US3183675A - Method of freezing an earth formation - Google Patents
Method of freezing an earth formationDownload PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3183675A US3183675AUS149744AUS14974461AUS3183675AUS 3183675 AUS3183675 AUS 3183675AUS 149744 AUS149744 AUS 149744AUS 14974461 AUS14974461 AUS 14974461AUS 3183675 AUS3183675 AUS 3183675A
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- Prior art keywords
- hole
- tube
- earth formation
- earth
- cooling
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Links
- 230000015572biosynthetic processEffects0.000titleclaimsdescription28
- 238000000034methodMethods0.000titleclaimsdescription10
- 238000007710freezingMethods0.000titleclaimsdescription7
- 230000008014freezingEffects0.000titleclaimsdescription7
- 238000001816coolingMethods0.000claimsdescription31
- 239000003507refrigerantSubstances0.000claimsdescription13
- 239000000463materialSubstances0.000claimsdescription6
- 239000007789gasSubstances0.000description7
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-NwaterSubstancesOXLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N0.000description5
- 238000009412basement excavationMethods0.000description4
- 238000009434installationMethods0.000description4
- 239000007788liquidSubstances0.000description4
- 238000004804windingMethods0.000description3
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-NmethaneChemical compoundCVNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N0.000description2
- 239000004576sandSubstances0.000description2
- 101100293261Mus musculus Naa15 geneProteins0.000description1
- 241001647090PoncaSpecies0.000description1
- 238000009835boilingMethods0.000description1
- 238000004880explosionMethods0.000description1
- 230000004941influxEffects0.000description1
- 238000002360preparation methodMethods0.000description1
Images
Classifications
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C3/00—Vessels not under pressure
- F17C3/005—Underground or underwater containers or vessels
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D19/00—Keeping dry foundation sites or other areas in the ground
- E02D19/06—Restraining of underground water
- E02D19/12—Restraining of underground water by damming or interrupting the passage of underground water
- E02D19/14—Restraining of underground water by damming or interrupting the passage of underground water by freezing the soil
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
- E02D3/11—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil by thermal, electrical or electro-chemical means
- E02D3/115—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil by thermal, electrical or electro-chemical means by freezing
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21D—SHAFTS; TUNNELS; GALLERIES; LARGE UNDERGROUND CHAMBERS
- E21D1/00—Sinking shafts
- E21D1/10—Preparation of the ground
- E21D1/12—Preparation of the ground by freezing
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2201/00—Vessel construction, in particular geometry, arrangement or size
- F17C2201/05—Size
- F17C2201/052—Size large (>1000 m3)
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
- F17C2221/03—Mixtures
- F17C2221/038—Refrigerants
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
- F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
- F17C2270/00—Applications
- F17C2270/01—Applications for fluid transport or storage
- F17C2270/0142—Applications for fluid transport or storage placed underground
- F17C2270/0144—Type of cavity
Definitions
- FIG. 1METHOD OF FREEZING AN EARTH FORMATION Filed Nov. 2, 1961 FIG. 1
- the inventionrelates to a method of freezing an earth formation containing or impregnated with a liquid by inserting cooling tubes vertically into the earth formation and passing a refrigerant through said cooling tubes.
- the inventionrelates in particular to such a method for use in the preparation of a reservoir for the storage of liquefied gases which comprises a hole in the surface of the earth.
- liquefied gasmeans liquid which boils at atmospheric pressure at a temperature below the ambient temperature and the expression a hole in the surface of the earth means a place in the surface of the earth which has a substantial area on the plane of the surface in relation to its capacity.
- Liquefied gascan be stored successfully in a hole in the surface of the earth, provided that the earth formation surrounding said hole is sealed by a liquid which is in frozen condition at the boiling point of the liquefied gas to be stored.
- the holeis completely covered by a heat-insulated roof so as to diminish the influx of ambient heat to the liquefied gas stored in the hole.
- a reservoir of this kindis disclosed in U. S. Patent No 3,159,006.
- the holemay be a naturally occurring one or it may be made artificially by excavation or by suitable explosion forces.
- a very wet earth formationit may be desirable to freeze the water in the earth before carrying out the excavation.
- the earth formationis not very wet it is possible to make the hole first by excavation and to freeze the water in the earth formation surrounding the hole afterwards but before storing the liquefied gas in the hole.
- the earth formationcan be frozen by means of cooling tubes inserted vertically into the earth and by passing a refrigerant through said cooling tubes.
- the cooling tubes usedare of a kind having an outer surface which is provided with a continuous helical fin.
- the continuous helical finsassist in the installation of the cooling tubes in the earth formation and they provide a better heat transfer between the cooling tube and the earth formation. Furthermore, the helical fins provide a good anchorage of the cooling tubes in the earth formation. Also the continuous helical fins make it possible to fill up completely with earth the spaces between the fins.
- FIG. 1shows a cross section of an earth formation in which the cooling tubes according to the invention are present
- FIG. 2shows a plain view of the arrangement according to FIG. 1;
- FIG. 3shows in detail a cooling tube having a continuous helical fin.
- the cooling tubes 1are provided with a continuous helical fin 2. Each cooling tube 1 is also provided with an inner tube 6, an inlet 3 and an outlet 4.
- the earth formationis indicated by the numeral 5.
- the hole to be excavated in the earth formation 5is indicated by the dotted line 7.
- Each cooling tube 1can be inserted into the earth formation 5 by rotating it around its vertical axis and by exerting a downward force on it.
- a hole 8is first made in the earth formation and then the cooling tube is inserted in the hole 8.
- the hole 8has about a diameter corresponding to the outer diameter of the continuous helical fin 2.
- the spaces between the windings of the helical fin 2can be filled up with earth or sand 5a after installation by rotating the cooling tube 1 around its longitudinal axis.
- the cooling tubes 1When it is intended to construct a hole in the ground for storing liquefied gases, the cooling tubes 1 are inserted into the earth formation 5 in a roughly circular manner. Then refrigerant is passed through the cooling tubes 1 so that the earth formation is frozen and then a hole 7 is excavated in the frozezn earth formation 5. Finally a heat insulated roof is placed over the hole in the ground.
- Method of freezing a moist earth formationcomprising the following steps:
- said cooling tubehaving an inner conduit and an outer conduit surrounding said inner conduit and interconnected with said inner conduit at the bottom of the tube, including the step of passing said refrigerant from the top of the tube down trough one of said conduits and up through the other conduit back to the surface of the earth.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Investigation Of Foundation Soil And Reinforcement Of Foundation Soil By Compacting Or Drainage (AREA)
- Consolidation Of Soil By Introduction Of Solidifying Substances Into Soil (AREA)
Description
y 13, 1965 c. E. SCHROEDER 3,183,675
METHOD OF FREEZING AN EARTH FORMATION Filed Nov. 2, 1961 FIG. 1
INVENTOR. Carl E Schroeder BY M 6/ United States Patent 3,183,675 METHOD OF FREEZING AN EARTH FORMATION Carl E. Schroeder, Ponca City, Okla, assignor to Conch International Methane Limited, Nassau, Bahamas, a
The invention relates to a method of freezing an earth formation containing or impregnated with a liquid by inserting cooling tubes vertically into the earth formation and passing a refrigerant through said cooling tubes.
The invention relates in particular to such a method for use in the preparation of a reservoir for the storage of liquefied gases which comprises a hole in the surface of the earth.
In this specification the expression liquefied gas, means liquid which boils at atmospheric pressure at a temperature below the ambient temperature and the expression a hole in the surface of the earth means a place in the surface of the earth which has a substantial area on the plane of the surface in relation to its capacity.
Liquefied gas can be stored successfully in a hole in the surface of the earth, provided that the earth formation surrounding said hole is sealed by a liquid which is in frozen condition at the boiling point of the liquefied gas to be stored. Preferably the hole is completely covered by a heat-insulated roof so as to diminish the influx of ambient heat to the liquefied gas stored in the hole. A reservoir of this kind is disclosed in U. S. Patent No 3,159,006.
The hole may be a naturally occurring one or it may be made artificially by excavation or by suitable explosion forces. When working in a very wet earth formation it may be desirable to freeze the water in the earth before carrying out the excavation. When working in dry sand it may be desirable to impregnate the area in which the hole is to be made with water, then freeze the water and carry out the excavation. In the case that the earth formation is not very wet it is possible to make the hole first by excavation and to freeze the water in the earth formation surrounding the hole afterwards but before storing the liquefied gas in the hole. In all cases the earth formation can be frozen by means of cooling tubes inserted vertically into the earth and by passing a refrigerant through said cooling tubes.
Now in the method according to the invention, the cooling tubes used are of a kind having an outer surface which is provided with a continuous helical fin.
The continuous helical fins assist in the installation of the cooling tubes in the earth formation and they provide a better heat transfer between the cooling tube and the earth formation. Furthermore, the helical fins provide a good anchorage of the cooling tubes in the earth formation. Also the continuous helical fins make it possible to fill up completely with earth the spaces between the fins.
The invention will now be further explained with reference to the drawings, in which FIG. 1 shows a cross section of an earth formation in which the cooling tubes according to the invention are present;
FIG. 2 shows a plain view of the arrangement according to FIG. 1; and
FIG. 3 shows in detail a cooling tube having a continuous helical fin.
Thecooling tubes 1 are provided with a continuoushelical fin 2. Eachcooling tube 1 is also provided with an inner tube 6, aninlet 3 and an outlet 4. The earth formation is indicated by the numeral 5. The hole to be excavated in the earth formation 5 is indicated by the dotted line 7.
Eachcooling tube 1 can be inserted into the earth formation 5 by rotating it around its vertical axis and by exerting a downward force on it. Preferably ahole 8 is first made in the earth formation and then the cooling tube is inserted in thehole 8. Thehole 8 has about a diameter corresponding to the outer diameter of the continuoushelical fin 2. The spaces between the windings of thehelical fin 2 can be filled up with earth orsand 5a after installation by rotating thecooling tube 1 around its longitudinal axis. When thecooling tubes 1 have been inserted into the earth formation a refrigerant is introduced into eachinlet 3 of eachcooling tube 1 by means of suitable piping (not shown in drawings) which is then attached toinlet 3. The refrigerant passes downwardly through the space between inner tube 6 and the outer wall of eachcooling tube 1 and then upwardly through the inner tube 6. Finally the refrigerant flows out of outlet 4. By means of suitable piping, which is attached to outlet 4 after the cooling tubes are installed, the refrigerant is then led to a cooling installation for cooling the refrigerant down again. After passing the cooling installation the refrigerant is again led by means of suitable piping to theinlet 3 of eachcooling tube 1. By passing the refrigerant through thecooling tubes 1, the liquid (in most cases water) contained in the earth formation 5 will freeze.
When it is intended to construct a hole in the ground for storing liquefied gases, thecooling tubes 1 are inserted into the earth formation 5 in a roughly circular manner. Then refrigerant is passed through thecooling tubes 1 so that the earth formation is frozen and then a hole 7 is excavated in the frozezn earth formation 5. Finally a heat insulated roof is placed over the hole in the ground. Instead of excavating the hole 7 after freezing the earth formation 5, it is also possible, however, to excavate the hole 7 first and to freeze the earth formation 5 after excavating the hole 7. If the earth formation is very wet, however, the first mentioned method is preferred.
I claim:
1. Method of freezing a moist earth formation comprising the following steps:
(a) excavating a cylindrical hole in the surface of the earth;
(b) inserting into said hole a cooling tube having a helical heat-conducting fin fixed to the outer surface of the tube, said fin winding around said tube along the length from the inserted end thereof and having a slightly lesser outer diameter than said hole, said tube being positioned with its other end projecting from said hole;
(c) back-filling the space between the wall of said hole and the outer wall of said tube with loose waterpermeable backfill material by adding said backfill material at the top of the hole and rotating said tube in a direction such that the spaces between the windings of the helical fin are filled by the backfill material;
(d) circulating a refrigerant through said cooling tube to freeze the moist earth in the vicinity of the tube.
2. The method according toclaim 1, said cooling tube having an inner conduit and an outer conduit surrounding said inner conduit and interconnected with said inner conduit at the bottom of the tube, including the step of passing said refrigerant from the top of the tube down trough one of said conduits and up through the other conduit back to the surface of the earth.
(References on following page) 3 4% References Cited by the Examiner 2,932,170 4/60 Patterson et a1.
UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,961,840 11/60 GO'ldtl'flP 62-45 OTHER REFERENCES X 5 Engineering News-Record, paggsr 74-76, May 11, 1939. ggfii l 61 36 EARL J. WITMER, Primary Examiner.
Meade et a1 6136 X WILLIAM I. MUSHAKE, Examiner.
Claims (1)
1. METHOD OF FREEZING A MOIST EARTH FORMATION COMPRISING THE FOLLOWING STEPS: (A) EXCAVATING A CYLINDRICAL HOLE IN THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH; (B) INSERTING INTO SAID HOLE A COOLING TUBE HAVING A HELICAL HEAT-CONDUCTING FIN FIXED TO THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE TUBE, SAID FIN WINDING AROUND SAID TUBE ALONG THE LENGTH FROM THE INSERTED END THEREOF AND HAVING A SLIGHTLY LESSER OUTER DIAMETER THAN SAID HOLE, SAID TUBE BEING POSITIONED WITH ITS OTHER END PROJECTING FROM SAID HOLE; (C) BACKFILLING THE SPACE BETWEEN THE WALL OF SAID HOLE AND THE OUTER WALL OF SAID TUBE WITH LOOSE WATERPERMEABLE BACKFILL MATERIAL BY ADDING SAID BACKFILL MATERIAL AT THE TOP OF THE HOLE AND ROTATING SAID TUBE IN A DIRECTION SUCH THAT THE SPACES BETWEEN THE WINDINGS OF THE HELICAL FIN ARE FILLED BY THE BACKFILL MATERIAL; (D) CIRCULATING A REFRIGERANT THROUGH SAID COOLING TUBE TO FREEZE THE MOIST EARTH IN THE VICINITY OF THE TUBE.
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US149744AUS3183675A (en) | 1961-11-02 | 1961-11-02 | Method of freezing an earth formation |
| FR911595AFR1335794A (en) | 1961-11-02 | 1962-10-08 | Method of freezing an underground deposit |
| DE19621484426DE1484426B1 (en) | 1961-11-02 | 1962-10-31 | FREEZER PIPE FOR CONSOLIDATING THE BUILDING SOIL AND METHOD OF INSERTING FILLING MATERIAL INTO A DRILL HOLE THAT RECEIVES THE FREEZER PIPE |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US149744AUS3183675A (en) | 1961-11-02 | 1961-11-02 | Method of freezing an earth formation |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3183675Atrue US3183675A (en) | 1965-05-18 |
Family
ID=22531612
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US149744AExpired - LifetimeUS3183675A (en) | 1961-11-02 | 1961-11-02 | Method of freezing an earth formation |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3183675A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE1484426B1 (en) |
Cited By (105)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3350888A (en)* | 1965-07-20 | 1967-11-07 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Method of increasing strength of frozen soil |
| US3380255A (en)* | 1965-09-22 | 1968-04-30 | Continental Oil Co | Underwater ice structure and method for constructing same |
| US3436919A (en)* | 1961-12-04 | 1969-04-08 | Continental Oil Co | Underground sealing |
| US3581513A (en)* | 1969-04-23 | 1971-06-01 | Inst Gas Technology | Method and system for freezing rock and soil |
| US3660987A (en)* | 1970-06-22 | 1972-05-09 | Poirier & Mclane Corp | Freeze hole air bleeder system |
| US4036286A (en)* | 1972-11-02 | 1977-07-19 | Mcdonnell Douglas Corporation | Permafrost stabilizing heat pipe assembly |
| US4094151A (en)* | 1977-04-19 | 1978-06-13 | Kajima Kensetsu Kabushiki Kaisha | Anti-freezing method and apparatus for ground surrounding liquified gas storing underground tank |
| US4358222A (en)* | 1979-01-16 | 1982-11-09 | Landau Richard E | Methods for forming supported cavities by surface cooling |
| US4377353A (en)* | 1978-08-03 | 1983-03-22 | Granges Ab | Method of selective underground mining and stabilization of rock cavities |
| US4474238A (en)* | 1982-11-30 | 1984-10-02 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Method and apparatus for treatment of subsurface formations |
| US4516878A (en)* | 1981-10-13 | 1985-05-14 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Tunnel constructing |
| US4566532A (en)* | 1981-03-30 | 1986-01-28 | Megatech Corporation | Geothermal heat transfer |
| US4597444A (en)* | 1984-09-21 | 1986-07-01 | Atlantic Richfield Company | Method for excavating a large diameter shaft into the earth and at least partially through an oil-bearing formation |
| US4607488A (en)* | 1984-06-01 | 1986-08-26 | L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Ground congelation process and installation |
| US4860544A (en)* | 1988-12-08 | 1989-08-29 | Concept R.K.K. Limited | Closed cryogenic barrier for containment of hazardous material migration in the earth |
| US4867229A (en)* | 1985-07-02 | 1989-09-19 | Palne Mogensen | Method and means for applying a heat exchanger in a drill hole for the purpose of heat recovery or storage |
| US4966493A (en)* | 1988-10-05 | 1990-10-30 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Process and apparatus for cleaning contaminated soil |
| US4974425A (en)* | 1988-12-08 | 1990-12-04 | Concept Rkk, Limited | Closed cryogenic barrier for containment of hazardous material migration in the earth |
| US5050386A (en)* | 1989-08-16 | 1991-09-24 | Rkk, Limited | Method and apparatus for containment of hazardous material migration in the earth |
| USH1237H (en) | 1992-11-02 | 1993-10-05 | Method for stabilizing an area of the earth's surface | |
| US5416257A (en)* | 1994-02-18 | 1995-05-16 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Open frozen barrier flow control and remediation of hazardous soil |
| US5507149A (en)* | 1994-12-15 | 1996-04-16 | Dash; J. Gregory | Nonporous liquid impermeable cryogenic barrier |
| US5623986A (en)* | 1995-09-19 | 1997-04-29 | Wiggs; B. Ryland | Advanced in-ground/in-water heat exchange unit |
| US5816314A (en)* | 1995-09-19 | 1998-10-06 | Wiggs; B. Ryland | Geothermal heat exchange unit |
| US5946928A (en)* | 1997-08-20 | 1999-09-07 | Wiggs; B. Ryland | Mini tube and direct expansion heat exchange system |
| US20020046883A1 (en)* | 2000-04-24 | 2002-04-25 | Wellington Scott Lee | In situ thermal processing of a coal formation using pressure and/or temperature control |
| US6588504B2 (en) | 2000-04-24 | 2003-07-08 | Shell Oil Company | In situ thermal processing of a coal formation to produce nitrogen and/or sulfur containing formation fluids |
| US20030131995A1 (en)* | 2001-04-24 | 2003-07-17 | De Rouffignac Eric Pierre | In situ thermal processing of a relatively impermeable formation to increase permeability of the formation |
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|---|---|
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