US3874368A - Impedance plethysmograph having blocking system - Google Patents

Abstract

An impedance plethysmograph has an oscillator for applying constant current to the thorax of a patient. A detector circuit connected to the patient provides an output corresponding to thoracic impedance. Circuits responsive to detected impedance provide signals corresponding to change of impedance and the first time differential of impedance. Means are provided to block the differential signal when it is meaningless, for example, due to respiration.

Description

nited States Patent Asrican Apr. 1, 1975 IMPEDANCE PLETHYSMOGRAPH HAVING BLOCKING SYSTEM Inventor: Manfred Asrican, Baldwin Farms,

South, Greenwich, Conn. 06830 Filed: Apr. 19, 1973 Appl. No.: 352,426

US. Cl. 128/2.1 Z, 128/205 V Int. Cl A61b 5/02 Field of Search..... 128/206 A, 2.06 B, 2.06 G,

128/206 R, 2.1 RB, 2.1 2, 2.05 R

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3/1965 Pantle 128/205 R 9/1973 Baessler ct al. 128/21 B OTHER PUBLICATIONS Kubicek et 211., NASA Tech. Brief, No. 68-10220,

June 1968, 2 pp.

Primary Examiner-William E. Kamm Attorney, Agent, or F irm-Alfred E. Miller [57] ABSTRACT An impedance plethysmograph has an oscillator for applying constant current to the thorax of a patient. A detector circuit connected to the patient provides an output corresponding to thoracic impedance. Circuits responsive to detected impedance provide signals corresponding to change of impedance and the first time differential of impedance. Means are provided to block the differential signal when it is meaningless, for example, due to respiration.

2 Claims, 4 Drawing Figures JEN EUAPR HSYD 3.874.368

SriiU 1 [IF 2 CONsTANT L VOLTAGE CURRENT PICK-UP OSCILLATOR AND 100 KHZ DETECTION m l l I cl+. T13

I7 Io H 6 J \3 DIGITAL IOO KC DETECTOR READOUT DSCILLATOR i \H T: Z0

3/! sz 30w DETECTOR A Z I 33 AMPLIFIER AZ I 6 I [66 5 GATE THRESHOLD z3 i GENERATOR CIRCUIT I GATE I 24 l dz DIFFERENTIATOR AND Azcmd E; FILTER CIRCUIT CALIBRATION I & GENERATOR A z z?- I at IMPEDANCE PLETI-IYSMOGRAPH HAVING BLOCKING SYSTEM The present invention relates to plethysmogragphs and particularly to an impedance plethysmograph and process of using the same. The invention is particularly useful in determining cardiac output.

US. Pat. No. 3,340,867 discloses a plethysmograph of the type to which the present invention is directed. In accordance with this patent, a current flux is distributed in the mammalian thorax by the placement of electrodes at the neck and lower thorax. The electrodes have the form of bands positioned to encircle the neck and thorax. To these electrodes is applied a fluctuating excitation current. The impedance of the thorax is then measured with either the same electrodes or with different electrodes to obtain information concerning cardiac activity and particularly cardiac output. In accordance with this patent, the major portion of excitation current flux is passed through the lung tissues, rather than through the lower resistivity volume of the major thoracic arteries veins, and the heart. Accordingly, it is possible to measure the blood volume changes of the lungs and derive cardiac output from the impedance changes. Impedance plethysmographic waveforms obtained between the electrodes monitor the pulmonary flow as reflected by impedance changes in the pulmonary vascular bed.

In the system of this patent, the measurement of electrical impedance changes in the thorax during application of a fluctuating current (such as lOOkc. current having RMS value of 5.0 ma.) between electrodes placed on the surface of the thorax. This procedure provides the advantage of minimum subject preparation and constraint.

To verify the determination of cardiac output from impedance measurements, an understanding of the physiological phenomena responsible for the measured variations must be obtained. In particular the excitation current flux paths in the thorax between the excitation electrodes must be established.

It has been found that the only tenable theoretical flux distribution path is that in which the majority of the current flux passes from the band electrodes into the lung volume and tends to avoid the heart blood vol ume regions. Consequently, this current flux distribution implies that the measured impedance is an indication of the total movement of blood in the pulmonary vascular bed.

The impedance waveforms obtained with two band electrodes, one positioned at the neck and the other about 2 cm. below the xiphisternal joint reflect the pulmonary blood pulsations in the lungs rather than the direct ventricular volume change. Equipotential surfaces sketched from thorax potential measurements indicated a flow of current from the blood volume regions. The largest density of the current leaving a band electrode positioned at the midsection of the thorax is found at the base of the lungs on the posterior thorax. These results indicate that in an electrode configuration including one band electrode about the neck and another about the thorax, the majority of the current flux is passed through the lungs, so that the major observed impedance characteristics are controlled by the pulsating pulmonary volume changes. The relatively accurate cardiac output determination made by these impedance measurements are based on an indirect indication of right ventricular stroke volume as reflected by the pulmonary vascular bed.

In order to minimize the influence of respiratory and other effects in the use of equipment of the above type, the first derivative of the change in impedance of the thorax during the cardiac cycle is generally used for computation. Thus, the normal respiration of a patient produces periodic variation in the impedance, and the computation on the basis of the first derivative of the impedance can minimize the effect of such variation. Even when the first time derivative of the impedance is employed, however, ithas been found that the best results are obtained when the subject is instructed to hold his breath during the time that the measurements are taken. For example, the patient may be required to hold his breath for about six heart beats in order to avoid drift in the measurement of the change of impedance and the first time differential of the impedance recording. This technique of course requires that the patient be conscious and otherwise capable of following instructions to hold his breath during the measuring period. If the patient is not capable of holding his breath, then great skill must be employed in the interpretation of the recordings in order to provide a reasonable determination of the meaning of the recordings. In the event of erratic variation in the base impedance, the interpretation of the recordings may be thus exceedingly difficult if not impossible. It may be very difficult to determine which portions of a recording produce valid results, and which portions must be disregarded as meaningless.

In accordance with the present invention, this problem is overcome by providing a method and apparatus for blocking out the reading of an instrument of this type when the reading would be rendered meaningless, for example, as a result of respiration.

The invention will now be more fully described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram, illustrating the basic elements of an impedance plethysmograph showing the interconnections thereof to a human subject in use;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an impedance plethysmograph in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a portion of a record of impedance variation and the first time differential of the impedance for a normal subject, in the use of an impedance plethysmograph; and

FIG. 4 is a diagram representing portion of a strip chart record showing the impedance change and first time differential of the impedance of a patient in which the variation of the base impedance interferes with the interpretation of the recording.

Referring now to the drawings, and more in particular to FIG. 1, a basis system or an impedance plethysmograph is comprised of a constantcurrent oscillator 10 providing, for example, a constant sinusoidal alternating current of 4 milliamperes RMS, KHZ. The output of the constantcurrent generator 10 is connected between an electrode 11 at the upper portion of the neck of the patient, and anelectrode 12 at the lower abdomen. The circuit also includes a voltage pick up anddetection circuit 13, the input of which is connected between anelectrode 14 at the base of the neck of the patient, and anelectrode 15 slightly below the xiphisternal joint of the patient. The electrodes, for example, may encircle the patients body.

The constant current from the oscillator is passed longitudinally through the thorax of the patient between theelectrodes 11 and 12. The product of this current multiplied by the thoracic impedance generates a voltage E=IZ between theelectrodes 14 and 15. This voltage is picked up by the voltage pick up anddetection circuit 13, which employs a high input impedance linear amplifier in its input stage. Thecircuit 13 also includes detection, balancing, and calibration circuits, and provides the outputs Z, ,AZ, dz/dt. 2,, is the base impedance of the thorax, and provides a direct numerical measurement of fluid changes in the chest. AZ represents the gross impedance change during the cardiac cycle, and is a parameter which may be employed in the measurement of peripheral circulation. The time derivative dz/dt is the first derivative of AZ, and is the parameter which is employed in the measurement of stroke volume and the cardiac output.

Referring now to FIG. 2, therein is illustrated a block diagram of a circuit in accordance with the invention. The circuit is comprised of a constant currentsinusoidal oscillator 10, of conventional nature, which is connected to theelectrodes 11 and 12 as abovedescribed. The base impedance Z, of the thorax appears between theelectrodes 13 and 14, as abovedescribed. Theelectrode 14 may be connected to a ground reference, and theelectrode 13 is connected a high inputimpedance AC amplifier 15. The output of theamplifier 15 is connected to adetector 16. The output ofdetector 16 is connected to a digital read-out circuit 17 which, after suitable filtering provides a digital read-out corresponding to thebase impedance 2,. Thecircuit 17, for example, may comprise filtering circuits for filtering the DC output of thedetector 16, followed by an analog to digital converter and a digital indicator. In a normal subject, the base level indicated by the digital read-out circuit 17 will be about ohms. The output of thedetector 16 may also be applied to a terminal Z for external use.

The output of thedetector 16 is also applied to anamplifier 20 by way of aswitch 21, and to a differentiator andfilter circuit 22 by way of agate circuit 23 andswitch 24. The output of theamplifier 20 is applied to a terminal AZ, to produce an output corresponding to the change in the impedance Z, from its base level.

As one example, theamplifier 20 may be comprised of a differential amplifier, the second input of which is derived from theoscillator 10 by way of apotentiometer 30, anamplifier 31, adetector 32, and aswitch 33. With this arrangement, the potentiometer may be adjusted to an impedance corresponding to the impedance of the thorax at the base level, so that the output of theamplifier 20 reflects changes in the thoracic impedance from this level. A system of this general type is disclosed in US. Pat. No. 3,340,867, for example. Alternatively, theamplifier 20 may include a sample and hold circuit having an automatic re-set, for providing the desired output corresponding to the difference impedance.

The differentiator andfilter circuit 22 is of conventional nature, and provides an output at the terminal dz/dt corresponding to the first time differential of the base impedance.

In addition, the circuit of FIG. 2 includes a calibration generator for generating calibration signals for the AZ and dz/dt outputs. The nature of the calibration signal will be more fully disclosed in the following paragraphs. One output of thecalibration generator 40 is applied to theamplifier 20 by way of theswitches 21 and 33, and another output of the calibration generator is applied to the differentiator andfilter circuit 22 by way of theswitch 24.

The above-described circuit, with the exception of thegate 23, is conventional, and has been employed in the past for the measurement of thoracic impedance.

FIG. 3 illustrates a portion of a strip chart recording of the outputs dz/dt and AZ from the arrangement of FIG. 2 with a normal subject.Trace 50, corresponding to the change of impedance Z, from its base level, is shown with a constant base line, i.e., without the influence of respiratory or other effects. The vertically extendingportions 51 of this curve correspond to the maximum decreasing impedance slope during systole. The pulmonary flow rate is a function of the rate of change of impedance, and hence of the slope of theportions 51 of thecurve 50. This slope is determined by differentiating the impedance Z,,, for example in thecircuit 22 of FIG. 2, to provide thewave form 53. The amplitude of thepeaks 54 from acalibration base line 55 thus corresponds to the pulmonary flow rate.

Thecurves 50 and 53 are typical curves obtained in operation of the instrument, and these curves are shown to the left of avertical line 56, representing an arbitrary time at which theswitches 21, 24, and 33 were switched from their operating position, as shown in FIG. 2, to the output of thecalibration generator 40. As illustrated to the right of theline 56, the calibration signal for the AZ amplifier, which will be generally unchanged in shape from the output thereof, consists of a series ofpulses 57 having leading edges with calibrated slopes. Since the normal variation of impedance is around 0.1 ohm, thepulses 57 have amplitudes corresponding to such value. The calibration signal establishes abase line 59 corresponding to the base impedance. Pulses similar to thepulses 57 are applied to the differentiator and filter circuit 42, whereby the output of this circuit has awave form 61 withpulses 62 having amplitudes corresponding to the slope of the leading edges of thepulses 57. For example, the amplitudes of thepulses 62 may correspond to an impedance change rate of one ohm per second. Thecurve 61 also establishes thebase line 55 for thecurve 53.

As above stated, in the normal process of taking measurements with an impedance plethysmograph, the patient is instructed to hold his breath, for example for six heart beats, in order that variations of the base impedance, for example, due to respiration, do not interfere with the output of the device. In the presence of respiration, thecurve 50 corresponding to the change of impedance is superimposed on a cyclically varying base which may correspond to impedance changes greater than those resulting from pulmonary flow. As a consequence, the slope of the impedance change during each systole will not correspond exactly to the pulmonary flow rate, and the amplitudes of thepulses 54 will consequently not accurately correspond to the flow rate. While this effect may be minimized by having the patient hold his breath, some interpretation may still be necessary by the operator to ascertain which of thepulses 54 provide an accurate indication of the flow rate. While this technique is of course possible when a patient is conscious and able to understand and follow instructions to hold his breath, it is of course impossible when the patient is not capable of holding his breath in this manner. In such cases, in the past, it has been necessary to employ great skill in interpretation of the recording in order to ascertain the flow rate. In some cases, particularly when the variations in the base line were erratic, it has not been possible to ascertain the pulmonary flow rate with any degree of accuracy. A portion of a strip chart recording of an abnormal patient is illustrated in FIG. 4. In this figure, thecurve 50 corresponding to the change of impedance has been superimposed upon a base line of unknown or erratic variation, so that it is difficult to visually pick out the por tions of the curve corresponding to a systole. Thecurve 53, due to the variations in slopes of thecurve 50 resulting from the variation in the base line, therefore exhibits peaks 54 of widely differing amplitudes. The selection of thepeaks 54 corresponding to the true pulmonary flow rate is consequently difficult.

In order to overcome this problem, in accordance with the invention, means are provided for blocking the presentation of a recording corresponding to the dz/dt signal whenever this signal has a meaningless value. Specifically, the signal is difficult to interpret whenever the base line upon which the difference impedance AZ is superimposed exceeds a given value. Therefore, in accordance with the invention, referring to FIG. 2, athreshold circuit 65 is provided connected to the output of theamplifier 20, for providing an output signal whenever the output thereof exceeds a given value. Thecircuit 65, may for example, be Schmitt trigger circuit. Since it is desirable to block out the dz/dt signal for the entire stroke, the output of thethreshold circuit 65 may be applied to agate generator circuit 66, for example monostable multivibrator. The output of thegate generator 66 is applied as a control signal to thegate 23, to thereby block thegate 23 upon the occurrence of a signal input to the threshold circuit exceeding the determined value. As a consequence, whenever the base line has fluctuated to an extent such that the output of the differentiator andfilter circuit 22 would .be meaningless or difficult to interpret, this output is blocked by thegate 23, and hence the output appears merely as a straight line. The operator is then presented only with a recording that is sufficiently accurate to be subject to correct interpretation without difficulty.

While the invention has been disclosed and described with reference to a single embodiment, it will be apparent that many variations and modifications may be made therein within the scope of the invention, and it is therefore intended in the following claims to cover each such variation and modification as falls within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:

1. In a plethysmograph of the type including means for measuring an impedance in a mammalian subject, means providing a first output corresponding to impedance changes of said measured impedance and means providing a second output corresponding to a time differential of said measured impedance, the improvement comprising a means responsive to said first output connected to inhibit said second output when said first output exceeds a determined magnitude.

2. In a plethysmograph for measuring cardiac output including a source of alternating constant current, electrode means for applying said constant current to a mammalian subject, amplifier and detector means, further electrode means for connecting said amplifier and detector means to the thorax region of said subject for producing an impedance signal corresponding to thoracic impedance, means responsive to said impedance signal for producing a first signal corresponding to the change of said thoracic impedance, and means responsive to said impedance signal for producing a second signal corresponding to the first time differential of said impedance; the improvement comprising means responsive to the amplitude of said first signal for blocking said second signal.

Claims (2)

1. In a plethysmograph of the type including means for measuring an impedance in a mammalian subject, means providing a first output corresponding to impedance changes of said measured impedance and means providing a second output corresponding to a time differential of said measured impedance, the improvement comprising a means responsive to said first output connected to inhibit said second output when said first output exceeds a determined magnitude.

2. In a plethysmograph for measuring cardiac output including a source of alternating constant current, electrode means for applying said constant current to a mammalian subject, amplifier and detector means, further electrode means for connecting said amplifier and detector means to the thorax region of said subject for producing an impedance signal corresponding to thoracic impedance, means responsive to said impedance signal for producing a first signal corresponding to the change of said thoracic impedance, and means responsive to said impedance signal for producing a second signal corresponding to the first time differential of said impedance; the improvement comprising means responsive to the amplitude of said first signal for blocking said second signal.

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