US3868565A - Object tracking and orientation determination means, system and process - Google Patents

Abstract

A field (e.g., a magnetic field) which nutates about a pointing vector is used to both track or locate an object in addition to determining the relative orientation of this object. Apparatus for generating such a field includes mutually orthogonal coils and circuitry for supplying an unmodulated carrier, hereafter called DC signal, to one coil and an AC modulated carrier signal, hereafter called AC signal, to at least one (usually two) other coil, such that the maximum intensity vector of a magnetic field produced by the currents in the coils nutates about a mean axis called the pointing vector direction of the field. The generated field is sensed in at least two orthogonal directions at the object to be tracked and whose orientation is to be determined. The sensed signals provide an indication of the direction and orientation of the object relative to the coordinates of the generating means.

Description

United States Patent Kuipers [4 1 Feb. 25, 1975 [76] Inventor: Jack Kuipers, 3085 Baker Park Dr.

SE, Grand Rapids, Mich. 49508 [22] Filed: July 30, 1973 [21] Appl. No.: 383,688

OTHER PUBLICATIONS Kalmus, H.; A New Guiding & Tracking System; IRE Trans. On Aerospace; Mar. 1962; pp. 7-10.

Primary Examiner-Robert J. Corcoran Attorney, Agent, or Firm- Price, Heneneld, Huizenga & Cooper [57] ABSTRACT A field (e.g., a magnetic field) which nutates about a pointing vector is used to both track or locate an object in addition to determining the relative orientation of this object. Apparatus for generating such a field includes mutually orthogonal coils and circuitry for supplying an unmodulated carrier, hereafter called DC signal, to one coil and an AC modulated carrier signal, hereafter called AC signal, to at least one (usually two) other coil, such that the maximum intensity vector of a magnetic field produced by the currents in the coils nutates about a mean axis called the pointing vector direction of the field. The generated field is sensed in at least two orthogonal directions at the object to be tracked and whose orientation is to be determined. The sensed signals provide an indication of the direction and orientation of the object relative to the coordinates of the generating means.

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Cmcuns FIG- 10- OBJECT TRACKING AND ORIENTATION DETERMINATION MEANS, SYSTEM AND PROCESS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to an object locating or tracking system or process in which a vector field which is caused to nutate about an axis called the pointing vector, is used to locate or track a remote object. It also relates to an apparatus for generating such a nutating field, more particularly a nutating magnetic field, which mutates about an axis called the pointing vector. More particularly, the invention relates to such a system or process which is capable of determining both the relative translation and the relative angular orientation of the coordinate frame of a remote object, relative to the reference coordinate frame of the apparatus which generates and points the nutating field.

2. Description of the Prior Art The use of orthogonal coils for generating and sensing magnetic fields is well known. Such apparatus has received wide attention in the area of mapping magnetic fields to provide a better understanding of their characteristics, for example. If a magnetic field around generating coils can be very accurately mapped through use of sensing coils, it has also been perceived that it might be possible to determine the location of the sensing coils relative to the generating coils based on what is sensed. However, a problem associated with doing this is that there is more than one location and/or orientation within a usual magnetic dipole field that will provide the same characteristic sensing signals in a sensing coil. In order to use a magnetic field for this purpose, additional information must threfore be provided.

One approach to provide the additional information required for this purpose is to have the generating and sensing coils move with respect to each other, such as is taught in US. Pat. No. 3,644,825. The motion of the coils generates changes in the magnetic field, and the resulting signals then may be used to determine direction of the movement or the relative position of the generating and sensing coils. While such an approach removes some ambiguity about the position on the basis of the field sensed, its accuracy is dependent on the relative motion, and it cannot be used at all without the relative motion.

Another approach that has been suggested to provide the additional required information is to make the mag netic field rotate as taught in Kalmus, A New Guiding and Tracking System, IRE TRansactions on Aero space and Navigational Electronics, March 1962, pages 7 10. To determine the distance between a generating and a sensing coil accurately, that approach requires that the relative orientation of the coils be maintained constant. It therefore cannot be used to determine both the relative translation and relative orientation of the generating and sensing coils.

While the art of locating and tracking remote objects is a well developed one, there still remains a need for a way to determine the relative angular orientation of a remote object in addition to locating or tracking the object. Further, there is a need for a means, system or process which operates on the signals detected by one sensor, those signals resulting from the nutating field generated by one generating means, which is capable of determining continuously the location of or tracking the remote object and sensor, in addition to simultaneously determining continuously the relative angular orientation of the remote object and sensor.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a system and process capable of determining both relative translation and relative orientation of remote objects through the use of a vector field.

It is another object of the invention to determine relative translation and orientation of remote objects through use of a field in a continuous manner, so that translation and orientation may be tracked and there fore determined continuously.

It is a further object of the invention to provide a system and process for locating an object precisely relative to a reference coordinate frame of the vector field generating means.

It is still another object of the invention to provide a system in which a pointing vector defined by a modulated field is used to track an object very precisely.

It is a still further object of the invention to provide a generator capable of producing electronically a field which nutates about a specified pointing vector, which field can be used in the above system and process.

It is therefore, also an object of this invention to set forth an efficient signal processing technique which results in the measure of the relative translation of a remote object (two angles) in addition to the simultaneous measure of the relative angular orientation of the remote object (three angles). That is, the invention provides a means for measuring five independent angu' lar measurements utilizing only one field generating means and only one sensing means at the remote moving object.

The above and related objects may be attained through use of the system, process and field generating apparatus described herein. This invention is based on the realization that the only positions in a nutating dipole field where the field strength is magnitude invariant lie along the axis of nutation, herein called the pointing vector. This phenomenon allows very precise location or tracking of a remote object that is free to undergo not only changes in position but also changes in angular orientation.

A system in accordance with the invention has means for generating a directable, nutating field, such as a magnetic field, about a pointing vector. Means is provided at the remote object to be located or tracked for sensing the field.

If the system is used to locate the object only, say for small perturbations in pointing angle, means is provided for generating a signal based on the sensed field for indicating the location of the object. If the system is used to track the object, a signal generating means is connected between the sensing means and'the field generating means which provides a signal to the field generating means, based on the sensed field, for moving the pointing vector of the nutating field toward the sensing means. Preferably, orthogonal coils are used both in the generation ofthe nutating field in which case it is an electromagnetic field and in the sensing of the resulting field.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 describes the geometry of a simple coordinate transformation called a rotation;

FIG. 2 is the block diagram representation of a single rotation operator, as in FIG. 1, called a Resolver;

FIG. 3 shows the circuit giving 360 pointing freedom to the two-dimensional nutating magnetic field in the plane;

FIG. 4a shows the pointing angles defined for three dimensional pointing;

.. FIG. 4b illustrates the circuitcorresponding to the 7 pointing angles of FIG. 4a;

FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a prior art magnetic field generating and sensing system;

FIG. 6 is a representation of signals sensed in the system of FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of a system which will allow practice of the invention for determining location and orientation of an object which moves in two dimensions;

FIG. 8 is a representation of signals sensed in the system of FIG. 7;

FIG. 9 is a representation of a simplified twodimensional system using a two-coil generator and a two-coil sensor;

FIG. 10 is a schematic representation of a system in accordance with the invention which will track the location and the angular orientation of an object free to move in two-dimensions; and

FIG. 11 is a schematic representation of a system in accordance with the invention which will track the location or direction and the relative angular orientation of an object free to move in three-dimensions, subject to certain restraints.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Apparatus in accordance with the invention for generating a directable, nutating, magnetic field along a pointing vector includes at least two orthogonally positioned coils through which excitation currents can be passed. This excitation current will usually be operating at some specified carrier frequency which is modulated by a direct current (DC) signal and/or an alternating current (AC) signal. Hereinafter, these modulation envelopes will be referred to only as DC signal or AC signal. The AC signal is at the nutation frequency. Circuitry for supplying a DC current through one of the coils and an AC current through at least one additional orthogonally positioned coil produces a nutating magnetic field whose pointing vector is in the direction of the axis of the DC coil, or more properly stated, in the direction of the axis of the DC field. The amplitude of the nutation depends on the relative amplitude of AC and DC signals, in most cases taken to be equal in amplitude. If the object can move only two dimensions, the nutation need only be a simple nodding in the plane of the motion. This can be produced by a DC signal in one of the coils and an AC signal in the second coil, with both coils in the plane of the motion. If the object is free to move in three dimensions, the nutation desirably describes a conical motion about the pointing vector of the field, the conical apex at the intersection of the coils. Such a nutating field can be generated by the combination of a DC signal in one of the coils, an AC signal is a second coil, and another AC signal having a phase in quadrature with the phase of the first AC signal, passed through the third coil, all three coils being mutually, spacially orthogonal.

In both the 2-D and 3-D nutating fields described above, the pointing vector is fixed to the direction of the axis of the DC field. To make this nutating field directable, a signal processing means known as a coordinate transformation circuit must operate on the reference AC and DC excitation signals in order to point the nutating field in the desired direction. A brief discussion of the coordinate transformation known as a rotation is presented as background in order to properly teach the principles underlying the techniques employed in this invention. s L

A vector transformed by pure rotation from one coordinate frame into another coorindate frame is also said to be resolved from the one into the new coordinate frame. Resolve and resolution in this context are synonyms for transform and transformation. The operator which transforms the components of a given vector in one coordinate frame into its components in another coordinate frame where the two coordinate frames are related by a simple angular rotation is defined as a resolver. The equations governing this transformation are:

x x cosA y sinA y y cosA x sinA where in this case the z, axis is the axis of rotation. The equations are readily verified from the geometry illustrated in FIG. 1. Note that when the two components operated on by the resolver are ordered positively (zxyzxy then the first component of the positively ordered pair always has the positive sine term when the angle of rotation is positive. If the angle of rotation is negative then the sign of the sine terms reverses. A convenient notation for a resolver is the block shown in FIG. 2 where the rotation in this case is shown as negative about the y-axis. The y component is therefore not affected by the transformation and this fact is indicated in this notation by passing that component directly through the box as shown whereas, the resolver block representing FIG. 1 would show the z, axis passing directly through the box. This notation should be regarded as a signal flow or block diagram for vector components, particularly useful in describing the computational strategy employed in this invention.

A process in accordance with the invention includes the generation of a directable, nutating field, nutating about an axis called the pointing vector. In the 2-D case, a single resolver operates on the AC and DC orthogonal components of the reference nutating excitation vector in order to produce the proper mixture of AC and DC on each of the two generator coils such that the pointing vector, along with the entire nutating magnetic field structure, is directed so as to make an angle A with the reference X-axis, as shown in FIG. 3. The excitation for the two generator coils necessary to direct the pointing vector in the required direction defined by the angle A is given by the equations:

Excitation for X-coil (DC)cosA (AC) sinA Excitation for Y-coil (AC)cosA (DC)sinA The computational circuitry necessary for precisely directing or pointing the nutating magnetic field for the 3-D case operates, in principle much the same as in the 2-D case. The reference nutating excitation vector now consists of three components: a DC and two AC signals quadrature related. The pointing vector and its entire nutating magnetic field structure are pointed in any de sired direction defined in terms of angle A and B, in this case. FIG. 4 illustrates the pointing geometry and the computational coordinate transformation circuitry necessary for achieving the desired pointing direction by operating on the given three reference excitation signals. A more detailed explanation of coordinate transformations, calculations and applications is contained in Kuipers, J., Solution and Simulation ofCerlain Kinematics and Dynamics Problems Using Resolvers, Proceedings of the Fifth Congress of the International Association for Analog Computation, Lausanne, Switzerland, Aug. 28-Sept. 2, 1967, pages 125-134, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

A process in accordance with the invention includes the generation of a field which nutates about a pointing vector. The generated field is sensed in at least two axes at the object to be located or tracked. From the processed relationship between the field components sensed in each of the orthogonal axes, the position of the object relative to the pointing vector of the field is determined to locate the object. To track the object, the pointing vector of the nutating field is moved until the field sensed on the two axes, after appropriate coordinate transformation processing, indicates that the object lies along the pointing vector. This has taken place when the processed signal resulting from the sensed nutating field is magnitude invariant over the nutation cycle. If a pointing error exists, then the amplitude of the modulation sensed in the pointing direction is proportional to the angular displacement of the object from the pointing vector. More specifically, the relative phase of the detected and processed signals compared to the reference field generating signals is proportional to the direction of the object relative to the pointing vector. The modulation amplitude of the sensed and processed signal, in the pointing vector direction is proportional to the angular displacement from the pointing vector.

The above discussion explains that the pointing vector can continuously track the object. This results in two angular measures defining the location of the object. Determination of the angular orientation of the object is however is independent matter. The orientation of the object is specified in general by three Euler (see Kuipers referenced paper) angles measured relative to the reference coordinate frame at the generator. Two of the error measures of angular orientation are proportional to whatever non-zero projections of the sensed and processed DC field component exist in the coordinate directions of the plane perpendicular to the pointing direction. The third angular error measure is proportional to the relative phase of the sensed and processed nutation signals in this orthogonal plane, compared to the nutation reference excitation at the generator means.

This system. apparatus for generating a nutating field about a pointing vector, and process allows a remote object to be located and tracked very precisely, both as to position and angular orientation. While the invention should find application in a wide variety of situations where remote object location or tracking coordinates, in addition to the orientation angles of the object, is required, it is particularly adapted in its present preferred form for use in tracking the position and angular orientation of an observers head, more specifically his line-of-sight, for visually coupled control system applications. In this limited application, the pilots line-of-sight is continuously and precisely defined relative to the coordinates of the aircraft. Many other applications such as automatic landing or docking, remotely piloted vehicles, automatically negotiated airto-air refuelling, formation control, etc. are all applications operating over much larger domains. In general, any situation involving two or more independent bodies or coordinate frames, wherein it is desired not only that the relative distance or location of the frames be measured, tracked and controlled precisely but also that it is desired simultaneously and with the same device to precisely measure, track and control the relative angular orientation of the two frames, is a potential application of this invention.

Referring now particularly to FIG. 5, the elements of a prior art magnetic field generating and sensing system which cannot be used to locate, track or determine the orientation of an object, are shown. Included is amagnetic field generator 10 having acoil 12 wound of copper or other conducting wire on a magnetic, preferably isotropic,core 14. Asource 16 of current i at some convenient carrier frequency, is connected to thecoil 12 byleads 18 and 20.Sensor 22 has acoil 24 wound preferably also on a magneticallyisotropic core 25, as in the case of the generatingcoil 12.Sense circuits 26 are connected to thecoil 24 byleads 28 and 30.

In use in accordance with prior art techniques, the passage of current 1' throughcoil 12 creates amagnetic field 32.Coil 24 ofsensor 22 is moved to different points around the generatingcoil 12, and currents induced in thecoil 24 provide a measure of the strength of themagnetic field 32 at the different points. With reference to the reference coordinateaxes 34, 36, and 38, in addition to simple translation ofcoil 24 in the directions X, Y and/or Z, thecoil 24, whose coordinate axes are 33, 35 and 37, may assume different relative angular orientations by rotations about these axes x, y and/or 1.

FIG. 6 shows the output signal atcoil 24 measured bysense circuit 26 for a givenfield 32 generated by current 1' flowing through thecoil 12, ascoil 24, is rotated for 360 about either they axis 35 or thez axis 37. In fact,coil 24 could be translated to uncountably many points aroundcoil 12 where the above rotations ofcoil 24 would again give the same output signal shown in FIG. 6. This demonstrates simply why the prior art apparatus cannot be used to uniquely define the relative position of nor the relative angular orientation of the sensing coils 24 with respect tocoil 12.

FIGS. 7 and 8show coil 12 which nutates thefield 32 in a simple nodding motion, induced by nutating means 44 connected tocoil 12 byline 46, through apredetermined angle 48, e.g., 45, and the resulting output curves as sensed bycircuits 26. The translation and rotation motions to be considered are restricted to the X--Y plane. The curves of FIG. 8 illustrate the basis underlying strategy in the subject invention. In FIG. 7 note that two orthogonal angular orientations are shown for thesensor coil 24. In each of these two orientations there is, in general, an AC and a DC component induced incoil 24. Whencoil 24 is aligned with the yaxis which is assumed to be orthogonal to the pointingaxis 50, the induced signal consists of a zero AC component at the fundamental nutation frequency and a zero DC component. Whencoil 24 is aligned with the x-axis, which is coincident with the pointingaxis 50, the induced signal consists of the entire DC component and again zero AC at the fundamental nutation frequency. The two pertinent signals for determination of relative orientation and translation, are the DC signal induced in coil'24 when in the y-position and the AC signal when in the x-position. Both are zero as illustrated in the first two curves of FIG. 8 when there is no orientation or translation error.

If a translation error exits then thesensor coil 24, in the at position, will sense someAC signal 47 at the fundamental nutation frequency. The magnitude of this signal will be proportional to the magnitude of the translation error; its phase, either or 180, will indicate the direction of the error.

If an orientation error exists, then thesensor coil 24 in the y position will sense some DC signal 45. The magnitude and polarity of this DC signal will indicate the magnitude and direction of the orientation error, respectively.

The apparatus of FIG. 7 will allow practice of the process of the invention to determine the location and orientation ofcoil 24 by alternately positioning thecoil 24 along the x and y axes, assuming freedom to move or orientate thecoil 24 alternately to coincide with the x and y axes. If movement occurs in each of the X, Y and Z directions, that is, in all three dimensions, then more than a simple planar nutation in the X-Y plane is required to characterize that movement, as will be considered in more detail below. In the X-Y plane, however, rather than a successive positioning of thecoil 24, it is far simpler to utilize two orthogonal coils, as in the apparatus of FIG. 9. Therefore,coil 24 of FIG. 7 has been replaced by orthogonally positionedcoils 52 and 54, each connected to sense circuits 26-by leads 56 and 58, and 60 and 62, respectively. While nutation of thefield 32 in FIG. 7 through theangle 48 can be accomplished by any convenient method, such as by means 44 giving a mechanical nutating motion of thecoil 12 in FIG. 7, it is best accomplished electrically, utilizing a pair ofcoils 64 and 66, also orthogonal.Current sources 68 and 70 are connected to each of these coils byleads 72 and 74 and 76 and 78, respectively. As shown,current source 68 supplies a DC signal i tocoil 64, andcurrent source 70 supplies an AC signal, say Msin wt, tocoil 66. These signals can be either simple DC and AC or may be both superimposed on a suitable carrier frequency such as kilohertz, in which case the terms AC and DC pertain to the modulation envelope defining each curve. In either case, the resulting magnetic field in the apparatus of FIG. 9 will nutate about a pointingaxis 80 which is always coincident with the axis of thecoil 64 as the AC signal incoil 66 produces an alternating magnetic field which adds'vectorially to the magnetic field generated by theDC signal incoil 64.

In practice, an object having orthogonal sensing coils 52 and 54 mounted on it is free to move-anywhere in the plane defined by the axes of the coils. If the system is to track the object, generatingcoils 64 and 66 should have the capability to generate a magnetic field which nutates about a pointingvector 80, with a peak-to-peakangular nutation amplitude 49, in which thepointing vector 80 does not coincide with the axis ofcoil 64.

Such a magnetic field can be created by supplying the appropriate mixtures of the AC and DC signals tocoil 64 and tocoil 66. As was described earlier, the amplitude 44.of nutation angle depends upon the relative amplitude of the reference DC and AC sources, 68 and 70, respectively. The angle that the pointing vector makes with the reference x-axis of thecoil 64 is governed by the mixing process performed by the resolver circuit or process suggested in the discussion related to FIG. 3, inserted in theleads 72, 74, 76 and 78 betweensources 68 and 70, and coils 64 and 66, respectively. The resolver operates on the fixed reference DC and AC signals fromsources 68 and 70, such that the processed signals received from the resolver for exciting the generator coils 64 and 66 now have the capability of directing the pointingvector 80 of the nutating field, at any desired angle A, through a full 360, in accordance with the equations Excitation of coil 64 (DC) cosA (AC) sinA Excitation of coil 66 (AC)cosA (DC)sinA In order to provide sufficient information for tracking in a plane the position and the angular orientation of an object having sensing coils 52 and 54 mounted on it, thesense circuits 26 should have the capability to detect, after coordinate rotation processing of the signals induced in the sensing coils 52 and 54, the AC error component in the pointing vector direction and the DC error component in the direction orthogonal to the pointing vector. The relative phase and amplitude of the above mentioned AC error is proportional to the direction and magnitude of the pointing error. The polarity and magnitude of the above mentioned DC error component is proportional to the direction and magnitude of the error in the computed orientation angle of the remote object. These two error signals, which are proportional to the angular error in the pointing angle and to the angular error in the relative orientation angle of the object, respectively, are used to make corrections in the previous measure of these two angles. The change in-the pointing angle will shift the pointing vector until the sensor coils 52 and 54 lie along it, at which time the AC error signal, measured in the direction of the pointingvector 80, will be zero. The indicated change required in the orientation angle will improve or correct the computedorientation angle which represents the relative coordinate relationship between the coordinate frame of the generator coils 64 and 66, and the coordinate frame of the sensor coils 52 and 54. If this relationship is properly represented in the signal processor, by the orientation angle resolver 0, then the DC error signal detected in the direction orthogonal to the pointingvector 80, will be zero.

In summary, and with added reference to FIG. 10, apparatus in accordance with the invention, for continuously tracking the relative location or direction and the relative angular orientation between two independent bodies in a plane, is described. The reference coordinates of the plane are defined by theX-axis 84 and the Y-axis 86 which are coincident with the field generating coils 64 and 66, respectively. Both the translation and the orientation angles will be measured with respect to this reference coordinate frame. The sensor coils 52 and 54 are fixed to the'remotely moving object, and their mutuallyorthogonal axes 90 and 92 define the coordinate frame of the object to be tracked both as to location and orientation. In order to generate a nutating magnetic field pointed in a prescribed direction relative to the fixed coordinate frame of the generator coils 64 and 66, a particular mixture of DC and AC excitation signals is required in each of the generating coils. Theresolver 102 processes the reference DC and AC excitation signals received onleads 104 and 106 fromsources 68 and 70, respectively, in accordance with the presumed input pointingangle A 82, to give the appropriately mixed resolver output excitation signals which are connected byleads 108 and 110 to the generator coils 64 and 66, respectively, such that the pointingvector 80 and its attendant nutating field structure makes the angle A with respect to the reference X-axis. The generated nutating field points nominally at the sensor coils 52 and 54. The peak-to-peak amplitude of thenutation 88 is fixed, usually 45 to 90, and depends upon the relative magnitude of the two fixed reference DC and AC excitation signals fromsources 68 and 70. It is clear that the signals induced in the sensor coils 52 and 54 depend not only on the pointing angle A but also on therelative orientation angle 94. It is for this reason that the induced signals incoils 52 and 54 are connected byleads 112 and 114 to resolver 96 to be processed by resolver 96 which removes or unmixes that part of the AC and DC mixing of the two signals that is attributable to the non-zero orientation angle 0 94. The two output signal components from resolver 96 are connected byleads 116 and 118 to resolver 98 which further unmixes the DC and AC signals mixing that was necessary to achieve the desiredpointing angle A 82. If the presumed pointing angle A and the presumed orientation angle 6 are correct, then the output components fromresolver 98 will be totally unmixed. That is, there will be no AC modulation error on the nominalDC output signal 120 which indicates that there is no pointing error, and also there will no DC component on the nominally AC signal 122 which indicates that the computed orientation angle is correct. In the event that the angles 0 and/or A are incorrect, as will be the case, since very small errors are expected, when operating under dynamically changing circumstances, then sensecircuits 26 wil detect the AC and Dc errors onlines 120 and 122, respectively, relate them to errors in the angles 6 and A, respectively, and onleads 124 and 126 introduce the corresponding incremental changes accumulated byAngle Measuring Circuit 100, in the respective angles. These improved angle meaures of 0 and A are connected to the appropriate resolvers employed in this embodiment onleads 132, 134 and 136 in a stable feedback arrangement. That is, the corrections made in theoutputs 128 and 130 tend to reduce the errors measured oncomponents 124 and 126. These principles can be extended to applications in three dimensions by employing the system shown in FIG. 11.

As in the system of FIG. 10, the system of FIG. 11 includes magnetic field generating coils 64 and 66 and magnetic field sensing coils 52 and 54. A third magneticfield generating coil 158, which is mutually orthogonal tocoils 64 and 66, and a third magneticfield sensing coil 248, which is mutually orthogonal tocoils 52 and 54, is provided in order to measure information in the third dimension. For ease of understanding, the three coils in each case have been shown as spacially separated. In actuality, the magnetic axes of both the generator coils and the sensor coils intersect in a mutually orthogonal relationship as shown by the cartesian coordinateframes 84, 86, 160, and 90, 92, 170, respectively. It should also be noted that an additional AC reference excitation signal has been provided such that AC1 and AC2 are quadrature related or phase related. They may be considered as sinusoids of equal amplitude but 90 out of phase, although the two reference AC1 and AC2 signals need not necessarily be sinusoidal in the practical embodiment of the system. Reference is again made to FIG. 4 which was related to the earlier discussion of coordinate transformation circuitry and which shows the three dimensional pointing geometry. As in the case of the two dimensional embodiment shown in FIG. 10, the ability to point the pointingvector 180 in any direction in which the assembly of sensing coils 52,54 and. 248 are free to move enables the sensing coils to be tracked. The reference excitation Dc, AC1 and AC2 signals fromsources 68, 70 and 140, respectively, define aconically nutating 164 magnetic field about a pointingaxis 180 which is coincident with the axis of the DC component of the field. It should be emphasized again that the pointing of thevector 180 is accomplished electrically by the circuit to be described while the generating coils 64, 66 and 158 maintain a fixed orientation phsyically.DC source 68 andAC2 source 140 are connected byleads 142 and 144, respectively, to resolver 220, whose output lead 148 and output lead 146 fromAC1 source 70 are connected toresolver 222. The output leads 154 and 156 provide the excitation signals fromresolver 222 to generator coils 64 and 66, respectively.Generator coil 158 is excited through connection 152 from the output ofresolver 220. The two angles A and B ofresolver 222 and 220, respectively, are thus operating on the reference nutating field vector input whose components are the reference excitations fromsources 68, 70 and 140, so as to point the pointing vector and its attendant nutating field structure in accordance with the geometry shown in FIG. 4. The pointingvector 180 is presumed to be pointing nominally at the sensor which is fixed to the remote object to be tracked by the system. This sensor consists of the three mutually orthogonal sensor coils 52, 54 and. 248, which are fixed to the remote object and in the preferred embodiment are aligned to the principal axes of the remote object, so that in the process of determining the orientation of the sensor triad the orientation of the remote object is therefore determined. As in the discussion of the two dimensional case, illustrated in FIG. 10, the signals induced in the sensor coils 52, 54 and 248 depend on the orientation of their sensor coordinate frame, defined by the mutuallyy orthogonal coordinateaxes 90, 92 and 170, relative to the pointingaxis 180 and its two orthogonal nutation components of the nutating field. In other words, the particular mixing of the three reference excitation signals DC, AC1, and AC2 fromsources 68, 70 and 140, induced in each of the threesensor coils 52, 54 and 248, depends not only upon the two pointing angles A and B which govern the composite pointing coordinatetransformation circuit 252 but also upon the three Euler angles defining the relative angular orientation of the remote object and which govern the composite orientation coordinatetransformation circuit 250. The principal function of the two coordinatetransformation circuits 250 and 252 in the overall computational strategy of the system is that thetransformation circuit 250 unmixes that part of the reference signal mix induced in the sensor coils attributable to the relative orientation of the remote object, and coordinatetransformation circuit 252 unmixes the remaining part of the reference signal mix that was due to the pointing angles. If the three orientation angles defining coordinatetransformation circuit 250 and the two pointing angles defining the coordinatetransformation circuit 252 properly represent the physical relationship between the sensor and generator coordinate frames, then the signals sensed by thesense circuits 26 will correspond to the unmixed reference signals DC, AC1 and AC2, respectively, fromsources 68, 70 and 140.

The sensor coils5'4'and 248 are connected to re solver 224 byleads 168 and 172, respectively. The output ofsensor coil 52 and one output from resolver 224 connect to resolver 226 byleads 166 and 174, respectively. One output from resolver 224 and one output fromresolver 226 connect to resolver 228 byleads 176 and 178, respectively. The two outputs fromresolver 228 are connected to resolver 230 byleads 186 and 188, respectively. One output fromresolver 226 and one output fromresolver 230 connect to resolver 232 onleads 184 and 190, respectively. One output fromresolver 230 and the two outputs fromresolver 232 provide the processed signal inputs to sensecircuits 26 byconnections 192, 194 and 196, respectively.Sense circuits 26 operates on the three input signals provided byleads 194, 192 and 196, to sense deviations from their nominally correct values which should correspond to the referenceexcitation signal components 68, 70 and 140, respectively. The signal sensed onlead 194 should be nominally DC.lf lead 194 contains an AC error signal at the nutation frequency then a pointing error exists, that is, the pointingvector 180 is not pointing precisely at the sensor coils 52, 54 and 248. That portion of the AC error signal, detected onlead 194 that is of the same absolute phase as theexcitation signal 146, is proportional to an error in the pointing angle A. This pointing angle error in A is connected to theangle measuring circuits 100 bylead 200. That portion of the AC error signal detected onlead 194 that is of the same absolute phase as theexcitation signal 144, is proportional to an error in the pointing angle B. This detected error in pointing angle B is connected to theangle measuring circuits 100 by lead 202. The signal that appears onlead 192 should be nominally AC at the nutation frequency and no DC signal. Whatever DC signal appears onlead 192 is proportional to an orientation angle error in the angle 1, called the relative bearing anglel This detected error in the relative bearing angle 1, is connected to the angle measuring circuits by lead 208. The signal that appears on lead 196 should also be nominally AC at the nutation frequency and should contain no DC. Whatever DC signal is present on signal lead 196 is proportional to an error in the relative orientation angle 0, called the relative elevation angle. This error in the relative elevation angle 0, is connected to theangle measuring circuits 100 bylead 206. As mentioned above, the nominal signals appearing onleads 192 and 196 are not only characterized as being AC at the nutation frequency but also quadrature related as are their normal reference signal counterparts AC1 and AC2. Moreover, whatever phase difference exists between the signal onlead 192 and signalsource 70, or alternatively, whatever phase difference exists between the signal on lead 196 and signalsource 140, is proportional to an error in the relative orientation angle 0, called the relative roll angle. This error in the relative roll angle 1b, is connected to the angle measuring circuit bylead 204. The function of theangle measuring circuits 100 is to provide correct or corrected measures of the two pointing angles A and B on leads 210 and 212, respectively, based upon the angular errors sensed bysense circuits 26. Another function of theangle measuring circuits 100 is to provide correct or corrected measures of the three relative orientation angles (1), 6 and I, onleads 214, 216, and 218, respectively. These continuously improved angle measures, appearing onleads 210, 212, 214, 216, 218, are connected byleads 234 and 240, 236 and 238, 246, 244, 242, to resolvers 222 and 230, 220 and 232, 224, 226, 228, all respectively, in a stable feedback arrangement. That is, the corrections made in the respective angles by theangle measuring circuits 100 tend to reduce to zero the error signals detected bysense circuits 26 appearing onleads 194, 192 and 196.

It should be pointed out that the sequence of angles and their corresponding axes of rotation, for both the pointing coordinatetransformation circuit 252 and the relative orientation coordinatetransformation circuit 250, are not unique. That is, other angle definitions and rotation sequences can be used for either of the two transformations subject to their having the required pointing and relative orientation freedom.

It should be pointed out that the implementation of the invention can be done using state-of-the-art techniques using digital, analog or hybrid circuitry.

It should also be pointed out that whereas the invention might be also regarded as a unique five degree-offreedom transducing system between two remotely separated independent coordinate frames, employing only one generating source in one of the coordinate frames and only one sensor in the other coordinate frame, that the system can easily be extended to provide a measure of the full six degrees-of-freedom by using two generating means. The second generating means would or could be located at another point in the coordinate frame of the first generating means, operating cooperatively with the first generating means on a time shared basis, thereby allowing the third translation coordinate, that of relative range, to be determined by triangularization, using the same computational techniques employed in the invention.

It should also be emphasized that the subject invention applies to a wide range of applications operable in domains from a few cubic feet or less to applications operable in domains of several cubic miles.

In the discussion above it is to be understood that thesense circuits 26 are internally supplied with the components of the reference excitation signals fromsources 68, 70 and in order to logically perform the discriminating sensing function required of theirsensing circuits 26.

The resolvers which form components of the circuitry described herein may be fabricated, by way of example, in accordance with the teachings of US. Pat. Nos. 3,187,169 issued June 1, 1965, and 2,927,734 issued Mar. 8, 1960. The sensing circuits, again by way of example, may be fabricated in accordance with the teachings of a circuit diagram appearing at page 67 of the book entitled Electronics Circuit Designers Casebook", published by Electronics, McGraw Hill, No. 14-6. The angle measuring circuitry may take the form of any of a vast number of well-known Type 1 Servomechanisms. There are, of course, numerous alternate constructions available for each of these components as will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art.

It should now be apparent that a remote object tracking and orientation determination system capable of attaining the stated objects of the invention has been provided. The system and process of this invention uti' lizes a field for the purpose of determining tracking and orientation angles ofa remote object very precisely relative to the coordinate frame of the apparatus which generates the field. With a two-dimensional nutation of the generated field, the tracking and orientation angles of the remote object in the plane of nutation may be determined. With a three-dimensional nutation, the direc tion to and the orientation of a remote object may be determined.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, additionally, that (a) the raw output from the angle measuring circuitry will be useful in certain situations in an open looped system although ordinarily, for qb, and l to be accurate, the generator must be pointing directly at the sensing means; and (b) absolute location and orientation (including distance) of an object relative to the reference source can be determined by utilizing two physically displaced generators such as that shown in FlG. ll with appropriate receiving and output circuitry at the object.

While the invention has been described in detail a system for tracking the movement and angular orientation of a generalized remote object, it should be readily apparent to one art-skilled that the invention may he used in a variety ofobject locating. tracking and orientation angle determination applications. One application currently in development is tracking the movement and orientation of an observers head, or more specifically, his line-of-sight for use in a Visually- Coupled-Control System. Other potential applications: a two-dimensional system might be employed with surface modes of transportation, such as in the docking of ships or maintaining proper distances between passenger cars in an automated public transportation system. Other aircraft navigation problems suitable for handling with the invention include airborne alignment of missle systems, automated coupling of boom-nozzle and receptacle for inflight refuelling of aircraft, formation flying, instrument landing of vertical take-off and landing craft, and the like.

While the above description treats preferred embodiments of the invention. it should be readily apparent that a variety of modifications may be made in the system and process within the scope of the appended claims.

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:

1. An object locating system which comprises:

a. means for radiating a directable nutating field about a pointing vector direction;

b. means located at the object to be tracked, for sensing the nutating field; and

c. means for determining the direction to the object relatiave to the coordinate frame of the radiating means.

2. The object locating system of claim 1 in which the object is free to translate and to orient in twodimensions, and in which the said field radiating means commprises orthogonal radiators and said field sensing means comprises orthogonal sensors, said radiators and sensors being in the plane of the two dimensions and sources of a DC reference signal and an AC reference signal to be passed through the two radiators and means for measuring and processing the signals in duced thereby in the sensors to determine the translation and orientation of said object.

3. The object locating system of claim 1 in which the object is free to translate and orient in three dimensions and in which said field radiating means comprises three orthogonal radiators and said sensing means comprise three orthogonal sensors and sources of a DC reference signal, a first AC reference signal and a second AC reference signal phase quadrature related to the first AC signal to be passed through each of the three radiators and means for measuring and processing the signals induced in the sensor coils to determine the translation and orientation of said object.

4. A process for tracking an object, which comprises:

(a) radiating a nutating field about a pointing vector;

(b) sensing the generated field in at least two axes of the object to be tracked; and

(c) moving the nutating field until the field signals sensed on the two axes indicate that the object lies along the pointing vector.

5. The process of claim 4 in which the object is free to translate and orient in two dimensions and in which the field is sensed in two dimensions.

6. The process of claim 4 in which the object is free to translate and orient in three dimensions and in which the field is sensed in three dimensions.

7. A process for tracking an object relative to the coordinate frame of a radiator, which comprises:

a. radiating a nutating field about a pointing vector;

b. sensing the radiated field in at least two orthogonal axes at the object, to produce an output signal for each axis; and

c. determining after appropriate coordinate transformation processing, the directional position of the object and also its angular orientation, both relative to the coordinate frame of the radiating means.

8. The process of claim 7 in which the object is free to translate and to orient in two dimensions, the field nutates by nodding in the plane of the two dimensions, and in which the field is also sensed in the two dimensions.

9. The process of claim 7 in which the object is free to translate and to orient in three: dimensions, the field nutates by describing a conical motion about the pointing vector, and in which the field is sensed in the three dimensions.

10. The process as set forth in claim 7 wherein said determining step includes the steps of deriving a signal, based on the sensing of the nutating field, which is related to the misdirection,if any, of the pointing vector and applying the signal to the radiator.

11. An object tracking system comprising means for radiating a directable nutating field about a pointing vector which is the axis of nutation; means located at the object for sensing the nutating field; and, means for deriving a signal, based on the sensing of the nutating field, which is related to the misdirection, if any, of said pointing vector, means for redirecting said pointing vector toward said object in accordance with said error signal.

12. The system as set forth in claim 1] wherein: said radiating means includes means for generating a pointing vector having at least two independent components which are a function of at least two primary reference signals and means for transforming said primary reference signals in accordance with presumed pointing angle inputs to direct said pointing vector in a direction corresponding to said presumed pointing angle inputs; wherein said sensing means comprises means for sensing components of the field generated by the nutating field about said pointing vector and means for transforming the sensed components in accordance with said presumed pointing angle inputs to yield a set of reconstructed reference signals; and, wherein said deriving means comprises means for comparing at least some of said reconstructed reference signals with at least some of said primary reference signals, deriving pointing angle error signals and altering the pointing angle input signals of said transforming means in accordance therewith to tend to null the pointing error.

13. The system as set forth inclaim 12 wherein said directable field is an electromagnetic field, said radiating means including orthogonal radiators, said primary reference signals being a DC signal and a first AC signal.

14. The system as set forth in claim 13 wherein said sensing means includes orthogonal sensors.

15. The system as set forth inclaim 14 wherein the object is free to translate in two dimensions and to orient in the same two dimensions, and in which there are at least two orthogonal radiators and sensors in each of said radiating and sensing means, respectively, the radiators and sensors being in the plane of the two dimensions.

16. The system as set forth inclaim 14 wherein the object is free to translate in three dimensions and to orient in three dimensions, in which there are three orthogonal sensors and radiators in each of the sensing and radiating means, respectively, and in which a second AC signal in phase quadrature with said first AC signal is one of said primary reference signals.

17. The system as set forth inclaim 12 which further comprises means for determining the orientation of said object.

18. The system as set forth in claim 17 wherein said directable field is an electromagnetic field, said radiating means including three orthogonal radiators; said sensing means including three orthogonal sensors, said primary reference signals being a DC signal, a first AC signal and a second AC signal in phase quadrature with said first AC signal.

19. The system as set forth inclaim 18 wherein said means for determining the orientation of said object comprises means for analyzing two of said reconstructed reference signals to determine two degrees-offreedom of orientation and means for determining the phase relationship between at least one primary referdetecting the presence of a DC signal in the other two of said reconstructed reference signals.

21. The object tracking system as set forth in claim 11 which includes means for tracking the angular orientation of the object, said system comprising: means for generating a series of three parimary reference signals; first means for transforming said primary reference signals in accordance with a first transformation representing a presumed pointing angle; means including three orthogonal radiators for radiating said transformed primary reference signals; means including three orthogonal sensors for sensing the transformed primary reference signals, said sensing means being rigidly affixed to the object; second means for transforming said sensed signals in accordance with a second transformation which is the inverse of a presumed set of orientation angles; third means for transforming said sensed signals in accordance with a third transformation which is the inverse of said first transformation; means for comparing the sensed signals so transformed with said primary reference signals and altering, if necessary, the presumed pointing and orientation angles.

22. An object tracking system for tracking the position and angular orientation of an object, said system comprising: means for generating a series of three primary reference signals; first means for transforming said primary reference signals in accordance with a first transformation representing a presumed pointing angle; means including three orthogonal radiators for radiating said transformed primary reference signals; means including three orthogonal sensors for sensing the transformed primary reference signals, said sensing means being rigidly affixed to the object; second means for transforming said sensed signals in accordance with a second transformation which is the inverse of a presumed set of orientation angles; third means for transforming said sensed signals in accordance with a third transformation which is the inverse of said first transformation; means for comparing the sensed signals so transformed with said primary reference signals and altering, if necessary, the presumed pointing and orienta- UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION PATENT NO. 3 5 5 DATED February 25, 1975 INVENTOR(S) 1 Jack Kuipers It is certified that error appears in the above-Identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:

Column Column Column Column Column Column Column Column "angle" should be --angles---;

9, line 42; I

"wil" should be -will-- 9,line 43;

"Dc" should be ---DC-;

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION PATENT NO. 3,3 3,5 5 DATED 1 February 25, 1975 INVENTOMS},Jack Kuipers Page 2 It is certified that error appears in the above-rdentified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:

Column 11, line 63;

"normal" should be ---nominal--;

Column 12, line 1;

"9" should beColumn 16,line 16;

"parimary" should be --primary--.

Signed and Sealed this twenty-second D3) Of July 1975 [SEAL] Alresr:

RUTH C. MASON C. MARSHALL DANN Arresting Officer Commissioner of Parents and Trademarks

Claims (22)

1. An object locating system which comprises: a. means for radiating a directable nutating field about a pointing vector direction; b. means located at the object to be tracked, for sensing the nutating field; and c. means for determining the direction to the object relatiave to the coordinate frame of the radiating means.

2. The object locating system of claim 1 in which the object is free to translate and to orient in two-dimensions, and in which the said field radiating means commprises orthogonal radiators and said field sensing means comprises orthogonal sensors, said radiators and sensors being in the plane of the two dimensions and sources of a DC reference signal and an AC reference signal to be passed through the two radiators and means for measuring and processing the signals induced thereby in the sensors to determine the translation and orientation of said object.

3. The object locating system of claim 1 in which the object is free to translate and orient in three dimensions and in which said field radiating Means comprises three orthogonal radiators and said sensing means comprise three orthogonal sensors and sources of a DC reference signal, a first AC reference signal and a second AC reference signal phase quadrature related to the first AC signal to be passed through each of the three radiators and means for measuring and processing the signals induced in the sensor coils to determine the translation and orientation of said object.

4. A process for tracking an object, which comprises: (a) radiating a nutating field about a pointing vector; (b) sensing the generated field in at least two axes of the object to be tracked; and (c) moving the nutating field until the field signals sensed on the two axes indicate that the object lies along the pointing vector.

5. The process of claim 4 in which the object is free to translate and orient in two dimensions and in which the field is sensed in two dimensions.

6. The process of claim 4 in which the object is free to translate and orient in three dimensions and in which the field is sensed in three dimensions.

7. A process for tracking an object relative to the coordinate frame of a radiator, which comprises: a. radiating a nutating field about a pointing vector; b. sensing the radiated field in at least two orthogonal axes at the object, to produce an output signal for each axis; and c. determining after appropriate coordinate transformation processing, the directional position of the object and also its angular orientation, both relative to the coordinate frame of the radiating means.

8. The process of claim 7 in which the object is free to translate and to orient in two dimensions, the field nutates by nodding in the plane of the two dimensions, and in which the field is also sensed in the two dimensions.

9. The process of claim 7 in which the object is free to translate and to orient in three dimensions, the field nutates by describing a conical motion about the pointing vector, and in which the field is sensed in the three dimensions.

10. The process as set forth in claim 7 wherein said determining step includes the steps of deriving a signal, based on the sensing of the nutating field, which is related to the misdirection, if any, of the pointing vector and applying the signal to the radiator.

11. An object tracking system comprising means for radiating a directable nutating field about a pointing vector which is the axis of nutation; means located at the object for sensing the nutating field; and, means for deriving a signal, based on the sensing of the nutating field, which is related to the misdirection, if any, of said pointing vector, means for redirecting said pointing vector toward said object in accordance with said error signal.

12. The system as set forth in claim 11 wherein: said radiating means includes means for generating a pointing vector having at least two independent components which are a function of at least two primary reference signals and means for transforming said primary reference signals in accordance with presumed pointing angle inputs to direct said pointing vector in a direction corresponding to said presumed pointing angle inputs; wherein said sensing means comprises means for sensing components of the field generated by the nutating field about said pointing vector and means for transforming the sensed components in accordance with said presumed pointing angle inputs to yield a set of reconstructed reference signals; and, wherein said deriving means comprises means for comparing at least some of said reconstructed reference signals with at least some of said primary reference signals, deriving pointing angle error signals and altering the pointing angle input signals of said transforming means in accordance therewith to tend to null the pointing error.

13. The system as set forth in claim 12 wherein said directable field is an electromagnetic field, said radiating means including orthogonal radiators, said primary reference Signals being a DC signal and a first AC signal.

14. The system as set forth in claim 13 wherein said sensing means includes orthogonal sensors.

15. The system as set forth in claim 14 wherein the object is free to translate in two dimensions and to orient in the same two dimensions, and in which there are at least two orthogonal radiators and sensors in each of said radiating and sensing means, respectively, the radiators and sensors being in the plane of the two dimensions.

16. The system as set forth in claim 14 wherein the object is free to translate in three dimensions and to orient in three dimensions, in which there are three orthogonal sensors and radiators in each of the sensing and radiating means, respectively, and in which a second AC signal in phase quadrature with said first AC signal is one of said primary reference signals.

17. The system as set forth in claim 12 which further comprises means for determining the orientation of said object.

18. The system as set forth in claim 17 wherein said directable field is an electromagnetic field, said radiating means including three orthogonal radiators; said sensing means including three orthogonal sensors, said primary reference signals being a DC signal, a first AC signal and a second AC signal in phase quadrature with said first AC signal.

19. The system as set forth in claim 18 wherein said means for determining the orientation of said object comprises means for analyzing two of said reconstructed reference signals to determine two degrees-of-freedom of orientation and means for determining the phase relationship between at least one primary reference AC signal and the corresponding reconstructed AC reference signal to determine the third degree-of-freedom of orientation.

20. The system as set forth in claim 19 wherein said pointing error signals are determined by the presence or absence of a reference signal variant in one of said reconstructed reference signals and wherein said two degrees-of-freedom of orientation are determined by detecting the presence of a DC signal in the other two of said reconstructed reference signals.

21. The object tracking system as set forth in claim 11 which includes means for tracking the angular orientation of the object, said system comprising: means for generating a series of three parimary reference signals; first means for transforming said primary reference signals in accordance with a first transformation representing a presumed pointing angle; means including three orthogonal radiators for radiating said transformed primary reference signals; means including three orthogonal sensors for sensing the transformed primary reference signals, said sensing means being rigidly affixed to the object; second means for transforming said sensed signals in accordance with a second transformation which is the inverse of a presumed set of orientation angles; third means for transforming said sensed signals in accordance with a third transformation which is the inverse of said first transformation; means for comparing the sensed signals so transformed with said primary reference signals and altering, if necessary, the presumed pointing and orientation angles.

22. An object tracking system for tracking the position and angular orientation of an object, said system comprising: means for generating a series of three primary reference signals; first means for transforming said primary reference signals in accordance with a first transformation representing a presumed pointing angle; means including three orthogonal radiators for radiating said transformed primary reference signals; means including three orthogonal sensors for sensing the transformed primary reference signals, said sensing means being rigidly affixed to the object; second means for transforming said sensed signals in accordance with a second transformation which is the inverse of a presumed set of orientation angles; third means for transforming said sensed signals in accordance With a third transformation which is the inverse of said first transformation; means for comparing the sensed signals so transformed with said primary reference signals and altering, if necessary, the presumed pointing and orientation angles.

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