US3707017A - Magnetic hinge - Google Patents
Magnetic hingeDownload PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3707017A US3707017AUS91493AUS3707017DAUS3707017AUS 3707017 AUS3707017 AUS 3707017AUS 91493 AUS91493 AUS 91493AUS 3707017D AUS3707017D AUS 3707017DAUS 3707017 AUS3707017 AUS 3707017A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- hinge
- cylinders
- magnetic
- door
- magnet
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 230000000284resting effectEffects0.000abstractdescription2
- 230000000712assemblyEffects0.000description3
- 238000000429assemblyMethods0.000description3
- 239000000853adhesiveSubstances0.000description1
- 230000001070adhesive effectEffects0.000description1
- 238000010276constructionMethods0.000description1
- 238000005516engineering processMethods0.000description1
- 230000004048modificationEffects0.000description1
- 238000012986modificationMethods0.000description1
- 238000005096rolling processMethods0.000description1
Images
Classifications
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
- E05D—HINGES OR SUSPENSION DEVICES FOR DOORS, WINDOWS OR WINGS
- E05D1/00—Pinless hinges; Substitutes for hinges
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
- E05D—HINGES OR SUSPENSION DEVICES FOR DOORS, WINDOWS OR WINGS
- E05D7/00—Hinges or pivots of special construction
- E05D7/02—Hinges or pivots of special construction for use on the right-hand as well as the left-hand side; Convertible right-hand or left-hand hinges
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
- E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
- E05Y2201/00—Constructional elements; Accessories therefor
- E05Y2201/40—Motors; Magnets; Springs; Weights; Accessories therefor
- E05Y2201/46—Magnets
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E05—LOCKS; KEYS; WINDOW OR DOOR FITTINGS; SAFES
- E05Y—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES E05D AND E05F, RELATING TO CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS, ELECTRIC CONTROL, POWER SUPPLY, POWER SIGNAL OR TRANSMISSION, USER INTERFACES, MOUNTING OR COUPLING, DETAILS, ACCESSORIES, AUXILIARY OPERATIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, APPLICATION THEREOF
- E05Y2900/00—Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof
- E05Y2900/10—Application of doors, windows, wings or fittings thereof for buildings or parts thereof
- E05Y2900/13—Type of wing
- E05Y2900/132—Doors
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S16/00—Miscellaneous hardware, e.g. bushing, carpet fastener, caster, door closer, panel hanger, attachable or adjunct handle, hinge, window sash balance
- Y10S16/14—Magnetic hinge
Definitions
- rods or cylindersare placed in parallel positions contacting each other lengthwise, one fixed, the other one I resting on a shelf attached to the lower end of the first magnet or held perpendicular to said magnet so as to support the weight of the second magnet and any door attached to it.
- An object of this inventionis a magnetic hinge, which permits the ready removal of a door, and its ready reverse detachments and/or reversal.
- FIG. 1is a perspective view
- FIG. 2 and 3side views of the two component parts.
- the hingeconsists of two substantially cylindrical magnets, l and 3, which have parallel longitudinal axes, when this is substantially vertical, roller 3 rests on a preferably circular supporting member 6, which is attached to a wall 5, by the attachment plate 7, while the other magnetic roller or rod 1, which is to be hinged against the first 3, is similarly attached by means of a plate 2, to a hinged object such as a door 4. Roller or rod 1 rests on the supporting member 6 of the first hinge assembly, while the magnetic force keeps the magnetic cylinders 1 and 3 in close connection with each other.
- FIG. 1It is immaterial which of the two magnetic cylinders rests on the supporting member 6.
- the construction shown in FIG. 1can be inverted, so that cylinder 1 is attached by means of plate 2 to the wall '5, while the assembly 3, 6, 7 is attached tothe door 4.
- the assemblys 6, 7should be turned upside down, so that the supporting plate 6 will be on the upper side, and rest on cylinder 1, which then will be attached to the wall.
- assemblies 3, 6, 7 and l, 2will change place and assembly 3, 6, 7 will be turned upside down.
- FIGS. 2 and 3show the two hinge assemblies separated from each other, when the door is detached.
- both cylinders or rollersbe magnetized, and mounted so that their opposite poles touch each other.
- the inventioncomprises the concept of a magnetic hinge, which comprises two rollers magnetically attracting each other, means for fastening these which may include for example, nails, pressbuttons, flanges, brackets, hookless fasteners of various kinds, adhesive joints and the like; and a supporting member such as a plate firmly fixed in a plane substantially perpendicular to the plane of the longitudinal axes of the said rollers positioned so as to two separable objects hingeably movable in relation to the other, such as the position of the hinges in a door, a safe, a box, or any other application where hinges may be used, in manner well known in this ancient art.
- a magnetic door hingecomprising vertical disposed two cylinders magnetically attracting each other; and having parallel longitudinal axes means for fastening these to hingeable members; and a supporting member preventing longitudinal slippage between said cylinders; one of the said cylinders being free to roll around the other while being held thereto by magnetic force.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Closing And Opening Devices For Wings, And Checks For Wings (AREA)
- Hinges (AREA)
Abstract
Description
United States Patent Paquette Dec'.26, 1972 [54] MAGNETIC HINGE [72] Inventor: Elmer G. Paquette, Madison, Wis.
[73] Assignee: Bjorksten Research Laboratories,
Inc.
221 Filed: Nov. 20, 1970 211 Appl.'No.: 91,493
52 us. Cl .;....16/ 17 0 [51] Int. Cl. E05d 7/02 [58] Field of Search ..l6/l70, 128; 248/206 M; 292/2515 M, 163, 168, i 69, 128
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS '1 2,963,167 12/1960 Norman ....24/206A Primary Examiner-Booby R. Gay
'. Assistant Examiner-Doris L. Troutman Attorney-Johan Bjorksten 57 ABSTRACT v Hinge for a magnetically held door, which can be very readily detached and reversed. This hinge is based on a designwhere two magnetically attracting rollers,
rods or cylinders are placed in parallel positions contacting each other lengthwise, one fixed, the other one I resting on a shelf attached to the lower end of the first magnet or held perpendicular to said magnet so as to support the weight of the second magnet and any door attached to it.
1 Claim, 3 Drawing Fignres MAGNETIC HINGE PRIOR ART Applicant is not aware of any previous work with magnetic door hinges.
Conventional mechanical hinges are among the oldest products of human technology. However, they all have the disadvantage of being relatively fixed, so that they do not offer the flexibility obtainable by the magnetic hinge. Attempts to develop magnetic hinges have been made previously but have failed because of insufficient attraction or stability.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION An object of this invention is a magnetic hinge, which permits the ready removal of a door, and its ready reverse detachments and/or reversal.
Other objects may become apparent as the following detailed description proceeds.
DRAWINGS The invention is further described in connection with the drawings of which FIG. 1 is a perspective view,
FIG. 2 and 3 side views of the two component parts.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In accordance with my invention I prepare a hinge consisting of two parts, which are separated from each other excepting by magnetic force which holds them in the desired operative position.
The hinge consists of two substantially cylindrical magnets, l and 3, which have parallel longitudinal axes, when this is substantially vertical,roller 3 rests on a preferably circular supportingmember 6, which is attached to awall 5, by the attachment plate 7, while the other magnetic roller orrod 1, which is to be hinged against the first 3, is similarly attached by means of aplate 2, to a hinged object such as adoor 4. Roller orrod 1 rests on the supportingmember 6 of the first hinge assembly, while the magnetic force keeps themagnetic cylinders
When thedoor 4 is to be swung around its hinges, the
It is immaterial which of the two magnetic cylinders rests on the supportingmember 6. The construction shown in FIG. 1 can be inverted, so thatcylinder 1 is attached by means ofplate 2 to the wall '5, while theassembly tothe door 4. In this case theassemblys 6, 7 should be turned upside down, so that the supportingplate 6 will be on the upper side, and rest oncylinder 1, which then will be attached to the wall. In other words, in this modification assemblies 3, 6, 7 and l, 2 will change place andassembly
hile this description has dealt with a specific embodiment, it is apparent that the invention is applicable broadly to magnetic hinges in which one cylindrical magnet rests on a plate, firmly attached to the other cylinder or mechanically kept firmly beneath it, while the other hinge represented bymagnetic cylinder 1 is free to move aroundcylinder 3 in rolling friction therewith when the door is turned. FIGS. 2 and 3 show the two hinge assemblies separated from each other, when the door is detached. G
In this application I mean with wall any one side to which one of the parts of the hinges is attached, and with door the movable or swinging member to which .the other magnetic cylinder is attached. I am using the terms roller, rod or cylinder interchangeably.
If one of the cylinders is an extremely strong magnet, the other does not need to be magnetized so long as it is magnetically attractable. However, for maximum roller, rod orcylinder 1 rolls along the periphery of strength of the hinge it is preferred that both cylinders or rollers be magnetized, and mounted so that their opposite poles touch each other.
Thus, the invention comprises the concept of a magnetic hinge, which comprises two rollers magnetically attracting each other, means for fastening these which may include for example, nails, pressbuttons, flanges, brackets, hookless fasteners of various kinds, adhesive joints and the like; and a supporting member such as a plate firmly fixed in a plane substantially perpendicular to the plane of the longitudinal axes of the said rollers positioned so as to two separable objects hingeably movable in relation to the other, such as the position of the hinges in a door, a safe, a box, or any other application where hinges may be used, in manner well known in this ancient art.
Having thus disclosed my invention, 1 claim:
1. A magnetic door hinge, comprising vertical disposed two cylinders magnetically attracting each other; and having parallel longitudinal axes means for fastening these to hingeable members; and a supporting member preventing longitudinal slippage between said cylinders; one of the said cylinders being free to roll around the other while being held thereto by magnetic force.
a c s a s
Claims (1)
1. A magnetic door hinge, comprising vertical disposed two cylinders magnetically attracting each other; and having parallel longitudinal axes means for fastening these to hingeable members; and a supporting member preventing longitudinal slippage between said cylinders; one of the said cylinders being free to roll around the other while being held thereto by magnetic force.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US9149370A | 1970-11-20 | 1970-11-20 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3707017Atrue US3707017A (en) | 1972-12-26 |
Family
ID=22228070
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US91493AExpired - LifetimeUS3707017A (en) | 1970-11-20 | 1970-11-20 | Magnetic hinge |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3707017A (en) |
Cited By (55)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6553626B2 (en) | 2001-08-27 | 2003-04-29 | Lee Valley Tools, Ltd. | Magnetic hinge |
| US7089627B2 (en) | 2001-04-23 | 2006-08-15 | L'oreal Usa, Inc. | Magnetic hinge and device including magnetically-attracted plates |
| US20060254025A1 (en)* | 2005-05-12 | 2006-11-16 | Peter Danko | Virtual hinge |
| US20070151077A1 (en)* | 2006-01-04 | 2007-07-05 | Po-Tung Wei | Self-restoration hinge |
| US20070157432A1 (en)* | 2006-01-11 | 2007-07-12 | Glenn Weinstein | Magnetic hinge |
| US7467440B2 (en) | 2001-08-21 | 2008-12-23 | L'oreal Usa, Inc. | Virtual hinge |
| WO2009067959A1 (en)* | 2007-11-27 | 2009-06-04 | Nadezda Rawova | Magnetic rolling joint |
| EP1485561A4 (en)* | 2002-03-07 | 2010-04-21 | Concept Workshop Worldwide Llc | MAGNETIC HINGE |
| US20110122594A1 (en)* | 2009-11-20 | 2011-05-26 | Jason Tyler Griffin | Magnetic hinge electronic mobile device |
| US20110138572A1 (en)* | 2007-08-06 | 2011-06-16 | Michael Christopher Stuart | Hinge |
| FR2955137A1 (en)* | 2010-01-12 | 2011-07-15 | Diam Internat Sas | Device for forming magnetic hinge of e.g. articulated lid-type container, has magnets integrated into surfaces, respectively so as to allow separation of surfaces by traction effect or lever effect |
| AT509601B1 (en)* | 2010-04-21 | 2011-10-15 | Muhrhofer Moritz Mag | DEVICE FOR DISPOSABLE CONNECTION OF TWO PARTS |
| US20130042865A1 (en)* | 2011-08-16 | 2013-02-21 | Ploom, Inc. | Low temperature electronic vaporization device and methods |
| FR3016386A1 (en)* | 2014-01-14 | 2015-07-17 | Marc Tauss | SUPPORT ASSEMBLY / MULTIDIRECTIONAL DOOR |
| US20150308172A1 (en)* | 2014-04-24 | 2015-10-29 | Clint Veino | Door System For Airflow Control |
| US20160258200A1 (en)* | 2015-03-04 | 2016-09-08 | Bobrick Washroom Equipment, Inc. | Partition and closing system for partition |
| WO2016146089A2 (en) | 2015-09-22 | 2016-09-22 | Rawa Design S.R.O. | Magnetic joint |
| US9549573B2 (en) | 2013-12-23 | 2017-01-24 | Pax Labs, Inc. | Vaporization device systems and methods |
| CN106455884A (en)* | 2014-05-22 | 2017-02-22 | 力奇有限公司 | A cleaning machine, such as a vacuum cleaner comprising a housing, and a hingeable element being detachably attachable thereto |
| CN107419981A (en)* | 2017-09-05 | 2017-12-01 | 合肥美菱股份有限公司 | A kind of hinge arrangement |
| USD825102S1 (en) | 2016-07-28 | 2018-08-07 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Vaporizer device with cartridge |
| US10045567B2 (en) | 2013-12-23 | 2018-08-14 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Vaporization device systems and methods |
| US10045568B2 (en) | 2013-12-23 | 2018-08-14 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Vaporization device systems and methods |
| US10058130B2 (en) | 2013-12-23 | 2018-08-28 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Cartridge for use with a vaporizer device |
| US10076139B2 (en) | 2013-12-23 | 2018-09-18 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Vaporizer apparatus |
| US10104915B2 (en) | 2013-12-23 | 2018-10-23 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Securely attaching cartridges for vaporizer devices |
| US10111470B2 (en) | 2013-12-23 | 2018-10-30 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Vaporizer apparatus |
| USD836541S1 (en) | 2016-06-23 | 2018-12-25 | Pax Labs, Inc. | Charging device |
| USD842536S1 (en) | 2016-07-28 | 2019-03-05 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Vaporizer cartridge |
| US10231484B2 (en) | 2007-12-18 | 2019-03-19 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Aerosol devices and methods for inhaling a substance and uses thereof |
| US10238764B2 (en) | 2014-08-19 | 2019-03-26 | Vapium Inc. | Aromatherapy vaporization device |
| US10244793B2 (en) | 2005-07-19 | 2019-04-02 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Devices for vaporization of a substance |
| USD848057S1 (en) | 2016-06-23 | 2019-05-07 | Pax Labs, Inc. | Lid for a vaporizer |
| US10279934B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2019-05-07 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Fillable vaporizer cartridge and method of filling |
| USD849996S1 (en) | 2016-06-16 | 2019-05-28 | Pax Labs, Inc. | Vaporizer cartridge |
| USD851830S1 (en) | 2016-06-23 | 2019-06-18 | Pax Labs, Inc. | Combined vaporizer tamp and pick tool |
| US10405582B2 (en) | 2016-03-10 | 2019-09-10 | Pax Labs, Inc. | Vaporization device with lip sensing |
| US10463069B2 (en) | 2013-12-05 | 2019-11-05 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Nicotine liquid formulations for aerosol devices and methods thereof |
| US10512282B2 (en) | 2014-12-05 | 2019-12-24 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Calibrated dose control |
| US10517530B2 (en) | 2012-08-28 | 2019-12-31 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Methods and devices for delivering and monitoring of tobacco, nicotine, or other substances |
| US10653180B2 (en) | 2013-06-14 | 2020-05-19 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Multiple heating elements with separate vaporizable materials in an electric vaporization device |
| USD887632S1 (en) | 2017-09-14 | 2020-06-16 | Pax Labs, Inc. | Vaporizer cartridge |
| US10834964B2 (en) | 2005-07-19 | 2020-11-17 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Method and system for vaporization of a substance |
| US10865001B2 (en) | 2016-02-11 | 2020-12-15 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Fillable vaporizer cartridge and method of filling |
| US10952468B2 (en) | 2013-05-06 | 2021-03-23 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Nicotine salt formulations for aerosol devices and methods thereof |
| WO2021095026A1 (en)* | 2019-11-14 | 2021-05-20 | Balco Global Limited | Safety door mount |
| US11065402B2 (en) | 2014-02-04 | 2021-07-20 | Gseh Holistic, Inc. | Aromatherapy vaporization device |
| US20220330680A1 (en)* | 2021-04-14 | 2022-10-20 | Pum-Tech Korea Co., Ltd | Cosmetic container with detachable structure for upper case |
| US11478021B2 (en) | 2014-05-16 | 2022-10-25 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Systems and methods for aerosolizing a vaporizable material |
| US20230014956A1 (en)* | 2019-12-19 | 2023-01-19 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Breakaway hinge for a portable medical device access door |
| US11647783B2 (en) | 2005-07-19 | 2023-05-16 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Devices for vaporization of a substance |
| US11660403B2 (en) | 2016-09-22 | 2023-05-30 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Leak-resistant vaporizer device |
| US11686136B2 (en)* | 2017-04-10 | 2023-06-27 | Safehinge Primera Limited | Hinge, leaf and associated methods |
| US20250116142A1 (en)* | 2022-01-10 | 2025-04-10 | Safehinge Primera Limited | Coupling and associated methods |
| US12440630B2 (en) | 2024-01-29 | 2025-10-14 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Devices for vaporization of a substance |
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Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2963167A (en)* | 1957-08-06 | 1960-12-06 | Norman Alexandra | Bottle support |
Cited By (95)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7089627B2 (en) | 2001-04-23 | 2006-08-15 | L'oreal Usa, Inc. | Magnetic hinge and device including magnetically-attracted plates |
| US7467440B2 (en) | 2001-08-21 | 2008-12-23 | L'oreal Usa, Inc. | Virtual hinge |
| US6553626B2 (en) | 2001-08-27 | 2003-04-29 | Lee Valley Tools, Ltd. | Magnetic hinge |
| EP1485561A4 (en)* | 2002-03-07 | 2010-04-21 | Concept Workshop Worldwide Llc | MAGNETIC HINGE |
| US20100132158A1 (en)* | 2005-05-12 | 2010-06-03 | Peter Danko | Virtual hinge |
| US8196260B2 (en) | 2005-05-12 | 2012-06-12 | Peter Danko | Virtual hinge |
| US20060254025A1 (en)* | 2005-05-12 | 2006-11-16 | Peter Danko | Virtual hinge |
| US7657971B2 (en) | 2005-05-12 | 2010-02-09 | Peter Danko | Virtual hinge |
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| US20070151077A1 (en)* | 2006-01-04 | 2007-07-05 | Po-Tung Wei | Self-restoration hinge |
| US20070157432A1 (en)* | 2006-01-11 | 2007-07-12 | Glenn Weinstein | Magnetic hinge |
| US20110138572A1 (en)* | 2007-08-06 | 2011-06-16 | Michael Christopher Stuart | Hinge |
| US9121207B2 (en) | 2007-08-06 | 2015-09-01 | Michael Christopher Stuart | Hinge |
| WO2009067959A1 (en)* | 2007-11-27 | 2009-06-04 | Nadezda Rawova | Magnetic rolling joint |
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| US11612702B2 (en) | 2007-12-18 | 2023-03-28 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Aerosol devices and methods for inhaling a substance and uses thereof |
| US8861224B2 (en) | 2009-11-20 | 2014-10-14 | Blackberry Limited | Magnetic hinge electronic mobile device |
| US8159834B2 (en) | 2009-11-20 | 2012-04-17 | Research In Motion Ltd. | Magnetic hinge electronic mobile device |
| US20110122594A1 (en)* | 2009-11-20 | 2011-05-26 | Jason Tyler Griffin | Magnetic hinge electronic mobile device |
| FR2955137A1 (en)* | 2010-01-12 | 2011-07-15 | Diam Internat Sas | Device for forming magnetic hinge of e.g. articulated lid-type container, has magnets integrated into surfaces, respectively so as to allow separation of surfaces by traction effect or lever effect |
| WO2011130762A1 (en)* | 2010-04-21 | 2011-10-27 | Moritz Muhrhofer | Device for connecting two parts in a pivotable manner |
| AT509601A4 (en)* | 2010-04-21 | 2011-10-15 | Muhrhofer Moritz Mag | DEVICE FOR DISPOSABLE CONNECTION OF TWO PARTS |
| AT509601B1 (en)* | 2010-04-21 | 2011-10-15 | Muhrhofer Moritz Mag | DEVICE FOR DISPOSABLE CONNECTION OF TWO PARTS |
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| TWI593365B (en)* | 2011-08-16 | 2017-08-01 | 佩克斯實驗室股份有限公司 | Low temperature electron evaporation device and method |
| US20130042865A1 (en)* | 2011-08-16 | 2013-02-21 | Ploom, Inc. | Low temperature electronic vaporization device and methods |
| US20130312742A1 (en)* | 2011-08-16 | 2013-11-28 | Ploom, Inc. | Low temperature electronic vaporization device and methods |
| US10517530B2 (en) | 2012-08-28 | 2019-12-31 | Juul Labs, Inc. | Methods and devices for delivering and monitoring of tobacco, nicotine, or other substances |
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