Thermoplastic polymers, such as polystyrene, high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), styrene/acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymers, acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS) copolymers, polymethyl methacrylate, styrene/maleic anhydride (SMSA) copolymers, nylons, and acrylonitrile polymers of the barrier type (Ullmanns Encyclop/a/ die der technischen Chemie, volume 19, page 275, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1980) are freed, in separate devolatilization steps, from unreacted monomers and from assistants, such as solvents. This step is necessary, as a rule, regardless of the method employed to prepare the polymer, ie. in any conventional process, such as mass, solution, mass/suspension, emulsion or precipitation polymerization, any residual monomers still present in the polymer have to be removed.
A very large variety of methods have been employed to achieve this. The conventional method comprises devolatilization in single-stage or multi-stage units, as described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,727,884 and 2,941,935. However, the thermoplastic resins prepared by means of these processes frequently still contain residual amounts of monomers, and consequently cannot be used, for example, in the foodstuffs packaging sector or in articles which are in contact with foodstuffs over a long period of time.
It has therefore been proposed that the residual monomers in these polymers be removed by irradiation with electrons. This procedure reduces the content of residual monomers but at the same time the polymers become noticeably yellow and undergo partial crosslinking. Moreover, the equipment employed is very expensive and its operation is very energy-consumptive.
The use of assistants to remove the residual monomers has also been proposed.
The relevant prior art includes (1) U.S. Pat. No. 4,124,658, (2) U.S. Pat. No. 4,215,085, (3) U.S. Pat. No. 4,215,024 and (4) U.S. Pat. No. 4,228,119.
(1) describes the subsequent chemical devolatilization of styrene polymers with sulfonic acid hydrazides. This method has the disadvantage that the residual monomers are not removed to an adequate extent.
(2), (3) and (4) describe the use of reaction products of olefinic alcohols with fatty acids, cyanuric acid and fatty acid aldehydes or unsaturated fatty acids, eg. oleic acid, or glycerides of unsaturated fatty acids, eg. Linoleic acid or oleic acid, or linseed oil for subsequent chemical devolatilization, in particular for removing monomeric acrylonitrile by trapping reactions. These methods have the disadvantage that the resulting polymers exhibit substantial yellowing and, in some cases, the residual monomers have not been removed to an adequate extent.
It is an object of the present invention to prepare polymers having a reduced content of residual monomers, without it being necessary to employ additional devolatilization units for this purpose. The method should be capable of achieving devolatilization to a residual monomer content which is sufficiently low to permit the polymers to be employed, without the risk of contamination, for packaging foodstuffs. Moreover, removing the residual monomers should not alter the properties of the polymers.
We have found that this object is achieved by a method as defined in claim 1.
The method according to the invention and the composition of the (co)polymers are described below.
The novel method can be used for all (co)polymers composed of one or more monomers from the group comprising
(a) the vinyl-aromatic monomers and
(b) the ethylenically unsaturated monomers.
Particularly suitable vinyl-aromatic monomers are styrene, p-methylstyrene and α-methylstyrene.
Particularly suitable ethylenically unsaturated monomers are the esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid with alcohols of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, acrylonitrile (AN) and maleic anhydride (MA).
Virtually all thermoplastic resins and modified polymers which are composed of the vinyl-containing monomers (a) and/or (b) and in which it is intended to reduce the content of residual monomers can be employed as polymers. Relatively low molecular weight polymers, in the presence or absence of a solvent or as a dispersion, may also be subsequently devolatilized with the aid of the compounds of the formula I. The method is particularly useful in the case of modified and non-modified polystyrene, styrene copolymers, eg. SAN, SMA and SMMA copolymers, ABS, ASA, ACS and MBS resins, impact-resistant SMA copolymers, impact-resistant polymethyl methacrylates, nylons, barrier plastics with a high acrylonitrile content, and acrylonitrile polymers.
Modified and non-modified thermoplastic styrene polymers, styrene copolymers, acrylonitrile polymers and copolymers, methacrylate polymers and copolymers and acrylate polymers and copolymers are particularly preferably employed in the procedure for removing residual monomers.
The method according to the invention is carried out at above the glass temperature of the (co)polymer, which can be from 50° to 150° C. The reaction takes place in the presence of a cyclic compound of the formula I (a Diels-Alder adduct) as the assistant. The decomposition temperature of the chosen compound of the formula I should be from 50° to 200° C. above the glass temperature of the (co)polymer to be devolatilized, ie. the said decomposition temperature should be from 50° to 350° C., preferably from 100° to 300° C.
The compound of the formula I is advantageously employed in an amount of from 0.5 to 200, preferably from 1 to 50, moles per mole of residual vinyl-containing monomer (a) and/or (b).
Mixing of the (co)polymer and the assistant is preferably carried out in an extruder, advantageously in a single-screw or twin-screw extruder, but it is also possible to use other units which permit thorough mixing, for example static mixers with Kenics or Sulzer mixing elements as well as dynamic pin mills.
Mixing of the polymer with the compound of the formula I is advantageously carried out for from 0.2 to 20 minutes, depending on the mixing efficiency of the particular unit. Where an extruder is employed, the residence time is advantageously from 20 to 180 seconds, the mixing time required being determined by the melt viscosity of the polymer. The required residence time range can be set by varying the temperature.
An essential feature of the novel method is that it is carried out using one or more bicyclic or polycyclic compounds of the general formula I ##STR2## where X is methylene, ethylene, 1,1-ethenyl, 1,2-ethenyl, carbonyl, azo, amino, ether or thioether group which is unsubstituted or substituted by alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, carboxyl, carboxyalkyl, an ether group or a thioether group, R1, R2, R3 and R4 are each hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, carboxyalkyl or nitrile, R5 and R6 are each hydrogen, halogen, alkyl or carboxyalkyl, and R7 and R8 are each hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carboxyalkyl, carboxyl or nitrile.
Furthermore, R1 and R2 together, or R3 and R4 together, may be one of the following groups: ##STR3## where R10, R11, R12 and R13 are each hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, carboxyalkyl, carboxyl, an acyl halide group or an acylamide group.
Particularly preferred compounds of the formula I are Diels-Alder adducts which are derived from tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6 ]deca-3,8-diene, tricyclo[6.2.2.02,7 ]dodeca-3,8-diene, bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene, bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene or bicyclo[2.2.2]octa-2,5-diene, or which correspond to these products. Compounds of this type are tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6 ]deca-3,8-dien-5-one, 4,9-bis-carboxymethyltricyclo[5.2.1.02,6 ]deca-3,8-diene, 4,9-bis-carbonitriletricyclo[5.2.1.02,6 ]deca-3,8-diene, 1,4-bis-carboxymethyltricyclo[5.2.1.02.6 ]deca-3,8-diene, bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene-5,6-dicarboxylic anhydride, 2,3-dimethyl-7-isopropylbicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-ene-5,6-dicarboxylic anhydride and 1-methyl-4-isopropylbicyclo[2.2.2]octa-2,5-diene-7,8-dicarboxylic anhydride, to name but a few examples, without restricting the invention to these. The preparation of such Diels-Alder products is known per se (cf. German Published Applications DAS No. 1,569,021 and DAS No. 1,569,032).
The point in time at which the novel method is carried out can be readily determined by a skilled worker on the basis of the circumstances prevailing and the polymerization process employed. Thus, the novel method can be used directly after the polymerization, or the major part of the solvent and unreacted monomers can be evaporated before the novel method is employed. It can also be carried out after the (co)polymer has been dried, and may be combined with the compounding step or may precede this.
Mixing the (co)polymer with the compound of the formula I is preferably carried out at above the glass temperature of the (co)polymer and at above the decomposition temperature of the cyclic compounds. Regarding the definition of the glass temperature, reference may be made to Ullmanns Encyclop/a/ die der technischen Chemie, Verlag Chemie Weinheim, volume 18, pages 594 and 595. Mixing may be carried out under atmospheric or superatmospheric pressure, either continuously or batchwise.
Compared with the conventional methods, the method according to the invention gives (co)polymers with a substantially lower amount of residual monomers. These polymers are therefore very useful for packaging foodstuffs. Removal of the residual monomers takes place as a result of their chemical conversion. Using the method according to the invention, it is possible to bring about a drastic reduction in the content of residual monomers in polymers, without additional devolatilization units being required for this purpose, and without the polymers yellowing or undergoing crosslinking as a result of this procedure.
All these advantageous results are surprising in view of the prior art.
The devolatilized polymers obtainable by the method of the invention are useful starting materials for a large number of plastic articles, in particular for plastics which come into contact with foodstuffs, for example when used for packaging.
In the Examples which follow, parts are by weight.
EXAMPLE 1A styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer having a mean molecular weight MHD w of 1.4×105, an AN content of 25% and a residual monomer content of 2,340 ppm of styrene and 68 ppm of acrylonitrile is mixed thoroughly with 1%, based on the SAN polymer, of tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6 ]deca-3,8-diene in a twin-screw extruder, and the mixture is then extruded.
Mixing is carried out at 250° C. for 4 minutes. After extrusion, the SAN copolymer has a reduced residual monomer content of 1,640 ppm of styrene and 5 ppm of acrylonitrile, has not undergone yellowing, is completely soluble and has mechanical properties corresponding to those of the starting material.
EXAMPLE 2A styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer having a mean molecular weight MHD w of 1.2×105, an AN content of 35% and a residual monomer content of 4,250 ppm of styrene and 500 ppm of acrylonitrile is thoroughly mixed with 0.5%, based on the SAN polymer, of tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6 ]deca-3,8-diene in a twin-screw extruder, and the mixture is then extruded.
Mixing is carried out at 260° C. for 4 minutes. After extrusion, the SAN copolymer has a reduced residual monomer content of 2,700 ppm of styrene and 87 ppm of acrylonitrile, has not undergone yellowing, is completely soluble and has mechanical properties corresponding to those of the starting material.
EXAMPLE 3The polymer described in Example 2 is employed with 1.0% of tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6 ]deca-3,8-diene under corresponding conditions (260° C., residence time: 4 minutes). After extrusion, the SAN copolymer still contains 1,800 ppm of styrene and 10 ppm of acrylonitrile, while its other properties once again remain unchanged.
EXAMPLE 4An ASA polymer which comprises 17.5% by weight of polybutyl acrylate, based on the ASA polymer, as the soft component, and an SAN copolymer, containing 25% by weight of AN, based on the SAN copolymer, and having an MHD w of 1.3×105, as the hard component, and has a residual monomer content of 1,900 ppm of styrene and 45 ppm of acrylonitrile, is compounded, together with 0.5% of tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6 ]deca-3,8-diene, at 240° C. for 3 minutes in a single-screw extruder. After compounding, the polymer still contains 860 ppm of styrene and 5 ppm of acrylonitrile, and its mechanical properties are unchanged.
EXAMPLE 5An SAN copolymer containing 70% of acrylonitrile and having an MHD w of 1.4×105 and a residual monomer content of 120 ppm of acrylonitrile and 190 ppm of styrene is compounded, together with 0.8% of tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6 ]deca-3,8-diene, at 230° C. for 4 minutes in a single-screw extruder. After compounding, the barrier plastic has a residual monomer content of 5 ppm of acrylonitrile and 100 ppm of styrene.
EXAMPLE 6A styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymer containing 50% of methyl methacrylate and having an MHD w of 1.2×105 and a residual monomer content of 1,900 ppm of styrene and 820 ppm of methyl methacrylate is compounded, together with 1.0% of tricyclo[5.2.1.02,6 ]deca-3,8-diene, at 210° C. for 4 minutes in a twin-screw extruder. After compounding, the copolymer still contains 1,840 ppm of styrene and 45 ppm of methyl methacrylate.
EXAMPLE 7The polymer described in Example 1 is reacted with 1% of tricyclo[6.2.2.02,7 ]dodeca-3,9-diene at 280° C. for 2 minutes. After extrusion, the SAN copolymer still contains 1,760 ppm of styrene and 10 ppm of acrylonitrile, while its other properties are unchanged.
EXAMPLE 8The polymer described in Example 2 is reacted with 1% of 4,9-bis-carboxymethyltricyclo[5.2.1.02,6 ]deca-3,8-diene at 230° C. for 5 minutes. The resulting polymer still contains 1,400 ppm of styrene and 22 ppm of acrylonitrile, but is otherwise unchanged.
EXAMPLE 9The SAN polymer described in Example 1 is reacted with 1% of 1-methyl-4-isopropylbicyclo[2.2.2]octa-2,5-diene-7,8-dicarboxylic anhydride at 250° C. for 4 minutes. The resulting polymer contains 1,420 ppm of styrene and 8 ppm of acrylonitrile, but is otherwise unchanged.
EXAMPLE 10The polymer described in Example 2 is reacted with 1% of 7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene at 240° C. for 6 minutes. The SAN polymer then has a residual monomer content of 2,800 ppm of styrene and 56 ppm of acrylonitrile, but is otherwise unchanged.