USRE44536E1 - Filters employing both acidic polymers and physical-adsorption media - Google Patents

Abstract

A filter includes at least two different adsorptive media. First, chemisorptive media, which is porous and includes an acidic functional group, is used to remove molecular bases, including ammonia, organic amines, imides and aminoalchols, from the atmosphere used in semiconductor fabrication and other processes that require uncontaminated gaseous environments of high quality. Second, physisorptive media is able to adsorb condensable contaminants, particularly those having a boiling point greater than 150 degrees C. The physisorptive media can include untreated, activated carbon.

Description

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation-in-part reissue of U.S. Pat. No. 7,540,901, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/851,687, filed on May 21, 2004, issuing on Mar. 21, 2006 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,014,693, which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/848,955, filed May 4, 2001, issuing on May 25, 2004 as U.S. Pat. No. 6,740,147, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/201,928, filed on May 5, 2000, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/225,248, filed on Aug. 15, 2000. The entire contents of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference in entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In this age of increased air pollution, the removal of chemicals from the air we breathe is a concern of everyone. In addition, in the fabrication of electronic materials and of devices such as semiconductors, there is a requirement for uncontaminated air of high quality. To filter contaminants from the air, gas phase filtration is commonly employed, typically using activated carbon manufactured in various ways. One approach uses a carbon/adhesive slurry to glue the carbon to the substrate. The adhesive decreases carbon performance by forming a film on its surface. In another approach, an organic-based web is carbonized by heating, followed by carbon activation. Filters produced by such an approach is expensive and has relatively low adsorption capacity. In yet another approach, a slurry of carbon powders and fibers is formed into sheets by a process analogous to a wet papermaking process. This material has a medium-to-high cost, and has an undesirable high pressure drop. Moreover, chemically-impregnated carbon particles, used for the chemisorption of lower molecular weight materials, cannot be efficiently used in conjunction with an aqueous process, as the aqueous nature of the process either washes away the chemical used to impregnate the carbon, or reacts undesirably with the impregnating or active chemical groups thereby rendering it inoperative. In general, however, filter materials that do not incorporate chemically-active groups perform far less effectively for some key low-molecular-weight components, such as ammonia, in comparison to filter materials that include chemically-active groups.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Such filters have been accepted in the industry, and they are presumably considered to perform adequately for their intended purpose. However, they are not without their shortcomings. In particular, none of these aforementioned prior art approaches fully achieve the desired properties that provide a clean, cost effective, high efficiency, low pressure drop, adsorptive composite.

The present invention provides a filter which overcomes these shortcomings. In particular, in one aspect of the invention, a fluid-permeable filter includes a conduit through which fluid, particularly gas, can flow. Within the conduit is chemisorptive media that includes a copolymer having an acidic functional group for chemically adsorbing a base contaminant in a fluid passing through the conduit. Also within the conduit is physisorptive media for physically adsorbing a condensable contaminant from a fluid passing through the conduit. The chemisorptive media and physisorptive media are in separate filter elements in a preferred embodiment, though the two media types can alternatively be intermixed to form a single, undivided filter body.

Preferably, the filter is a clean, cost-effective, high-efficiency, low-pressure-drop, gas phase filter comprising a high-surface-area, highly-acidic, chemically-acidic adsorbent in combination with untreated, or virgin, activated carbon. One embodiment of the invention employs a non-woven composite material having acidic functional groups that bind to airborne bases. The untreated, activated carbon adsorbs organic and inorganic condensable contaminants, typically those having a boiling point greater that 150° C. The invention can be used in lithography systems that employ materials that are sensitive to impurities, such as molecular bases (e.g., ammonia and n-methyl pyrrolididnone), and organic and inorganic condensable contaminants (e.g., iodobenzenes and siloxanes), present in the air circulating through semiconductor wafer processing equipment. A large number of bases including ammonia, NMP, triethylamine pyridine, and others, can be maintained at concentrations below 2 ppb in a tool cluster filtered with the present invention. The acidic adsorbent can be formed, for example, by the dry application of an active, acidic adsorbent to a non-woven carrier material that is then heated and calendered with cover sheets.

The non-woven carrier materials can be polyester non-wovens, and the acidic adsorbent can include sulfonated divinyl benzene styrene copolymer. One embodiment employs carboxylic functional groups. The acidic groups have at least 1 milliequivalent/gram of copolymer acidity level or higher and preferably at least 4.0 millequivalents/gram of copolymer or higher. The polymers used are porous, and can have a pore size in the range of 50-400 angstroms and a surface area of 20 m²/g or higher.

The dry processing of a non-woven polyester batting allows for even distribution of acidic, adsorbent particles throughout the depth of the polyester batting. This provides an increased bed depth at a very low pressure drop, which is highly desirable since a twofold increase in bed depth can increase the filter's breakthrough time (time to failure) four-fold when using these thin fabric-based sulfonic beds.

Activated carbon is discussed in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,582,865, titled “Non-Woven Filter Composite”. The entire contents of this patent are incorporated herein by reference. The filter can have two (or more) layers, one of activated carbon and one of sulfonated divinyl benzene styrene copolymer beads. Additionally, two or more materials can be mixed to provide a composite filter.

Thus, provided herein is a clean, cost-effective, high-efficiency, low-pressure-drop, adsorptive composite filter, and a method for forming said composite filter. The composite filter is particularly useful for the removal of base and organic and inorganic condensable contaminants (typically those with a boiling point greater than 150 degrees C.) in an air stream. Particulates will also be removed if greater than the pore size of the filter. The filter can have a service life of several months with a pressure drop to reduce power consumption and minimize impact on the systems operation. For example, a high-pressure-drop filter can require a longer time for a lithography system to equilibrate the temperature and humidity after filter replacement. In comparison to chemically-treated, activated-carbon filters, the combination filters of this invention offer much higher adsorption performance due to the superior adsorption properties of untreated, activated carbon over chemically-treated, activated carbon. The use of untreated, activated carbon in accordance with methods described herein can provide superior breakthrough capacity for organic and inorganic condensable contaminants because the chemical treatment performed on the activated carbon to render it suitable for capturing molecular bases compromises its capacity for adsorbing organic and inorganic condensable contaminants, typically those with a boiling point greater than 150 degrees C.

In another embodiment, a synthetic carbon material, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,114, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety, can be coated with the acidic materials of the present invention to provide a porous acidic filter element in accordance with the invention. In yet another embodiment, the activated nutshell carbon media described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,033,573, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety, can be used alone or in combination with any of the other chemisorptive or physisorptive media described herein to remove contaminants from the air flowing through the conduit in the same manner as is taught in this specification.

A detection system and method of use for determining When the filter needs to be replaced by detecting base contaminants in air is described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/232,199, entitled, “Detection of Base Contaminants in Gas Samples”, filed on Jan. 14, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,207,460 with Oleg Kishkovich, et al. as inventors. Also, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/795,949, entitled, “System for Detecting Base Contaminants in Air”, filed Feb. 28, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,096,267 with Oleg Kishkovich, et al. as inventors, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/996,790, entitled, “Protection of Semiconductor Fabrication and Similar Sensitive Processes,” filed Dec. 23, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,296,806 with Oleg Kishkovich, et al. as inventors, can also be used with the present invention. These patent applications disclose the protection of a DUV lithography processes using chemically-amplified photoresists that are sensitive to amines in the air. These patent applications are incorporated in the present application in their entirety by reference.

One method of fabricating a filter element having a large surface area and the desired flow characteristics involves the use of a powdered material that is deposited in sequential layers one on top of the other. Following the deposit of each layer of powdered material, a binder material is delivered onto each layer of powdered material using a printing technique in accordance with a computer model of the three dimensional filter element being formed. Following the sequential application of all of the required powder layers and binder material to form the part in question, the unbound powder is appropriately removed, resulting in the formation of the desired three dimensional filter element. This technique provides for the fabrication of complex unitary or composite filter elements having high surface area that are formed with a very high degree of resolution.

In another apparatus, the physisorptive and chemisorptive filter media are positioned in a circulation loop for circulating air through a photolithography tool. The two media are respectively positioned at different locations such that the physisorptive media will be maintained at a temperature cooler than that at which the chemisorptive media is maintained.

The physisorptive media can be positioned upstream from the chemisorptive media (i.e., between the chemisorptive media and an outlet of the photolithography tool) and can be positioned proximate to the downstream side of a cooling coil in the air conditioning unit of the tool. Alternatively, the physisorptive media can be coupled with a separate cooling element, such as a source of chilled water. In either case, the air passing through the physisorptive media can be cooled and then, after exiting the physisorptive media, reheated to a fixed temperature and passed through the chemisorptive media before re-entering the photolithography tool. Temperature sensors can be used to monitor the temperature of the different media and also provide feedback signals to a controller for closed loop control of the system. The physisorptive filter element can also be contained in a rotating wheel with separate chambers for active adsorption, regeneration and conditioning. Advantages provided by some of these embodiments include enhanced removal of lower-molecular-weight condensable contaminants, reduction in the overall footprint of the system, reduction in operating pressure drop of the filtration component, and significantly increased time between change-out or service. Further, lower-molecular-weight organic contaminants may be removed more effectively with the temperature-swing beds described herein than is achievable with passive adsorption beds.

In another aspect of the invention, a filter unit include a multiplicity of filter elements. The filter elements are made of a chemisorptive media and a physisorptive media. The filter unit also includes a multiplicity of sampling port within the filter unit for connecting to a monitor device which monitors the performance of the filter elements. The sampling ports are arranged in a manner with individual sampling ports located between adjacent filter elements. There can be sampling port located on an upstream side of the multiplicity of filter elements, and another sampling port located on a downstream side of the multiplicity of filter elements.

In some embodiments, the monitor device is an analytical device, such as, for example, a gas chromatograph mass selective detector, an ion mobility spectrometer, an acoustic wave detector, an atomic absorption detector, an inductance couple plasma detector, or a Fourier transform methods. Alternatively, the monitor device can be a concentrator which collects the sample drawn to the concentrator with a pump, or the concentrator is coupled to the sample port so that the contaminants accumulate in the concentrator by diffusion. Once the sample is collected in the concentrator, the concentrator is taken to a lab for evaluating the sample. The filter elements can be arranged in a set of stack which are arranged in a series, and in each stack, the filter elements are arranged in parallel.

In another aspect, a photolithography system includes an air handler for moving air through the system, and delivers unfiltered air to the filter unit, and a photolithography tool which receives filtered air from the filter unit. A particular advantage of this arrangement is that it is able to detect contaminants before the contaminants reach the lens of a photolithography tool.

In yet another aspect of the invention, a filter unit includes one or more filter elements. There can be a sampling port located between two filter elements. Additionally, or alternatively, there is a sampling port located on one side of a filter element, or there can be a second sampling port located on an opposite side of the filter element.

Related aspects of the invention include a method for filtering air through a filter unit and a method for circulating air through a photolithography tool.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.

FIG. 1 illustrates a filter including a chemisorptive filter element and a physisorptive filter element.

FIG. 2 illustrates a filter, wherein the chemisorptive filter element is coated on the physisorptive filter element.

FIG. 3 illustrates a filter including an electrostatically-charged nonwoven filter material in addition to the chemisorptive filter element and physisorptive filter element.

FIG. 4 illustrates a filter of this invention coupled with a photolithography tool.

FIG. 5 illustrates a filter assembly.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of an apparatus including a photolithography tool and a circulation loop with physisorptive media and chemisorptive media positioned for enhanced contaminant removal efficiency.

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of another embodiment of an apparatus including a photolithography tool and a circulation loop with physisorptive media and chemisorptive media positioned for enhanced contaminant removal efficiency.

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an acidic, adsorbent filter element before heating and calendaring.

FIG. 9 is a perspective view of the acidic, adsorbent filter element after heating and calendaring.

FIG. 10 is a perspective view of the acidic, adsorbent filter element after heating and calendaring with a cover sheet.

FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating a process for fabricating a filter element.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a three dimensional filter element fabricated in accordance with the process illustrated inFIG. 11.

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a filter element in a square or rectangular containment structure showing the creases of the pleated structure.

FIG. 14 is a top view of a filter element showing its pleated structure.

FIG. 15 is a top view of a filter element with a high first-pass-efficiency multi-pleat pack panel filter in a square or rectangular containment structure.

FIG. 16 is a top view of a filter element in a radially-pleated cylindrical containment structure.

FIG. 17 is a top view of a filter element in a media-wrapped cylindrical filter.

FIG. 18 is a perspective view of a process of producing a filter element.

FIG. 19 is a pleated filter element.

FIG. 20 is a graphical illustration comprising the base removal efficiency of filters previously available and of an acidic, adsorbent filter element of this invention.

FIG. 21 is a graph illustrating comparative vapor breakthrough rates with treated and untreated, activated carbon filters.

FIG. 22 is a filter unit in accordance with the invention.

FIG. 23 is a schematic illustration of the filter unit ofFIG. 22 as a component of a photolithography system.

FIG. 24A is a close-up view of a sampling port of the filter unit ofFIG. 22 connected to an analytical device.

FIG. 24B is a close-up view of a sampling port of the filter unit ofFIG. 22 connected to a concentrator.

FIG. 24C is a close-up view of a passive sampler attached to a sampling port of the filter unit ofFIG. 22.

FIG. 25 is a schematic illustration of a sacrificial lens used to monitor the filters.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A description of preferred embodiments of the invention follows. A fluid-permeable filter includes chemisorptive media and physisorptive media. Each of these two types of media can be in separate filter elements. The embodiment illustrated inFIG. 1 includes achemisorptive filter element16 and aphysisorptive filter element32 mounted within aconduit36. In an alternative embodiment, illustrated inFIG. 2, thechemisorptive filter element16 can form a layer attached to one or both sides of thephysisorptive filter element32. Additionally, an electrostatically-chargednonwoven filter material34 can cover the chemisorptive andphysisorptive filter elements16,32, as shown inFIG. 3.

Thechemisorptive filter element16 includes porous, chemisorptive media formed with a copolymer having an acidic functional group that enables the group to react with a reagent. Thephysisorptive filter element32 includes media, such as untreated, activated carbon. The term, “untreated,” as used herein, means an activated carbon that has not been modified by chemical treatment to perform chemisorption; rather, untreated, active carbon remains as a physical, nonpolar, adsorbent. The physisorptive media remove organic and inorganic condensable contaminants, typically those having a boiling point greater than 150 degrees C. via physisorption, while the chemisorptive media remove base vapors via chemisorption. The term, “physisorption,” refers to a reversible adsorption process in which the adsorbate is held by weak physical forces. In contrast, the term, “chemisorption”, refers to an irreversible chemical reaction process in which chemical bonds are formed between gas or liquid molecules and a solid surface.

As shown inFIG. 4, thefilter40 can be mounted at an inlet of a deep ultraviolet photolithography tool41 (e.g., a stepper or scanner) to filter air entering thetool41 and to protect the projection andillumination optics42 as well as the photoresist on awafer44 within thechamber46 of thephotolithography tool41.

The filter can have a variety of constructions. In a first example, a bed of polymer pellets and untreated, activated carbon in exposed to the airstream using a traditional media tray and rack system (e.g., a metal enclosure that uses perforated material or screens both to hold in the adsorbent while allowing air to flow through the structure). In a second example, the filter is in the form of a honeycomb configuration where polymer pellets and untreated, activated carbon are held in a partially-filled or completely-filled honeycomb structure. In a third example, the polymer and untreated, activated carbon form a monolithic porous or honeycomb structure. In a fourth example, a mat of polymer fibers, either woven or nonwoven, incorporate untreated, activated carbon and are pleated and arranged into a traditional pleated air filter. In a fifth example, a bed of activated carbon pellets are exposed to the airstream using a traditional media tray and rack system with a layer of nonwoven composite material comprising acidic polymer, comprising a sulfonated copolymer-based composite material attached or incorporated into one side or both sides of the carbon tray. A pleated array of filters are illustrated inFIG. 5.

The apparatus illustrated inFIGS. 6 and 7 are designed to remove lower-boiling-point contaminants with greater effectiveness and to better optimize the separate conditions under which the chemisorptive media and physisorptive media operate. By providing better purification of the airstream entering a photolithography tool, better protection is provided against photoresist contamination from airborne molecular bases and photo-induced organic contamination of optics surfaces.

In the apparatus ofFIG. 6, acirculation loop102 circulates air through thephotolithography tool41. Anair conditioning unit104 regulates the temperature and humidity of air entering thephotolithography tool41 and ensures that the temperature and humidity remain within tightly-prescribed limits. A computer having a computer-readable medium storing software code for controlling the cooling element (e.g., cooling coils) and heating element can be coupled via a processor withair conditioning unit104 to ensure that the temperature and humidity are maintained within those limits. Achemisportive filter element16 is positioned within the circulation loop to take advantage of the enhanced chemisorption that occurs at warmer and more humid conditions. Meanwhile, aphysisorptive filter element32 is positioned to take advantage of the enhanced physisorption that takes place under cooler and drier conditions.

Thechemisorptive filter element16 is positioned in thecirculation loop102 at a position downstream from theair conditioning unit104 andphysisorptive filter element32. In this embodiment, the chemisorptive filter element will therefore be operated at the fixed temperature (e.g., in a range of about 21° to about 23° C.) and humidity established for air entering thephotolithography tool41. Maintaining this fixed temperature in thetool41 is important to minimize temperature-induced lens distortions that can lead to aberations.

Air entering theair conditioning unit104 comprises recirculated air that has exited thephotolithography tool41 with make-up air (provided to account for inevitable pressure losses) mixed in. In this embodiment, the air can be at about ambient pressure or at a lower pressure. Afan106 is provided in theair conditioning unit104 to drive the flow of air through theunit104 and through theentire circulation loop102. Cooling coils108 are positioned downstream from thefan106 to cool the incoming air. The cooling coils can be cooled by water chilled to about 8° C. After being cooled by the cooling coils108, the air may be at a temperature of about 18° to about 20° C. In the embodiment ofFIG. 6, the air then passes throughphysisorptive filter element32, which is positioned next in line. Due to its positioning proximate to and downstream from the cooling coils108, thephysisorptive filter element32 is operated at a reduced temperature at which adsorption is enhanced. Finally, the air passes throughheating element110, which reheats the air to the desired operating temperature before it is passed throughchemisorptive filter element16. Accordingly, the cooling coils108 andheating element110 of theair conditioning unit104 are advantageously utilized to provide enhanced physisorption and chemisorption in addition to conditioning the temperature and humidity of the air for enhanced operation of thephotolithography tool41.

In the apparatus ofFIG. 7, thephysisorptive filter element32 is in the form of a rotating wheel about 1 or 2 meters in length and having three separate chambers filled with physisorptive filter media. Amotor112 is couple with the wheel to rotationally drive it in the direction shown by the arrows (counter-clockwise when viewed from an upstream position in the circulation loop102).

The chamber operating as theactive chamber114 is positioned to receive air recirculated from thephotolithography tool41 throughcirculation loop102. Theactive chamber114 will remove contaminants from the air in thecirculation loop102.

The preceding chamber in rotational sequence is operating as theconditioning chamber116. Theconditioning chamber116 is positioned to receive chilled water circulated throughline120. The chilled water cools the physisorptive filter media inconditioning chamber116 so that the media will be cooled (providing enhanced adsorptive behavior) before rotation positions this chamber as theactive chamber114. Alternatively, other cooling elements such as supplemental cooling coils or a regenerative heat exchanger can be used cool the physisorptive filter media in theconditioning chamber116. Other apparatus using adiabatic cooling of a compressed gas, which is then passed through the bed of physisorptive filter media can also be used.

The remaining chamber, which is operating as theregeneration chamber118, is positioned to receive heat exhaust from thephotolithography tool41. The heat from the heat exhaust will raise the temperature of the physisorptive filter media inregeneration chamber118 and thereby cause condensed contaminants to vaporize and release from the physisorptive filter media rendering the physisorptive filter media ready for reuse. The released contaminants can then be captured and recycled. As an alternative to the heat exhaust, other auxiliary sources of heat can be provided to desorb contaminants from the media.

With each one-third rotation, the chamber operating as theactive chamber114 becomes theregeneration chamber118; the chamber operating as theregeneration chamber118 becomes theconditioning chamber116; and the chamber operating as theconditioning chamber116 becomes theactive chamber114. This rotational cycle continues throughout operation of the tool to continually regenerate and cool the physisorptive filter media so that “fresh” media will always be available for use. As such, the beds of filter media are operated as “temperature swing adsorption beds,” which, in combination with the chemisorptive filter media can maintain amine levels in the circulated air below 1 part per billion and can maintain contamination levels of other organics below 1 part per billion in an apparatus which also maintains temperature (via the air conditioning unit) within +/−17 mK.

This same wheel used as thephysisorptive filter element32 inFIG. 7 can likewise be used in the apparatus ofFIG. 6. As an alternative to the rotating wheel embodiment of thephysisorptive filter element32, separate conduits can respectively branch from the circulation loop, heat exhaust, and chilled water conduit into each of the three chambers, and valving at each of the branches can be governed to rotate the flow from each conduit through each chamber.

The apparatus ofFIGS. 6 and 7 are particularly useful when used to filter air for a stepper (exposure) tool in a photolithography apparatus, where the filter elements can remove contaminants that may form free radicals in the tool, which can then stick to the lens of the tool, thereby fouling its operation. Nevertheless, the apparatus ofFIGS. 6 and 21 can also be used to filter air from a track (where organics can change the wettability of a wafer being processed and can throw off measurements of oxide layer thickness) or to filter air entering other elements in a photolithography apparatus that can be harmed by contaminants. Such uses, which can be combined with the use of the apparatus ofFIGS. 6 and 7 are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,833,726, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Referring toFIG. 8, a portion of an acidic, chemisorptivecomposite filter element16 is shown. The chemisorptivecomposite filter element16 has acover sheet66 and amiddle layer62. Thecover sheet66 can be a polyester non-woven fabric having a binder-to-fiber ratio of55/44 and a thickness of 0.024 inches. Themiddle layer62 is an air-laid polyester non-woven fabric having a thickness of 0.25 inches and a binder to fiber ratio of 35% to 65%. Themiddle layer62 is impregnated with a porous, acidic, polymer material that binds readily with molecular bases in air flowing through the filter. Alternatively, the fabrics can be woven.

The structure ofFIG. 9 can be used directly in this form as the acidic, adsorbent composite filter element. The acidic,adsorbent composite16, can employ asecond cover sheet80, provided on the surface ofmiddle layer62, opposite to thefirst cover sheet66, as shown inFIG. 10. Thecover sheet66/80 can be a filtering or non-filtering non-woven polyester, polyamide or polypropylene material or other similar materials. If thecover sheet66/80 is a filtering material, it serves to provide some filtering of the air entering the composite structure for removal of particulate materials in the air stream. Thecover sheet66/80 can also serve to retain the porous acidic polymer material such as a sulfonated divinyl benzene styrene copolymer, which can be in bead form, within the middle layer orbatting62. Thecover sheets66/80 can also be chemically inert materials such as polypropylene or polyester.

Thephysisorptive filter element32, shown inFIGS. 1,6 and7, can include untreated, activated carbon. The carbon is porous (the specific surface area can be on the order of 1000 m²/g) and can be provided in the form of fibers. Alternatively, the untreated, activated carbon can be in the form of particles aggregated in a tray. In another embodiment, the untreated, activated carbon can be formed into a block and held together with a binder material. The untreated, activated carbon can be formed from a variety of sources, including coconut shell, coal, wood, pitch, and other organic sources. Further still, a sulfonated copolymer coating can be attached to the untreated, activated carbon.

Alternatively, high-surface-area filter elements of this invention can be fabricated using a three-dimensional printing technique as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,204,055; 5,340,656; and 5,387,380, the entire contents of these patents being incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Such a method of fabrication of a filter element is illustrated in connection withFIG. 11. Theprocess200 includes forming a three-dimensional model202 of the filter element such that the dimensions are well defined. The first layer of the powder material used to form the filter is placed204 by the printer apparatus. A binder is then delivered206 onto the powder material resulting in the binding of selected regions thereof.Steps204 and206 are repeated a number of times until the high-surface-area filter is formed. Finally, the excess material is removed210. An illustrative example of a high surface area filter made in accordance with this method is shown in the example240 ofFIG. 12. The binder can be an acid-polymerizable or acid-cross-linkable liquid.

The relative thicknesses of thechemisorptive filter element16 and thephysisorptive filter element32 can be engineered so that the useful life of the two filter elements will be exhausted at approximately the same time in a given environment. Accordingly, a chemisorptive filter element formed of sulfonated polymer can be made thinner than a physisorptive filter element formed of untreated carbon since the physisorptive properties of the carbon will typically be exhausted more quickly than the chemisorptive properties of the acidic, sulfonated polymer.

The twocomposite filter components16 and32, can be contained within any suitable container(s) or framework(s) for installation in an airflow path of a filtering apparatus coupled with a photolithography tool, thefilter components16 and32 typically being in the form of removable or replaceable filter elements. For many purposes, it is preferable to increase the surface area of the filter material exposed to an incident air flow; and, for this purpose, the composite filter elements can be pleated to provide the increased surface area.

One embodiment is shown onFIG. 13, in which a composite material forms anair filter element15 or17. The filter material is pleated into an accordion-like structure19, as shown inFIG. 14, contained within a square orrectangular container18, having a front21 and back23, that are open to an air stream shown byarrow22. Thepleating20 is substantially perpendicular to the air flow.FIG. 9 shows the structure in a front or back view.FIG. 14 shows a cutaway top view of a filter element.

An alternative embodiment is shown inFIG. 15, wherein a plurality of pleatedcomposite filter elements24, are sequentially disposed withincontainer18, to provide a multi-stage filter through which the air can pass. As in the above embodiment, thepleats20 of theelements24 are substantially perpendicular to the direction ofair flow22.

A further embodiment is shown inFIG. 16, wherein a composite filter element is disposed in a cylindrical configuration and retained within acylindrical container28. Thepleats20 are, as described above, substantially perpendicular to a radially-directed air flow. A further embodiment is show inFIG. 17, wherein the composite structure is wound in aspiral configuration30 contained within a generallycylindrical container28.

Acidic, chemisorptive particles can be evenly distributed throughout the non-woven or fiber matrix or polyester batting. An example of an acidic, chemisorptive particle includes but is not limited to sulfonated divinyl benzene styrene copolymer.

In one embodiment, the ion-exchange, strongly-acidic, preliminary catalyst has a particle size between 0.3 and 1.2 mm, a porosity of approximately 0.30 ml/g, and an average pore diameter of about 250 angstroms. The catalyst can have a higher porosity of up to 300 ml/g, or higher. In addition, the concentration of acid sites in the catalyst can be approximately 1.8 meq/ml and the surface area of the catalyst can be about 45 m²/g. Such catalysts are sold under the trade name,AMBERLYST® 15 DRY orAMBERLYST® 35 dry, by Rohm and Haas. Catalysts with physical properties outside the ranges described above can also be used.

Overall, the dry processing of the fiber matrix of the chemisorptive filter element involves the combination of sulfonated-divinyl-benzene-styrene copolymers using a dry material dispensing system, the inherent stratification of the batting's density, and the even distribution of the sulfonated divinyl benzene styrene copolymer particles as well as stratification of the sulfonated divinyl benzene styrene copolymer particle size. These procedures allow for a fabric architecture having an increased bed depth at a very low pressure drop, which is highly desirable due to the chemisorptive filter element's high first-pass efficiency coupled with its low operating cost.

The term, “efficiency”, as employed herein is defined by the formula X-Y/X wherein X is the upstream concentration of pollutant, and Y is the downstream concentration of pollutant.

The filter can have a mix of an activated carbon and the preliminary catalyst material discussed above. This combination has sufficient porosity and strongly acidic groups to provide easy permanent removal of medium and strong bases and sufficient retention of weak bases from the airborne base contaminants. The filter can also include a porous polymer material.

The filter, as described, is employed in filtering the air in environments such as semiconductor fabrication systems where there is a requirement for uncontaminated air of high quality.

Referring toFIG. 18, the middle air-laid polyester non-woven lay62 is collated to acover sheet66. The acidic,adsorbent particles60 are positioned on afiber matrix62 from a fluidized bed or other particle distribution system64. The sulfonated divinyl benzenestyrene copolymer particles60 are evenly stratified throughout the depth of thebatting62. As discussed above, an increased bed depth of adsorbent particles distributed throughout the batting is highly desirable as it increases residence time, increases exposure of the chemisorptive particle surfaces, provides a low pressure drop, and substantially increases the lifetime of the filter.

Thechemisorptive particles60 distributed in thematrix62 are then heated, preferably using twozones68,70 of infrared energy at different wavelengths. Thebatting62 is heated to an overall average temperature of between 250° and 350° F.

The infrared energy causes the chemisorptive particles to adhere to the batting at points where the particles contact the batting. This procedure avoids the necessity of raising the temperature of the entire batting to a point at, or near, the melting point of the polyester batting, which could cause the batting to melt and collapse thereby encasing the particles and destroying their chemical activity.

Thebatting62 is then calendered using a pair of calender rolls76,78. The first of theserolls76 can be temperature controlled, which allows the heating and calendering steps to be carried out at a steady temperature of around 140° F., and prevents overheating and subsequent melting of cover sheet and prevents over calendering of the fabric. The second roll, roll78, may be a rubber roll having a durometer that avoids crushing of the adsorbent particles; roll78 may also be metal.

Furthermore, when the temperature-controlledroller76 is used, the pressure at which the batting is about 2000 pounds across the 26-inch distance. Higher calendering pressures can crush the particles particularly when those particles are activated-carbon based, thereby forming dust, which cannot be retained in the composite filter element and can consequently pass into the gas stream.

In addition, a syntheticnon-woven cover sheet80 that helps to maintain the sulfonated divinyl benzene styrene copolymer in the batting can be calendered with thebatting62, as discussed above. After the filter element is formed, gussets or spacers are placed in the filter element. The filter element is sealed into a box.

Optionally, the material may be conducted over anupper roller84 to facilitate cooling the material prior to further processing. The method of manufacture for an activated carbon filter element is described in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,582,865, titled, “Non-Woven Filter Composite”. The entire contents of this patent are incorporated herein by reference.

While the above-described method is one method of creating the filter, it is recognized that other techniques can be used. Some of these techniques include those developed by Hoechst such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,746, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference or KX Industries' method of media formation. The common feature in all of these methods is the incorporation of a chemically-active sorbent into a porous media structure.

In another method, a filter element can be made by premixing the chemisorptive media and the physisorptive media together and then depositing the mixture onto a web. Or the chemisorptive media and the physisorptive media can be deposited from a respective dispensing unit in desired proportions onto the web in situ as the web passes beneath the dispensing units.

Apleated filter structure220 using the porous acidic polymer of the present invention is illustrated inFIG. 19. This is a pleated system open on both sides of arectangular frame228 with alength222,width224 and depth such that it can be used as a replacement filter in stack filter systems. The filter has a removal efficiency of over 99% at 1000 ppb challenge concentration.

FIG. 20 graphically illustrates the removal efficiency for three different acidic, chemisorptive filter elements. The graphs represent removal efficiency as a function of time at 20 ppm of NH₃concentration upstream from the filter. Filter element size is approximately 12 in.×12 in.×6 in. Air flow is approximately 100 cubic feet per minute (cfm). Considering service life data only, it appears that filter element #3 performed best. However, if additional data is considered, the conclusion is not so simple. The pressure drop forfilter element #1 was 0.2″ water column (WC); the pressure drop forfilter element #2 was 0.3″WC; and the pressure drop for filter element #3 was 1.0″WC.Filter elements #1 and #2 are very close to tool manufacturer's specifications, but filter element #3 creates an excessive pressure drop that interferes with the tool's proper ECU functioning. Excessive pressure drop is undesirable for multiple reasons. For example, it increases fan load and power consumption, reduces airflow through the tool and positive pressure inside the enclosure. Thus,filter element #1 made in accordance with the present invention provided a substantial improvement in service life while providing a pressure drop that is compatible with tool operation.

The adsorptive performance of an untreated, activated-carbon filter element is illustrated inFIG. 21. The graph ofFIG. 21 shows the adsorption breakthrough curves for a number of organic compounds on both treated and untreated carbons. Comparing the breakthrough curve for ethyl acetate (EtAc) for treated50 anduntreated carbon50′, the capacity (time to equivalent breakthrough) of untreated carbon is found to be between 5 and 10 times higher than that of treated carbon. As shown in the graph, organic vapor capacity forisopropyl alcohol52 andisobutene54 in treated carbon is similarly small in comparison to corresponding measurements of organic vapor capacity forisopropyl alcohol52′ andisobutane54′ in untreated carbon.

The above-described filter elements have a removal efficiency over 99% for both Volatile base compounds and condensable organic contamination. The capacity of these filter elements for both volatile base compounds and condensable organics has a range between 5 to 60 ppm-days. The removal efficiency for non-condensable organic contaminants is greater than 90%, and that for element organics is over 99%. Typical element organics include Si—R, P—R, B—R, Sn(Bi)₃and other organo-metallics, where R is an organic group, Si is silicon, P is phosphorous, B is boron, Sn is tin, and Bi is bismuth.

Illustrated inFIG. 22 is an embodiment of the invention as afilter unit500 including a multiplicity offilter elements502 having both chemisorptive and physisorptive media. As can be seen inFIG. 22, thefilter elements502 are arranged in parallel in a set ofstacks501 which are arranged in series within acasing504 of the filter unit550. Aremovable cover panel505 allows access to thefilter elements502. Thefilter unit500 is also provide with a set ofcasters507 which facilitate easily moving thefilter unit500 to a desired location. Air filtering systems are described in greater detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,647, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In operation, air flows in the direction of arrow A through anintake port506, through thefilter elements502, and out of anoutlet port508. A set of sampling ports510-1,510-2,510-3, and510-4 (collectively referred to as sampling port510) provide access to several regions of thefilter unit500 to facilitate monitoring the quality of the air as it passes through thefilter unit500. There is a sampling port on each side of theindividual filter elements502 so that the change in the quality of the air as it goes through the filter element can be evaluated.

Referring now toFIG. 23, there is shown thefilter unit500 employed in part of aphotolithography process512. Thefilter unit500 is connected to anair handler unit514 with aline516. Anotherline518 connectsfilter unit500 to atool520, such as a stepper or track, and aline522 connects thetool520 to theair handler514. Thus theair handler514 sends unfiltered air to thefilter unit500 through theline516. Contaminants in the air are then removed as the air flows through thefilter elements502 of thefilter unit500. The filtered air is subsequently sent to thetool520 through theline518. And after the air passes through thetool520, it returns via theline522 back to theair handler514.

The performance of thefilter elements502 can be monitored by visually inspecting the semiconductor wafers. For example, an operator can look at the wafer to determine if the lithographic process has degraded. Such degradation provides an indirect indication to the operator that the performance of the filters have degraded.

Alternatively, the performance of thefilter elements502 is monitored by taking samples from thesample ports510. For example, as illustrated inFIG. 24A, as air flows in the direction of the arrow A through thefilter elements502, the contaminants in the air in the region between the twofilter elements502 is determined with ananalytical device520 which draws samples from thesampling port510 through aline522. Typical analytical devises include gas chromatograph mass selective (GCMS), ion mobility spectrometers, surface acoustic wave, atomic absorption, inductance couple plasma, and Fourier transform (FTIR) methods. Sampling from all the ports510-1 through510-4 (FIG. 23), enables determining the amount of contaminants in the air before and after the air goes through each of the filter elements, thereby providing a convenient method for monitoring the performance of all thefilter elements502 of thefilter unit500.

Surface acoustic wave detectors are further described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,856,198, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Referring toFIG. 25, there is shown anacoustic wave detector600 used in combination with asacrificial lens602 to detect the presence of element organic such as Si—R. The Si—R molecule is volatile; however, upon exposure to UV radiation, Si—R reacts according to the reaction
Si—R

Si—R°+R°
Where R° is an organic free radical, and oxygen, O₂, reacts as
O₂

20°
Such that
Si—R°+O°

Si—R—O or R—Si—O
Repeating the above reaction n-times provides
Si—R+O₂

Si—O₂+R+R—O+ . . .
thereby producing Si—O₂, which is a non-volatile inorganic oxide that is condensable on thesacrificial lens602. Therefore, by exposing the Si—R to UV radiation, theacoustic wave detector600 is able to detect the amount of Si—R in the sampled air.

Rather than connecting the sampling port to an analytical device, thesampling port510 can be connected to aconcentrator524, as illustrated inFIG. 24B. Apump526 coupled to theconcentrator524 draws the samples to the concentrator through aline528. Alternatively, as illustrated inFIG. 24C, the sample accumulates by diffusion in aconcentrator530 attached directly to thesampling port510. In either case, the operator takes theconcentrator524 or530 back to the lab where the contents of the concentrator is evaluated by any of the analytical devices described above.

While this invention has been particularly shown and described with references to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention encompassed by the appended claims.

Claims (50)

The invention claimed is:

1. A method for removing contaminants from a gas in a semiconductor processing device comprising:

flowing a gas through an enclosure having an inlet for receiving the gas and an outlet for discharging the gas;

filtering the gas in the enclosure with a filter unit coupled to the inlet and the outlet and having a plurality of parallel filter elements located within said filter unit for removing at least a portion of said contaminants from said gas passing through said enclosure, the filter unit further comprising at least one filter element positioned in series with at least one of the parallel filter elements; and

sampling the gas with a sampling port coupled to the gas flow between filter elements positioned in series within the filter unit to collect sample data.

2. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising providing an air filtration system.

3. The method ofclaim 2 further comprising flowing said gas through each parallel filter element and through the at least one filter element positioned in series.

4. The method ofclaim 3 further comprising a providing plurality of sampling ports.

5. The method ofclaim 4 further comprising providing the plurality of sampling ports with an associated like plurality of filter elements.

6. The method ofclaim 4 further including an inlet sampling port.

7. The method ofclaim 4 further including an outlet sampling port.

8. The method ofclaim 5 further comprising removing amine contaminants.

9. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising coupling said sampling port to a detection system.

10. The method ofclaim 9 further comprising coupling an amine detection system.

11. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising coupling the sampling port to an analyzer that determines filter life.

12. The method ofclaim 11 further comprising using data from one or more ports selected from the group consisting of an inlet sampling port, a port between filters and an outlet sampling port.

13. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising providing filters positioned in series such that a first filter element filters a first contaminant and a second filter element filters a second contaminant.

14. The method ofclaim 13 further comprising providing a first filter element including a physisorptive filter media.

15. The method ofclaim 13 further comprising providing a second filter element including a chemisorptive filter media.

16. The method ofclaim 14 further comprising providing a physisorptive media including an activated carbon.

17. The method ofclaim 15 further comprising providing a chemisorptive media including an acidic material.

18. The method ofclaim 17 further comprising providing an acidic material including a sulfonated material.

19. The method ofclaim 17 further comprising providing an acidic material including a carboxylic functional group.

20. The method ofclaim 1 further comprising providing a concentrator coupled to the sampling port that accumulates a contaminant.

21. An apparatus for removing contaminants from a gas in a semiconductor processing device comprising:

a filter enclosure having an inlet for receiving a gas and an outlet for discharging a gas;

a filter system within the enclosure having a plurality of parallel filter elements and at least one filter element in series with at least one of the parallel filter elements; and

a plurality of sampling ports for sampling gas flowing through the enclosure including a sampling port positioned between the at least one filter element that is positioned in series with at least one of the parallel filter elements to collect a gas sample from the gas flowing between the filter elements positioned in series.

22. The apparatus ofclaims 21 wherein said gas passing through each parallel filter element passes through the at least one filter element positioned in series.

23. The apparatus ofclaim 21 wherein said contaminants include amines.

24. The apparatus ofclaim 21 wherein said sampling port is communicatively coupled to a detection system.

25. The apparatus ofclaim 21 wherein the sampling port is connected to an analyzer that determines filter life.

26. The apparatus ofclaim 21 wherein filters positioned in series comprise a first filter element that filters a first contaminant and a second filter element that filters a second contaminant.

27. The apparatus ofclaim 26 wherein the first filter element comprises a physisorptive filter media.

28. The apparatus ofclaim 26 wherein the second filter element comprises a chemisorptive filter media.

29. The apparatus ofclaim 27 wherein the physisorptive media comprises an activated carbon.

30. The apparatus ofclaim 28 wherein the chemisorptive media comprises an acidic material.

31. The apparatus ofclaim 30 wherein the acidic material comprises a sulfonated material.

32. The apparatus ofclaim 30 wherein the acidic material comprises a carboxylic functional group.

33. The apparatus ofclaim 21 wherein the sampling port is coupled to a concentrator that accumulates a contaminant.

34. The apparatus ofclaim 21 further comprising a plurality of sampling ports between filter elements positioned in series.

35. A method for removing contaminants from a gas in a semiconductor processing device comprising:

flowing a gas through an enclosure having an inlet for receiving the gas and an outlet for discharging the gas;

filtering the gas in the enclosure with a filter unit coupled to the inlet and the outlet and having a plurality of parallel filter elements located within said filter unit for removing at least a portion of said contaminants from said gas passing through said enclosure, the filter unit further comprising at least one filter element positioned in series with at least one of the parallel filter elements, wherein filters positioned in series comprise a first filter element that filters a first contaminant and a second filter element that filters a second contaminant, and further wherein the first filter element comprises a physisorptive filter media and the second filter element comprises a chemisorptive filter media.

36. The method of claim 35 wherein the physisorptive filter media is upstream of chemisorptive filter media.

37. The method of claim 36 wherein the physisorptive media comprises an activated carbon.

38. The method of claim 36 wherein the chemisorptive media comprises an acidic material.

39. The method of claim 38 wherein the acidic material comprises a sulfonated material.

40. The method of claim 39 wherein the sulfonated material comprises a sulfonated divinyl benzene styrene copolymer.

41. The method of claim 38 wherein the acidic material comprises a carboxylic functional group.

42. The method of claim 36 further comprising removing amine contaminants.

43. An apparatus for removing contaminants from a gas in a semiconductor processing device comprising:

a filter enclosure having an inlet for receiving a gas and an outlet for discharging a gas;

a filter system within the enclosure having a plurality of parallel filter elements and at least one filter element in series with at least one of the parallel filter elements, wherein filters positioned in series comprise a first filter element that filters a first contaminant and a second filter element that filters a second contaminant, and further wherein the first filter element comprises a physisorptive filter media and the second filter element comprises a chemisorptive filter media.

44. The apparatus of claim 43 wherein the physisorptive filter media is upstream of chemisorptive filter media.

45. The apparatus of claim 44 wherein said contaminants include amines.

46. The apparatus of claim 44 wherein the physisorptive media comprises an activated carbon.

47. The apparatus of claim 44 wherein the chemisorptive media comprises an acidic material.

48. The apparatus of claim 47 wherein the acidic material comprises a sulfonated material.

49. The apparatus of claim 47 wherein the sulfonated material comprises a sulfonated divinyl benzene styrene copolymer.

50. The apparatus of claim 49 wherein the acidic material comprises a carboxylic functional group.

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