United States Patent 3,433,632 PROCESS FOR PRODUCING POROUS METAL BODIES Raymond J. Elbert, Middleburg Heights, and Ernest G. Farrier, Parma, Ohio, assignors to Union Carbide Corporation, a corporation of New York No Drawing. Continuation-impart of application Ser. No. 484,123, Aug. 31, 1965. This application June 30, 1967, Ser. No. 650,250 US. Cl. 75-222 9 Claims Int. Cl. B22f 3/10, 7/04 ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE This disclosure describes a process for producing porous metal bodies comprising the steps of: (A) preparing a fluid mixture containing metal powder, an organic thickening agent, an organic plasticizer, and a volatile solvent; (B) depositing this mixture on a backing sheet; (C) evaporating the volatile solvent; (D) heating the resulting solvent-free mix to a temperature sufliciently elevated to volatilize, decompose and/or oxidize the thickening agent and plasticizer; and (E) heating the resulting material at a temperature sufliciently elevated to cause sintering of the metal powder particles.
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 484,123 filed Aug. 31, 1965 and now abandoned.
This invention relates to porous metal bodies. More particularly the invention is directed to porous metal sheet and to an improved process for producing it.
A number of methods have been employed heretofore in producing porous metal bodies, particularly porous metal sheet. These methods include sintering of metal particles, the use of materials which liberate gas at elevated temperatures in order to introduce voids into a metal product, and the use of slip casting techniques in which metal particles are suspended in a variety of liquid or solid binders and then heated to eliminate the solvent or hinder. All of these methods were subject to one or both of the disadvantages of nonuniform porosity in the product or difiiculties in continuous large scale production.
It is an object of this invention to provide an improved process for producing porous metal bodies, including porous metal sheets, particularly very thin sheets of highly uniform porosity. A further object of the invention is to provide porous metal sheets of highly uniform porosity which can be produced in a continuous process. A still further object of the invention is to provide porous metal sheets which comprise two or more layers of different metals or two or more layers of the same metal but with different porosity.
According to the process of this invention a fluid mixture is prepared which comprises: (1) a metal powder, (2) an organic thickening agent, (3) an organic plasticizer, and (4) a volatile solvent. The fluid mix is then deposited in a thin layer on a backing sheet and allowed to dry, that is, the solvent is evaporated. This (substantially solvent free) material, referred to as green sheet, is then subjected to further treatment to vaporize the organic material and sinter the metal particles. If desired, the sintered porous sheet can then be stripped from the backing sheet.
Any sinterable metal powder can be employed in this process, and suitable powdered metals include nickel, copper, cobalt, iron, tungsten, silver, stainless steel, other alloys such as nickel-base alloys, iron-base alloys, and cobalt-base alloys and the like. Typical stainless steel powders include types 304 and 316 as defined in the Metals Handbook, 8th ed., pp. 408-409. Other illustra- 3,433,632 Patented Mar. 18, 1969 tive alloy powders include (a) those having the composition (weight percent) nickel, 76%; chromium, 15.8% iron, 7.2%; manganese, 0.2%; silicon, 0.2%; carbon, 0.04%; and copper, 0.1% and (b) those described in US. Patent No. 2,703,277. The metal particle size is not critical, but generally particles having an average diameter in the range of l to 40 microns are preferred. The choice of particle size depends primarily on the desired pore size of the metal sheet, the smaller particles providing a product with a correspondingly smaller pore size.
Also, nonsinterable powders can be admixed with the sinterable metal powders. The sintered powder then provides a matrix which supports the nonsinterable material. Useful nonsinterable materials include carbon powder and Raney nickel powder.
The organic thickening agents (that is, agents whose function is to provide strength and durability to the green sheet and to define the structure of the porous sheet) which are useful in the process include plastic materials such as nitrocellulose, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and the like, and other organic materials such as the alginates.
The organic plasticizers are employed in order to improve the flexibility and ease of handling of the green sheet, and to improve the film-forming properties of the thickening agent. Useful plasticizers include conventional plasticizers such as paraflin oils, dimethyl phthalate, polyoxyalkylene glycols, and the like.
The combination of organic thickening agent and plasticizer used in this invention differs from organic materials used as binders in prior art techniques in that green sheet ductility and flexibility are obtained without undesirable cracking, pinholing, and mud cracking. These properties are obtained by coating the individual metal particles with a mixture of organic materials not requiring thermal treatments.
The volatile solvents which are useful in the process of this invention include water, alcohols such as methanol, isopropanol, and the like, aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene and toluene, and ketones such as acetone. Miscible mixtures of these solvents can also be used.
An organic wetting agent can be included in the fluid mixture as an optional ingredient. The wetting agent improves the homogeneity of the mix and the uniformity of dispersion of the metal particles. Suitable wetting agents include stearic acid and quarternary ammonium salts such as lauryl isoquinolinium bromide and dimethyl ammonium chloride.
All of the organic thickening agents, organic plasticizers, organic wetting agents, and solvents useful in this invention are materials which will either volatilize, completely decompose, or oxidize at elevated temperatures without leaving solid residues.
The backing sheet can be, for example, metal, porous metal, expanded metal, glassine paper, plastic coated paper, plastic sheet, and the like.
The fluid mix containing the metal powder, thickening agent, plasticizer, and solvent can be prepared by any convenient method. One such method is to first mix the thickening agent, plasticizer, and solvent, and then add the metal powder and continue mixing until a uniform suspension of metal powder is obtained. The relative amounts of the metal powder, thickening agent, plasticizer, and solvent which result in a uniform suspension depend upon the particular materials employed, and also on the particular metal and the particle size of the metal. The compositions of a number of satisfactory suspensions are given in the illustrative examples hereinbelow.
After the suspension of metal powder has been prepared, it can be deposited on the backing sheet by any convenient method. In continuous processes, it has been found particularly convenient to deposit the mix containing metal powder from a standard slit feeder onto a moving sheet of flexible material (herein referred to as the backing sheet), the desired thickness of the deposited layer being regulated by a leveling bar under which the moving sheet passes after the mix has been deposited thereon.
Of particular importance in producing the porous metal bodies of this invention is the ability to sinter either completely in the free shrinkage state or completely in the restricted shrinkage state. Only under properly selected conditions can these states be realized. Failure to operate under these conditions results in sheets containing pinholes, cracks, warpage, and similar defects. In the case of free shrinkage, the unsintered sheet of metal powder suspended in a plastic matrix must be prefectly free to shrink in any direction during the sintering operation. In the case of the restricted shrinkage method, the unsintered sheet must be mechanically restricted, on a microscopic scale, from shrinkage appreciable in any direction except that vertical to the plane of the sheet.
It has been discovered that by proper selection and treatment of the backing sheet, the proper combination of nonmetallic ingredients in the mix, and the proper precompression of the unsintered sheet, the desirable result of either free or restricted shrinkage can be obtained. The examples hereinbelow illustrate some of the combinations which produce defect-free porous material. Excessive prerolling, sintering on backing strips not properly pretreated, or excessive sintering during the initial stages all can cause sticking of the sintered sheet to the backing sheet precluding removal or can cause the generation of excessive defects in the finished porous sheet. In the case of free shrinkage, improper mixes which do not provide sufficient coherent material to bond the powder together during the initial sintering steps will result in sheets having excessive tears, pinholes, and the like defects.
The desirable shrinkage characteristics just described can be obtained when the ingredients used in the process of this invention are mixed in the weight ratios shown in Table I, the ratios being based on the amount of metal powder employed.
TABLE I Ingredient: Weight (grams) Metal powder 100 Thickening agent 0.5-16 Plasticizer 0.5-9 Solvent 10-75 Wetting agent -3 These ratios also depend to some extent upon the powder characteristics and the desired final properties of the sheet. Therefore, in the case of a specific porous metal product, the weight ratios, while falling in this range, are held to much closer tolerance. For instance, the porous product obtained from nickel powders having average diameters of about 6 to 15 microns will have highly uniform properties if the ingredients used in the process are employed in the weight ratios given in Table II.
TABLE II Ingredient: Weight (grams) Nickel powder 100 Thickening agent 3-5 Plasticizer 0.9-3.2 Solvent 15-20 Wetting agent 0-0.5
For smaller nickel metal powders, for example powders in the 3 to 5 micron diameter range, the same mix ingredient ratios given in Table II also apply except that the thickening agent can be used in amounts up to 8 grams per 100 grams of nickel powder and the solvent can 'be used in amounts up to 40 grams per 100 grams of nickel powder.
The ingredients of the metal powder containing mix, together with the other process variables referred to earlier, influence the shrinkage characteristics of the sheet, and therefore, its final properties. The nonmetallic ingredients in the mix are added to the metal powder to provide handleability and strength to the green sheet. Excess amounts of these ingredients cause undue shrinkage and disruption when removed. Insuflicient amounts make the mix difficult to handle and result in a weak green sheet. The proper amount fills the void structure formed by the metal particles but does not significantly distend the metal structure. In this way gross shrinkage is prevented in the presintered state by virtue of the restraining powder particle network.
In addition to the factors described earlier with regard to free and restricted shrinkage, the relationship of sintering conditions (time, temperature, and atmosphere) to the powder characteristics is important. These characteristics are mainly the surface area, shape, size, agglomeration, and melting point of the powder. Each of these influence the degree of consolidation effected by a. given set of sintering conditions. These basic factors dictate the sintering conditions for a given powder and structure. In general, the particle size of the powder and its melting point have the greatest influence on shrinkage during sintering. Low melting points and small particle size cause rapid sintering and lead to nonuniform shrinkage unless the sintering conditions are moderated to account for these tendencies.
The process of this invention is applicable to a wide variety of metal powders. Some powders have very sharp particle size distributions and pack to relatively high densities; other powders have very broad particle size distributions and are loose and fluffy in nature. However, in general, a sheet made from any of these powders by the process of this invention will have a maximum individual pore size less than three times as large as the average pore size. The actual value will be dependent upon the particular powder used and is a characteristic of the powder and the thickness of the product sheet. In order to obtain this high degree of uniformity the green sheet should generally be sufficiently thick to obtain metal powder particle stacking of particles or more. In the porous metal products of this invention, the pore size nonuniformity (many pores larger than three times the average pore size) which characterized previously known materials is practically eliminated. These large (nonuniform) pores will not occur more frequently than one per square feet in the porous products of this invention. For example, the product of Example 1 hereinbelow has an average pore size of 6 microns (measured by the alcohol bubble pressure method) and a maximum pore size of 12 microns; pores as large as 18 microns occur not more than once per 25 square feet of product.
Where the metal powder is nickel powder, iron powder, or copper powder, the backing sheet is preferably preoxidized stainless steel.
After the green sheet has been deposited on the backing sheet, the final product can be obtained by several different series of steps. For example, in one embodiment of the invention the prerolled green sheet is sintered while still in contact with the backing sheet. The sintering operation, of course, serves to eliminate all volatile, decomposable, and/or oxidizable components as well as to effect sintering of the metal particles. The sintered metal powder layer is then stripped from the backing sheet and subjected to an additional sintering treatment. A rolling operation can be incorporated into the process between the two sintering treatments, if desired. In another embodiment of the invention, the green sheet is passed through rollers while still in contact with the backing sheet, subjected to the sintering operation while still in contact with the backing sheet, and thereafter the sintered porous metal sheet is stripped from the backing sheet.
Where paper or plastic backing sheets are employed, the sintering operation decomposes and/or oxidizes the backing sheet; preferably such backing sheets are separated from the green sheet prior to the sintering steps.
The thickness of the as deposited green sheet can vary from about 0.010 inch up to 0.062 inch or greater. During the evaporation of the solvent the thickness of the green sheet decreases by as much as 60 percent.
The removal of the volatile organic material and the sintering of the metal particles can be carried out in two separate steps or in a single combined step. To remove the volatile, decomposable and/or oxidizable material it is preferable to heat the green sheet slowly to at least about 400 C. This can be conveniently done in a stream of inert gas which helps to carry away the volatilized components. The sintering operation is then carried out in a reducing atmosphere at temperatures of 700 C. or above, depending upon the particular metal powder. For example, where the metal is nickel or copper, a hydrogen atmosphere containing some water vapor is employed; where the metal is steel or iron an atmosphere of dry hydrogen is preferred.
The removal of decomposable and/or oxidizable material and the sintering operations can be conveniently combined in a continuous process, for example, by depositing the green sheet on a moving backing sheet which is continuously passed through a furnace. The furnace temperature and speed of the moving sheet are adjusted so that the green sheet is maintained at about 400 C. for about 5 minutes and is then heated at the sintering temperature of about 700 C. to about 1,000 C., depending upon the metal used, for about 20 minutes. Cooling takes place on leaving the furnace. The entire furnace is flushed with dry or moist hydrogen or other neutral atmosphere depending on the metal involved.
The porous metal sheets produced by this process have thicknesses from as low as 0.003 inch up to 0.030 inch and above. The void fraction in the porous sheets can be as high as 60 percent and the average pore diameter can vary from as low as one micron up to about 50 microns.
In an important embodiment of the present invention, porous metal sheets are prepared which comprise two or more layers of different porous metals or two or more layers of the same metal wherein the layers have different porosity. Supported layers in such multilayer structures can have void fractions as high as 90 percent.
These multilayer materials can be prepared by several procedures. In one method additional layers of mix containing metal powder can be applied directly to previously cast and dried green sheet. The multi-layer green sheet can then be subjected to the various rolling, sintering, annealing and stripping operations as described hereinabove.
In a second and preferred method, additional layers of mix containing metal powder can be deposited on a finished (sintered and stripped) porous sheet and the solvent evaporated to form a green sheet on top of the finished sheet. The finished sheet-green sheet structure is then sintered or rolled and sintered. In this method, it is preferred to use in the second layer a metal powder which sinters at a lower temperature than the metal in first (finished) layer.
In a third method, separate unsintered sheets are prepared; and two or more of these sheets are placed in contact, pressed together by passing through a rolling mill, and then sintered. The sintering step provides a metallurgical bond between the sheets.
The porous metal sheets produced by the process of this invention have a number of applications. Because of their uniformity and strength they are excellent, high quality filters. They are uniquely suited for use as electrodes in a wide variety of fuel cells and batteries. High porosity, large-pore structures can be made which serve as abradable seal members, transpiration-cooling walls,
and sound-supression duct liners. Porous sheet, preferably copper or brass, can be impregnated with hearing alloys to make a high performance, long life bearing liner. The porous metal structures can be applied to solid heat exchanger surfaces to promote nucleated boiling. Also, the combination of the backing sheet and (unstripped) porous sheet can be used in fabricating boiling promoting surfaces in heat exchangers.
The following examples further illustrate the process and product of the present invention:
EXAMPLE 1 The following ingredients were mixed in a conventional paint shaker; 5,900 grams of acetone, 1,132 grams of nitrocellulose, and 680 grams of dimethylphthalate. After 1 hour of mixing, 32 kilograms of nickel powder (14 micron average diameter) were added and mixed for an additional 2 hours. The suspension containing nickel powder had a viscosity of 2,500 centipoises. This mixture was allowed to stand for 24 hours to remove trapped gases, after which it was slowly rotated for 2 hours to rehomogenize the mix. The mixture was then loaded into a conventional slit feeder apparatus and forced by air pressure onto a moving belt of preoxidized stainless steel 0.008 inch thick and 12 inches wide. The use of mild steel or copper was not successful due to the formation of alloy between the nickel and the carrier belt which resulted in warpage and tearing of the sintered sheet. A leveling bar in front of the slit feeder insured sheet of uniform thickness. The leveling bar also defined the wet sheet thickness which was 0.029 inch. Upon drying the thickness reduced to 0.013 inch. The combination green sheet and stainless steel sheet was rolled to a thickness of 0.017 inch (green sheet thickness of 0.009 inch). This precompacting reduces nonuniformity, time required for sintering, and shrinkage during sintering. If the sheet is not precompacted, surface cracking frequently occurs along the edge of the sheet, these cracks reduce the uniformity and the strength of the sintered sheet. The prerolled green sheet and support sheet combination was then passed through a belt furnace. The furnace temperature and belt speed were adjusted so that the green sheet was heated from room temperature to 800 C. in 5 minutes and was maintained at 800 C. for 20 minutes. This temperature of the initial pass is limited by alloying that occurs between the green sheet and the carrier belt; in this case it can be as high as 950 C. but, in Example 2, alloying would occur at this temperature. The furnace atmosphere was a mixture of 92.5 volume percent nitrogen and 7.5 volume percent hydrogen which had been passed through a water bubbler. The sintered sheet was cooled in a water-jacketed area of the furnace to about C. before exiting from the furnace. The sintered sheet emerged completely separated from the stainless steel and was rolled up on a separate pickup roll. The sintered sheet was refuranced (resintered) in the same atmosphere for 15 minutes at 950 C. to further reduce the porosity of the sheet. The finished sheet was 0.008 inch thick, 11 inches Wide, and 200 feet long.
EXAMPLE 2 The following ingredients were mixed in a conventional paint shaker; 1,504 grams of acetone, 311 grams of nitrocellulose, grams of dimethylphthalate, and 70 grams of lauryl isoquinolinium bromide. After 1 hour of mixing, 5,500 grams of nickel powder (4 micron average diameter) were added and mixed for an additional hour. The mix was then slowly rotated for 3 hours. The suspension containing nickel powder had a viscosity of about 4,500 centipoises. The mix was then forced through a slit feeder onto a moving preoxidized stainless steel belt in the same manner as described in Example 1. The green sheet had a wet thickness of 0.037 inch and a dried thickness of 0.016 inch. The sheet was then rolled as in Example 1 to a thickness of 0.008 inch, and sintered as in Example 1 with the exception that it was not necessary to resinter this material. As noted in Example 1, higher temperatures during sintering will result in sticking to the carrier belt; this is a function of the nickel particle size.
EXAM PLE 3 The following ingredients were mixed for 1 hour on a conventional paint shaker; 160 grams of acetone, 40 grams of nitrocellulose, and 16 grams of dimethylphthalate. Eight hundred grams of 7 micron nickel powder were stirred into the plastic and this mixture was mixed for an additional hour. The mix was allowed to stand for 1 hour and was then cast onto a moving hard surface paper belt. The wet thickness was 0.30 inch which dried to 0.014 inch. The sheet was allowed to dry and the green sheet and paper sheet were separated. The green sheet was then rolled to 0.008 inch and sintered at 750 C. for minutes in the same manner and atmosphere as in Example 1. For this type of operation the steps involving evolution of gases are important as the sheet is loose and weak at this point and furnacing at higher temperatures and faster rates frequently causes cracking of the green sheet. The maximum rate is dependent upon the thickness of the green sheet which controls its rigidity.
EXAMPLE 4 A two-layer sheet was produced by casting a plastic mix onto a previously sintered sheet as made in Example 2. It was intended that the material from Example 2 would provide a ductile fine-pored layer while the second layer would have high porosity and a large pore size. To accomplish the latter, the procedure described in Example 2 was followed with the following exceptions: 2,000 grams of an agglomerated 3-micron nickel powder were used; porous material from Example 2 was used as a carrier belt; and no prerolling was required. Sintering was done in the same manner as in Example 2. The sintered sheet showed no tendency of separation between the layers on pressure tests. Excessive temperature or time at temperature will cause severe curling of the edges of the sheet due to the relatively high shrinkage in the high void layer. The void fraction of this layer must be controlled by prerolling or postrolling rather than sintering.
EXAMPLE 5 (A) A two-layer porous metal sheet of this invention was produced by the general technique of Example 4 with the exception that the porous metal of Example 3 was used as a carrier sheet and the plastic mix cast onto it had the following composition: 200 grams acetone; 40 grams nitrocellulose; grams dimethylphthalate;
600 grams of 4-micron nickel powder and 150 grams of minus 325 mesh Raney nickel powder. The sintering temperature was reduced to 700 C. so that Raney nickel would not lose its activity. Other material was produced in the same manner with the exception that it was rolled before sintering to increase the mechanical strength of the second layer. The loading of the nickel with the Raney nickel must be such that a continuous nickel skeleton is developed since the Raney nickel is primarily physically held rather than being sintered into the structure.
(B) A two-layered structure utilizing carbon instead of Raney nickel was made in the manner of Example 5(A) with the exception that only 7% active carbon was used since the density of carbon is much lower. In addition this material was prerolled and sintered at 1,000 C. for minutes to obtain maximum bonding of the nickel. The requirement of the formation of a continuous nickel skeleton as in Example 4 was the controlling factor in the strength of the second layer.
EXAMPLE 6 As an alternate method of producing 2-layer structures, composite sheets were produced by casting material as in Example 1 followed by casting material as in Example 3 directly on top of green sheet from Example 1. This sheet was prerolled to reduce differential shrinkage of two layers and was sintered as in Example 2.
EXAMPLE 7 A sintered two-layer structure of high uniformity in both layers was produced by producing two separate green sheets as in Example 3. The plastic-metal mix from Example 1 was used for casting one of the green sheets, and the mix described in Example 3 was used for the second green sheet. The two green sheets were then bonded together by laminating and rolling through a conventional rolling mill. The laminated sheet was then sintered as in Example 3.
EXAMPLE 8 A sintered bimetal, porous two-layer structure was produced by the general procedure outlined in Example 4 with the following exceptions: The carrier sheet was material from Example 1 and the plastic mix consisted of 45 grams of dimethylphthalate, 40 grams of nitrocellulose, 180 grams of acetone, and 1,000 grams of l6-micron copper powder. The sintering was accomplished in the same manner as Example 4 with the exception that the sintering temperature was 950 C.
EXAMPLE 9 Porous copper sheet was made using the same plasticmetal mix and sintering conditions as given in Example 8 and the casting technique outlined in Example 2.
EXAMPLE 10 The following ingredients were mixed in a conventional paint mixer: 1,000 grams of acetone, 200 grams of nitrocellulose, and grams of dimethylphthalate. After 1 hour of mixing, 4,950 grams of nickel powder (7 micron average diameter) were added and mixed for an additional hour. The suspension containing nickel powder had a viscosity of about 4,000 centipoises. This mixture was allowed to stand for about a half hour to allow trapped vapor or air bubbles to escape. The mixture was then loaded into a conventional slit feeder apparatus. The mix containing metal powder Was then forced by air pressure from the slit feeder onto a moving belt of preoxidized stainless steel .008 inch thick and 9 inches wide. The green sheet which had a wet thickness of 0.024 inch was allowed to air dry for about 15 minutes. The thickness of the dry green sheet was about 0.012 inch. The combination green sheet and backing sheet was then prerolled at a thickness of 0.009 inch in order to precompact the metal powder. The prerolled green sheet-backing sheet combination was then passed through a furnace. The furnace temperature and belt speed were adjusted so that the green sheet was heated from room temperature to 950 C. in 9.2 minutes and was maintained at 950 C. for 37 minutes. The furnace atmosphere was a mixture of 95 volume percent nitrogen and 5 volume percent hydrogen which had been passed through a water bubbler. The sintered strip was cooled in a water jacketed area of the furnace to about C. before emerging from the furnace. The sintered porous nickel, after stripping from the backing sheet was 0.0075 inch thick, 9 inches wide, 40 feet long and had a void fraction of 40 to 45 percent.
EXAMPLE 11 An expanded metal-supported porous stainless steel sheet was prepared by casting a plastic mix containing stainless steel powder onto a carrier belt of expanded metal. The film-forming characteristic of the plastic mix permitted the mix to bridge the holes in the expanded metal, and the wetting characteristics of the mix caused the plastic mix to form a thin layer of material on both sides of the expanded metal. The plastic mix used consisted of 7,500 grams of 325 mesh stainless steel (304) powder, 311 grams of nitrocellulose, 200 grams of dimethylphthalate, 752 grams of acetone, and 752 grams 9 of toluene. The expanded metal used was made from 0.005 inch thick stainless steel sheet. The strand width was 0.007 inch wide and it was pulled to a 3/0 pattern, roughly 0.04 inch wide diamond pattern holes. The plastic mix was blended with the stainless steel powder by first shaking on a paint shaker for 30 minutes, then slowly rolling on a mill for 90 minutes. When it was cast, it had a viscosity of 4,200 centipoises. The plastic material was cast onto the expanded metal following the general procedures of Example 1. The solvent evaporated rapidly and the mesh-mix combination quickly became self-support ing. The green sheet was prerolled to reduce its thickness by about 5 percent before sintering at 1,200 C. for 3 minutes in a dry hydrogen atmosphere. The sheet was uniform and well bonded to the expanded metal.
EXAMPLE 12 A large-pored, high void sheet was prepared by first preagglomerating nickel powder, and then casting it into green sheet and sintering it so that the areas between the agglomerates formed the large pores, and the voids within the agglomerates aided in achieving a high void fraction. The same nickel powder used in Example 1 was presintered at 750 C. in a hydrogen atmosphere. The presintered stock was ground up and screened into specific screen sizes of 50 to +150, 150 to +250, and -250 to +325. A mix was made using 600 grams of the -50 to +150 mesh presintered nickel powder, 200 grams of toluene, 200 grams of acetone, 80 grams of nitrocellulose, and 50 grams of dimethylphthalate. The mix was blended by shaking on a paint shaker for one-half hour. The mix was then allowed to stand for 1 hour to remove trapped gas bubbles, and the powder which had settled from the plastic was redispersed by hand stirring. The mix was then cast on a tightly stretched nonsoluble plastic film. The material was removed from the plastic film before sintering and was sintered at 1,100 C. for 12 minutes in a dry hydrogen atmosphere. The sintered sheet was 0.04 inch thick.
EXAMPLE 13 Dense bimetal strip was produced by casting the mix of Example 4 containing 3-micron nickel powder into a dense, mild steel carrier belt (0.008 inch thick). The mix (after evaporation of solvent) was 0.008 inch thick. The powder was sintered and bonded to the mild steel carrier by sintering in hydrogen at 1,100" C. for 3 minutes. The sheet was then rolled to a total thickness of 0.009 inch to provide additional densification of the porous layer, and the two layer strip was then annealed for 3 minutes at 1,l00 C. in hydrogen.
EXAMPLE 14 A porous layer of copper was bonded to solid copper sheet by casting the mix from Example 8 onto a copper carrier sheet 0. 0045 inch thick and sintering in a nitrogen atmosphere at l,025 C. for minutes. The sintering temperature, atmosphere, and time were sufiicient to pro vide a well bonded porous layer on the solid sheet. In addition, some of the mix was applied to other shapes, primarily tubes, by dipping and slowly rotating to provide a uniform thickness. These tubes were coated on either the inside or outside and were sintered in a manner identical to the fiat sheet. The same degree of bonding of the porous copper layer to the solid copper layer was obtained. Alternatively, the solid copper tubes and other shapes can be coated on both sides with the copper powder mix and sintered in a similar manner. These solid copperporous copper combinations are particularly useful in heat exchanger construction.
What is claimed is:
1. A process which comprises the steps of: (A) preparing a fluid mixture consisting essentially of metal powder, an organic thickening agent, an organic plasticizer and a volatile solvent in the following weight ratios based on the amount of metal powder:
(B) depositing said mixture on a backing sheet, (C) evaporating the volatile solvent, (D) heating the resulting solvent-free mix to a temperature sufliciently elevated to volatilize, decompose and/or oxidize the organic components of said mix, and (E) heating the resulting material at a temperature sufiiciently elevated to cause sintering of the particles of said metal powder, the constituents of said mixture prepared in step (A) being present in such amounts that during said heating steps (D) and (E) the metal powder-containing material undergoes either (a) free shrinkage in any direction, or (b) shrinkage only in a direction vertical to the plane of said backing sheet.
2. The process in accordance with claim 1 which includes the additional step (F) of separating said sintered metal product from said backing sheet.
3. Process in accordance with claim 1 wherein said metal powder is copper powder and said backing sheet is preoxidized stainless steel.
4. The process in accordance with claim 1 wherein said metal powder is nickel powder having an average particle size in the range from about 6 to about 15 microns in diameter and the ingredients in said fluid mixture are employed in the following weight ratios based upon the amount of nickel powder:
Ingredient: Weight (grams) Nickel powder Thickening agent 3-5 Plasticizer 0.9-3.2 Solvent 15-20 Ingredient: Weight (grams) Metal powder 100' Thickening agent 0.5-16 Plasticizer 0.5-9 Solvent 10-75 (B) depositing said mixture on a backing sheet which comprises a sintered porous metal sheet prepared by the process of claim 3, (C) evaporating the volatile solvent, (D) heating the resulting solvent-free mix to a temperature sufficiently elevated to volatilize, decompose and/or oxidize the organic components of said mix, and (E) heating the resulting two layer structure at a temperature sufficiently elevated to cause sintering of the particles of said metal powder, the constituents of said fluid mixture pre pared in step (A) being present in such amounts that during said heating steps (D) and (E) the metal powdercontaining material undergoes either (a) free shrinkage in any direction, or (b) shrinkage only in a direction vertical to the plane of said backing sheet.
8. Process in accordance with claim 1 wherein said solvent-free mix is subjected to a compression step prior to said heating steps (D) and (E).
1 1 9. Process in accordance with claim 1 wherein said 3,227,591 metal powder is copper powder and said backing sheet is 3,266,893 copper. 3,323,379 References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 5 3,362,838 2,750,657 6/1956 Herbert. 2,792,302 5/1957 Mott 75222 X 2,986,671 5/ 1961 Kerstetter. 3,050,386 8/1962 Von Diihren 75222 X 10 3,086,860 4/1963 Moutaud 75222 3,197,847 8/1965 Kerstetter 75208 X 75208 12 Lambert 75208 X Duddy 75222 Kerstetter 75208 X Lambert 75222 X Bliss 75222 Parikh 75208 X REUBEN EPSTEIN, Primary Examiner.
A. T. STEINER, Assistant Examiner.
US. Cl. X.R.