
5. Maximum powerpoint tracker as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the information stored in the memory means about the maximum power which can be produced and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose at at least a second and a third incoming power in said energy source comprises the parameters for describing a linear interdependence of the maximum power which can be produced and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose at the incoming power.
6. Maximum powerpoint tracker as claimed in any of the claims 1-5, characterized in that it is adapted to perform at predetermined time intervals a determination of the information about the maximum power which can be produced and the output voltage or output current required for this purpose at at least a second and a third incoming power in said energy source, and to store this information in the memory means.
7. Maximum powerpoint tracker as claimed in any of the claims 1-6, characterized in that the algorithm comprises an iteration procedure.
8. Maximum powerpoint tracker as claimed in any of the claims 1-7, characterized in that the algorithm is followed after a predetermined number of iterations by a second algorithm for performing an extreme value adjustment.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL1018658 | 2001-07-29 | ||
| NL1018658 | 2001-07-29 | ||
| NL1020893ANL1020893C2 (en) | 2001-07-29 | 2002-06-18 | Maximum power follower circuit. |
| NL1020893 | 2002-06-18 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2003012569A1true WO2003012569A1 (en) | 2003-02-13 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/NL2002/000434WO2003012569A1 (en) | 2001-07-29 | 2002-07-03 | Maximum powerpoint tracker |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| NL (1) | NL1020893C2 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2003012569A1 (en) |
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