US9271248B2

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Publication number: US9271248B2
Application number: US13/037,598
Authority: US
Inventors: Samir Salib Soliman; Olufunmilola O. Awoniyi; Kaushik Chakraborty
Original assignee: Qualcomm Inc
Current assignee: Qualcomm Inc
Priority date: 2010-03-02
Filing date: 2011-03-01
Publication date: 2016-02-23
Also published as: CN103053207A; WO2011109466A1; EP2543218A1; CN103053207B; KR20130052551A; JP2013521712A; JP5575932B2; KR101450811B1; EP2543218B1; US20120052855A1

Abstract

Techniques are provided for frequency and timing synchronization of a femto access point (FAP). In one example, the FAP may be configured to establish an out-of-band (OOB) link with at least user equipment (UE), and receive aiding parameters from the at least one UE via the OOB link. The FAP may be configured to extract frequency and timing information from at least one uplink packet of the at least one UE based at least in part on the aiding parameters. Extracting the frequency and timing information may involve sniffing the at least one uplink packet to a macro base station (e.g., eNB).

Description

CLAIM OF PRIORITY UNDER 35 U.S.C. §119

The present Application for patent claims priority to Provisional Application No. 61/309,730, entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS TO ENABLE TIMING AND FREQUENCY SYNCHRONIZATION BASED ON INTERFERENCE FROM WIRELESS DEVICES,” filed Mar. 2, 2010, and is assigned to the assignee hereof, and is hereby expressly incorporated in its entirety by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

The present application relates generally to wireless communications, and more specifically to techniques for synchronizing a femto cell to a macro cell in a wireless communication network.

2. Background

Wireless communication networks are widely deployed to provide various communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. These wireless networks may be multiple-access networks capable of supporting multiple users by sharing the available network resources. Examples of such multiple-access networks include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) networks, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) networks, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) networks, Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) networks, and Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) networks.

In recent years, users have started to replace fixed line broadband communications with mobile broadband communications and have increasingly demanded great voice quality, reliable service, and low prices, especially at their home or office locations. In order to provide indoor services, network operators may deploy different solutions. For networks with moderate traffic, operators may rely on macro cellular base stations to transmit the signal into buildings. However, in areas where building penetration loss is high, it may be difficult to maintain acceptable signal quality, and thus other solutions are desired. New solutions are frequently desired to make the best of the limited radio resources such as space and spectrum. Some of these solutions include intelligent repeaters, remote radio heads, pico cells, and femto cells.

The Femto Forum, a non-profit membership organization focused on standardization and promotion of femto cell solutions, defines femto access points (FAPs), also referred to as femto cell units, to be low-powered wireless access points that operate in licensed spectrum and are controlled by the network operator, can be connected with existing handsets, and use a residential digital subscriber line (DSL) or cable connection for backhaul. In various standards or contexts, a FAP may be referred to as a home node B (HNB), home e-node B (HeNB), access point base station, etc.

In order to keep the expenses low, it is desired for FAPs to require very little for installation and setup. This means that a FAP may be designed to auto-configure itself such that the user only needs to plug in the cables for the internet connection and electricity, and the timing and frequency synchronization of the FAP with the macro cell is taken care of automatically.

SUMMARY

The following presents a simplified summary of one or more embodiments in order to provide a basic understanding of such embodiments. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated embodiments, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of all embodiments nor delineate the scope of any or all embodiments. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more embodiments in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

In accordance with one or more embodiments and corresponding disclosure thereof, various aspects are described in connection with methods for frequency and timing synchronization by a femto access point (FAP). The method may involve establishing an out-of-band (OOB) link with at least one user equipment (UE). The method may involve receiving aiding parameters from the at least one UE via the OOB link. The method may involve extracting frequency and timing information from at least one uplink packet of the at least one UE based at least in part on the aiding parameters. In further related aspects, an electronic device may be configured to execute the above described methodology.

In accordance with one or more embodiments and corresponding disclosure thereof, various aspects are described in connection with a FAP synchronization method that may be performed by a mobile entity, such as a UE. In one embodiment, the method may involve determining whether an OOB link is established with a FAP. The method may involve, in response to determining that the OOB link is established, providing aiding parameters to the FAP via the OOB link. In further related aspects, an electronic device may be configured to execute the above described methodology.

To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more embodiments comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative aspects of the one or more embodiments. These aspects are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various embodiments may be employed and the described embodiments are intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a wireless communication network.

FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus employing a processing system.

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary communication system to enable deployment of FAPs within a network environment.

FIGS. 4A-B are a block diagrams illustrating a FAP and a UE according to an aspect of the disclosure.

FIG. 5A is a conceptual diagram illustrating the utilization of interference from UEs by a neighboring FAP according to an aspect of the disclosure.

FIG. 5B shows an embodiment of a system for communicating aiding parameters over an OOB link.

FIG. 6 is a timing diagram illustrating timing relationships between transmissions on the P-CCPCH and AICH channels.

FIG. 7 is a timing diagram illustrating timing relationships between transmissions on the PRACH and AICH channels.

FIG. 8 is a timing diagram illustrating timing relationships between the PRACH, AICH, F-DPCH, and DPCCH transmissions.

FIG. 9 is a timing diagram illustrating a timing relationship at the UE between the F-DPCH and the UL DPCCH transmissions.

FIG. 10 is a conceptual diagram illustrating the generation of a preamble signal.

FIG. 11 is a conceptual diagram illustrating PRACH physical layer processing.

FIG. 12 is a conceptual diagram illustrating UL DPCCH and UL DPDCH physical layer processing.

FIGS. 13A-B are timing diagrams illustrating timing relationships between UL DPCCH, P-CCPCH and DPCH or F-DPCH transmissions.

FIG. 14 is a timing diagram illustrating the determination of the slot timing of the P-CCPCH using the PRACH preamble and PRACH message part in the CELL_FACH state in accordance with an aspect of the disclosure.

FIG. 15 is a timing diagram illustrating the determination of the slot timing of the P-CCPCH using the PRACH message part in the CELL_FACH state in accordance with an aspect of the disclosure.

FIG. 16 is a timing diagram illustrating the determination of the slot timing of the P-CCPCH using the UL DPCCH in the CELL_FACH state in accordance with an aspect of the disclosure.

FIG. 17 is a timing diagram illustrating the determination of the slot and frame timing of the P-CCPCH using the UL DPCCH in the CELL_DCH state in accordance with an aspect of the disclosure.

FIGS. 18A-B are flow charts illustrating a process for determining the slot timing of the P-CCPCH as shown in the timing diagrams ofFIGS. 14-17 in accordance with an aspect of the disclosure.

FIG. 19 illustrates an example methodology for frequency and timing synchronization by a FAP.

FIGS. 20A-B illustrate further aspects of the methodology ofFIG. 19.

FIG. 21 illustrates an example methodology for FAP synchronization by a mobile entity.

FIGS. 22A-B illustrate further aspects of the methodology ofFIG. 21.

FIG. 23 shows an example apparatus for FAP synchronization, in accordance with the methodology ofFIGS. 19-20B.

FIG. 24 shows an example apparatus for FAP synchronization, in accordance with the methodology ofFIGS. 21-22B.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments. The techniques described herein may be used for various wireless communication networks such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA and other wireless networks. The terms “network” and “system” are often used interchangeably. A CDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), cdma2000, etc. UTRA includes Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), Time Division Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA), and other variants of CDMA. cdma2000 covers IS-2000, IS-95 and IS-856 standards. A TDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). An OFDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, etc. UTRA and E-UTRA are part of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), in both FDD and TDD, are new releases of UMTS that use E-UTRA, which employs OFDMA on the downlink and SC-FDMA on the uplink. UTRA, E-UTRA, UMTS, LTE, LTE-A and GSM are described in documents from an organization named “3rd Generation Partnership Project” (3GPP). cdma2000 and UMB are described in documents from an organization named “3rdGeneration Partnership Project 2” (3GPP2). The techniques described herein may be used for the wireless networks and radio technologies mentioned above as well as other wireless networks and radio technologies. For clarity, certain aspects of the techniques are described below for LTE, and LTE terminology is used in much of the description below.

FIG. 1 shows awireless communication network100, which may be an LTE network or some other wireless network.Wireless network100 may include a number of evolved Node Bs (eNBs)110 and other network entities. An eNB may be an entity that communicates with the UEs and may also be referred to as a base station, a Node B, an access point, etc. Although the eNB typically has more functionalities than a base station, the terms “eNB” and “base station” are used interchangeably herein. Each eNB110 may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area and may support communication for mobile entities (MEs), such as, for example, user equipment (UEs) located within the coverage area. To improve network capacity, the overall coverage area of an eNB may be partitioned into multiple (e.g., three) smaller areas. Each smaller area may be served by a respective eNB subsystem. In 3GPP, the term “cell” can refer to the smallest coverage area of an eNB and/or an eNB subsystem serving this coverage area, depending on the context in which the term is used.

An eNB may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, and/or other types of cell. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs with service subscription. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may allow unrestricted access by UEs with service subscription. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographic area (e.g., a home) and may allow restricted access by UEs having association with the femto cell (e.g., UEs in a Closed Subscriber Group (CSG)). In the example shown inFIG. 1,

eNBs

110a,110b, and110cmay be macro eNBs for

macro cell groups

102a,102b, and102c, respectively. Each of the

cell groups

102a,102b, and102cmay include a plurality (e.g., three) of cells or sectors. AneNB110dmay be a pico eNB for apico cell102d. AneNB110emay be a femto eNB or femto access point (FAP) for afemto cell102e.

Wireless network

100 may also include relays (not shown inFIG. 1). A relay may be an entity that can receive a transmission of data from an upstream station (e.g., an eNB or a UE) and send a transmission of the data to a downstream station (e.g., a UE or an eNB). A relay may also be a UE that can relay transmissions for other UEs.

Anetwork controller130 may couple to a set of eNBs and may provide coordination and control for these eNBs.Network controller130 may comprise a single network entity or a collection of network entities.Network controller130 may communicate with the eNBs via a backhaul. The eNBs may also communicate with one another, e.g., directly or indirectly via a wireless or wireline backhaul.

UEs

120 may be dispersed throughoutwireless network100, and each UE may be stationary or mobile. A UE may also be referred to as a mobile station, a terminal, an access terminal, a subscriber unit, a station, etc. A UE may be a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a smart phone, a netbook, a smartbook, etc. A UE may be able to communicate with eNBs, relays, etc. A UE may also be able to communicate peer-to-peer (P2P) with other UEs.

Wireless network

100 may support operation on a single carrier or multiple carriers for each of the downlink and uplink. A carrier may refer to a range of frequencies used for communication and may be associated with certain characteristics. Operation on multiple carriers may also be referred to as multi-carrier operation or carrier aggregation. A UE may operate on one or more carriers for the downlink (or downlink carriers) and one or more carriers for the uplink (or uplink carriers) for communication with an eNB. The eNB may send data and control information on one or more downlink carriers to the UE. The UE may send data and control information on one or more uplink carriers to the eNB. In one design, the downlink carriers may be paired with the uplink carriers. In this design, control information to support data transmission on a given downlink carrier may be sent on that downlink carrier and an associated uplink carrier. Similarly, control information to support data transmission on a given uplink carrier may be sent on that uplink carrier and an associated downlink carrier. In another design, cross-carrier control may be supported. In this design, control information to support data transmission on a given downlink carrier may be sent on another downlink carrier (e.g., a base carrier) instead of the downlink carrier.

Wireless network

100 may support carrier extension for a given carrier. For carrier extension, different system bandwidths may be supported for different UEs on a carrier. For example, the wireless network may support (i) a first system bandwidth on a downlink carrier for first UEs (e.g., UEs supporting

LTE Release

8 or 9 or some other release) and (ii) a second system bandwidth on the downlink carrier for second UEs (e.g., UEs supporting a later LTE release). The second system bandwidth may completely or partially overlap the first system bandwidth. For example, the second system bandwidth may include the first system bandwidth and additional bandwidth at one or both ends of the first system bandwidth. The additional system bandwidth may be used to send data and possibly control information to the second UEs.

Wireless network

100 may support data transmission via single-input single-output (SISO), single-input multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input single-output (MISO), and/or multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO). For MIMO, a transmitter (e.g., an eNB) may transmit data from multiple transmit antennas to multiple receive antennas at a receiver (e.g., a UE). MIMO may be used to improve reliability (e.g., by transmitting the same data from different antennas) and/or to improve throughput (e.g., by transmitting different data from different antennas).

Wireless network

100 may support single-user MIMO, multi-user MIMO, Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP), etc. For SU-MIMO, a cell may transmit multiple data streams to a single UE on a given time-frequency resource with or without precoding. For MU-MIMO, a cell may transmit multiple data streams to multiple UEs (e.g., one data stream to each UE) on the same time-frequency resource with or without precoding. CoMP may include cooperative transmission and/or joint processing. For cooperative transmission, multiple cells may transmit one or more data streams to a single UE on a given time-frequency resource such that the data transmission is steered toward the intended UE and/or away from one or more interfered UEs. For joint processing, multiple cells may transmit multiple data streams to multiple UEs (e.g., one data stream to each UE) on the same time-frequency resource with or without precoding.

Wireless network

100 may support hybrid automatic retransmission (HARQ) in order to improve reliability of data transmission. For HARQ, a transmitter (e.g., an eNB) may send a transmission of a data packet (or transport block) and may send one or more additional transmissions, if needed, until the packet is decoded correctly by a receiver (e.g., a UE), or the maximum number of transmissions has been sent, or some other termination condition is encountered. The transmitter may thus send a variable number of transmissions of the packet. For synchronous HARQ, all transmissions of the packet may be sent in subframes of a single HARQ interlace, which may include every Q-th subframes, where Q may be equal to 4, 6, 8, 10, or some other value. For asynchronous HARQ, each transmission of the packet may be sent in any subframe.

Wireless network

100 may support synchronous or asynchronous operation. For synchronous operation, the eNBs may have similar frame timing, and transmissions from different eNBs may be approximately aligned in time. For asynchronous operation, the eNBs may have different frame timing, and transmissions from different eNBs may not be aligned in time.

Wireless network

100 may utilize FDD or TDD. For FDD, the downlink and uplink may be allocated separate frequency channels, and downlink transmissions and uplink transmissions may be sent concurrently on the two frequency channels. For TDD, the downlink and uplink may share the same frequency channel, and downlink and uplink transmissions may be sent on the same frequency channel in different time periods. In related aspects, the FAP synchronization algorithm described in further detail below may be applied to the FAPs using FDD or TDD duplexing.

FIG. 2 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for anapparatus200 employing aprocessing system214. For example, theapparatus200 may comprise a mobile entity, such as a UE or the like, or a network entity, such as a macro base station (e.g., an eNB), a FAP, or the like. In this example, theprocessing system214 may be implemented with a bus architecture, represented generally by thebus202. Thebus202 may include any number of interconnecting buses and bridges depending on the specific application of theprocessing system214 and the overall design constraints. Thebus202 links together various circuits including one or more processors, represented generally by theprocessor204, and computer-readable media, represented generally by the computer-readable medium206. Thebus202 may also link various other circuits such as timing sources, peripherals, voltage regulators, and power management circuits, which are well known in the art, and therefore, will not be described any further. Abus interface208 provides an interface between thebus202 and atransceiver210. Thetransceiver210 provides a means for communicating with various other apparatus over a transmission medium. Depending upon the nature of the apparatus, a user interface212 (e.g., keypad, display, speaker, microphone, and/or joystick) may also be provided.

Theprocessor204 may be responsible for managing thebus202 and general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium206. The software, when executed by theprocessor204, causes theprocessing system214 to perform the various functions described infra for any particular apparatus. The computer-readable medium206 may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by theprocessor204 when executing software.

FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary communication system to enable deployment of femto cells within a network environment. As shown inFIG. 3, thesystem300 includes aFAP310 installed in a corresponding small scale network environment, such as, for example, in one ormore user residences330, and being configured to serve associated, as well as alien,

mobile stations

320aand320b. TheFAP310 may be coupled to theInternet340 by way of abackhaul connection335, for example, a cable or digital subscriber line (DSL) connection. TheFAP310 is further communicatively coupled to a mobileoperator core network350 via theInternet340 utilizing suitable communication hardware and software. Further, theFAP310 may be communicatively coupled to one or more macrocell base stations360 utilizing anetwork listen component370 for sniffing the air interface broadcasted by one or more of the macrocell base stations360 and/or for sniffing uplink packets from mobile entities (e.g., UEs).

FIG. 4A is a conceptual block diagram that illustrates one example of theFAP310 shown inFIG. 3. In the figure, a number of blocks are labeled as processors or controllers. Those skilled in the art will comprehend that each of these processors may be implemented as hardware processors such as theprocessor204 or theprocessing system214 illustrated inFIG. 2, or alternatively, the functions performed by any number of the illustrated processors may be combined into and implemented by a single hardware processor. Further, the illustrated processors inFIG. 4A may represent functions to be implemented by processors, software, or the like.

As noted above, theFAP310 may include anetwork listen component370. The network listencomponent370 generally functions like the eyes and ears of theFAP310 to configure theFAP310 and retrieve timing and frequency information for synchronization. The network listencomponent370 may include adownlink receiver371 and a receiveprocessor372 for receiving and measuring signal and interference levels on various available channels. The network listencomponent370 may further utilize thereceiver371 and receiveprocessor372 to acquire timing and frequency information from neighboring cells and decode broadcast messages from those cells for mobility and interference management purposes. For example, the network listencomponent370 may achieve this by periodically scanning the surrounding cells. TheFAP310 may further include wireless wide area network (WWAN) components including aWWAN transceiver311 andWWAN processor312, and wireless personal area network (WPAN) components including aWPAN transceiver313 andWPAN processor314. Here, the WPAN components are optional, and may be utilized for out-of-band (OOB) communication with UEs in proximity to theFAP310. TheFAP310 may further include a backhaul I/O unit316 for facilitating communication with a modem400, which may be internal or external to theFAP310, a controller/processor315 for controlling and coordinating the various functionalities of theFAP310, and amemory317 for storing information for utilization by the controller/processor315. In related aspects, the transmission functions of the FAP'sWWAN transceiver311 andWPAN transceiver313 may be turned off to facilitate operation of the network listencomponent370.

FIG. 4B is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of aUE410 according to an exemplary aspect of the disclosure. InFIG. 4B, a number of blocks are labeled as processors or controllers. Those skilled in the art will comprehend that each of these processors may be implemented as hardware processors such as theprocessor204 or theprocessing system214 illustrated inFIG. 2, or alternatively, the functions performed by any number of the illustrated processors may be combined into and implemented by a single hardware processor. Further, the illustrated processors inFIG. 4B may represent functions to be implemented by processors, software, or the like. Here, theUE410 may include aWWAN transceiver420 andWWAN processor430, as well as aWPAN transceiver440 and aWPAN processor450. Accordingly, theUE410 may be configured to establish a WWAN link and/or a WPAN link with theFAP310. Further, theUE410 may include an I/O for accepting user input, for example, from a keypad (not illustrated) and providing output, for example, to a display (not illustrated). Further, theUE410 may include a controller/processor460 for controlling the various functions of theUE410, and amemory480 for storing information for use by the controller/processor460.

FIG. 5A is a conceptual diagram illustrating an exemplary system in which aspects of the present disclosure may be implemented. Here, afemto cell510 is located in the general vicinity of a neighboringmacro cell520. To illustrate the example, two

UEs

521,522 are camped on themacro cell520, which concomitantly acts as their serving cell. The

UEs

521,522 may be configured to receive downlink transmissions in accordance with scheduling resources provided by themacro cell520, and to send uplink transmissions intended to be received and decoded by themacro cell520. Since the antennas of the

UEs

521 and522 may not be directional in nature, if the

UEs

521,522 are located proximally to thefemto cell510, the uplink transmissions may be received at thefemto cell510. Ordinarily, uplink transmissions from the

UEs

521,522 would be considered to be undesirable interference from the perspective of the WWAN transceiver and the network listen module of the FAP servicing thefemto cell510. However, in accordance with some aspects of the present disclosure, the femto cell may sniff these uplink transmissions to obtain aiding information, such as to synchronize timing and frequency of the femto cell. In related aspects, as described in further detail below, the aiding information may be obtained by a FAP based as least upon aiding parameters obtained from theUEs521 and/or522 via an OOB link (e.g., a Bluetooth link).

In accordance with aspects of the embodiments described herein, a FAP of thefemto cell510 may sniff uplink packets transmitted by UE(s)521 and/or522 (e.g., packets directed to the macro cell520), and may retrieve aiding information, such as, for example, timing and frequency synchronization information of the particularmacro cell520 serving therespective UEs521 and/or522. That is, packets transmitted by theUEs521 and/or522 directed to neighboring cells, which otherwise are considered as interference by a FAP, may be utilized by the FAP to improve the timing and/or frequency synchronization of the FAP.

In order to sniff an uplink packet transmitted by a UE in the CELL_FACH state, the FAP may utilize scrambling code(s), spreading code(s), and signature(s) used by the UE in its uplink transmission(s). For example, the signatures and code numbers may be included in broadcasted system information (e.g., a given system information block (SIB)) in a macro cell, and may be obtained by a network listen entity of the FAP.

That is, to sniff packets from a UE in the CELL_FACH state, the network listen entity of the FAP may obtain broadcasted system information (e.g., SIB-5) from the macro cell. With this information, the FAP may extract signatures (e.g., a signature index), spreading codes (e.g., orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes), and scrambling codes for the UEs in CELL_FACH from the broadcasted system information. The FAP may utilize such information to obtain timing and frequency information from uplink packets transmitted by the UE(s).

In order to sniff an uplink packet transmitted by an UE in the CELL_DCH state, the FAP may similarly utilize scrambling code(s), spreading code(s), and timing offset information used by the UE in its uplink transmissions. A FAP in the UE's active set will generally have access to such information, and may utilize this information to sniff the packets and obtain the timing and frequency information.

In accordance with aspects of the embodiments described herein, there are provided techniques for parameter communication for OOB-based uplink sniffing. As mentioned above, aiding information for synchronizing the timing and frequency of the FAP may be obtained by the FAP based as least upon aiding parameters obtained via an OOB link with UE(s). With reference to the embodiment ofFIG. 5B, there is shown aUE550 in communication with aFAP570 via anOOB link560, which may be a Bluetooth link or the like. TheUE550 may comprise aWWAN modem552, a WWAN processor andstorage554, anOOB processor556, and anOOB modem558 in operative communication with each other. TheFAP570 may comprise anOOB modem572, anOOB processor574, a WWAN processor andstorage576, and aWWAN modem578 in operative communication with each other.

At theUE550, WWAN aiding parameters may be extracted from theWWAN modem552 and sent to the WWAN processor andstorage554 to be stored in registers. The WWAN aiding parameters may be read from the registers and passed to theOOB processor556. The OOB aiding parameters may also optionally be sent to theOOB processor556 fromOOB modem558. The combined aiding parameters may be sent to theOOB modem558. The aiding parameters may be then sent over the OOB link560 to thefemto OOB modem572 of theFAP570. The aiding parameters may be sent from thefemto OOB modem572 to theOOB processor574, which in turn may send the aiding parameters to the WWAN processor andstorage576. Thefemto WWAN modem578 may be configured to use these aiding parameters in sniffing UE packets (e.g., uplink packets from the UE to a macro base station).

CELL_FACH: In the CELL_FACH state, the UE may be transmitting a preamble to gain access to the channel, or transmitting data to the network. If transmitting a preamble, the UE uses the physical random access channel (PRACH). UEs in the CELL_FACH state, which supportRelease 7 of the 3GPP family of standards and earlier releases of UMTS, may transmit data only on the PRACH, however, for later releases the UE may use the enhanced uplink dedicated channel dedicated physical control channel (E-DPDCH) for transmitting high data rate uplink messages.

FIG. 6 is a timing diagram that conceptually illustrates some of the channels discussed herein. In UMTS, the primary common control physical channel (P-CCPCH)610 is the timing reference for all physical channels in a particular cell, directly for the downlink and indirectly for the uplink. Therefore, in order to obtain the timing reference of the macro cell, the timing relationship between the PRACH or the E-DPDCH the UE is using for uplink transmissions and the P-CCPCH of the macro cell is derived. This timing relationship is derived from the acquisition indicator channel (AICH)620, i.e., the downlink channel carrying the macro cell's ACK/NAK response to preambles. TheAICH620 has 15 slots labeled #0-#14, which overlap two P-CCPCH frames including 30 regular slots. The start of the AICHaccess slot #0 aligns with the start of P-CCPCH subframe number (SFN) modulo 2=0.

For each preamble transmitted in an uplink access slot there is a corresponding access slot from which the UE expects to receive an ACK/NAK from the network. In the event that an ACK was received, the timing of the UE's uplink data transmission (called the message part) is tied to the PRACH and AICH channel timing as shown inFIG. 6.FIG. 7 shows thePRACH710, theAICH720, and the access slot the UE uses for transmission. Here,preambles715 are 4096 chips long in slots that are 5120 chips wide. The time difference between the transmitted preamble and an expected ACK/NAK on the AICH is depicted as inFIG. 7.

If anACK730 is received on theAICH channel720, then amessage740 oflength 10 or 20 ms (data) is transmitted with a time difference of τ_p-mfrom when the original preamble was sent. If a NAK is received, then anotherpreamble715 is transmitted τ_p-pseconds after theprevious preamble715 was sent. The values for τ_p-p, τ_p-m, and τ_p-adepend on a parameter called the AICH Transmission Timing (ATT), which may takes on a value of 0 or 1. The value of the ATT parameter is derived from the cell broadcast information and the UE's access service class (ASC). The typical values for τ_p-p, τ_p-m, and τ_p-aare presented in Table 1 below.

	TABLE 1

	AICH Trans.	AICH Trans.
	Timing = 0 (chips)	Timing = 1 (chips)

τ_{p-p, min}	15360	20480
τ_p-a	7680	12800
τ_p-m	15360	20480

As mentioned above, UEs in the CELL_FACHstate supporting Release 8 and beyond are allowed to transmit data with a high data rate on the E-DPDCH, which may be 2 ms or 10 ms long. The transmission of E-DPDCH on theuplink810 relies on the transmission of dedicated physical control channels, i.e., E-DPCCH and UL DPCCH. When UEs transmit on the E-DPDCH, the E-DPDCH and E-DPCCH are frame aligned with UL DPCCH. The UL DPCCH timing is tied to the timing ofdownlink channels820 received during the preamble transmission and acknowledgement. These timing relationships are illustrated inFIG. 8. Further, the values of the timing parameters illustrated inFIG. 8 are shown in Table 2 below.

The timing relationship between an UE'spreamble transmission830 on the PRACH andacknowledgement840 on the AICH is the same as discussed previously, the difference here being when data can be transmitted after the reception of theACK840. After anACK840 is transmitted on the AICH, the Node B transmits control information to the UE using the fractional dedicated physical channel (F-DPCH). The F-DPCH is transmitted 10240+256×S_offsetchips from the start of the AICH channel. Here, S_offsetis an UE-dependent offset chosen by the network and used in staggering F-DPCH transmissions to multiple UEs so as to prevent overlaps. The range of S_offsetis shown in Table 2.

	TABLE 2

	AICH Trans.	AICH Trans.
	Timing = 0 (chips)	Timing = 1 (chips)

τ_{p-p, min}	15360	20480
τ_p-a	7680	12800
τ_p-m	15360	20480

	τ_a-m	10240 + 256 × S_offset+ τ₀chips
	τ₀	1024
	S_offset	0, 1, . . . , 9

Once the UE receives the F-DPCH, the UE sends its corresponding uplink transmission in the UL DPCCH τ₀(1024) chips afterward, as shown inFIG. 9.

While sniffing the UEs' uplink packets in the CELL_FACH state, the network may determine whether the packet is a PRACH preamble, a PRACH message, or UL DPCCH (forrelease 8 and beyond UEs). The FAP may determine the type of transmission based on the packet structure of each of the transmissions. The PRACH preamble, PRACH message, and UL DPCCH structure are discussed below. In related aspects, thePRACH preambles1030 are generated by the multiplication of apreamble signature1010 with ascrambling code sequence1020 as illustrated inFIG. 10.

For example, there may be sixteen possible preamble signatures available in a particular cell. Each signature is made up of a 16-chip sequence repeated 256 times. While the indices of the available signatures are typically broadcasted in SIB-5, the subset available to a particular UE is derived based on the UE's ASC. In event that the ASC information is not available to the femto sniffing uplink packets, the femto would have to search through all sixteen signatures to find the particular signature that was used by the UE in generating the preamble signal.

The scrambling code used for the PRACH preamble is selected from a group of 8192 sequences divided into 512 code groups with 16 codes per group. Hence, the preamble scrambling code can be expressed as a code with index n, where n=m×16+k, where m is the index identifying the code group with values within the

range

0, 1, . . . , 511 and k, and the specific code number within each group value is in the range of 0, 1, . . . , 15. The code group index has a one-to-one relationship with the primary scrambling code used by the cell (the macro cell in this case). Further information regarding these codes may be found in 3GPP TS25.213 section 4.3.3.2, incorporated herein by reference. The code number k is broadcasted inSIB 5.

The PRACH message is made of data and control information masked with the OVSF spreading and scrambling codes as shown inFIG. 11.

Thecontrol part1110 carries an 8-bit pilot pattern used for channel estimation at the Node B. There are 14 such patterns defined 3GPP TS25.211 section 5.2.2.1.3, incorporated herein by reference. The pilot pattern used in each slot can vary from slot to slot.

TheOVSF code1120 used for the control part has a fixed spreading factor of 256 given as C_256,m, where m=16×s+15, and s is the index of the preamble signature, discussed above, which values ranging from 0, 1, . . . , 15. TheOVSF code1140 for thedata part1130 is based on the spreading factor (SF) used for transmission, i.e., 256, 128, 64 and 32. TheOVSF code1140 can be expressed as C_SF,m, where m=SF×s/16. Further information about OVSF codes may be found in 3GPP TS25.213, section 4.3.1.3, incorporated herein by reference.

Thescrambling code1150 used for the PRACH message part may have a direct one to one mapping with the scrambling code used in scrambling the PRACH preamble.

Given that the search space for the data part is higher than the data, it is recommended that theOVSF code1120 for the control part be used in the femto cell search during sniffing. The pilot sequence could also be employed in the search but since the pilot sequence can change every slot, it is therefore not efficient to use the pilot sequences.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram that illustrates UL DPCCH and UL DPDCH physical layer processing during transmission. It is noteworthy that although the gain factors are applied during transmissions as shown inFIG. 12, the FAP may not be required to know the gain factors during detection.

The UL DPCCH contains control bits such as pilot sequences used for channel estimation and synchronization. There are six possible pilot patterns used in the UL DPCCH. The specific pattern used for transmission is typically signaled to the UE from the network.

The UL DPCCH may be transmitted alone or with other channels such as the E-DPDCH, E-DPCCH, and UL DPDCH. The transmission of UL DPCCH1210 with theUL DPDCH1220 is shown inFIG. 12. The UL DPCCH1210 may be transmitted on the quadrature component1230 and spread using a knownOVSF code1240 withSF256 andindex 0, C_256,0. After data scaling with the beta factor and combining with the in-phase component (if transmitted with other channels), the UL DPCCH1210 is scrambled using a UE specific scrambling code.

CELL_DCH: In the CELL_DCH state, the UE is actively exchanging data with the network. Similar to the CELL_FACH state described above, the timing reference for uplink transmission is theUL DPCCH1302. The timing of theUL DPCCH1302 is derived from the timing of theDPCH1310 or the F-DPCH1320 as shown inFIGS. 13A and 13B, respectively. Here, theDPCH1310 and F-DPCH1320 have τ_DPCHand τ_F-DPCHtiming offsets from the cell P-CCPCH, respectively. Further, the τ_DPCH,n=T_n×256 chips, and the τ_F-DPCH,p=T_p×256 chips, where T_n, T_pis in the range {0, 1, . . . , 149}.

The scrambling code index, beta factors, and τ_DPCHand τ_F-DPCHoffsets corresponding to the UL DPCCH are typically signaled to the UE from the Node B through the Radio Bearer Configuration (RB Config.) or the Radio Bearer Reconfiguration (RB Re-config.) message.

Detection Parameters Used for Sniffing: A FAP may sniff uplink transmissions from UEs to obtain aiding information. The parameters utilized by the FAP for detection of the uplink transmissions, possible values of those parameters, and the sources of those values are presented in Table 3.

TABLE 3

Detection Parameter	Possible Values	UE source of Information

UE state	CELL_FACH/CELL_DCH	Signaled to UE in the RRC
		Connection set-up, RB
		configuration or RB re-
		configuration message
UE Type	Pre-release	5,Release 5,	Information is internal toUE
	6, 7, 8, 9	but communicated to the
		network during UE capability
		information exchange

PRACH

Detection

ATT Parameter

	0, 1	Obtained fromSIB 5/5bis
ASC Parameter

	0, 1, . . . , 7	Determined by UE based
		information fromSIB 5 or 5 bis
		and USIM information
Preamble signature	s = 0, 1, . . . , 15	Available set is signaled
		through inSIB 5/5 bis but UE
		randomly selects a sequence
Preamble Scrambling code	0, 1, . . . , 511	Tied to PSC on serving cell
group		signaled. PSC is derived
		during UE synchronization
Preamble code Number	k = 0, 1, . . . , 15	Obtained fromSIB 5/5 bis
Pilot bit pattern for thePRACH	14 possible bit patterns	Value is signaled from the
message control Part		network to UE
OVSF code for the PRACH	C_256,m, where m = 16 × s +	Depends on the selected
message control part	15, and s = 0, 1, . . . , 15	preamble signature
OVSF codes for the PRACH	C_SF,m= SF × s/16, where s =	SF is chosen by UE based on
message data part	0, 1, . . . , 15, and SF = 32,	data rate.
	64, 128, 256	s is based on selected
		preamble signature

UL DPCCH Detection

Pilot bit pattern for theUL	6 possible bit patterns	Signaled to UE in the RB
DPCCH		configuration or RB re-
		configuration message
OVSF code for UL DPCCH	One option - C_256,0	Fixed
Scrambling code forUL	2²⁴options	Signaled to UE in the RB
DPCCH		configuration or RB re-
		configuration message
Time offsets - τ_DPCHand τ_F-DPCH	τ_DPCH,n= T_n× 256 chip	Signaled to UE in the RB
	τ_F-DPCH,p= T_p× 256	configuration or RB re-
	T_n, T_pis in the range {0,	configuration message
	1, . . . , 149}
S_offset	{0, 1, . . . , 9}	Value is signaled from the
		network to UE

Almost all the parameters presented in Table 3 are provided from the macro cell to the UE in a broadcast or dedicated message, with the exception of the preamble signature, which is randomly selected by the UE. Therefore, the FAP would need to obtain this information from the UE over the OOB link.

If only a subset of the information is available, then the FAP may perform an exhaustive search of the possibilities of the unknown parameters to retrieve the macro cell timing information. Since the search space of the UL DPCCH scrambling code for the UE is very large (i.e., 2²⁴), a system may benefit if the UL DPCCH detection is used when the UL DPCCH scrambling code of the UE is known.

Slot and Frame Timing Determination: The detection of the slot or the frame timing of the P-CCPCH using the PRACH preamble and PRACH message part in CELL_FACH, UL DPCCH in CELL_FACH and UL DPCCH in CELL_DCH are illustrated inFIGS. 14-17. In each figure, the order of the steps used for the determination of the slot timing of the P-CCPCH is also noted. A flow chart illustrating each of these detection processes is presented inFIG. 18B.FIG. 18A illustrates a general process illustrating details of a preliminary procedure prior to the determination of the slot or the frame timing.

InFIG. 18A, the process depends on the state in which the UE exists. If the UE is in the CELL_FACH state, then inblock1801, the process receives detection parameters, for example, utilizing a backhaul connection to retrieve the information from a network node such as a neighboring Node B or an RNC. Inblock1803, the process extracts information about the cell from the SIB information retrieved inblock1801, to be utilized for the reception of uplink information from the UE as illustrated inFIG. 18B. If the UE is in the CELL_DCH state, then inblock1805, the process receives detection parameters, for example, utilizing a backhaul connection to retrieve the information from a network node such as a neighboring Node B or an RNC. Inblock1807, the process extracts information about the cell and the UE from the radio bearer message retrieved inblock1805, to be utilized for the reception of uplink information from the UE as illustrated inFIG. 18B.

FIG. 14 illustrates the determination of the slot timing of the P-CCPCH using the PRACH preamble in the CELL_FACH state.FIG. 15 illustrates the determination of the slot timing of the P-CCPCH using the PRACH message part in the CELL_FACH state. As shown inFIG. 18B, inblock1802, the process determines whether the cell is in a CELL_FACH state or a CELL_DCH state. If the process determines that the UE state is the CELL_FACH state, then the process branches to block1804. Inblock1804, the process determines whether the UE is a pre-release-8 UE. If the UE is a pre-release-8 UE, the process branches to block1806. Inblock1806, the process determines whether the PRACH preamble or the message part is detected. If the PRACH preamble or message part is not detected, the process returns to the start. If the PRACH preamble or message part is detected, as shown at {circle around (1)} inFIG. 14 or at {circle around (1)} inFIG. 15; respectively, then the process branches to block1808. Inblock1808, the process determines the offset from the AICH, which carries the macro cell's ACK/NAK response to preambles, as shown at {circle around (2)} inFIG. 14 for the PRACH preamble and at {circle around (2)} inFIG. 15 for the message part. Inblock1810, the process determines the P-CCPCH slot boundary, utilizing the relationship between the start of the AICHaccess slot #0 and the P-CCPCH slots, as shown at {circle around (3)} inFIG. 14 for the PRACH preamble and at {circle around (3)} inFIG. 15 for the message part.

As shown inFIG. 18B, inblock1802, if the UE state is determined to be the CELL_FACH state, the process branches to block1804. Inblock1804, if the UE is determined not to be a pre-release-8 UE, the process branches to block1812. Inblock1812, the process determines whether the PRACH preamble, message part, or UL DPCCH are detected. If the PRACH preamble, message part, or UL DPCCH are not detected, the process returns to the start. If the PRACH preamble, message part, or UL DPCCH are detected, the process branches to block1814. Inblock1814, the process determines whether the PRACH preamble or message part are detected. If the PRACH preamble or message part are detected, the process branches to block1818. Inblock1818, the process determines the offset from AICH, which carries the macro cell's ACK/NAK response to preambles, as shown at {circle around (2)} inFIG. 14 for the PRACH preamble and at {circle around (2)} inFIG. 15 for the message part. Inblock1820, the process determines the P-CCPCH slot boundary, utilizing the relationship between the start of the AICHaccess slot #0 and the P-CCPCH slots, as shown at {circle around (3)} inFIG. 14 for the PRACH preamble and at {circle around (3)} inFIG. 15 for the message part.

FIG. 16 illustrates the determination of the slot timing of the P-CCPCH using the UL DPCCH in the CELL_FACH state. As shown inFIG. 18B, inblock1802, if the UE state is determined to be the CELL_FACH state, the process branches to block1804. Inblock1804, if the UE is determined not to be a pre-release-8 UE, the process branches to block1812. Inblock1812, the process determines whether the PRACH preamble, message part, or UL DPCCH are detected. If the PRACH preamble, message part, or UL DPCCH are not detected, the process returns to the start. If the PRACH preamble, message part, or UL DPCCH are detected, the process branches to block1814. Inblock1814, the process determines whether the PRACH preamble or message part are detected. If the PRACH preamble and message part are not detected, the process branches to block1816. Inblock1816, the process determines the offset from F-DPCH, utilizing the relationship between UL-DPCCH and the F-DPCH, as shown at {circle around (2)} inFIG. 16. Inblock1818, the process determines the offset from AICH, which carries the macro cell's ACK/NAK response to preambles, as shown at {circle around (3)} inFIG. 16. Inblock1820, the process determines the P-CCPCH slot boundary, utilizing the relationship between the start of the AICHaccess slot #0 and the P-CCPCH slots, as shown at {circle around (4)} inFIG. 16.

FIG. 17 illustrates the determination of the slot and frame timing of the P-CCPCH using the UL DPCCH in the CELL_DCH state. As shown inFIG. 18, inblock1802, if the UE state is determined to be the CELL_DCH state, the process branches to block1822. Inblock1822, the process determines whether the UL DPCCH is detected, as shown at {circle around (1)}. If UL DPCCH is not detected, the process returns to the start. If the UL DPCCH is detected on the downlink, then inblock1824, as shown at {circle around (2)} inFIG. 17, the process determines the offset of theDPCH1310 or the F-DPCH1320 (seeFIGS. 13A and 13B). Inblock1826, the process determines the P-CCPCH frame boundary, as shown at {circle around (3)} inFIG. 17. Inblock1828, the process determines the P-CCPCH slot boundary, as shown at {circle around (4)} inFIG. 17.

In view of exemplary systems shown and described herein, methodologies that may be implemented in accordance with the disclosed subject matter, will be better appreciated with reference to various flow charts. While, for purposes of simplicity of explanation, methodologies are shown and described as a series of acts/blocks, it is to be understood and appreciated that the claimed subject matter is not limited by the number or order of blocks, as some blocks may occur in different orders and/or at substantially the same time with other blocks from what is depicted and described herein. Moreover, not all illustrated blocks may be required to implement methodologies described herein. It is to be appreciated that functionality associated with blocks may be implemented by software, hardware, a combination thereof or any other suitable means (e.g., device, system, process, or component). Additionally, it should be further appreciated that methodologies disclosed throughout this specification are capable of being stored on an article of manufacture to facilitate transporting and transferring such methodologies to various devices. Those skilled in the art will understand and appreciate that a methodology could alternatively be represented as a series of interrelated states or events, such as in a state diagram.

In accordance with one or more aspects of the subject of this disclosure, there are provided methods for frequency and timing synchronization of a FAP. With reference toFIG. 19, illustrated is amethodology1900 that may be performed by a FAP, or component(s) thereof. Themethod1900 may involve, at1910, establishing an OOB link (e.g., Bluetooth link or the like) with at least one UE. Themethod1900 may involve, at1920, receiving aiding parameters from the at least one UE via the OOB link. Themethod1900 may involve, at1930, extracting frequency and timing information from at least one uplink packet of the at least one UE based at least in part on the aiding parameters.

With reference toFIG. 20A, there are shown further operations or aspects ofmethod1900 that are optional and may be performed by a FAP for frequency and timing synchronization. It is noted that the blocks shown inFIGS. 20A-B are not required to perform themethod1900. If themethod1900 includes at least one block ofFIGS. 20A-B, then themethod1900 may terminate after the at least one block, without necessarily having to include any subsequent downstream block(s) that may be illustrated. It is further noted that numbers of the blocks do not imply a particular order in which the blocks may be performed according to themethod1900. For example, receiving the aiding parameters may involve, at1940, receiving information regarding at least one of UE state(s), UE technology type(s), and channel detection parameter(s) (e.g., scrambling codes) from the at least one UE. In the alternative, or in addition, receiving the aiding parameters may involve, at1950, requesting the aiding parameters from the at least one UE via the OOB link. Extracting the frequency and timing information may involve, at1960, sniffing the at least one uplink packet from the at least one UE to a network entity (e.g., Node B or eNB).

With reference toFIG. 20B, in further related aspects, extracting the frequency and timing information may involve, at1980, in response to the at least one UE being in a CELL_DCH state, obtaining information regarding spreading codes, scrambling codes, and timing offsets based at least in part on the aiding parameters. Extracting may further involve, at1982, determining timing and frequency information based at least in part on the obtained information. Obtaining may involve, at1984, obtaining the information from the at least one UE, in response to the FAP being in an active set of the at least one UE. In the alternative, obtaining may involve, at1986, obtaining the information from the OOB link, in response to the FAP not being in an active set of the at least one UE.

In yet further related aspects, sniffing may involve, at1990, in response to the macro base station comprising an eNB and the UE being in a LTE connected mode, monitoring information in at least one of the LTE channels used by a connected mode LTE UE, a physical random access channel (PRACH), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), and a sounding reference signal (SRS) between the at least one UE and the macro base station. Sniffing may further involve, at1992, determining timing and frequency information based at least in part on the monitored information.

In accordance with one or more aspects of the subject of this disclosure,FIG. 21 illustrates amethodology2100 for FAP synchronization by a mobile entity (e.g., UE), or component(s) thereof. Themethod2100 may involve, at2110, determining whether an OOB link is established with a FAP. Themethod2100 may involve, at2120, in response to determining that the OOB link is established, providing aiding parameters to the FAP via the OOB link. In related aspects, if the UE determines that the OOB link is not established, the UE may choose to establish that connection by paging the FAP.

With reference toFIG. 22A, there are shown further operations or aspects ofmethod2100 that are optional and may be performed by a UE for FAP synchronization. It is noted that the blocks shown inFIGS. 22A-B are not required to perform themethod2100. If themethod2100 includes at least one block ofFIGS. 22A-B, then themethod2100 may terminate after the at least one block, without necessarily having to include any subsequent downstream block(s) that may be illustrated. It is further noted that numbers of the blocks do not imply a particular order in which the blocks may be performed according to themethod2100. For example, with reference toFIG. 22A, providing the aiding parameters may involve, at2130, sending information regarding at least one of UE state(s), UE technology type(s) (e.g., UMTS, LTE, etc.), and channel detection parameter(s) to the FAP. Themethod2100 may further involve, at2140, sending at least one uplink packet to a network entity.

In yet further related aspects, themethod2100 may further involve, at2170, initiating establishment of the OOB link, in response to determining that the OOB link is not already established. Providing may involve, at2180, initiating the transfer of the aiding parameters to the FAP via the OOB link. In still further related aspects, themethod2100 may involve, at2190, in response to determining that the OOB link is not established, paging the FAP to establish the OOB link.

It is noted that the blocks inFIG. 22A are applicable to UMTS or LTE. With reference toFIG. 22B, there are provided blocks that are specific to LTE. For example, themethod2100 may further involve, at2210, sending at least one uplink packet to a network entity. In related aspects, themethod2100 may further involve, at2220, receiving broadcasted and/or dedicated system information from the network entity, in response to the UE being in a LTE connected state. Themethod2100 may further involve, at2222, sending the broadcasted system information and/or dedicated signaling information to the FAP. Sending may involve sending the broadcasted system information and/or the dedicated signaling information to the FAP via the OOB link or the like. In further related aspects, themethod2100 may further involve, at2230, initiating establishment of the OOB link, in response to determining that the OOB link is not already established. Providing may involve, at2240, initiating the transfer of the aiding parameters to the FAP via the OOB link.

In accordance with one or more aspects of the embodiments described herein, there are provided devices and apparatuses for frequency and timing synchronization of a FAP, as described above with reference toFIGS. 19-20B. With reference toFIG. 23, there is provided anexemplary apparatus2300 that may be configured as a FAP, or as a processor or similar device for use within the FAP. Theapparatus2300 may include functional blocks that can represent functions implemented by a processor, software, or combination thereof (e.g., firmware).

For example, theapparatus2300 ofFIG. 23 may comprise an electrical component ormodule2302 for establishing an OOB link with at least one UE. Theapparatus2300 may comprise anelectrical component2304 for receiving aiding parameters from the at least one UE via the OOB link. Theapparatus2300 may comprise anelectrical component2306 for extracting frequency and timing information from at least one uplink packet of the at least one UE based at least in part on the aiding parameters.

In accordance with one or more aspects of the embodiments described herein, there are provided devices and apparatuses (e.g., mobile entities) configured to facilitate synchronization of a FAP, as described above with reference toFIGS. 21-22B. With reference toFIG. 24, theapparatus2400 may comprise an electrical component ormodule2402 for determining whether an OOB link is established with a FAP. Theapparatus2400 may comprise anelectrical component2404 for, in response to determining that the OOB link is established, providing aiding parameters to the FAP via the OOB link. For the sake of conciseness, the rest of thedetails regarding apparatus2400 are not further elaborated on; however, it is to be understood that the remaining features and aspects of theapparatus2400 are substantially similar to those described above with respect toapparatus2300 ofFIG. 23.

Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

Those of skill would further appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

The steps of a method or algorithm described in connection with the disclosure herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.

In one or more exemplary designs, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or non-transitory wireless technologies, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or the non-transitory wireless technologies are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

The previous description of the disclosure is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.