US3494006A - Self-gripping fastening device - Google Patents

Description

Feb. 10, 1970 s. c. BRUMLIK 3, 9 ,0 6

SELF-GRIPPING FASTENING DEVICE Filed Jan. 12, 1968 2 Sheets-Sheet l O INVENTOR.

GEORGE C. BRUMLIK ATTORNEY Feb. 10,1970 s. c. BRUMLIK 3,494,006

SELFGRIPP'ING FASTENING DEVICE Filed Jan. 12, 1968 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 FIG. /0

INVENTOR. GEORGE C. BRUMLIK ATTORNEY United States Patent F 3,494,006 SELF-GRIPPING FASTENING DEVICE George C. Brumlik, 154 Upper Mountain Ave., Montclair, NJ. 07042 Filed Jan. 12, 1968, Ser. No. 697,527 Int. Cl. A44b 19/00, 9/00 US. Cl. 24204 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A self-gripping fastening device for connecting together a pair of articles, only one of which is required to be pr vided with the device. The device comprises a plurality of barbed fastening elements, each being secured at one end to one surface of one of the articles to be gripped. When the fastening device is pressed against the opposing surface of the other article to be gripped, the free ends of the fastening elements penetrate and lodge in the other article to thereby effect adhesion between the pair of articles.

The present invention relates to fastening devices and in particular to a novel and improved fastening device which is operative to grip an opposed surface upon contact therewith in a self adhering action.

Various self-gripping fasteners, particularly suitable for releasably fastening fabrics and the like are presently available. Typical of such fasteners is a self-gripping fastener assembly presently marketed under the trademark Velcro and which is in the form of pairs of fabric strips which are respectively sewn or otherwise secured to the opposing fabrics to be fastened together. In the Velcro fastener, multiple rows of small vertically extending open plastic loops are secured to the outer surface of one of the matching strips, while matching small plastic hooks are secured to the outer surface of the opposite strips. Thus, when the two opposing strips are presscontacted, the hooks on one strip link with the opposing loops so that the opposing strips are interlocked in a gripping action. The opposing strips may be released by pulling them apart with sufficient force to cause the above mentioned hooks to disengage from their corresponding loops.

While the above described Velcro fastener provides an effective gripping action, the cost of manufacture thereof is relatively expensive. Furthermore, it is apparent that a Velcro type grip requires that both of the opposing surfaces have matching Velcro type strips in order to effect an interlocking grip.

The present invention is directed to a fastener device which is relatively inexpensive and simple to manufacture and is advantageous over the Velcro type fastener in that only one surface is provided with fastener means.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an economical and simple fastening device operative to grip an opposing penetrable article. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a fastening device which does not require that the opposing article be provided with any fastening means.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide an economical method for making a fastening device in accordance with the foregoing objects.

3,494,006 Patented Feb. 10, 1970 In accordance with principles of the present invention there is provided a self-gripping fastening device for connecting together a pair of articles, and the method for making the same. The device of the present invention comprises a plurality of fastening elements secured to one surface of one of the articles to be gripped. Each of the fastening elements comprise an elongated body and is suitably secured at one end thereof to said one article surface and extends substantially perpendicularly therefrom. Each of the elongated bodies has at least one wedgeshaped barb extending from the elongated body at its free end, and oriented in the general direction of the longitudinal axis of the elongated body. Accordingly, when the fastening device of the present invention is pressed against the other article, the elongated bodies at their respective free ends penetrate and lodge in the other article to thereby effect adhesion between the pair of articles.

Additional objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent during the course of the following specification when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a fastening device constructed in accordance with the present invention, as comprising a plurality of fastening elements secured to a supporting sheet of material;

FIG. 2 is an elevational view on an enlarged scale of a single fastening element in one embodiment of the present invention, shown secured to a portion of a supporting sheet of material, shown in cross-section as taken along the line 2-2 of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is an elevational view, similar in FIG. 2, of a single fastening element in a second embodiment of the present invention, shown secured to a portion of a supporting sheet of material in a manner similar to that of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is an elevational view of a single fastening element constituting another embodiment of the present invention, the element being shown secured to a portion of a supporting sheet of material by having a portion thereof embedded therein;

FIG. 5 is an elevational view of another embodiment of a fastening element, shown secured to a portion of its supporting sheet of material in a manner similar to that of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is an elevational view of a modified form of fastening element shown secured to a portion of its supporting sheet of material by being injected into the supporting sheet from its rear surface;

FIG. 7 is an elevational view of still another embodiment of fastening element shown secured to a portionof its supporting sheet of material in a manner similar to that of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a sheet of extruded plastic formed with a suitable profile for forming a plurality of fastening elements of a releasable fastener type;

FIG. 9 is an elevational view, on an enlarged scale, of a releasable type of fastening element formed from the extruded sheet shown in FIG. 8;

FIG. 10 is an elevational view of the fastening element of FIG. 9 shown mounted on a support sheet, with us outer hook treated to cause it to expand and open;

FIG. 11 is an elevational view of a modified form of releasable fastening element;

FIG. 12 is an elevational view of the fastening element of FIG. 11 shown mounted on a support sheet with its outer hook treated to cause it to expand and open; and

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of another form of eX- truded plastic which may be used to form fastening elements having intermediate hook members.

Referring in detail to the drawings, there is shown in FIG. 1, an article to which has been applied fastening means in accordance with the present invention. Thearticle 10 may, by way of example, have a fiat sheet-like body 11 as illustrated, and is intended to be secured to an opposing penetrable surface. For this purpose, thearticle 10 has a plurality of upstandingbarbed fastening elements 12 secured to one surface thereof in a manner to be presently described.

To fastenarticle 10 to an opposing surface, it is pressed against the opposing surface With sufficient force to cause thefastening elements 12 to penetrate the opposing material and lodge therein.Article 10 will thus be firmly interlocked with the opposing material by the combined gripping action of the large number offastening elements 12 embedded and locked in the opposing material. The size, number and distribution density offastening elements 12 onsheet 10 will be determined by the size and nature of the opposing material to be gripped, as described hereinafter in greater detail.

FIG. 2 shows one of thefastening elements 12 in detail and on an enlarged scale, and also illustrates the manner in which the fastening element is mounted on thearticle 12. Thefastening element 12 constitutes a bilaterally-symmetrical member having anelongated stem 14 terminating at its ends insharp barbs 16 and 18. Thestem 14 is formed of integralhalf portions 14a and 14b, in the shape of oppositely-disposed cones of equal size, wherebyelement 12 is widest and has itslateral axis 22 at the midpoint ofstem 14. Eachhalf portion 14a and 14b tapers from theaxis 22 to its tip, forming a sharp point at said tip and at its juncture with therespective barb 16 or 18.

Thebarms 16 and 18 are identical, each being wedgeshaped and having anedge 24 inclined outwardly from thepointed tip 20 to a sharp pointedfree end 26.

In the preferred form of the fastening assembly, thefastening elements 12 are of uniform size and are made small for mounting in closely-shaped random arrangement on the surface of an object, in the manner shown in FIG. 1. Typically, thefastening elements 12, as well as the alternate embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 37, have an overall length ranging from one-twentieth to one-half inch, and a diameter at thelateral axis 22 ranging from approximately one-thousandth to fifty thousandths of an inch. The fastening elements may, for example, be made of plastic such as styrene, nylon, polyvinyl resin, or the like, and formed in the shapes shown by micro-molding, or by extruding the plastic in the form of a profiled sheet which is cut up with the elements, in a manner which will be presently explained. The elements may also be made of metal in a die casting operation, or may be made of bent wire.

In order to provide an article surface with a fastening assembly capable of gripping an opposing material, a large number of fastening elements, for example theelements 12 of FIG. 2, are required to be secured to thearticle 10 in the manner shown in FIG. 1. This may be accomplished by coating thebody 11 ofarticle 10 with a layer ofadhesive 28, and whilelayer 28 is still tacky projecting thefastening elements 12 in a direction perpendicular thereto, such as by means of a jet of air.

Thefastening elements 12 are projected in this manner with sufficient force to cause lower stem portion 14b to penetrateadhesive layer 28 to a sufficient depth, preferably completely, as shown in FIG. 2, so thatlayer 28 will provide suflicient lateral support thereto, to maintainfastening elements 12 in a position substantially perpendicular to the upper surface of thearticle body 11.Adhesive layer 28 should have a sufficiently thick consistency in its tacky condition in order to supportfastening elements 12 in the perpendicular position at which they reach thearticle'body 11. Whenadhesive layer 28 hardens, it will provide sufficient lateral support to the embedded portion of each stem 14 in its perpendicular position. The recedingedge 24 of each barb embedded inlayer 28 securesfastening element 12 in the longitudinal direction to prevent extraction thereof fromlayer 28 once the latter has hardened.

It will be appreciated that ifbody 11 ofarticle 10 constitutes a plastic material, its upper surface may be heated or otherwise treated to render it tacky, in which case the necessity for a separate layer of adhesive will be obviated, but the same result achieved.

Becausefastening elements 12 are symmetrical about theirlateral axis 22, they may be projected intolayer 28 with eitherstern portion 14a or 1412 leading. As a result, the abovementioned flocking operation i.e. deposition of fastening elements, is greatly simplified sincefastening elements 12 may thus be randomly loaded into a blowing machine and propelled by means'of a jet of air intolayer 28.

With a large number offastening elements 12 secured in relatively thick profusion to theobject 10 and rojecting in upstanding condition from the surface thereof, as shown in FIG. 1, the fastening assembly is capable of gripping an opposed article or material which is sufi'iciently soft or penetrable to be pierced by the individual fastening elements. The opposed material may be made of leather, fabric, plastic, or the like. Thearticle 10 may be secured to the surface of said opposed article by pressing it thereagainst with sufficient pressure to cause the exposed portions of thefastening elements 12 to penetrate the material to a depth dependent upon the particular material involved or the spacing desired. When such pressure is exerted on thearticle 10, the sharply-pointed leadingtip 20 of eachfastening element 12 will pierce the opposed surface, and the wedge shape of thecontiguous barb 16 enables the barb to easily penetrate through the surface to the desired depth in the material.

When thearticle 10 is applied to an opposed material, as above described, the inserted barbs provide a considerable resistance to disengagement. Thus, when force is applied in the opposite direction, the pointedfree end 26 of eachbarb 16 pierces the material of the attached opposed article, acting as a hook to restrain movement of the barb out of said attached article. For a given penetrable material, the resistance to disengagement therefrom will clearly be determined by the thickness and rigidity of the barbs which are engaged by the penetrable material, and by the number of barbs so engaged. With the barbs formed in the wedge shapes illustrated in FIG. 1 as well as in FIGS. 2-7, the adhesion proved thereby is relatively permanent, that is to say, the barbs will resist withdrawal of the fastening elements from the attached material unless sufiicient force is applied thereto to cause tearing or other damage to the attached material. This is in contrast to the form of fastening element illustrated in FIGS. 9-12 which provides a temporary adhesion, as will be presently explained.

FIG. 3 illustrates a modified form offastening element 32 which is identical to theelement 12 shown in FIG. 2 except that in addition to theterminal barbs 16 and 18, a plurality ofbarbs 36 are provided in spaced, staggered arrangement along the intermediate portion of thestem 34. Again, thestem 34 is formed ofhalf portions 34a, and 34b in the shape of opposing cones ofequal size, so thatelement 32 is widest and has itslateral axis 22 atthe-midpoint ofstem 34. Theintermediate barbs 36 may be longitudinally aligned with theterminal barbs 16 and 18,-or may be staggered circumferentially aroundthe'stem 34. In either event, thebarbs 36 are symmetrically arranged on the respectivestern half portions 34a and 34b with thebarbs 16 and 36 on theportion 34a facing in one direction and thebarbs 18 and 36 on theportion 34b facing in the opposite direction.

Thefastening elements 32 are mounted on the article in the same manner as theelements 12 previously described, that is by projecting them upon theadhesive layer 28 coating thearticle body 11, or upon a tacky surface thereon, in such a manner that theelements 32 strike thearticle 10 in a perpendicular direction. Again, since theelements 32 are symmetrical, they may be projected with eitherstem portion 34a or 34b leading.

Theintermediate barbs 36, like theterminal barbs 16, 18 are wedge-shaped, having sharply-pointedtips 38. The presence of these intermediate bar-bs 36 provides a greater gripping action when thearticle 10, covered with an array offastening elements 32, is pressed against an opposed penetrable surface, and increases the resistance to disengagement.

FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of afastening element 42 made in accordance with the present invention and designed to penetrate the supportingsheet material 44, thus eliminating the need for a supporting adhesive layer as in the embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3. Fasteningelement 42 of FIG. 4 is structurally similar toelement 12 of FIG. 2, having a similar shape for itsstem 46 and arrangement ofterminal barbs 48 and 50, except thatfastening element 42 is additionally provided with a disc-shapedstop member 52 located at itslateral axis 54.Disc 52 is operative to limit the penetration ofstem 46 intosheet 44 when fasteningelement 42 is injected therein. Thus,disc 52 comes to rest in engagement with the upper surface 56 ofsupport sheet 44, with thestem 46 perpendicular to said surface. As with the embodiments previously described, since fasteningelement 42 is symmetrical about itslateral axis 54, a supply of said fastening elements may be randomly loaded in a blower machine and propelled towardsheet 44 with either end leading. Fasteningelements 42 typically have similar dimensions and may be made of the same materials aselements 12 and 32 of FIGS. 2 and 3.

FIG. 5 illustrates afastening element 62 which is identical in structure to theelement 42 of FIG. 4, except that it is provided with multipleintermediate barbs 64, in the same manner as theelement 34 of FIG. 3, for greater gripping action. Thefastening element 62 is again adapted to be propelled toward the penetrable supportingsheet material 44 and penetrate the same, as previously described, until thestop disc 52 engages the surface of the material. In this instance, a plurality ofintermediate barbs 64 as well as theterminal barb 50 become embedded in the supportingmaterial 44, as illustrated in FIG. 5, to anchor thefastening element 62 firmly in mounted position. Theintermediate barbs 64 on the exposed, out- Wardly-projecting portion of thestem 46 provide a stronger gripping action upon the material to which the assembly is subsequently fastened.

FIGS. 6 and 7 illustraterespective fastening elements 72 and 82 constituting embodiments of another type of fastening element made in accordance with the present invention and designed to completely penetrate asupport sheet 74. Theelement 72 comprises astem 76 having the shape of a single cone, the base of said stem terminating in an integral disc-shapedstop member 78. At its opposite, narrow end portion, thestem 76 terminates in a wedge-shapedbarb 80 having a sharply-pointed leadingtip 84 and a sharply pointedhook 86. In practice, thefastening elements 72 are propelled toward therear surface 88 of the supporting sheet 74- with sufficient force that the pointedtip 84 ofbarb 80 pierces thesheet 74 and theshank 76 penetrates entirely through the sheet until thedisc 78 engages therear surface 88 to stop further penetration. The forward portion ofstem 76 projects perdendicularly from thefront surface 90 of the sheet 6 74, as shown in FIG. 6, with the barb exposed for engagement with an opposed body.

Thefastening element 82, shown in FIG 7, is identical to theelement 72 except that it is provided with additionalintermediate barbs 92 which provide greater gripping action as previously described in connection with theelements 32 and 62 of FIGS. 3 and 5 respectively. Theelement 82 is mounted in the same manner as theelement 72 of FIG. 7, by projecting it at therear surface 88 ofsupport sheet 74 so that it pierces the latter until stopped bydisc 78.

FIGS. 813 illustrate another manner in which the ele ments may be formed so that the hooks thereon are initially in a closed, non-gripping position for flocking or similar application to the carrier article, and thereafter, the exposed hooks may be treated to cause them to open up into a gripping position. As in the previously described embodiments, the hooks are formed upon the fastening elements in opposed symmetrical arrangement, with the hooks on each half facing the central transverse axis of the element, such that the elements may be flocked or blown upon the carrier with either end facing the carrier.

In this instance, the fastening elements are formed of plastic, particularly a plastic which may be extruded in prestressed form and in which the stressed portions are relieved and open up when subjected to heat or chemical treatment. Such plastics may be nylon, polyacetal, polycarbonate, polysulfone and the like.

FIG. 8 illustrates a sheet of plastic 94 which is extruded in the profile shown withend flutes 96 and 98, each having a sharp edge 100'. The fastening elements are formed by chopping or cutting through the profile in very thin sections as indicated by the cut lines 104. The resulting fastening elements exemplified by theelement 102 shown in FIG. 9 is thus provided with the profile of the extruded sheet 94, and preferably has a width approximately equal to its thickness.

Thefastening element 102 again constitutes a bilaterally-symmetrical member having anelongated stem 106 terminating at its ends in curved barbs or hooks 108 and 110. Eachhook 108 and 110 has asharp end 112 and the hooks are oppositely arranged so that eachsharp end 112 is directed inwardly toward the central axis 114 of theelement 102. Because of the extrusion formation of the elements, thehooks 108 and 110 are bent inwardly toward thestem 106 with the sharp ends 112 located close to said stem. The hooks are thus essentially closed and their sharp ends unexposed. Consequently, when the elements are randomly loaded into a hopper or the like for flocking, the hooks will not grip each other and thus tangling is prevented.

In order to cover a surface with a plurality offastening elements 102, thesurface 116 of a sheet orarticle 118 is coated with a layer ofadhesive 120, and while the layer is still tacky, thefastening elements 102 are projected thereon in a perpendicular direction, as by means of an air jet. Either one of the hooks, for example, thelower hook 110 thus becomes embedded in theadhesive layer 120, and when the latter hardens, theelement 102 is securely mounted upstanding on thearticle 118, as shown in FIG. 10.

Immediately after mounting, the exposedupper hook 108 is still in the closed, non-gripping condition indicated in FIG. 9. The outer ends of all of themounted elements 102 are then heat treated or chemically treated, causing the prestressedclosed hooks 108 to unbend and open up to the position shown as 108' in FIG. 10 wherein thesharp end 112 is exposed for gripping action. It will be understood that thefastening elements 102, in the form illustrated, would be made of very small, almost filamentlike thickness, so that the opened hook 108' would be relatively flexible. Consequently, when fastening assembly formed of a plurality offastening elements 102 is secured to the surface of an opposed article by pressing the elements thereagainst, the exposed hook 108' will flex inwardly sufliciently to form an effective pointed end which will penetrate the surface of the opposed article, and after such insertion will again unbend and expand to the position shown in FIG. 10, wherein thesharp end 112 will grip the opposed surface.

Thefastening elements 102 are constructed to provide only a temporary adhesion so that they may be readily removed from the oposed article. This is again a result of the fact that the elements are made sufliciently thin and have sufficient flexibility to permit their yielding out of gripping engagement with the attached material when this material and thearticle 118 are pulled apart. This flexible yielding will premit the fastening elements to be withdrawn from the attached material without damage to the latter.

FIGS. 11 and 12 illustrate another form offastening element 122 which is also constructed to provide a temporary adhesion. Theelement 122 includes anelongated stem 124 terminating at its ends inhooks 126 and 128. At its center, the stern 124 is formed with an integral projectingstop member 130. Thefastening elements 122 are preferably formed in the same manner previously described in connection with FIG. 8, namely by extruding a sheet having the cross-sectional profile of the element, and then chopping this sheet into a plurality ofnarrow fastening elements 122.

Thehooks 126 and 128 are identical and again face in opposite directions. In this instance, thehooks 126 and 128 are made in the angular form shown in FIG. 11 to provide respective pointedouter tips 132. FIG. 11 illustrates the prestressed form of the hooks 1 26 and 128 which results from extruding the sheet plastic in this profile and which form is maintained after cutting. The arms of eachhook 126 and 128 are arranged at a very acute angle, and thepointed end 134 of each hook is curved inwardly toward theshank 124 so that the sharp tip is not exposed and the fastening elements may be randomly arranged in a pile without tangling.

Because of the sharply pointedouter tips 132 of thehooks 126 and 128, thefastening elements 122 may be mounted on fabric or other penetrable material by blowing them perpendicularly against the surface thereof with either hook leading and with sufficient force to cause the leading hook to penetrate the material. FIG. 12 shows anelement 122 so mounted onmaterial 136, thehook 128 having pierced thematerial 136 and theshank 124 having penetrated therein until stopped by engagement ofstop member 130 with the material surface. The exposedhook 126 is then heat treated or chemically treated as previously described, causing thehook 126 to unbend and open up as indicated at 126 in FIG. 12, itssharp end 134 being exposed for gripping an opposed article to be fastened thereto. In its unbent condition shown in FIG. 12, the hook 126' maintains its pointedouter tip 132 which will penetrate the opposed article when fastening thereto is desired.

It will be understood that the extruded fastening elements shown in FIGS. 9-12 may be provided with intermediate hooks or barbs, if desired in the same manner as the elements shown in FIGS. 3, and 7. These intermediate hooks may be provided in the element stems simply by forming them in the profile of the sheet extrusion. FIG. 13, for example, illustrates an extruded plastic sheet 140 similar to that shown in FIG. 8 except that in addition to the end flutes 142, 144,intermediate flutes 146 and 148 are also provided to result in intermediate hooks on the fastening elements formed by cutting up the sheet 140. The intermediate flutes and resulting intermediate hooks are pre-stressed in the same manner as the outer hooks and may be treated after mounting of the elements to relieve the stress and cause them to open up.

It is appreciated that the fastening means, in the various embodiments thereof, as described above, have broad application where slide fasteners, snap fasteners, Velcro type fasteners and the like, have been used heretofore. Thus, a strip or sheet having the fastening assembly mounted thereon may be suitably secured to one surface of a pair of surfaces to be gripped together, and the two surfaces pressed together to form a secure interlocking engagement. Alternatively, the fastening elements themselves may be applied directly to one of the opposing surfaces to be gripped, in the manner described above. In this event, which of thevarious fastening elements 12, 32, 42, 62, 72 or 82 are to be used, and the corresponding method of application thereof, will be determined by the nature and thickness of the supporting sheet or body involved.

A particular advantage of each of the fastening arrangements of the present invention described above, is that only one of the opposing surfaces to be gripped together is required to be provided with the fastening elements of the present invention. This feature endows the fastening means of the present invention with an important advantage over the Velcro type matching fastening means, where one of the opposing surfaces to be gripped carries loop elements and the other carries matching hook elements. Furthermore, the method of the present invention of applying the fastening elements to the supporting sheet material, as described above, is deemed to be much simpler and more economical than the method of applying Velcro fastening elements to its supporting sheet material.

What is claimed is:

1. A self-gripping fastening member having an adhesive face capable of being attached to a second member having a penetrable face by pressing said faces together, the adhesive face of said fastening member comprising an exposed surface and a plurality of self-gripping fastening elements individually mounted thereon in random spatial arrangement, each of said fastening elements comprising a thin, flexible filament having an elongated body secured at one end thereof to said surface and extending substantially perpendicularly therefrom, each of said elongated bodies having at least one barb extending therefrom at its free end, each of said barbs being hookshaped and having a pointed end directed toward said surface, whereby when said adhesive face is pressed against the penetrable face of said second member, said elongated bodies at their free ends penetrate and lodge in said penetrable surface to thereby effect adhesion between said pair of members.

2. A self-gripping fastening member according toclaim 1 in which the elongated body of each filament terminates at a sharp point and in which said barb is wedge shaped, extending from said sharp point toward the mounted end of said body.

3. A self-gripping fastening member according to claim 1 in which each of said elongated bodies is in the form of oppositely oriented cone portions having a common base at approximately the midpoint of the length of said elongated body, and in which said barbs are disposed on each of said cone portions oriented in the direction of the respective apexes of said cone portions respectively, said barbs being disposed on said cone shaped portions in equal numbers thereon.

4. A self-gripping fastening member according to claim 3 in which each fastening element includes a protruding stop disposed at said common base for limiting penetration of either end of said elongated body into the penetratable face of said second member.

5. A self-gripping fastening member according to claim 1 in which the barbs on said fastening elements are in the form of pre-stressed, tightly curled hooks terminating in pointed ends directed inwardly toward the elongated filament body of said fastening element, said barbs being formed of such material as to be capable of opening under suitable treatment to expose the pointed end thereof.

(References on following page) References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS Alcott 85--21 Achtmeyer 8513 Roberts 16-16 Jamgotchian 16-8 Rieser 8511 Roberts 1616 Morin 24-204 Parker et a1. 24-204 Erb 24-204 Flanagan 24-204 Billarant 24-204 FOREIGN PATENTS Belgium. France. France. Germany. Italy. Italy.

MARION PARSONS, JR., Primary Examiner US. Cl. X.R.

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