US9044727B2 - Apparatuses and methods for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing of carbonaceous material - Google Patents

Abstract

Embodiments of apparatuses and methods for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing of carbonaceous material are provided herein. The apparatus comprises a reheater for containing a fluidized bubbling bed comprising an oxygen-containing gas, inorganic heat carrier particles, and char and for burning the char into ash to form heated inorganic particles. An inorganic particle cooler is in fluid communication with the reheater to receive a first portion of the heated inorganic particles. The inorganic particle cooler is configured to receive a cooling medium for indirect heat exchange with the first portion of the heated inorganic particles to form first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles that are fluidly communicated to the reheater and combined with a second portion of the heated inorganic particles to form second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles. A reactor is in fluid communication with the reheater to receive the second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to apparatuses and methods for thermal processing of carbonaceous material, and more particularly relates to apparatuses and methods for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing of carbonaceous material.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The processing of carbonaceous feedstocks (e.g. biomass) to produce chemicals and/or fuels can be accomplished by fast (rapid or flash) pyrolysis. Fast pyrolysis is a generic term that encompasses various methods of rapidly imparting a relatively high temperature to feedstocks for a very short time, and then rapidly reducing the temperature of the primary products before chemical equilibrium can occur. Using this approach, the complex structures of carbonaceous feedstocks are broken into reactive chemical fragments, which are initially formed by depolymerization and volatilization reactions. The non-equilibrium products are then preserved by rapidly reducing the temperature.

More recently, a rapid thermal process (RTP) has been developed for carrying out fast pyrolysis of carbonaceous material. The RTP utilizes an upflow transport reactor and reheater arrangement, and makes use of an inert inorganic solid particulate heat carrier (e.g. typically sand) to carry and transfer heat in the process. The RTP reactor provides an extremely rapid heating rate and excellent particle ablation of the carbonaceous material, which is particularly well-suited for processing of biomass, as a result of direct turbulent contact between the heated inorganic solid particulates and the carbonaceous material as they are mixed together and travel upward through the reactor. In particular, the heated inorganic solid particulates transfer heat to pyrolyze the carbonaceous material forming char and gaseous products including high quality pyrolysis gas, which are removed from the reactor to a cyclone. The cyclone separates the gaseous products and solids (e.g. inorganic solid particulates and char), and the solids are passed to the reheater.

The reheater is a vessel that burns the char into ash and reheats the inorganic solid particulates, which are then returned to the reactor for pyrolyzing more carbonaceous material. An oxygen-containing gas, typically air, is supplied to the reheater for burning the char. The inorganic solid particulates and char are contained in the lower portion of the reheater and are fluidized by the air, forming a fluidized bubbling bed also referred to as the dense phase. The reheater also has a dilute phase that is above the dense phase and comprises primarily flue gas, entrained inorganic particles, and ash, which are the byproducts formed from combusting the char with the air. The flue gas, entrained inorganic particles, and ash are removed from the reheater to a cyclone which separates the solids from the flue gas.

Currently, higher capacity RTP arrangements are desired that are capable of handling carbonaceous feedstock rates of up to about 400 bone dry metric tons per day (BDMTPD) or higher compared to previously lower feedstock rates of less than about 100 BDMTPD. The increased capacity results in more char being produced in the RTP reactor, and the RTP reheater and auxiliary equipment (e.g. cyclone, air blower, etc.) need to be larger in size to support the increased feedstock rate. In particular, many newer RTP reheaters require additional volume to accommodate additional air supplied to the reheaters for cooling to control the otherwise rising temperatures from burning the additional char, and can have sizes of up to about 12 meters (m) or greater in diameter and heights of up to about 25 m or greater. Unfortunately, the larger sizes of these reheaters substantially increase the cost and complexity of shipping, installing, and operating the reheaters.

Accordingly, it is desirable to provide apparatuses and methods for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing that can adequately support higher carbonaceous feedstock rates without exceeding the design temperature of the reheater from burning the additional char. Moreover, it is also desirable to provide apparatuses and methods for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing without substantially increasing the cost and complexity of shipping, installing, and operating the reheaters. Furthermore, other desirable features and characteristics of the present invention will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description of the invention and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and this background of the invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Apparatuses and methods for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing of carbonaceous material are provided herein. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, an apparatus for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing of carbonaceous material comprises a reheater configured to contain a fluidized bubbling bed that comprises an oxygen-containing gas, inorganic heat carrier particles, and char and to operate at combustion conditions effective to burn the char into ash and heat the inorganic heat carrier particles to form heated inorganic particles. An inorganic particle cooler is in fluid communication with the reheater to receive a first portion of the heated inorganic particles and is configured to receive a cooling medium for indirect heat exchange with the first portion of the heated inorganic particles to form first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles. The reheater and the inorganic particle cooler are cooperatively configured to combine the first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles with a second portion of the heated inorganic particles in the reheater to form second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles. A reactor is in fluid communication with the reheater to receive the second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles.

In accordance with another exemplary embodiment, an apparatus for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing of carbonaceous material is provided. The apparatus comprises a reactor and a reheater that is in fluid communication with the reactor to receive inorganic heat carrier particles and char. The reheater is configured to form a fluidized bubbling bed that comprises an oxygen-containing gas, the inorganic heat carrier particles, and the char and to operate at combustion conditions effective to burn the char into ash and heat the inorganic heat carrier particles to form heated inorganic particles. An inorganic particle cooler is in fluid communication with the reheater and comprises a shell portion and a tube portion that is disposed in the shell portion. The inorganic particle cooler is configured such that the tube portion receives a portion of the heated inorganic particles and the shell portion receives a cooling medium for indirect heat exchange with the portion of the heated inorganic particles to form partially-cooled heated inorganic particles that are fluidly communicated to the reheater.

In accordance with another exemplary embodiment, a method for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing of carbonaceous material is provided. The method comprises the steps of combining an oxygen-containing gas, inorganic heat carrier particles, and char at combustion conditions effective to burn the char into ash and heat the inorganic heat carrier particles to form heated inorganic particles. Heat from a first portion of the heated inorganic particles is indirectly exchanged to a cooling medium to form first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles. The first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles are combined with a second portion of the heated inorganic particles to form second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present invention will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the following drawing figures, wherein like numerals denote like elements, and wherein:

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an apparatus for rapid thermal processing of carbonaceous material in accordance with an exemplary embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a partial sectional view of the apparatus depicted inFIG. 1 including an inorganic particle cooler in accordance with an exemplary embodiment; and

FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the inorganic particle cooler depicted inFIG. 2 along line3-3.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following Detailed Description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the invention or the application and uses of the invention. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any theory presented in the preceding Background of the Invention or the following Detailed Description.

Various embodiments contemplated herein relate to apparatuses and methods for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing of carbonaceous material. Unlike the prior art, the exemplary embodiments taught herein provide an apparatus comprising a reactor, a reheater that is in fluid communication with the reactor, and an inorganic particle cooler that is in fluid communication with the reheater. The reactor rapidly pyrolyzes a carbonaceous feedstock with heated inorganic particles to form gaseous products and solids that include cooled inorganic heat carrier particles and char. A cyclone separates the gaseous products from the solids. The reheater receives the solids and fluidizes the cooled inorganic heat carrier particles and char with an oxygen-containing gas to form a fluidized bubbling bed. The reheater is operating at combustion conditions effective to burn the char into ash and reheat the cooled inorganic heat carrier particles to form heated inorganic particles.

In an exemplary embodiment, a portion of the heated inorganic particles and a cooling medium are fluidly communicated to the inorganic particle cooler. Some of the heat from the heated inorganic particles is indirectly exchanged with the cooling medium to partially cool the heated inorganic particles, forming a heated cooling medium and first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles. The heated cooling medium is removed from the inorganic particle cooler. The first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles are fluidly communicated to the reheater and combined with the remaining portion of the heated inorganic particles to partially cool the heated inorganic particles, forming second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles. The second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles are fluidly communicated to the reactor for continued rapid pyrolysis of the carbonaceous feedstock. The inventors have found that partially cooling the heated inorganic particles with the inorganic particle cooler facilitates controlling the temperatures from excessively rising in the reheater even if the fluidized bubbling bed contains higher levels of char. Accordingly, the reheater does not require additional volume that would otherwise be needed to accommodate additional air for cooling to control the reheater temperatures and therefore, the cost and complexity of shipping, installing, and operating the reheater is not substantially impacted.

Referring toFIG. 1, a schematic depiction of an apparatus10 for rapid thermal processing of a carbonaceous material in accordance with an exemplary embodiment is provided. The apparatus10 comprises anupflow transport reactor12, areheater14, and aninorganic particle cooler15. Thereactor12 is configured for achieving a relatively high temperature within a minimum amount of time as well as providing a relatively short residence time at the high temperature to affect fast pyrolysis of a carbonaceous feedstock20 (e.g. biomass including biomass waste). The relatively high temperature is achieved in alower portion16 of thereactor12 using heated inorganic heat carrier particles18 (e.g., heated sand) that are supplied from thereheater14 to drive the pyrolysis process.

As illustrated and will be discussed in further detail below, adryer13 removes water from a moisture-containingcarbonaceous feedstock11 to form acarbonaceous feedstock20 that preferably has a moisture content of about 6 weight percent (wt. %) or less. Thecarbonaceous feedstock20 is supplied to afeed bin22 where areactor feed conveyor24 introduces thecarbonaceous feedstock20 to thelower portion16 of thereactor12. Acarrier gas25, which can be a recirculation gas collected from a suitable location along the apparatus10, is also introduced to thelower portion16 of thereactor12. Thecarrier gas25 preferably contains less than about 1 wt. % of oxygen, and more preferably, less than about 0.5 wt. % of oxygen so that there is very little or no oxygen present thus minimizing or preventing oxidation and/or combustion of thecarbonaceous feedstock20 in thereactor12.

Rapid mixing of the heated inorganicheat carrier particles18 and thecarbonaceous feedstock20 occur in thelower portion16 of thereactor12. As the mixture advances up thereactor12 in turbulent flow with thecarrier gas25, heat is transferred from the heated inorganicheat carrier particles18 to thecarbonaceous feedstock20. In an exemplary embodiment, mixing and rapid heat transfer occurs within about 10% of the desired overall reactor resident time. Accordingly, the mixing time is preferably less than about 0.1 seconds, and more preferably within about 0.015 to about 0.030 seconds. In an exemplary embodiment, the temperature in thelower portion16 of thereactor12 is from about 600 to about 780° C., and the heating rate of thecarbonaceous feedstock20 is preferably about 1000° C. per second or greater. The use of sand or other suitable inorganic particulate as a solid heat carrier enhances the heat transfer because of the higher heat carrying capacity of the inorganic particles, and the ability of the inorganic particles to mechanically ablate the surface of the reacting carbonaceous material.

As the heated mixture is carried towards anupper portion17 of thereactor12 with thecarrier gas25, fast pyrolysis of thecarbonaceous feedstock20 occurs. In an exemplary embodiment, the temperature in theupper portion17 of thereactor12 is from about 450 to about 600° C. The sand or other inorganic heat carrier particles and thecarrier gas25, along withproduct vapors30 and char form aproduct stream26 that is carried out of theupper portion17 of thereactor12 to acyclone28. Thecyclone28, preferably a reverse flow cyclone, removes thesolids32, e.g., sand and char, from theproduct vapors30, which comprise thecarrier gas25, non-condensible product gases and the primary condensible vapor products. Theproduct vapors30 are removed from thecyclone28 and passed to a Quench Tower (not shown), for example, for rapid cooling or quenching to preserve the yields of the valuable non-equilibrium products in theproduct vapors30. Thesolids32 are removed from thecyclone28 and passed to thereheater14.

Thereheater14 receives an oxygen-containinggas34, which is typically air. Thesolids32 are contained in alower portion36 of thereheater14 and are fluidized by the oxygen-containinggas34 from a gas distributor86 (seeFIG. 2) to form a fluidized bubbling bed of char, inorganic heat carrier particles, and the oxygen-containinggas34. Thereheater14 is operating at combustion conditions to burn the char into ash and flue gas. The energy released from combustion of the char reheats the inorganic heat carrier particles to form heated inorganic particles. In an exemplary embodiment, the heated inorganic particles have a temperature of from about 600 to about 780° C.

The flue gas, entrained sand, and ash rise to anupper portion37 of thereheater14 and are carried out of thereheater14 as anexhaust stream41 to acyclone43. Thecyclone43, preferably a reverse flow cyclone, removes the sand and ash from the flue gas. The flue gas is passed along as agas stream51 for exhausting, subsequent processing, recirculation, or a combination thereof, and the sand and ash are passed along as a solids-containingstream49 for disposal or subsequent processing.

Referring also toFIG. 2, in an exemplary embodiment, a portion of heatedinorganic particles38 is removed from thereheater14 and introduced to theinorganic particle cooler15. As illustrated, the portion of heatedinorganic particles38 is removed from thelower portion36 of thereheater14 and passed along acooler inlet pipe40 through at least one bubble breaking grating39 to anexchanger vessel42. The bubble breaking grating39 breaks up any larger air-bubbles, for example, from the fluidized inorganic particles that otherwise may be passed along countercurrent to the portion of heatedinorganic particles38, back up to the bubbling bed at thelower portion36 of thereheater14. Big bubbles in the fluidized bed affect the reheater's14 performance and solid entrainment. The bubble breaking grating39 also serves as a screener to prevent bigger chunks of material, such as refractory from directly blocking or plugging thetube portion45 and reducing the inorganic particle cooler capacity.

In an exemplary embodiment, theexchanger vessel42 is configured as a heat exchanger and comprises ashell portion44 and atube portion45 that is disposed in theshell portion44. The portion of the heatedinorganic particles38 is passed through thetube portion45. Theshell portion44 of theexchanger vessel42 receives a coolingmedium52 for indirect heat exchange with the portion of heatedinorganic particles38 passing through thetube portion45 to form partially-cooled heatedinorganic particles54 and aheated cooling medium53. In an exemplary embodiment, the partially-cooled heatedinorganic particles54 have a temperature of from about 500 to about 680° C.

Preferably, the coolingmedium52 comprises air and theheated cooling medium53 comprises heated air. As illustrated inFIG. 1, the heated cooling medium53 (e.g. heated air) may be passed along to thedryer13 for removing water from the moisture-containingcarbonaceous feedstock11. Alternatively, the coolingmedium52 may be any other thermally conductive fluid known to those skilled in the art. Preferably, the coolingmedium52 has a temperature of about 40° C. or less, and theheated cooling medium53 has a temperature of about 125° C. or greater.

Referring toFIG. 3, in an exemplary embodiment, thetube portion45 comprises a plurality oftubes58 that are juxtaposed, spaced apart, and longitudinally disposed substantially parallel to a vertical axis. Each of thetubes58 has an outer surface with one ormore cooling fins60 that can extend, for example, radially or longitudinally outward from the outer surface. The coolingfins60 facilitate indirect heat exchange between the portion of the heatedinorganic particles38 advancing through thetube portion45 and the coolingmedium52 advancing through theshell portion44.

As illustrated inFIG. 2, the partially-cooled heatedinorganic particles54 are removed from theexchanger vessel42 and passed along acooler standpipe73. Thecooler standpipe73 has an expansion joint-slide valve74 for controlling the flow rate of the partially-cooled heatedinorganic particles54. Alift riser76 is downstream from theexchanger vessel42 and is fluidly coupled to thecooler standpipe73 for receiving the partially-cooled heatedinorganic particles54. Disposed in alower portion78 of thelift riser76 is anair nozzle80 that is configured to direct the partially-cooled heatedinorganic particles54 through thelift riser76 to anupper portion82 of thelift riser76.

A sand-air distributor84 is disposed in thereheater14 and is fluidly coupled to the lift-riser76 to receive the partially-cooled heatedinorganic particles54. The sand-air distributor84 is configured to distribute the partially-cooled heatedinorganic particles54 in thereheater14, preferably above thegas distributor86, to partially cool the remaining portion of the heated inorganic particles and form the heated inorganicheat carrier particles18. Referring also toFIG. 1, in exemplary embodiment, the heated inorganicheat carrier particles18 have a temperature of from about 600 to about 780° C. and are passed along to thereactor12 for rapidly pyrolyzing additional carbonaceous material.

Accordingly, apparatuses and methods for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing of carbonaceous material have been described. Unlike the prior art, the exemplary embodiments taught herein provide an apparatus comprising a reactor, a reheater, and an inorganic particle cooler. The reactor rapidly pyrolyzes a carbonaceous feedstock with heated inorganic particles to form pyrolysis oil and solids that include cooled inorganic heat carrier particles and char. The reheater receives the solids and fluidizes the cooled inorganic heat carrier particles and char with an oxygen-containing gas to form a fluidized bubbling bed. The reheater is operating at combustion conditions effective to burn the char into ash and heat the cooled inorganic heat carrier particles to form heated inorganic particles. The inorganic particle cooler receives a portion of the heated inorganic particles and removes some of the heat via indirect exchange to form partially-cooled heated inorganic particles that are combined with the remaining portion of the heated inorganic particles to partially cool the heated inorganic particles. It has been found that partially cooling the heated inorganic particles with the inorganic particle cooler facilitates controlling the temperatures from excessively rising in the reheater even if the fluidized bubbling bed contains higher levels of char. Accordingly, the reheater does not require additional volume that would otherwise be needed to accommodate additional air for cooling to control the reheater temperatures and therefore, the cost and complexity of shipping, installing, and operating the reheater is not substantially impacted.

While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing Detailed Description, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the invention in any way. Rather, the foregoing Detailed Description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing an exemplary embodiment of the invention, it being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements described in an exemplary embodiment without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended Claims and their legal equivalents.

Claims (20)

What is claimed is:

1. A method for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing of carbonaceous material, the method comprising the steps of:

combining an oxygen-containing gas, inorganic heat carrier particles, and char at combustion conditions effective to burn the char into ash and heat the inorganic heat carrier particles to form heated inorganic particles;

indirectly exchanging heat from a first portion of the heated inorganic particles to a cooling medium to form first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles and a heated cooling medium; and

combining the first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles with a second portion of the heated inorganic particles to form second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles.

2. The method according toclaim 1, wherein the step of combining the oxygen-containing gas, the inorganic heat carrier particles, and the char comprises forming the heated inorganic particles having a temperature of from about 600 to about 780° C.

3. The method according toclaim 1, wherein the step of indirectly exchanging heat comprises forming the first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles having a temperature of from about 500 to about 680° C.

4. The method according toclaim 1, wherein the step of combining the first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles with the second portion of the heated inorganic particles comprises forming the second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles having a temperature of from about 600 to about 780° C.

5. The method according toclaim 1, wherein the step of indirectly exchanging heat comprises indirectly exchanging heat from the first portion of the heated inorganic particles to the cooling medium that has a temperature of about 40° C. or less.

6. The method according toclaim 1, wherein the heated cooling medium has a temperature of about 125° C. or greater.

7. The method according toclaim 1, wherein the heated cooling medium comprises heated air.

8. The method according toclaim 7, further comprising the step of:

removing water from the carbonaceous material with the heated air to form a water-depleted carbonaceous material.

9. The method according toclaim 8, further comprising the step of:

contacting the water-depleted carbonaceous material with the second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles to rapidly pyrolyze the water-depleted carbonaceous material.

10. The method according toclaim 8, wherein the step of removing water comprises forming the water-depleted carbonaceous material having a water content of about 6 wt. % or less.

11. An apparatus for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing of carbonaceous material, the apparatus comprising:

a reheater configured to contain a fluidized bubbling bed that comprises an oxygen-containing gas, inorganic heat carrier particles, and char and to operate at combustion conditions effective to burn the char into ash and heat the inorganic heat carrier particles to form heated inorganic particles;

an inorganic particle cooler in fluid communication with the reheater to receive a first portion of the heated inorganic particles and configured to receive a cooling medium for indirect heat exchange with the first portion of the heated inorganic particles to form first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles and a heated cooling medium, wherein the reheater and the inorganic particle cooler are cooperatively configured to combine the first partially-cooled heated inorganic particles with a second portion of the heated inorganic particles in the reheater to form second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles; and

a reactor in fluid communication with the reheater to receive the second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles.

12. The apparatus according toclaim 1, wherein the cooling medium comprises air and the inorganic particle cooler is configured to indirectly exchange heat from the first portion of the heated inorganic particles to the cooling medium to form heated air, and wherein the apparatus further comprises a dryer that is in fluid communication with the inorganic particle cooler to receive the heated air, and wherein the dryer is configured to receive the carbonaceous material and to remove water from the carbonaceous material with the heated air to form a water-depleted carbonaceous material, and wherein the reactor is configured to receive the water-depleted carbonaceous material and to rapidly pyrolyze the water-depleted carbonaceous material with the second partially-cooled heated inorganic particles.

13. An apparatus for controlling heat for rapid thermal processing of carbonaceous material, the apparatus comprising:

a reactor;

a reheater in fluid communication with the reactor to receive inorganic heat carrier particles and char, wherein the reheater is configured to form a fluidized bubbling bed that comprises an oxygen-containing gas, the inorganic heat carrier particles, and the char and to operate at combustion conditions effective to burn the char into ash and heat the inorganic heat carrier particles to form heated inorganic particles; and

an inorganic particle cooler in fluid communication with the reheater and comprising a shell portion and a tube portion that is disposed in the shell portion, wherein the inorganic particle cooler is configured such that the tube portion receives a portion of the heated inorganic particles and the shell portion receives a cooling medium for indirect heat exchange with the portion of the heated inorganic particles to form:

(i) partially-cooled heated inorganic particles that are fluidly communicated to the reheater; and

(ii) a heated cooling medium.

14. The apparatus according toclaim 13, wherein the tube portion comprises a plurality of tubes each having an outer surface and at least one cooling fin that is disposed along the outer surface.

15. The apparatus according toclaim 13, wherein the tube portion comprises a plurality of juxtaposed tubes that are spaced apart and longitudinally disposed substantially parallel to a vertical axis.

16. The apparatus according toclaim 13, wherein the inorganic particle cooler comprises:

an exchanger vessel comprising the shell and tube portions;

a lift riser disposed downstream from the exchanger vessel; and

a sand-air distributor disposed within the reheater downstream from the lift riser, and wherein the lift riser is configured to receive and fluidly communicate the partially-cooled heated inorganic particles to the sand-air distributor and the sand-air distributor is configured to distribute the partially-cooled heated inorganic particles in the reheater.

17. The apparatus according toclaim 16, wherein the lift riser has a lower portion extending to an upper portion, the lower portion is configured to receive the partially-cooled heated inorganic particles and the upper portion is fluidly coupled to the sand-air distributor, and wherein the lift riser comprises an air nozzle that is positioned in the lower portion and that is configured to direct the partially-cooled heated inorganic particles through the lift riser from the lower portion to the upper portion for introduction to the sand-air distributor.

18. The apparatus according toclaim 16, wherein the reheater has a lower section for containing the fluidized bubbling bed and comprises a gas distributor that is disposed in the lower section and that is configured to fluidly communicate the oxygen-containing gas to the fluidized bubbling bed, and wherein the sand-air distributor is disposed above the gas distributor.

19. The apparatus according toclaim 18, wherein the inorganic particle cooler is fluidly coupled to the lower section of the reheater to receive the portion of the heated inorganic particles.

20. The apparatus according toclaim 16, wherein the inorganic particle cooler further comprises at least one bubble breaking grating that is disposed upstream from the tube portion.

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