US8382750B2 - System and method for monitoring ablation size - Google Patents

Abstract

A system for monitoring ablation size is provided and includes a power source including a microprocessor for executing at least one control algorithm. A microwave antenna is configured to deliver microwave energy from the power source to tissue to form an ablation zone. An ablation zone control module is in operative communication with a memory associated with the power source. The memory includes one or more data look-up tables including data pertaining to a control curve varying over time and being representative of one or more electrical parameters associated with the microwave antenna. Points along the control curve correspond to a value of the electrical parameters and the ablation zone control module triggers a signal when a predetermined threshold value of the electrical parameter(s) is measured corresponding to the radius of the ablation zone.

Description

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present disclosure relates to systems and methods that may be used in tissue ablation procedures. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods for monitoring ablation size during tissue ablation procedures in real-time.

2. Background of Related Art

In the treatment of diseases such as cancer, certain types of cancer cells have been found to denature at elevated temperatures (which are slightly lower than temperatures normally injurious to healthy cells). These types of treatments, known generally as hyperthermia therapy, typically utilize electromagnetic radiation to heat diseased cells to temperatures above 41° C. while maintaining adjacent healthy cells at lower temperatures where irreversible cell destruction will not occur. Procedures utilizing electromagnetic radiation to heat tissue may include ablation of the tissue.

Microwave ablation procedures, e.g., such as those performed for menorrhagia, are typically done to ablate the targeted tissue to denature or kill the tissue. Many procedures and types of devices utilizing electromagnetic radiation therapy are known in the art. Such microwave therapy is typically used in the treatment of tissue and organs such as the prostate, heart, and liver.

One non-invasive procedure generally involves the treatment of tissue (e.g., a tumor) underlying the skin via the use of microwave energy. The microwave energy is able to non-invasively penetrate the skin to reach the underlying tissue. However, this non-invasive procedure may result in the unwanted heating of healthy tissue. Thus, the non-invasive use of microwave energy requires a great deal of control.

Currently, there are several types of systems and methods for monitoring ablation zone size. In certain instances, one or more types of sensors (or other suitable devices) are operably associated with the microwave ablation device. For example, in a microwave ablation device that includes a monopole antenna configuration, an elongated microwave conductor may be in operative communication with a sensor exposed at an end of the microwave conductor. This type of sensor is sometimes surrounded by a dielectric sleeve.

Typically, the foregoing types of sensor(s) are configured to function (e.g., provide feedback to a controller for controlling the power output of a power source) when the microwave ablation device is inactive, i.e., not radiating. That is, the foregoing sensors do not function in real-time. Typically, the power source is powered off (or pulsed off) when the sensors are providing feedback (e.g., tissue temperature) to the controller and/or other device(s) configured to control the power source.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure provides a system for monitoring ablation size in real-time. The system includes a power source including a microprocessor for executing one or more control algorithms. A microwave antenna is configured to deliver microwave energy from the power source to tissue to form an ablation zone. An ablation zone control module is in operative communication with a memory associated with the power source. The memory includes one or more data look-up tables including data pertaining to a control curve varying over time and being representative of one or more electrical parameters associated with the microwave antenna. Points along the control curve correspond to a value of the electrical parameters and the ablation zone control module triggers a signal when a predetermined threshold value of the electrical parameter(s) is measured corresponding to the radius of the ablation zone.

The present disclosure also provides a microwave antenna adapted to connect to a power source configured for performing an ablation procedure. The microwave antenna includes a radiating section configured to deliver microwave energy from a power source to tissue to form an ablation zone. An ablation zone control module in operative communication with a memory associated with the power source. The memory includes one or more data look-up tables including data pertaining to a control curve varying over time and being representative of one or more electrical parameter(s) associated with the microwave antenna. Points along the control curve correspond to a value of the electrical parameter(s) and the ablation zone control module triggers a signal when a predetermined threshold value of the at least one electrical parameter is measured corresponding to the radius of the ablation zone.

The present disclosure also provides a method for monitoring temperature of tissue undergoing ablation. The method includes an initial step of transmitting microwave energy from a power source to a microwave antenna to form a tissue ablation zone. A step of the method includes monitoring reflected power associated with the microwave antenna as the tissue ablation zone forms. A step of the method includes communicating a control signal to the power source when a predetermined reflected power is reached at the microwave antenna. Adjusting the amount of microwave energy from the power source to the microwave antenna is another step of the method.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent in light of the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a system for monitoring ablation size according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of a power source for use with the system depicted inFIG. 1;

FIG. 3A is a schematic, plan view of the tip of a microwave antenna depicted inFIG. 1 illustrating radial ablation zones having a spherical configuration;

FIG. 3B is a schematic, plan view of the tip of a microwave antenna depicted inFIG. 1 illustrating radial ablation zones having an ellipsoidal configuration;

FIG. 4A is a graphical representation of a reflected power (P_r) versus time (t) curve;

FIG. 4B a graphical representation of a corresponding reflected power (P_r) versus ablation radii (Ar) curve;

FIG. 4C is a graphical representation of the derivative (dP_r/dt) of the reflected power (Pr) versus time (t) curve; and

FIG. 5 is a flow chart illustrating a method for monitoring temperature of tissue undergoing ablation in accordance with the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the presently disclosed system and method are described in detail with reference to the drawing figures wherein like reference numerals identify similar or identical elements. As used herein and as is traditional, the term “distal” refers to the portion which is furthest from the user and the term “proximal” refers to the portion that is closest to the user. In addition, terms such as “above”, “below”, “forward”, “rearward”, etc. refer to the orientation of the figures or the direction of components and are simply used for convenience of description.

Referring now toFIG. 1, a system for monitoring ablation size is designated10. Thesystem10 includes amicrowave antenna100 that is adapted to connect to an electrosurgical power source, e.g., an RF and/or microwave (MW)generator200 that includes or is in operative communication with one ormore controllers300 and, in some instances, afluid supply pump40. Briefly,microwave antenna100 includes anintroducer116 having anelongated shaft112 and a radiating or conductive section ortip114 operably disposed withinelongated shaft112, acooling assembly120 having acooling sheath121, ahandle118, acooling fluid supply122 and acooling fluid return124, and anelectrosurgical energy connector126.Connector126 is configured to connect themicrowave antenna100 to theelectrosurgical power source200, e.g., a generator or source of radio frequency energy and/or microwave energy, and supplies electrosurgical energy to the distal portion of themicrowave antenna100.Conductive tip114 andelongated shaft112 are in electrical communication withconnector126 via an internalcoaxial cable126a(seeFIG. 3A, for example) that extends from the proximal end of themicrowave antenna100 and includes an inner conductor tip that is operatively coupled to aradiating section138 operably disposed within theshaft112 and adjacent the conductive or radiating tip114 (seeFIG. 3A, for example). As is common in the art, internalcoaxial cable126ais includes a dielectric material and an outer conductor surrounding each of the inner conductor tip and dielectric material. A connection hub (not shown) disposed at a proximal end of themicrowave antenna100operably couples connector126 to internalcoaxial cable126a, and coolingfluid supply122 and a coolingfluid return124 to acooling assembly120.Radiating section138 by way of conductive tip114 (or in certain instances without conductive tip114) is configured to deliver radio frequency energy (in either a bipolar or monopolar mode) or microwave energy (having a frequency from about 500 MHz to about 10 GHz) to a target tissue site.Elongated shaft112 andconductive tip114 may be formed of suitable conductive material including, but not limited to copper, gold, silver or other conductive metals having similar conductivity values. Alternatively,elongated shaft112 and/orconductive tip114 may be constructed from stainless steel or may be plated with other materials, e.g., other conductive materials, such as gold or silver, to improve certain properties, e.g., to improve conductivity, decrease energy loss, etc. In an embodiment, the conductive tip may be deployable from theelongated shaft112. In one particular embodiment,microwave antenna100 may include anintroducer116 having anelongated shaft112 and atip114 that is non-conductive. In this instance, thetip114 may be made from a non-conductive material such as, for example, ceramic, plastic, etc.

With reference toFIG. 2, a schematic block diagram of thegenerator200 is illustrated. Thegenerator200 includes acontroller300 having one or more modules (e.g., an ablation zone control module332 (AZCM332), apower supply237 and a microwave output stage238). In this instance,generator200 is described with respect to the delivery of microwave energy. Thepower supply237 provides DC power to themicrowave output stage238 which then converts the DC power into microwave energy and delivers the microwave energy to theradiating section138 of themicrowave antenna100. Thecontroller300 may include analog and/or logic circuitry for processing sensed values provided by theAZCM332 and determining the control signals that are sent to thegenerator200 and/orsupply pump40 via amicroprocessor335. The controller300 (or component operably associated therewith) accepts one or more measured signals indicative of reflected power P_rassociated with themicrowave antenna100 when the microwave antenna is radiating energy.

One or more modules e.g.,AZCM332, of thecontroller300 analyzes the measured signals and determines if a threshold reflected power P, e.g., P_r1has been met. If the threshold reflected power P_r1has been met, then theAZCM332, amicroprocessor335 and/or the controller instructs thegenerator200 to adjust themicrowave output stage238 and/or thepower supply237 accordingly. Additionally, thecontroller300 may also signal the supply pump to adjust the amount of cooling fluid to themicrowave antenna100 and/or the surrounding tissue. Thecontroller200 includesmicroprocessor335 havingmemory336 which may be volatile type memory (e.g., RAM) and/or non-volitile type memory (e.g., flash media, disk media, etc.). In the illustrated embodiment, themicroprocessor335 is in operative communication with thepower supply237 and/ormicrowave output stage238 allowing themicroprocessor335 to control the output of thegenerator300 according to either open and/or closed control loop schemes. Themicroprocessor335 is capable of executing software instructions for processing data received by theAZCM332, and for outputting control signals to thegenerator300 and/orsupply pump40, accordingly. The software instructions, which are executable by thecontroller300, are stored in thememory336.

One or more electrical properties (e.g., voltage, current, power, impedance, etc.) associated with a signal (or pulse) generated by thegenerator200 may be monitored and measured. More particularly, electrical properties associated with a forward and reflected portion of the signal generated by thegenerator200 is monitored and measured. For example, in one particular embodiment, forward and reflected power, P_fand P_r, respectively, of a signal for ablating tissue is measured by theAZCM332,controller300, microprocessor337 or other suitable module associated with thegenerator200 and/orcontroller200.

One or more control algorithms for predicting tissue ablation size is implemented by thecontroller300. More particularly, the concept of correlating reflected power P_rassociated with a particular microwave antenna, e.g., themicrowave antenna100, with an ablation zone “A” having a radius “r” may be used to indicate tissue death or necrosis. More particularly, reflected power P_rassociated with themicrowave antenna100 varies over the course of an ablation cycle due to tissue complex permittivity changes caused by temperature increase (seeFIGS. 4A and 4B, for example). A relationship of reflected power P_ras a function of time is represented by a control curve illustrated inFIG. 4A. Likewise, a relationship of reflected power P_ras a function of ablation size is represented by a control curve illustrated inFIG. 4B. The control curves represented inFIGS. 4A and 4B are based on model functions ƒ(t) and known measured values of reflected power P_rthat have been taken during an ablation procedure performed with themicrowave antenna100,controller300 and/orgenerator200. In accordance with the present disclosure, the control curves depicted inFIGS. 4A and 4B (and/or equations mathematically associated therewith) may be utilized to calculate and/or verify when a specified threshold reflected power P_r(e.g., reflected powers P_r1-ss) within a specified time range (e.g., t₁-t_ss) not exceeding t_ss, i.e., time when themicrowave antenna100 and ablated tissue is at a steady-state condition, seeFIG. 4A orFIG. 4B, for example. The significance of when themicrowave antenna100 and ablated tissue is at a steady-state condition is described in greater detail below.

With reference now toFIGS. 4A and 4B, initially, an impedance mismatch between themicrowave antenna100 and tissue is present when themicrowave antenna100 is inserted into uncooked tissue. This impedance mismatch is due to the 50 ohm impedance associated with theinternal cable126anot matching the impedance of theradiating section118 and/orconductive tip114. The impedance mismatch results in a non-zero reflected power P_ri, at the beginning of the ablation procedure, seeFIGS. 4A and 4B, for example. During the course of the ablation procedure, tissue in a “near field” heats up resulting in a decrease in reflected power P_r(in a non-linear rate) (seeFIG. 4A for example) until an optimal impedance match between themicrowave antenna100 and tissue is reached (seeFIG. 4A at a time equal to time t₂in combination withFIG. 4B at an ablation size having a radius “r” equal to 2 cm). That is, the total impedance Z_tof themicrowave antenna100 and tissue in the “near field” is approximately equal to 50 ohms. Themicrowave antenna100 and tissue in the “near field” remain at this optimal impedance match for a brief period of time. At a time after time t₂, themicrowave antenna100 and tissue in the near field diverge from the optimal impedance match (in a non-linear rate). Ultimately, when themicrowave antenna100 has heated tissue to a maximum attainable temperature, an ablation zone “A” having a corresponding radius “r” (e.g., r_ss) is formed (seeFIG. 3A in combination withFIGS. 4A and 4B, for example). At this maximum temperature, a dielectric constant and conductivity associated with the ablated tissue reach a steady-state condition (this steady-state condition occurs at time t_ss) that corresponds to a steady-state reflected power P_rss(hereinafter referred to simply as P_rss) associated with themicrowave antenna100. That is, because the ablated tissue is in a “near field” of themicrowave antenna100, the ablated tissue essentially becomes part of themicrowave antenna100. Accordingly, when a dielectric constant and conductivity associated with the ablated tissue reaches a steady-state condition, the reflected power P_rat themicrowave antenna100 also reaches a steady-state condition, e.g., P_rss,FIG. 4A.

As noted above, the foregoing control algorithm includes one or more model functions ƒ(t) that are representative of the model curves illustrated inFIGS. 4A and 4B. The model functions ƒ(t), model curves depicted inFIGS. 4A and 4B, and/or known measured values of reflected power P_r, are utilized to obtain information relevant to the reflected power P_rsuch that real-time monitoring of an ablation zone may be achieved. More particularly, a measurement of a slope of a tangent line at a point along either of the control curves (e.g., curve illustrated inFIG. 4A) is equal to a derivative (dP_r/dt) of the curve at that point. The calculation of the derivative at a particular point along the curve(s) provides information pertinent to the reflected power P_r. More particularly, a rate of change of reflected power P_rwith respect to time and, more particularly, to a vector quantity of the rate of change of the reflected power P_r(i.e., direction (positive or negative) and magnitude of the rate of change) is calculated from the control curve(s) depicted inFIGS. 4A-4C. This rate of change associated with reflected power P_rwith respect to time may be utilized, for example, to distinguish between a rise and fall of the reflected power P_r. More particularly, points taken along the control curves depicted inFIGS. 4A and 4B correspond to values of reflected power P_r, e.g., reflected powers P_r1and P_r3, which correspond to ablation zones “A” having radii “r,” e.g., radii r₁and r₃, at corresponding times t, e.g., times t₁and t₃. It should be noted that a value of reflected power, e.g., P_r1, corresponds to more than one radius, e.g., r₁and r₃of an ablation zone.

More particularly, the representative control curve of reflected power P_rdepicted inFIGS. 4A and 4B illustrates reflected power P_rhaving an initial value, e.g., P_i, at the beginning of an ablation procedure. The reflected power P_rdecreases until the reflected power P_ris approximately equal to zero, i.e., when the total impedance ofmicrowave antenna100 and tissue in a “near field” is approximately equal to 50 ohms. The reflected power P_rincreases at a time after time t₂when the total impedance ofmicrowave antenna100 and tissue in the “near field” is not equal to 50 ohms. Accordingly, a measure of reflected power P_rtaken along the control curve provides one or more numerical values of the reflected power P_rthat is indicative of one or more ablation zones “A” having corresponding radii “r.” For example, a measure of the reflected power P_r, e.g., P_r1, at time t₁corresponds to an ablation zone “A” having a radius r₁that is approximately equal to 1 cm, seeFIGS. 4A and 4B collectively. Likewise, a measure of the reflected power P_r, e.g., P_r1, at time t₃also corresponds to an ablation zone “A” having a radius r₃that is approximately equal to 2.2 cm, seeFIGS. 4A and 4B collectively.

In accordance with the present disclosure, samples of a derivative taken at selective points along the control curve (e.g., points corresponding to radii r₁and r₃and/or points corresponding to times t₁and t₃) provide information pertaining to the precise location (e.g., rise or fall portions of the control curve) of the reflected power P_rwith respect to the control curve.

More particularly, and for example, a derivative taken at a point along the control curve at time t₁when the reflected power P_ris approximately equal to P_r1is negative because the slope of the reflected power P_ris declining, as best seen inFIG. 4C. In this instance, reflected power P_r1may be thought of as having and is assigned a negative value indicating to one or more modules, e.g.,AZCN332, associated with thecontroller300 and forgenerator200 that this value of the reflected power P_r1is indicative of and corresponds to an ablation zone “A” having a radius r₁. Similarly, samples of a derivative taken at a point along the control curve at time t₃when the reflected power P_ris approximately equal to P_r1is positive because the slope of the reflected power P_ris increasing, as best seen inFIG. 4C. In this instance, reflected power P_r1may be thought of as having and is assigned a positive value indicating to one or more modules, e.g.,AZCN332, associated with thecontroller300 and/orgenerator200 that this value of the reflected power P_r1is indicative of and corresponds to an ablation zone “A” having a radius r₃.

Implementing a control algorithm that utilizes a calculation of a derivative taken at a point on the control curve facilitates in determining the precise size of the ablation zone “A.” That is, one or more modules, e.g.,AZCM332, associated with thecontroller300 andgenerator200 is capable of distinguishing between which ablation zone radius “r,” e.g., radius r₁or r₂, corresponds to the reflected power P_r, e.g., measured reflected power P_r1. Moreover, in the instance where multiple ablation zones “A” are located adjacent to one another, tissue impedance of uncooked tissue at a near field of an ablation zone “A” may effect a reflected power P_rmeasurement. More particularly, tissue impedance of uncooked tissue at the near field may be slightly higher or lower (depending on a specific adjacent ablation zone “A”), which, in turn, may cause the reflected power P_rto be higher or lower at the beginning of an ablation procedure then is expected. Thus, in the instance where the initial reflected power P_iis approximately equal to P_r4, a calculation of the derivative taken at a point on the control curve indicates that themicrowave antenna100 is positioned adjacent cooked or ablated tissue. That is, the initial positive value of P_r4indicates that the reflected power P_ris increasing, and, thus, a steady-state condition is approaching, i.e., a calculation of the derivative indicates that the measured reflected power P_ris in the rising portion of the control curve and the reflected power P_rwill not approach zero, i.e., a point on the control curve where the total impedance associated with themicrowave antenna100 and tissue adjacent the near field is approximately equal to 50 ohms.

Themicrowave antenna100 of the present disclosure may be configured to create an ablation zone “A” having any suitable configuration (e.g., a width “w” and a length “l”), such as, for example, spherical (FIG. 3A), hemispherical, ellipsoidal (FIG. 3B where the ablation zone is designated “A-2”), and so forth. In one particular embodiment,microwave antenna100 is configured to create an ablation zone “A” that is spherical (FIG. 3A). As noted above, when themicrowave antenna100 has heated tissue in the “near field” to a maximum temperature, a dielectric constant and conductivity associated with the ablated tissue reaches a steady-state that corresponds to a steady-state reflected power P_rssassociated with themicrowave antenna100. Correlating the P_rssassociated with themicrowave antenna100 with the ablated tissue (i.e., ablated tissue, where the dielectric constant and conductivity are in a steady-state condition), indicates a specific size (e.g., radius r_ss) and shape (e.g., spherical) of the ablation zone “A.” Thus, a measure of P_rssassociated with themicrowave antenna100 corresponds to an ablation zone “A” having a radius r, e.g., r_ss. The control algorithm of the present disclosure uses known steady-state reflected powers associated with specific microwave antennas at specific radii to predict an ablation size. That is, reflected powers P_r, e.g., P_rSS, associated with a specific microwave antenna, e.g.,microwave antenna100, and corresponding radius, e.g., r_ss, are compiled into one or more look-up tables “D” and are stored in memory, e.g.,memory336, accessible by themicroprocessor335 and/or theAZCM332. Thus, when a measured reflected power for a specific microwave antenna, e.g.,microwave antenna100, reaches P_ssone or more modules,e.g. AZCM332, associated with thecontroller300, commands thecontroller200 to adjust the power output to themicrowave antenna100 accordingly. This combination of events will provide an ablation zone “A” with a radius approximately equal to r_ss.

In an embodiment, for a given microwave antenna, e.g.,microwave antenna100, reflected power measurements may be taken at times prior to t_ss, e.g., times t_I-t₄. In this instance, reflected powers, e.g., P_r1-P_r4, associated with themicrowave antenna100 may be correlated with an ablation zone “A” defined by a plurality of concentric ablation zones having radii r₁-r₄(collectively referred to as radii “r”) when measured from the center of the ablation zone “A.” More particularly, the reflected powers P_r1-P_r4and corresponding radii “r” may be correlated with each other in a manner as described above with respect to P_rssand r_ss(seeFIG. 3A in combination withFIGS. 4A and 4B, for example). In this instance, when specific reflected power, e.g., P₃, is met one or more modules,e.g. AZCM332, associated with thecontroller300, commands thecontroller200 to adjust the power output to themicrowave antenna100 accordingly.

It should be noted, that a reflected power P_rassociated with amicrowave antenna100 may vary for a given microwave antenna. Factors that may contribute to a specific reflected power P_rfor a given microwave antenna include but are not limited to: dimensions associated with the microwave antenna (e.g., length, width, etc.); type of material used to manufacture the microwave antenna (or portion associated therewith, e.g., a radiating section) such as copper, silver, etc; and the configuration of the radiating section (e.g., dipole, monopole, etc.) and/or a conductive tip (e.g., sharp, blunt, curved, etc) associated with the microwave antenna. Other factors that may contribute to a specific reflected power P_rfor a given microwave antenna may include, for example, type of microwave antenna (e.g., microwave antenna configured for use in treating lung, kidney, liver, etc.), type of tissue being treated (e.g., lung, kidney, liver, heart etc.), tumor size, and so on.

AZCM332 may be a separate module from themicroprocessor335, orAZCM332 may be included with themicroprocessor335. In an embodiment, theAZCM332 may be operably disposed on themicrowave antenna100. TheAZCM332 may include control circuitry that receives information from one or more control modules and/or one or more impedance sensors (not shown), and provides the information to thecontroller300 and/ormicroprocessor335. In this instance, theAZCM332,microprocessor335 and/orcontroller300 may access look-up table “D” and confirm that a paraticular reflected power (e.g., P_rss) associated withmicrowave assembly100 corresponds to a specific ablation zone (e.g., specific ablation zone having a radius r_ss) has been met and, subsequently, instruct thegenerator200 to adjust the amount of microwave energy being delivered to the microwave antenna. In one particular embodiment, look-up table “D” may be stored in a memory storage device (not shown) associated with themicrowave antenna100. More particularly, a look-up table “D” may be stored in a memory storage device operatively associated withhandle118 and/orconnector126 of themicrowave antenna100 and may be downloaded, read and stored intomicroprocessor335 and/ormemory336 and, subsequently, accessed and utilized in a manner described above; this would do away with reprogramming thegenerator200 and/orcontroller300 for a specific microwave antenna. The memory storage device may also be configured to include information pertaining to themicrowave antenna100. Information, such as, for example, the type of microwave antenna, the type of tissue that the microwave antenna is configured to treat, the type of ablation zone desired, etc. may be stored into the storage device associated with the microwave antenna. In this instance, for example,generator200 and/orcontroller300 ofsystem10 may be adapted for use with a microwave antenna configured to create an ablation zone, e.g. ablation zone “A-2,” different from that ofmicrowave antenna100 that is configured to create an ablation zone “A.”

In the embodiment illustrated inFIGS. 1-4, the generator is shown operably coupled tofluid supply pump40. Thesupply pump40 is, in turn, operably coupled to thesupply tank44. In embodiments, themicroprocessor335 is in operative communication with thesupply pump40 via one or more suitable types of interfaces, e.g., aport240 operatively disposed on thegenerator200, which allows themicroprocessor335 to control the output of a cooling fluid from thesupply pump40 to themicrowave antenna100 according to either open and/or closed control loop schemes. Thecontroller300 may signal thesupply pump40 to control the output of the cooling fluid from thesupply tank44 to themicrowave antenna100. In this way, cooling fluid42 is automatically circulated to themicrowave antenna100 and back to thesupply pump40. In certain embodiments, a clinician may manually control thesupply pump40 to cause cooling fluid42 to be expelled from themicrowave antenna100 into and/or proximate the surrounding tissue.

Operation ofsystem10 is now described. In the description that follows, it is assumed that losses associated with theconnector126 and/or cable162aare negligible and, thus, are not needed in calculating and/or determining a reflected power of themicrowave antenna100 adjacent the ablation zone during the ablation procedure. Initially,microwave antenna100 is connected togenerator200. In one particular embodiment, one or more modules, e.g.,AZCM332, associated with thegenerator200 and/orcontroller300 reads and/or downloads data from a storage device associated with theantenna100, e.g., the type of microwave antenna, the type of tissue that is to be treated, etc.Microwave antenna100 may then be positioned adjacent tissue (FIG. 3A). Thereafter,generator200 may be activated supplying microwave energy to radiatingsection138 of themicrowave antenna100 such that the tissue may be ablated. During tissue ablation, when a predetermined reflected power, e.g., P_rss, at themicrowave antenna100 is reached, theAZCM332 instructs thegenerator200 to adjust the microwave energy accordingly. In the foregoing sequence of events theAZCM332 functions in real-time controlling the amount of microwave energy to the ablation zone such that a uniform ablation zone of suitable proportion (e.g., ablation zone “A” having a radius r_ss) is formed with minimal or no damage to adjacent tissue.

With reference toFIG. 5 amethod400 for monitoring temperature of tissue undergoing ablation is illustrated. Atstep402, microwave energy fromgenerator200 is transmitted to amicrowave antenna100 adjacent a tissue ablation site. At step,404 reflected power P_rassociated with the microwave antenna is monitored. Atstep406, a detection signal is communicated to thegenerator200 when a predetermined reflected power P_ris reached at themicrowave antenna100. Atstep408, the amount of microwave energy from thegenerator200 to themicrowave antenna100 may be adjusted.

From the foregoing and with reference to the various figure drawings, those skilled in the art will appreciate that certain modifications can also be made to the present disclosure without departing from the scope of the same. For example, one or more directional couplers (not shown) may be operatively associated with thegenerator200,controller300 and/orAZCM332, and configured to direct the forward, reflected, and/or load power portions of a sampled output signal (or pulse) to theAZCM332. More particularly, the directional coupler provides samples of the forward and reflected signal (or pulse) generated by thegenerator200. The power, magnitude and phase of the generated output signal may be obtained or calculated from the measured forward and reflected signals by conventional algorithms that employ one or more suitable equations.

It should be noted that energy values or parameters (e.g., power, voltage, current, impedance, magnitude and phase) of an output pulse are valid at the output ofgenerator200. That is, and as alluded to above, theconnector126 and/orinternal cable126amay include transmission line losses. Accordingly, in order to get a more accurate reading and/or measurement of the energy values or parameters that are delivered to themicrowave antenna100 and/or reflected back to thegenerator200, one would have to know the actual transmission line losses associated withconnector126 and/orinternal cable126a. Accordingly, in an embodiment, loss information forconnector126 and/orinternal cable126amay be determined and, subsequently, stored inmemory336 and accessed by one or more modules, such as, for example, a calibration module (600) or other suitable module (e.g., AZCM332) for later use. The loss information forconnector126 and/orinternal cable126amay be determined by any suitable device and/or method. For example, the loss information forconnector126 and/orinternal cable126amay be determined vianetwork analyzer602. In one particular embodiment, thenetwork analyzer602 may be an integral part of generator200 (e.g., part of calibration module600) or, alternatively, thenetwork analyzer602 may be a separate handheld device that is in operative communication withgenerator200. Thenetwork analyzer602 may be used to perform a diagnostic test ofconnector126 and/orinternal cable126a. Thenetwork analyzer602 may function in a fashion similar to most conventional network analyzers that are known in the available art. That is, thenetwork analyzer602 may determine the properties that are associated withconnector126 and/orinternal cable126a, and more particularly, those properties that are associated withconnector126 and/orinternal cable126athat affect the reflection and/or transmission of an output signal, such as, for example, the characteristic impedance Z_oofconnector126 and/orinternal cable126a.

Known line loss information associated with theconnector126 and/orinternal cable126amay be stored intomemory336 and accessed during an ablation procedure by one or more modules, e.g.,AZCM332, associated with thecontroller300 and/orgenerator200 and, subsequently, used in determining if a predetermined threshold value, e.g., P_r1-ss, of the reflected power P_rhas been met. More particularly, characteristic impedance associated withconnector126 and/orinternal cable126amay be employed to determine a more accurate or comprehensive measurement of the reflected power P_r. For example, a more accurate or comprehensive measurement of the reflected power P_rmay be determined using the equation:

$\begin{array}{cc}\frac{Z_{1-\mathrm{ss}}-Z_o}{Z_{1-\mathrm{ss}}+Z_o}=\frac{P_{\mathrm{SWR}}-1}{P_{\mathrm{SWR}}+1}& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

where, Z_ois the characteristic impedance associated with theconnector126 and/orinternal cable126a, Z_1-ssis an impedance of themicrowave antenna100 when themicrowave antenna100 is positioned adjacent tissue in a “near field” at times t_1-ss, and P_swris a power standing wave ratio (P_swr) that may be calculated using the equation:

$\begin{array}{cc}{P}_{\mathrm{SWR}}=\frac{P_f+P_r}{P_f-P_r}& \left(2\right)\end{array}$

where P_fis the power associated with the generated signal (i.e., forward signal) and P_ris the power associated with the reflected signal. The characteristic impedance Zo is an accurate measure of the impedance of theconnector126 and/orinternal cable126aand takes into account the line losses associated with theconnector126 and/orinternal cable126a. In this instance, after all the necessary calculations have been carried out, an accurate representation of the reflected power P_rmay be transmitted to and measured by the AZCM332 (or other suitable module associated with either thecontroller300 or generator200).

While several embodiments of the disclosure have been shown in the drawings and/or discussed herein, it is not intended that the disclosure be limited thereto, as it is intended that the disclosure be as broad in scope as the art will allow and that the specification be read likewise. Therefore, the above description should not be construed as limiting, but merely as exemplifications of particular embodiments. Those skilled in the art will envision other modifications within the scope and spirit of the claims appended hereto.

Claims (4)

1. A system for monitoring ablation size, comprising:

a power source including a microprocessor for executing at least one control algorithm;

a microwave antenna configured to deliver microwave energy from the power source to tissue to form an ablation zone; and

an ablation zone control module in operative communication with a memory associated with the power source, the memory including at least one data look-up table including data pertaining to a control curve varying over time and being representative of reflective power associated with the microwave antenna, points along the control curve corresponding to a value of the the reflective power,

wherein during transmission of microwave energy to the microwave antenna and when the microwave antenna is in a near field of ablated tissue, the ablation zone control module triggers a signal when a predetermined threshold value of the reflective power is measured corresponding to the radius of the ablation zone,

wherein the at least one control algorithm calculates the reflected power associated with the microwave antenna and a derivative at a point taken along the control curve corresponding to the reflected power associated with the microwave antenna,

wherein the derivative is indicative of rise and fall portions of the reflected power signal such that when the derivative is taken during a rise portion of the reflected power signal the measured reflected power is assigned a positive value and when the derivative is taken during a fall portion of the reflected power signal the measured reflected power is assigned a negative value, the positive and negative values of the reflected power signal indicating when the microwave antenna and tissue in the near field of the ablation zone are approaching a respective steady-state condition or an impedance match between the microwave antenna and tissue in the near field.

2. A system according toclaim 1, wherein the microwave antenna is configured to produce an ablation zone that is spherical.

3. A system according toclaim 1, further comprising:

at least one fluid pump configured to supply a cooling fluid to the microwave antenna for facilitating cooling of one of the microwave antenna and tissue adjacent the ablation zone.

4. A microwave antenna adapted to connect to a power source configured for performing an ablation procedure, comprising:

a radiating section configured to deliver microwave energy from a power source to tissue to form an ablation zone; and

an ablation zone control module in operative communication with a memory associated with the power source, the memory including at least one data look-up table including data pertaining to a control curve varying over time and being representative of reflected power associated with the microwave antenna, points along the control curve corresponding to a value of the reflective power,

wherein during transmission of microwave energy to the microwave antenna and when the microwave antenna is in a near field of ablated tissue, the ablation zone control module triggers a signal when a predetermined threshold value of the reflective power is measured corresponding to the radius of the ablation zone,

wherein the at least one control algorithm calculates the reflected power associated with the microwave antenna and a derivative at a point taken along the control curve corresponding to the reflected power associated with the microwave antenna,

wherein the derivative is indicative of rise and fall portions of the reflected power signal, wherein when the derivative is taken during a rise portion of the reflected power signal the measured reflected power is assigned a positive value and when the derivative is taken during a fall portion of the reflected power signal the measured reflected power is assigned a negative value, the positive and negative values of the reflected power signal indicating when the microwave antenna and tissue in the near field of the ablation zone are approaching a respective steady-state condition or an impedance match between the microwave antenna and tissue in the near field.

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