US3567921A - Apparatus for the continjous photohalogenation of hydrocarbons - Google Patents

Abstract

A photohalogenation apparatus having a gas liberation region above a reaction region, a gas outlet, a feed inlet and a product recovery outlet. A light source is associated with the reaction region to promote the halogenation reaction. Reactants flow downwardly in the vertical apparatus; the halogenated product being recovered from the lower portion of the apparatus.

Description

United States Patent Inventor Allan D. Holiday Bartlesville, Okla. Appl. No. 870,860 Filed Sept. 22, 1969 Division of Ser. No. 614,932, Feb. 9, 1967, Patent No. 3,494,844. Patented Mar. 2, 1971 Assignee Phillips Petroleum Company APPARATUS FOR THE CONTINUOUS PHOTOHALOGENATION 0F HYDROCARBONS 9 Claims, 5 Drawing Figs.

U.S. Cl 250/45, 250/43, 250/48 Int. Cl G0lj 3/42 Field ofSearch 23/285;

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,709,155 5/l955 Cier 204/162 2,728,859 12/1955 Gochenour et al. t. 250/43X 3,345,140 10/1967 Saito et al. 23/285 Primary ExaminerWilliam F. Lindquist Attorney-Young and Quigg ABSTRACT: A photohalogenation apparatus having a gas liberation region above a reaction region, a gas outlet, a feed inlet and a product recovery outlet. A light source is associated with the reaction region to promote the halogenation reaction. Reactants flow downwardly in the vertical apparatus; the halogenated product being recovered from the lower portion of the apparatus.

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A TTORNEYS APPARATUS FOR THE CONTINUOUS PHOTOl-IALOGENATION OF HYDROCARBONS This is a division of application Ser. No. 614,932, filed Feb. 9, 1967.

This invention relates to the photohalogenation of hydrocarbons. In one aspect the invention relates to a method of producing a high yield of a desired halogenated hydrocarbon derivative. In another aspect the invention relates to a photochemical reaction apparatus.

In some direct hydrocarbon halogenation methods, light of a suitable wave length is used to promote the reaction of the hydrocarbon and the halogen. These processes are sensitive to the presence of oxygen and other impurities which inhibit the action of the light and it is often necessary to provide supplemental quantities of light over that theoretical amount necessary to promote the reaction in order to obtain an economic yield.

At high conversion rates in a direct halogenation process, the monohalogenated derivative formed in the first stages of the reaction reacts with the halogen to produce more highly halogenated derivatives. Thus, in operations where it is desired to obtain high yields of the monohalogenated derivative, it is necessary to limit the rate of conversion.

It is an object of this invention to halogenate hydrocarbons.

Another object of this invention is to produce high yields of monohalogenated hydrocarbons at a relatively high rate of conversion.

Another object of this invention is to provide a single stage reaction vessel for photohalogenating hydrocarbons.

Another object of this invention is to provide a photohalogenation process which is relatively tolerant to the presence of oxygen and other impurities.

These and other objects will be apparent to one skilled in the art upon consideration of the following specification, drawings, and claims.

FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of the apparatus of the invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates the apparatus of FIG. 1 in conjunction with a preferred feed and recycle system.

FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of the apparatus of the invention.

FIG, 4 illustrates another embodiment of the apparatus of the invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of the structure of the reaction completion region.

According to the invention, there is provided a photohalogenation reactor comprising a vertical pressure vessel having a gas liberation region in the upper portion of the vessel, a reaction region in the mid and lower portion of the vessel, a suitable light source to promote halogenation in the reaction region of the vessel, means for introducing premixed feed into the reaction region, means for removing gaseous reaction products from the gas liberation region and means for removing the liquid reaction products.

Further, in accordance with the invention, there is provided a reactor comprising a vertical pressure vessel having a gas liberation region in the upper portion of the vessel, an initial reaction region in the midportion of the vessel and a reaction completion region in the lower portion of the vessel.

Further in accordance with the invention, associated with the reaction vessel are means for removing and recycling a portion of the partially reacted reactants to be mixed with the feed.

Further in accordance with the invention, a mixture of a halogen and a hydrocarbon is introduced in into the reaction region of a halogenation zone wherein downflow mixing conditions are maintained; light of suitable wave length and intensity is supplied to promote the halogenation reaction; gaseous reaction products are recovered from a gas liberation region or" the halogenation zone above said reaction region and products from the completion of the halogenation reaction are recovered from a lower portion of the halogenation zone below said reaction region. A portion of the partially reacted feed mixture can be removed from the lower portion of the reaction region, cooled to desired temperature, and recycled to the feed mixture.

The light source can be exterior to the vessel or can be disposed within the vessel. When an exterior light source is sed, the vessel can be fabricated from any suitable transparent material, such as glass or quartz, or of opaque material, such as metal, and have transparent windows through the walls thereof for the admission of light. When the light source is disposed within the vessel, the vessel can be constructed of any suitable material, for example, Monel metal, nickel or glass-lined steel.

The gas liberation region is defined by the top of the vessel and the liquid level of reactants in the vessel, the upper limit of the reaction region being defined by the liquid level of the reactants which will rise above the feed inlet means, and the lower limits of the reaction region being defined by the bottom of the vessel. When a portion of the partially reacted reactants are recycled, the recycle outlet means defines the lower limits of the initial reaction region and the upper limits of a reaction completion region.

To ensure that the reaction is catalyzed substantially uniformly during the reaction, mixing is provided in the reaction region. The mixing can be mechanically induced, for example, by stirring devices, or can result from reactant flow patterns in the reactor. It is preferred to provide for mixing by introducing the premixed feed tangentially at sufficient velocity to create a downward helical flow pattern while catalyzing the reaction under conditions resulting in the evolution of gases during the reaction, thus creating turbulence. The reaction region can be of sufficient size to allow substantial completion of the reaction.

The reaction completion region functions to react the remaining halogen with the hydrocarbon so that the halogenated hydrocarbon product is substantially free of any unreacted halogen. This can be effected by balancing the residence time in that region with the intensity of light supplied to the region. Extra light sources can be disposed in the reaction completion region so as to more rapidly promote the final reaction, or the reaction completion region can comprise a zone which is of reduced annular space so that the light does not travel as great a distance through the liquid. If desired, baffles can be employed to direct the flow of the liquid into proximity with the light source to effect completion of the reaction.

Hydrogen halide, evolved during the halogenation reaction, passes upwardly through the downwardly flowing liquids and disengages from the liquid in the gas liberation region. These vapors are removed from the gas liberation region at a rate which eliminates any danger of explosion.

Referring now to FIG. 1 thephotohalogenation reactor 10 is depicted as having a cylindrical shell comprising a larger diameter 11 with atop plate 12 and asmaller diameter 13 containing anoutlet 14 in the bottom. An ultravioletlight source 16 extends through a central opening in top 12 into the reaction regions. The housing of the light source can be of any suitable material, such as glass or quartz, which is heat resistant, inert to halogens and transparent to light. Lamps can be employed to provide light having a wave length of about 2000 to 7000 Angstrom units. Any suitable power source 17 can be used to energizelight source 16.Guides 18 position thelight source 16 stably within reactor lflf'Premixed feed is introduced intoreactor 10 throughconduit 19.Conduit 19 entersreactor 10 tangentially so that the feed can be introduced to create a downward helical flow pattern in the reactor and provide mixing. Theliquid level 21 of the reactors, above the entry point ofconduit 19, determines the lower limit of agas liberation region 22 and the upper limit of aninitial reaction region 23. During the photohalogenation reaction, the reactants flow downwardly and a portion of the partially reacted reactants is removed viaconduit 24 to be recycled as shown in FIG. 2. The point at whichconduit 24 is positioned, as shown byphantom line 26, defined the lower limits ofinitial reaction region 23 and the upper limit of areaction completion region 27.

Reaction completion region 27 is shown as being contained within thelesser diameter 13 thus reducing the distance the light must be transmitted through the liquid and increasing the effectiveness of the light in catalyzing the reaction of any free halogen. Liquid halogenated effluent is removed viaoutlet 14 and transferred to various separation and/or process steps. Gaseous reaction products evolved during the halogenation are removed fromgas liberation region 22 throughconduit 28.

FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of a system for recycling the partially reacted reactants and mixing them with fresh feed constituents. The partially reacted reactants are removed from reactor viaconduit 24 and cooled to a desired temperature inheat exchanger 30, thus providing temperature control of the photohalogenation reaction. The amount of cooling is determined by the feed rate, recycle rate, and temperature level desired to be maintained inreactor 10. The cooled recycle portion is removed fromheat exchanger 30 throughconduit 31 bypump 32. Fresh hydrocarbon feed is admixed with the recycled portion inconduit 31 through conduit 33. The action ofpump 32 provides for the intimate mixing of the fresh hydrocarbon feed with the recycle portion.Pump 32 transfers the mixture of fresh hydrocarbon and recycle throughconduit 34 toconduit 19. Fresh halogen feed, either liquid or gaseous, stored intank 35 flows throughconduit 36, admixing with the feed constituents inconduit 34 to form the premixed feed which is introduced intoreactor 10 throughconduit 19.

FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment ofphotochemical reactor 10 having acylindrical shell 41, a pressure sealedtop 42 and bottom 43, afeed conduit 44, arecycle conduit 46, agas recovery conduit 47, and liquidproduct recovery outlet 48. The reaction completion region, defined by the position ofrecycle conduit 46 and bottom 43, contains asleeve 49 to reduce the annular space between the cylindrical shell source andlamp 50 to ensure promotion of the complete reaction. If desired the sleeves may be fabricated so that they are adjustable thus allowing the annular space to be varied providing for different residence times in reaction completion region.

FIG. 4 illustrates aphotochemical reactor 10 in which the reaction completion region is provided with a plurality oflamps 51 and 52 in addition to theprimary light source 53 to ensure the completion of the reaction.

FIG. 5 depicts the reaction completion zone as containing a plurality of circular baffles 61 disposed in planes horizontal tolight source 62 to direct the flow of the liquid in proximity with the light source.

Often it is desirable to chlorinate or brominate cyclic or acyclic hydrocarbons having 4 to 20 carbon atoms per molecule. Practice of the method and use of the apparatus of this invention results in high yields of the monohalogenated derivative at relatively high conversion rates without the expensive duplication of equipment necessary in conventional halogenating practices. In addition, halogenation can be carried out at oxygen impurity contents not feasible in conventional practice.

The following examples will serve to further illustrate the invention.

EXAMPLE I For pilot plant tests, a reactor as shown in FIG. 1 was constructed of a Pyrex glass tube with an upper 2-inch diameter and a lower l-inch diameter. Two 250-watt ultraviolet lamps were mounted external to the reactor at a distance of about 3 inches. These lamps emitted light in the range of about 2000 to 6000 Angstroms. Using the feed system illustrated in FIG. 2, a premixed feed comprising liquid cyclohexane, gaseous chlorine, and partially reacted recycled reactants was introduced intoinitial reaction region 23 ofreactor 10. The gaseous chlorine went into solution, providing a completely liquid feed. The amount of recycle liquid was varied during different runs. The recycled portion was cooled to provide a premixed feed temperature of 100 F. when added to the fresh feed constituents. The liquid reaction product was recovered fromreaction completion region 27 at a rate of about 4.4 gallons per hour and analyzed to determine its composition. Hydrogen chloride gas was recovered fromgas liberation region 22. The conditions, effluent analysis, and results of the different runs are tabulated below.

It can be seen that a single stage reaction carried out in the downflow reactor of this invention resulted in an average of 25.6 percent conversion of the cyclohexane to a chlorinated derivative having an average ratio of 9.1 mols monochlorocyclohexane to 1 dichlorocyclohexane mol. The reaction can be carried out at pressures in the range of atmospheric pressure to 200 p.s.i.g, temperatures of from 0 F. to 250 F. and at a volume recycle ratio of from 1 to l to 30 to 1 of recycle com ponent to fresh hydrocarbon feed.

For comparison cyclohexane was chlorinated in an adiabatic upward flow photochlorination reactor which did not contain the different regions and in which there was plug flow as opposed to the mixed flow in the reactor of this invention.

A single pass in the abiabatic plug flow reactor resulted in a 12 percent conversion with a 14 to 1 monochlorocyclohexane to dichlorocyclohexane ratio, while a second pass of the effluent through the same reactor (simulating a two-stage reactor) resulted in a 24 percent conversion with a 7 to 1 monochlorocyclohexane to dichlorocyclohexane ratio.

Thus, it can be seen that photochlorination of cyclohexane in the reactor of this invention produces in a single stage a greater percent conversion with a greater quantity of TABLE 1 Flow Run N0 line No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Conditions:

Chlorine feed rate, lb./hr 5. 9 6. 2 6. 5 6. 4 6. 7 6. 6 cyclohexane feed rate, g.p.h 4. 4 4. 4 4. 4 4. 4 4. 4 4. 4 Recycle rate, g.p.h 13. 2 26. 4 26. 4 26. 4 39. 6 39. 6 Ratio, recycle/feed, vol. 3:1 6:1 6:1 6:1 9:1 9:1 Reactor feed temp., F. 100 100 100 100 100 Reaction temp. 149 149 149 138 138 Reactor pressure, p.s i 8 8 8 8 8 8 Residence time in ini a1 r sec 25. 0 14. 3 14. 3 14.3 10.O 10. 0 Residence time in reaction completion region, see 27. 8 27. 8 27. 8 27. 8 27. 8 27. 8 Efliuent analysis, glc. wt. percent:

Lights 0. 3 0.2 0. 4 0.4 0.3 0. 2 cyclohexane 71. 1 68.0 66. 3 66. 5 63. 4 64. 1 Monochlorocyclohexane. 24.4 28.2 29.1 28.4 32.2 30.9 Dichlorocycloxhexane. 4. 1 3. 5 4. 0 4. 4 3. 9 4. 6 Heavies 0. 1 0. 1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0. 2 Results:

Conversion of feed, percent 21.6 24. 4 26.8 25. 3 28. 2 27.6 Mono/dichloride mol ratio 7. 7 10. O 9. 4 8.3 10. 7 8. 7

1 As measured at recycle outlet.

monochlorocyclohexane in the product than does a two-stage TABLE 3C0minued reaction carried out in a plug flow reactor, atype of reactor Run conventionally used in many halogenation processes. Monochlorocyclohexane can be dehydrohalogenated to obl 3 4 5 Residence time in initial reaction tam cyclohexane useful olefin 5 Rregon, sec 14.3 21.0 21.0 21,0 12 6 esi ence time in reaction comp e- EXAMPLE II tion region, sec 27.8 40.8 40.8 40.8 24.5 R 012 Equivalentin Clr'eed,p.p.m None 283 554 567 415 6S1] lISZ Cyclohexane was chlorinated using the reactor and the light Conversion offeed percent 23 8 23A o 23. 6 19. 2 source described in Example I, and the feed system illustrated 10 C12 in chloroheptane product, p.p.m 4. 4 2.3 8.1 1.5 in FIG. 2. Air was injected into the discharge of recycle pump g g gg :3 chlonde gaseous 321 223 222 163 30 at various rates to test the effect of oxygen inhibiting. The amount of free chlorine in the hydrogen chloride gas product It can be seen that the sin le sta r cn and the liquid chlorinated product was determined. The table avera e 72 8 ercent converge f i i gl i gg l an below presents the results of runs made with differing recycle 15 p a chlorinated derivative. Further, the ll'ljeCtlOll of oxygen into and an in ection rates.

the system did not retard the reaction or leave excessive un- TABLE 2 reacted chlorine in the product. The chloroheptane product Run No can be used for producing alkyl aromatics by alkylation or can be dehydrohalogenated to obtain an olefin.

1 2 3 4 5 Chlorine feed rate, 1b./hr 10.0 6.4 6.4 6.4 6.4 EXAMPLE IV Cyclohexane feed rate, g. 7.0 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 Ratio, recycle/feed rate 6:1 6:1 (15:1 9 1 an A mixture of normal paraffins comprising about 10 weight fi gz i- 32 0 2 O. 1 3 percent n-decane, 30 weight percent n-undecarie, 35 weight 02 equiv. in on, p.p.m 331 107 428 450 618 ercent n-dodecane, and 25 weight percent n-tridecane was g gf zf gijgflg f 54 76 1 67 9 chlorinated using the apparatus and conditions set forth in Ex- C12, in chlorocyclohexane 43 O ample III. The conditions and results of different runs with the E% g; f6hififiaj" 3 2 normal paraffins are tabulated below:

ous product 84 1,500 6,000

30 TABLE 4 The conversion rates and monochloro to dichloro ratios Run No. were equivalent to those obtained in Example I. It can be seen 1 T 3 4 5 that a satisfactory liquid product can be made by oxygen levels C d on itions: above 600 parts per million in the chlorine feed. The maxmm feed rate, 1b.fnr.. 3.0 2.9 2.8 3.4 3.4 imum tolerable amount for plug flow adiabatic reactors is Normal aratnn feed rate, 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 g.p.w about 100 parts per million of oxygen in the chlorine, which isRecycle rate 18 0 0 0 18. 0 0 less than the 200 parts per million level of oxygen in commer- Ratio, recycle/feed, O 631 $66 63% 69:; cial chlorine. The high oxygen tolerance of the reactor of this figjgfiggf gfi gf 3 137 140 143 159 invention is not completely understood but it is believed that R a p ss e, p- -g 20 20 20 40 liberation y and its upward Passage 40 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 21.0 through the liquid purges the liquid phase of the oxygen and R s d n tim in a ti H th h] b 1 d 4 h completion region, sec 40.8 40.8 40.8 40. 8 40.8 a Y e c orma 19 6 p ete Wlt out Oz equivalent in Cl feed, p.p.m None 354 797 303 299 cessive supplemental quantities of light. R I

Conversion of feed, p81C&(Zil1t 32.8 30.8 29. 7 36.0 36.6 C12 in chloroparafiin r0 uct, EXAMPLE Ill 45 m l 27.2 4.3 10.0 5.0 2.5

I C12 in hydrogen chloride gase- Normal heptane was Chlorinated m the reactor ofrhis invenous product, p.p.m 1,905 1,260 2, 705 260 623 tion with air being introduced at the discharge ofrecycle pump 30 shown in FIG. 2. Runs were made at various feed and The example shows that the single stage reaction in the recycle rates, temperatures, and air injection rates. The condireactor of this invention produced relatively high conversion tions and results of these runs are tabulated below: rates of the paraffins to chlorinated derivatives in the presence of oxygen. TABLE 3 Run N0 EXAMPLE V 1 2 4 2 The data in Examples I through IV were obtained using Conditions. gaseous chlorine feed. To determine the effect of liquid Chlorine feed rate, lb./hr 5.4 3.6 3.7 3.6 4.0 chlorine, runs were made chlorinating cyclohexane, normal 6335i 13251-330133:561:1:: 262 13:3 13:8 12:8 338 hepmne, and the mixture of normal paraffins described in Ratio, recycle/feed, 1 701 6:1 6:1 6:1 6:1 6:1 ample IV with liquid chlorine using the feed system and reacggggg iig g fi 123 g 2 $2 3g tor described in Example I. The conditions and results of the Reactor pressure, p.s. s 20 20 20 20 runs utilizing liquid chlorine are tabulated below:

TABLE 5 Run N0.

Hydrocarbon Feed Conditions Cycloliexane Normal Heptane Clo-C13 n-Paraffin Chlorine 1000 rate, 1b./hi- 7.9 7.5 6. 45 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.7 4.7 Hydrocarbon feed rate, g.p.h 4.4 4.4 4.4 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 Recycle rate, g.p.li .2 6.4 30.6 9.0 18.0 27.0 36.0 45.0 15.0 30.0 Ratio, recycle/feed, vol .v 311 611 9:1 3:1 6:1 9:1 12:1 15:1 3:1 6:1 Chlorine cone. in feed mixture, wt. percent" 6.1 3.37 2.06 4.84 28.0 1.96 1.53 1.24 3.46 2.01 Reactor feed temperature, T 0 00 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Reaction temperature, F 155 131 157 136 128 121 116 147 131 Reactor pressure, p.s.i.g.... 40 0 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 Residence time in initial reaction region,

sec 25.0 14.3 10.0 36.8 21 14.7 11.3 92 22.0 12.6 Residence time in reaction completion region, sec 7.8 27.8 27.8 40.8 40.8 40.8 40.8 40.8 24. 5 24. 5 Results, conversion of hydrocarbon, percent 29.3 27.8 24.0 4 n 04 n 07 n n! n at n M A It can be seen that the single stage reaction utilizing liquid chlorine produced results comparable to the results obtained using gaseous chlorine. Utilizing liquid chlorine is advantageous in that it eliminates one source of oxygen impurities in the system.

Reasonable modification and variation are within the scope of the invention which provides a novel method of and apparatus for photohalogenating hydrocarbons.

I claim:

1. A photohalogenation reactor comprising:

a. a vertical pressure vessel;

b. an ultraviolet light source mounted in fixed relation with and in light communication with the interior of said vessel to promote halogenation within said vessel;

c. means for energizing said light source;

d. inlet means communicating with the upper mid portion of said vessel for introducing fluid feed mixture into said reactor and maintaining a liquid level within said reactor, said liquid level thus defining the upper limits of an initial reaction region and the lower limits of a gas liberation region within said vessel;

e. outlet means communicating with a mid portion of said vessel for removing a portion of partially reacted reactants from said reactor, thus defining the lower limits of said initial reaction region and the upper limits of a reaction completion region;

f. outlet means communicating with said vessel proximate to the bottom of said vessel for recovering liquid reaction products from said reaction completion region;

g. outlet means communicating with said vessel proximate to the top of said vessel for recovering gaseous reaction products from said gas liberation region; and

h. means for maintaining the rate of reaction in the reaction completion region over the rate of reaction maintained in the initial reaction region.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said vessel comprises a cylindrical vessel.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 including means connected to said partially reacted reactant outlet means for recycling, cooling, and mixing the partially reacted portion with fresh feed constituents.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 including means for mixing the liquid reactants in the said reaction region.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said light source is mounted inside said vessel and said means for maintaining the rate of reaction of the reaction completion region comprises a plurality of vertically disposed light sources.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said light source is mounted inside said vessel and said means for maintaining the rate of reaction in the reaction completion region comprises means for reducing the space between vessel walls and said light source as compared to the space between vessel walls and said light source in the initial reaction region.

7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein said initial reaction region and said reaction completion region are cylindrical and said reaction completion region has a smaller diameter than said initial reaction region.

8. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein said space reducing means comprises a sleeve which is adjustable to provide for altering the residence time in said reaction completion region.

9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said light source is mounted inside said vessel and the means for maintaining the rate of reaction in the reaction completion region comprises baffles to divert the flow of reactants in close proximity to said light source.

Claims (9)

1. A photohalogenation reactor comprising: a. a vertical pressure vessel; b. an ultraviolet light source mounted in fixed relation with and in light communication with the interior of said vessel to promote halogenation within said vessel; c. means for energizing said light source; d. inlet means communicating with the upper mid portion of said vessel for introducing fluid feed mixture into said reactor and maintaining a liquid level within said reactor, said liquid level thus defining the upper limits of an initial reaction region and the lower limits of a gas liberation region within said vessel; e. outlet means communicating with a mid portion of said vessel for removing a portion of partially reacted reactants from said reactor, thus defining the lower limits of said initial reaction region and the upper limits of a reaction completion region; f. outlet means communicating with said vessel proximate to the bottom of said vessel for recovering liquid reaction products from said reaction completion region; g. outlet means communicating with said vessel proximate to the top of said vessel for recovering gaseous reaction products from said gas liberation region; and h. means for maintaining the rate of reaction in thE reaction completion region over the rate of reaction maintained in the initial reaction region.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said vessel comprises a cylindrical vessel.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 including means connected to said partially reacted reactant outlet means for recycling, cooling, and mixing the partially reacted portion with fresh feed constituents.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 including means for mixing the liquid reactants in the said reaction region.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said light source is mounted inside said vessel and said means for maintaining the rate of reaction of the reaction completion region comprises a plurality of vertically disposed light sources.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said light source is mounted inside said vessel and said means for maintaining the rate of reaction in the reaction completion region comprises means for reducing the space between vessel walls and said light source as compared to the space between vessel walls and said light source in the initial reaction region.

7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein said initial reaction region and said reaction completion region are cylindrical and said reaction completion region has a smaller diameter than said initial reaction region.

8. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein said space reducing means comprises a sleeve which is adjustable to provide for altering the residence time in said reaction completion region.

9. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said light source is mounted inside said vessel and the means for maintaining the rate of reaction in the reaction completion region comprises baffles to divert the flow of reactants in close proximity to said light source.

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