US3508552A - Apparatus for stereotaxic neurosurgery - Google Patents

Description

April 1970 M. HAINAULT 3,508,552

APPARATUS FOR STEREOTAXIC NEUROSURGERY Filed Oct. 25, 1965 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 April 28, 1970 M. HAINAULT APPARATUS FOR STEREOTAXIC NEUROSURGERY 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed Oct. 25; 1965 April 28, 1970 M. HAINAULT APPARATUS FOR STEREOTAXIC NEUROSURGERY Filed Oct. 25, 1965 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 United States Patent 3,508,552 APPARATUS FOR STEREOTAXIC NEUROSURGERY Marcel Hainault, Paris, France, assignor to Alexandre & Cie, Romainville, Seine, France, a socit anonyme Continuation-impart of application Ser. No. 222,897,

Sept. 11, 1962. This application Oct. 23, 1965, Ser.

No. 503,678 Claims priority, application France, Oct. 27, 1961,

Int. Cl.Alm 19/00 US. Cl. 128303 3 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE This apparatus comprises a rectangular frame provided with means for fastening same to the patients skull and three double grids each formed with parallel rectilinear passages therethrough, said passages forming a regul r square pattern. Two of these double grids acting as double locating grids are secured to two adjacent sides of said frame whereby an X-ray handling performed after having positioned the apparatus on the patients skull makes it possible to determine, in each locating grid, the specific rectilinear passage leading to the point to be operated. The third grid acting as a guide grid for the operating spindle is mounted adjustable about an axis parallel to one of the frame sides. By using simple means and of the space reserved for the patients skull it is possible to deterinine which is the rectilinear passage of the guide double grid which is to receive the operating drift, as well as the depth of penetration of this drift which is necessary for bringing its end at the intersection of two rectilinear passages located in the two location double grids.

This is a continuation-in-part of the U.S. Patent application Ser. No. 222,897, now abandoned.

Apparatus designed for stereotaxic neurosurgery are already known which comprise a frame adapted to be rigidly secured to the head of the patient and at least one reference grid adapted to be mounted on one side of the frame in front of an X-ray receiving plate for obtaining a picture showing simultaneously the image of the interior of the patients brain and said reference grid, the latter acting in this case as a positioning grid. This picture, on which the point of the patients brain which is to be operated is designated by the end of a surgical drift, permits of locating in the grid a rectilinear passage leading to this point to be operated. By repeating this operation with the same grid or a similar grid mounted on another side of the frame at right angles to the preceding grid, it will be possible to determine another passage leading to the point to be operated and the intersection of these two passages will locate this point geometrically within the brain. To operate, it is then only sufficient, after removing the X- ray apparatus, to engage the surgical drift in that one of the passages in said grid (becoming then the guide grid) which leads to the point to be operated and to drive this surgical drift to a depth easily measured on the X-ray picture corresponding to the other position of said grid. However, these apparatus, while constituting a substantial improvement over the previous state of the art, are objectionable in that the only choice with which the surgeon is confronted for directing the surgical drift is to utilize, as a guide grid, the grid disposed in one or the other of said two locating positions. Thus, one or the other of the two corresponding directions of the surgical drift is therefore a direction parallel to the general plane of said frame, although the surgeon might deem more desirable to drive the surgical drift in a direction either parallel, or more or less inclined, to the perpendicular to the general plane of said frame.

It is a first object of this invention to provide a stereotaxic neurosurgery apparatus of the general type set forth hereinabove, wherein the surgeon disposes for guiding the surgical drift of a latitude such that he can select a penetration direction in a plane lying at right angles to the general plane of said frame.

It is another object of this invention to provide a stereotaxic neurosurgery apparatus of the general type set forth hereinabove, wherein the conventional grid or grids serve only positioning or locating purposes, and this apparatus comprises in addition at least one guide grid pivotally mounted with an adjustable inclination about a fixed pivot axis underlying the aforesaid frame and parallel to the general plane of said frame.

It is a further object of this invention to provide a stereotaxic neurosurgery apparatus comprising means for determining in a simple yet reliable manner the passage to be selected in the double guide grid for engaging the surgical drift in the direction of the point to be operated as geometrically determined by the passages located in the two positions of said guide double grid, and setting on this drift a stop member adapted to engage said guide double grid to limit the penetration of said surgical drift to the depth corresponding to the position in which its operative end attains the point to be operated in the patients brain.

It is a complementary object of this invention to provide a stereotaxic neurosurgery apparatus comprising several guide double grids having all their axes of oscillation either parallel to the same two opposite sides of the frame, or parallel the ones to a pair of opposite sides of said frame and the others to the other pair of opposite sides of said frame.

The features and advantages characterizing this invention will appear more completely from the following description given hereinafter by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which:

FIGURE 1 illustrates the apparatus positioned on the patients head shown diagrammatically by the contour of the skull, this apparatus being equipped on one side of the frame with a double positioning grid and withan X- ray receiving plate;

FIGURE 2 shows the same apparatus after the positioning in the guide double grid of the passage leading to the point of the brain which is to be operated and after the positioning and securing of the guide double grid above the frame in the operative position of said grid which is desired by the surgeon;

FIGURE 3 is a fragmentary View showing the same apparatus after the mounting of the guide double grid on an adjacent side of the frame, upon completion of the X-ray determination of the passage, in this new position of the guide double grid, leading to the point of the patients brain which is to be operated;

FIGURE 4 is a fragmentary view showing the same apparatus during the use of auxiliary equipment for 10- cating the passage to be selected in the guide double grid for engaging the operating drift, and also for fitting on this drift a stop member adapted to engage said guide double grid when the operative end of the drift has attained the point to be operated;

FIGURES 5 to 8 are plan views from above showing the apparatus equipped with four guide grids according to four different mounting procedures.

The apparatus comprises arectangular frame 10 secured to the operation table with an adjustable setting by means ofadequate connecting means 11, this frame carrying at its four corners four support means 12 in which adjustablebone clamping rods 13 are mounted, theserods 13 being adapted to secure the patients skull a to saidframe 10. Each one of the four sides of saidframe 10 has formedtherethrough perforations 14 for detachably securing a positioningdouble grid 15 as shown in FIGURE 1. Thisdouble grid 15 comprises two parallel flat walls in which circular holes are formed to constitute a regular chequer-work with the same relative spacing, on the two Walls, to constitute pairs of aligned holes having parallel axes. An X-ray equipment is provided for forming on areceiving plate 16, by means of rays adjusted in the direction of said pairs of holes in saiddouble grid 15, a first X-ray picture showing the interior of the skull and the grid. After removing the grid, another picture will show the interior of the skull without the grid, and the point of the skull which is to be operated. Besides, the order in which these two X-ray pictures are taken may be reversed. A simple comparison between the two pictures will permit of determining which one of the rectilinear passages through the grid leads to the point of the patients brain which is to be operated, as will clearly appear from the passage of the following description which deals with FIGURES 3 and 4 of the drawing.

This apparatus, as shown in FIGURE 2, comprises a guidedouble grid 17 identical with the positioning or cating grid and provided with anarm 18 on which it is pivotally mounted about an axis parallel to one of the two series of rows of holes of the grid. This arm carries aclamping knob 19 for locking the guidedouble grid 17 in the desired angular position in relation to thearm 18. The upper ends of said support means 12 are formed with coupling means corresponding to reverse means formed on the relevant end of thearm 18 of saiddouble grid 17, or of another grid which may be either the same or symmetrical thereto, with theknob 19 directed to the outside offrame 10 and the axis of rotation of thedouble grid 17 extending parallel to one of the sides of said frame. This axis is parallel to the side offrame 10 on which the locatingdouble grid 15 is mounted. The axes of the pairs of coaxial holes of the guidedouble grid 17 are disposed at spaced intervals along rows extending in parallel, equally spaced planes disposed at right angles to the pivot axis of saiddouble grid 17, and the guidedouble grid 17 and positioningdouble grid 15 are so mounted on theframe 10 that these parallel planes are coincident with the planes containing the axes of the pairs of holes of the corresponding rows of said guidedouble grid 15. The positioning effected by means of the pair of passage holes in the positioningdouble grid 15 will thus automatically determine the specific row containing the pair of passage holes in the guidedouble grid 17. Theelement 20 ofarm 18 is a spring-loaded bolt tending to lock the guidedouble grid 17 in a particularly conventional position, namely in a position parallel to the plane offrame 10.

Then another locatinggrid 15a identical withgrid 15 is mounted on another side offrame 10 adjacent to the first side, as shown in FIGURE 3, and the same procedure as that described hereinabove with reference to FIGURE 1 may be followed. A proper adjustment then permits of taking radiographic pictures in the direction of the rectilinear passages formed through thegrid 15a. A first picture will show the interior of the brain and the grid. After removing the grid, a further X-ray picture will show the interior of the patients brain without the grid and the specific point of the brain which is to be operated. However, the order in which these X-ray pictures are taken may be reversed. A subsequent comparison between the two X-ray pictures will permit of determining which is the rectilinear passage formed through the grid which leads to the brain point to be operated. Thegrid 15a is subsequently restored as shown in FIGURE 3, or replaced by another one, if desired, for example an identical grid but having thicker walls which can act as a guide grid.

Under these conditions it is possible, as already known, to perform the operation by using saiddouble grid 15a as a guide grid for the surgical drift by inserting this drift to the depth known from the radiographic picture taken facing the double locatinggrid 15, as already described with reference to FIGURE 1. There is shown by way of example in the drawing asmall electromotor 21 of which the rectilinear drill engaging the pair of holes located in the double 15a performs the drilling operation necessary for inserting a surgical drift for example an electrode.

To adhere to the procedure of this invention by engaging the surgical drift through thedouble guide grid 17,

it is necessary to complete the selection of the pair of guide holes to be used for, so far, only the row containing this pair of holes (which was determined from the data obtained by means of the double locating grid 15) is known, as already described with reference to FIGURE 2. To this end, the perpendicular row is determined by using, as shown in FIGURE 4, very simple means comprising apositioning bracket 23 and agauging stick 22. Thepositioning bracket 23 has a fiat under face bounded by arectilinear edge 27 and is provided with two studs (not shown in the drawing) whereby said bracket can be secured with its fiat under face bearing against the upper face of the guidedouble grid 17 and with the rectilinear edge of said flat under face along one of the rows of holes of said guide double grid parallel to its axis of oscillation. Thispositioning bracket 23 extends beyond the side of theframe 10, in anarm 28 having a small flatupper face 29 coplanar with the under flat face of thebracket 23. Saidarm 28 is bored to have rectilinear guiding holes 30 having a same axis and crossing perpendicularly the flatupper face 29 ofarm 28 and meeting the alignment of therectilinear edge 27 of the fiat underface of thepositioning bracket 23. Thegauging stick 22 is to be engaged through said rectilinear passage of thedouble grid 15a that meets the point of the patients brain to be operated with a part projecting outwardly under thearm 28 ofpositioning bracket 23. Thesurgical drift 24 provided with an adjustable stop member 25 is engaged from above through the holes 30 ofarm 23 till the lower end of said surgical drift halts at a level beneath the outward projecting part of thegauging stick 22. Thesurgical drift 24 is left in such a position by adjustable setting of its adjustable stop member 25 hearing on the smallupper face 29. Thebracket 23 is moved on the upper face of the guidedouble grid 17, by releasing and re-engaging its knobs, to its use position wherein the lower end to thesurgical drift 24 contacts the outward propecting part of the gaugingstick 22. Thesurgical drift 24 is then pulled upwards till its lower end abuts, as shown in FIGURE 4, the outward projecting part of the gaugingstick 22 and gauge in said position by setting its adjustable stop member 25 on the smallupper face 29. The rectilinear edge of thepositioning bracket 23 will thus register with the row of holes parallel to the pivotal axis along which the pair of holes to be used for guiding the drift are positioned. This pair of holes is thus definitely located and it is only necessary to operate by engaging therein thesurgical drift 24 provided with the thus adjusted stop member 25 which will automatically stop the movement of translation of the drift when its end has attained the point to be operated.

Of course, the handling of this apparatus may be further facilitiated by providing two double locating grids mounted for example on the frame before the operation respectively in the two selected positions where they can be left until the operation is completed and the assembly removed from the apparatus.

Several double guide grids of the type set forth hereinabove may advantageously be used, if desired. More particularly four guide grids comprising a first pair of identical grids and a second pair of grids symmetrical to those of said first pair, may be provided, these grids being mounted separately on the four supports 12. With this set of guide grids comprising twoguide grids 17 identical with theguide grid 17 of FIGURES 2 to 4, and twoguide grids 117 having symmetrical structure and disposal, it is possible to devise different mountings of the apparatus for example as shown in FIGURES to 8. In the mounting shown in FIGURE 5 all the grids permit of inclining the operating drift in a plane at right angles to the major axis of saidframe 10. In the mounting of FIGURE 6, all the double guide grids permit of inclining the operating drift in a plane at right angles to the minor axis of said frame. In the mountings shown in FIGURES 7 and 8, which are symmetrical to each other, the planes of said double guide grids permit of inclining the operating drift in a plane perpendicular to the minor axis of the frame, and the other pair of double guide grids permit of inclining this drift in a plane perpendicular to the major axis of the frame.

Although the present invention has been described in conjunction with preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that modifications and variations may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as those skilled in the art will readily understand. Such modifications and variations are considered to be within the purview and scope of the invention and appended claims.

What I claim is:

1. An apparatus for treating at least one point of the brain by means of the end of at least one surgical drift, which comprises a rectangular frame, supports carried by said frame at each corner, bone clamping rods extending from each support for securing the frame to the patients skull, first and second locating double grids each comprising two opposite parallel surfaces formed with circular openings defining parallel rectilinear passages disposed in a regular square pattern, said first and second locating double grids being removably secured respectively to a first side and to a second side perpendicular to said first side, with the rectilinear passages of each double grid extending at right angles to the relevant frame side and disposed to form two series of aligned passages lying in planes parallel to the frame plane, a selected passage of each one of said two locating grids leading to a point of the brain which is to be operated upon, which has previously been located by as X-ray method, an arm mounted on one of said supports extending over the frame, a guide double grid of the same construction as said locating double grids, means pivotally mounting said guide double grid on said arm for rotation about an axis parallel to said frame, and means for'loclging said guide double grid in a desired position of angular adjustment.

2. The structure of claim 1 wherein a plurality of arms are mounted on a plurality of supports and a pivotally mounted guide double grid is carried by each arm.

3, The structure of claim 1 wherein adjustable stop means are provided cooperating with said guide double grid for limiting the insertion of a surgical drift.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 581,540 4/1897 Dennis 12892 1,129,333 2/1915 Clarke 128-2 3,061,936 11/1962 Dobbeleer 33-174 3,223,087 12/1965 Vladyka et al 128-303 X FOREIGN PATENTS 1,282,623 12/1961 France.

DALTON L. TRULUCK, Primary Examiner

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