US3059720A - High frequency loudspeakers - Google Patents

Description

Oct. 23, 1962 E. MATsuOKA HIGH FREQUENCY LOUDSPEAKERS 5 Sheets-Sheet l Filed July 27, 1959 INVENTOR z2/Ez. M4 7151/0/64 www M ATTORNEY Oct. 23, 1962 E. MATsUoKA 3,059,720

HIGH FREQUENCY LOUDSPEAKERS Filed July 27, 1959 5 sheets-sheet 2 INVENTOR 4a MAnsuo/A BYlZ/wn ATTORNEY Oct. 23, 1962 E. MATsUoKA 3,059,720

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ATTORNEY Oct. 23, 1962 E. MAT'sUoKA HIGH FREQUENCY LOUDSPEAKERS 5 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed July 27, 1959 INVENTOR /144 raz/0K4 ATTORNEY Oct. 23, 1962 E. MATsUoKA HIGH FREQUENCY LoUnsPEAKERs 5 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed July 27, 1959 INVENTOR 54a Mwnsuofm 8% /On/I/ ATTORNEY Patented Oct. 23, 1962 3,059,72 HIGH FREQUENCY LOUDSPEAKERS Earl Matsuoka, Thornwood, N .Y., assigner, lby mesneassignments, to Ling-Temeo-Vought, Inc., Dallas, Tex., a corporation of Delaware Filed July 27, 1959, Ser. No. 829,659 14 Claims. (Cl. 181-31) This invention relates to loudspeakers, and more particularly to a dynamic speaker having a relatively ksmall diaphragm, a conoidal taperedcavity over thediaphragm, and a miniature baille.

The primary object of the invention is the provision of an improved dynamic tweeter loudspeaker havingan extremely high frequency range, such as fifteen to twenty thousand cycles per second, and Wide ,angular dispersion.

-In loudspeakers having such a frequency range constructed according to the prior art, it has beennecessary to utilize special means such as ultra-thin diaphragms actuated electrostatically by the use of a high electric potential, or the like. `Horn-type tweeters have been constructed which have a ran-ge to approximately 14,000 cycles, but the necessity for transmitting sound from the diaphragm through the interstices of ahorn throat has so far precluded transmission to the neck of ka horn of frequencies between 14,000 and 20,000 cycles without severe attentuation.

It is the object of this invention to provide a tweeter utilizing practical commercial diaphragms and a standard dynamic magnetic system, and having a mechanofacoustic coupler adapted to be economically die cast or molded in one piece complete with a diaphragm seat, a tapered cavity, and a miniature central bale.

The term mediano-acoustic coupler `is used to describe the central element of the speaker. This term will be found in the text-book by Be-ranek, Acoustics, McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., New York, 1954,page 75, where the author describes a mec-hanceacoustic transducer.

It is another object of the invention to control the extreme high frequency range of the tweeter, for instance 10 to 20` kilocycles per second, by the shape of the central baille and suitable mechanical damping means.

Another object is to `provide means for centering the diaphragm drivin-g coil in the magnetic air gap as an integral part of the mechano-.acoustic coupler.

Another object is to provide an outer casing which will support and protect the tweeter without impairing the high frequency performance.

Other objects and features of the invention will appear when the fol-lowing description is considered in connection with the annexed drawings, in which:

iFIG. 1 is a perspective view kof a loudspeaker constructed according to this invention;

FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the loudspeaker, showing the tweeter unit, the outer casing, the front `grille, sound absorbent padding, and related parts;

FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional viewtaken on the line 3-3 of FIG. l;

FIG. 4 is a sectional View taken on the line 4-4 of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is kan enlarged sectional view of the tweeter unit taken on the line 5-5 of FIG. 4, in which the front is turned toward the right, showing the mechanoacoustic coupler with a miniature central baffle` of spherical shape, a mechanical damping pad, and'other details;

FIG. 6 is a front elevational view of the loudspeaker of FIG. l with the front grille removed, showing the front of the tweeter and the sound absorbent padding;

FIG. 7 is an enlarged front elevatianal .view of the vmechano-.acoustic coupler shown in FIG. 5;

FIG. k8 is a similarly enlarged rear elevational view of the mechanoeacoustic coupler shown in FIGS. 5 ,and 7;

FIG. 9 is a sectional view, taken on line '9-9 of FIG. 7, of the mechano-acoustic coupler shown in FIGS. 5, 7, and 8, in which the front is turned toward the 5left,;show ing Vone embodiment of a miniature central baille .adapted to receive a damping pad;

FIG. 10 is a greatly enlar-ged partial `sectional view of the tweeter shown in FIG. 5, showing a :port-ion'of the diaphragm and mechano-acoustic coupler;

FIG. 11 is an enlarged sectional view of ane-minoriliment of a tweeter alternative to :that of FIG. .5, `havin'ga miniature central baille of oblate spherical eshape, `a mechanical damping pad, and other details;

FIG. 12 is a 4great-1y enlarged sectionalview of a portion of the diaphragm of Aa tweeter of the type shown in FIG. 5, showing another embodiment of miniature central baille which lits closely to the diaphragm and is not adapted to receive a damping pad; .and

FIG. 1'3 is a chartshowing illustrative .frequency characteristics of tweeters constructed according to vthe two principal embodiments of this invention.

Referring to FIGS. 1 to 6, the high frequency loudspeaker, generally indicated by the reference lnumeral 25, constructed according to this invention comprises an outerrear housing 26, afront grille 27, and a .-hgh frequency ortweeter unit 50` mounted therebetween. The rear housing is preferably a oneepiece plastic molding, having thereon suitable projections, such fas 410),. for support and having therein suitable means such vas the cylindrical portion 37 and its supporting rib 38 Vfor supporting thetweeter unit 50. Thegrille 27 is fttedfover the front and theends 39 thereof folded around theend portions 34 of the housing. Alip 41 extends along the top and bottom edges of the housing to receive the top and -bottom edges of the grille. There is preferably a protru-sion 28 in the middle of the grille `2,'7 for .the purpose of allowing the tweeter to be mounted well forward in the housing with the front edge V67 disposed flush with thefront edge 42 of the housing and disposed forward thereof. -If this is not done, it has been found experimentally that the Iresponse becomes irregular at high frequencies due to diffraction of sound around theedge 42 of the housing. It has also been found that the face of the housing, i.e., the gril-le around theredge 67 of thetweeter unit 50, is preferably made perforated, as by using porous material for thegrille 27, otherwise the high vfrequency response is irregular. It has furthermore been found that the interior of the housing is preferably substantially filled with sound absorbent padding whicheliminates the standing waves therein. Thepads 29 and 30 illustrate a preferred form of such padding, and haveportions 31 and 32 .cut away to provide clearance for .the various parts which .occupy lthe housing. One of these may be the capacitor 3:3, which is mounted by thebracket 34. The tweeter kterminals 315 and 36 are shown protruding .through the inside of the housing in FIG. 2.

Referring to FIGS. 5 to 10, the tweeter unit, generally indicated by thereference numeral 50, is .comprised'ofadiaphragm 44 driven by avoice coil 58, a magnetic system for establishing magnetic llux in theargap 60, `and .the acoustic .coupler 70. The magnetic system is vcomprised of .thepole ypiece 61, the pole plate =62, .the

ring-shaped magnet 63, thepole plate 64, and vthenonmagnetic centering annulus 65. It is preferable to utilize high ilux density of the order of 10,000 to 13,'O0Ogauss, in order not only to secure high sensitivity `but to establish electro-dynamic damping of transient response. Y

Referring particularly to FIG. l0, thediaphragm 44 has a generally curvedacoustic driving portion 55 as indicated and a generally flat annular supportingllange 56. The diaphragm is connected to the voice coil by vthevoice coil form 57. Thevoice coil 58 andform 57 have a predetermined mass, to be subsequently referred toas voice coil mass.Terminals 51 and 52 (see FIG. 2) are provided by lugs aflixed inapertures 85 and 86 (see FIG. 7) of thecoupler 70. Theflange 56 of the diaphragm is clamped in an assembly ofwashers 59, the Washer between the flange and 4the rear curface of thecoupler 70 having the thickness '77, which is small and of the order of .030 inch.

Thefront surface 75 of the mechano-acoustic coupler 70 extends from theflange portion 56 of the diaphragm forwardly and outwardly in a generally conoidal shape, which in the drawings is shown conical. The coupler thus has a generally ring shape which is symmetrical about the central axis and which has a centrical aperture of predeterined diameter. In the middle of the mechanoacoustic coupler is a miniature acoustic baffle, which in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 9 is asphere 90 which, in the preferred embodiment7 has therear portion 96 recessed to receive adamping pad 99. The conical shape of thefront surface 75 of thecoupler 70, taken in conjunction with the shape of thecentral baille 90, acts to provide acoustical radiation resistance loading on thediaphragm portion 55 by constricting the solid angle into which the diaphragm radiates whereby to greatly improve the efficiency over that possible without the coupler, in a manner analogous to the action of a horn. The mechanical damping of the center of the diaphragm provides a matched mechanical impedance termination for the mechanical transmission line consisting of successive annular portions of the diaphragm, along which vibrations are propagated from the voice coil forward and inward toward Ithe middle of the diaphragm.

Referring now to FIG. 8, it will be seen that the rear surface of the mechanic-acoustic coupler 70 has a llatannular portion 81 adapted to firmly engage the flange 5.6 of the diaphragm. The rear surface intermediate between this annular portion and the periphery is preferably skeletonized withalternate ribs 82 andspaces 84 therebetween. The rear surface 83 (see FIG. 9) of the ribs is tapered forwardly in order to avoid pressing on the portions of thewasher assembly 59 external to the diaphragm llange clamping portion. See FIG. 9.

The outer peripheral portion of the mechano-acoustic coupler 70 is preferably formed with anannular shoulder 74 having an innercylindrical surface 88 adapted to tit closely over the outer edge of thepole plate 62 for the purpose of axially aligning the coupler with theflange 56 of the diaphragm. Optionally, thissurface 88 may be machined to a close tolerance, the machining operation terminating in the undercut 98 (see FIG. 9). Theflange 56 is preferably cemented to therear face 81 of the coupler, in a suitable centering jig as well known in the art, as one step in assembling this loudspeaker. Thisshoulder 74 then constitutes an economical means for centering thevoice coil 58 in theair gap 60. Therear edge 89 is extended axially beyond the end of thevoice coil 58 so that the assembly of coupler and diaphragm parts can be rested face upwards without danger of damage to the voice coil. Theannular shoulder 80 is vadapted to be engaged by therim 66 of the casing 68, which is rolled over theshoulder 80 in a final assembly operation.

In the preferred embodiment of this invention, a plum rality of small projectingmembers 97 are provided around the periphery' of thefront edge 67 of the mechanoacoustic coupler for the purpose of preventing damage to theacoustic baille 90 when the assembly is placed face down upon a flat table. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. l1, the acoustic baille maybe made retracted from the edge as shown by theoblate spheroid 91, and the acoustic performance is only slightly, if any, impaired thereby.

In another embodiment of this invention, the miniature acoustic baille may take the general form of ahemisphere 92, as indicated in FIG. l2, with the rear side thereof conformant to the shape of the middle of thediaphragm 55 fand adapted `to be disposed in closely spaced relationship thereto.

The miniature baille is retained, in each embodiment of this invention, by at least onerib 95 aflixed to the edge of thecoupler 70. Other ribs may be utilized if desired, but the aggregate section inserted thereby into the path of sound transmitted outwards from the diaphragm should be a small percentage of the total area between theconical surface 75 and theminiature ballles 90, 91, and 92.

In a preferred embodiment theacoustic baille 90 has a diameter between one-half and three-quarters of that of thevoice coil 57.

The acoustic performance is dependent upon the masses of thevoice coil 58 and the .drivingportion 55 of the diaphragm, the stiffness and propagation coefficients of thediaphragm 44 and the air chamber beneath the diaphragm, theangle 76 andheight 87 of the conoidal portion of the coupler and the proportions of the central miniatureacoustical baille 90. The mass of thevoice coil 58 is preferably half of that of the drivingportion 55 of the diaphragm, which for a voice coil having a diameter of three-quarter inch is of the order of .075 gram, voice coil mass.

In one embodiment of this invention, the voice coil is three-quarters of an inch in diameter; thediaphragm driving portion 55 has substantially uniform thickness between .002 and .003 inch with the middle no thicker than the edge; and theflange portion 56 is approximately .001 inch thicker than the drivingportion 55. The preferred material is phenolic-impregnated fabric. In the preferred embodiment of this invention, the driving portion is convex, which is intrinsically best suited to radiating sound over a complete hemisphere.

As a preferred embodiment of this invention, the mean includedangle 76 of the conical frustum portion is between 80 and 120 degrees.

It is essential to provide anacoustic chamber 43 behind the diaphragm. In general the proportions of this are preferably as indicated in FIG. 5, in which the chamber is bounded on the rear by thepole piece 61 and on the front by thediaphragm portion 55.

There is preferably a minute overhang of the inner edge of theacoustic coupler 70 over the diaphragm flange having thedimension 78. See FIG. l0. As this dimension is increased from zero to the width of the ange, the acoustic resistance loading on the diaphragm is increased, resulting in increased efficiency in the 3000 to 16,000 cycles per second frequency band, whereas the frequency range may be reduced from 23,000 to 16,000 cycles by this increase in the overhang 69.

Illustrative frequency characteristics taken with tweeters utilizing the various embodiments of this invention are shown in FIG. 13. All curves were taken with a capacitor having 4 microfarads in series With the tweeter unit, the impedance of the unit being of the order of ten ohms, whereby the series combination is adapted to be connected in parallel to a standard lowand mid-range loudspeaker having an impedance of approximately l0 ohms, without any other electrical networks for dividing the frequency ranges or the like.

The solid line is an untouched reproduction of a laboratory curve taken with a substantially llat microphone, on the tweeter unit utilizing a substantially spherical central baille as shown in FIGS. 5 to 10, and without the outer housing of FIGS. 1 4. It may be seen that the response is substantially flat from 3000 to above 20,000 cycles per second. The structure of FIG. ll has substantially similar characteristics. This is obviously greater than the frequency range of any previous electro-dynamic tweeter and extends well beyond the limits of audibility. It is more linear and free from background noise than corona-type tweeters and has, in contrast to such speakers, an indefinitely longlife.V It is smaller and more rugged than electrostatic speakers and has none of the disadvantages of that type.

The dashed line of FIG. 13 shows the relative response using the alternative form of miniature baille shown in FIG. 12. It may vbe seen that vthe output is somewhat greater up to 15,000 cycles than is characteristic of the spherical baille as shown in the solid curve, but a cutoil occurs there. This is .an advantage in applications where the signal-to-noise ratio in a given audio channel drops sharply at this frequency, although where the channel is not subject to such a limitation the solid curve is preferable.

The response as shown in the solid curve is 2 to 5 db more sensitive, the greater increase occurring at extreme high frequencies, than that for the hypothetical case wherein theangle 76 of the front of the coupler is increased to the order of magnitude o-f k180 degrees and wherein the miniature baille .is indeilnitely reduced in size. Furthermore, the solid curve is much smoother than thatin the hypothetical case, which is partially attributable to the use of the dampingVpad 99. When the latter is omitted, the reponse is generally more ragged, especially between 15,00 and 20,000 cycles.

The frequency response of the tweeter assembled in the housing, as shown in FIGS. l to 4, is at least as ilat as that shown in the solidcurve of FIG. 13, the slight rise at the extreme high frequency end being compensated by the action of the grille. The polar characteristics of the resultant tweeter may be described as being substantially uniform over a solid angle of 180 degrees up to 10,000 cycles, above which frequency the response is somewhat more restricted. At 15,000 cycles, for instance, the response is 8 db reduced at an angle of 30 degrees from the central axis. l

The invention has been .described as embodied in a loudspeaker, though it is to be understood that the same construction is usable as a sound pickup device.

The drawings and description are to be taken generally as illustrative rather than restrictive on the broad invention. Various changes may be made in manufacture, such as diilerent locations of the casting parting surfaces, and the like.

In the claims the term transducer isused to indicate a sound-translating device, usable either as loudspeaker or microphone.

It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes may be made in the invention without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, andtherefore the invention is not limited by that which isr shown in the drawing and described in the specification, but only as indicated in the appended-claims.

I claim:

l. ln la transducer of-the type described, a tweeter unit comprising: a diaphragm with a domed-shaped acoustic driving portion, symmetrical about a central axis, said diaphragm having an annular rim; and a voice coil concentric therewith having a preselected diameter; a magnetic system having a concentric air gap for surrounding the voice coil; a mechano-acoustic coupler having a generally ring shape symmetrical about said central axis, the front thereof having a generally conoidal frustum shape with a predetermined included angle, said front disposed concentrieally with the axis of the diaphragm, and having a central opening therein, a generally planar rear surface juxtaposed to the annular rim of the diaphragm and acoustically sealed thereto; said dome-shaped driving portion being convex with respect to said coupler and extending into said opening, an exterior annular peripherally disposed shoulder on said coupler concentric with Said conoidal portion; miniature baille means adjacent to the center of the convex dome portion of said diaphragm in spaced relationship thereto and having a diameter smaller than that of the voice coil; means for supporting said baille means on said coupler comprising at least one r6 rib; and a casing surrounding the magnetic system and diaphragm and ailixed to'said annular shoulder.

2. In a transducer as described in claim 1, -characterized by the front surface of said conoidal frustum portion having a mean included angle between and 120 degrees.

3. In a transducer as Adescribed in claim 1,means for damping resonant vibrations of the center of the diaphragm comprising a damping pad interposed between the front of the diaphragm and the rear of the miniature baille means.

4. A tweeter unit and cabinet combination comprising a tweeter unit as described in claim l, a rectangular cabinet having an open face covered by an open-.mesh grille, an outwardly domed portion in the middle of the grille, means for supporting the tweeter unit juxtaposed to the inner side of said domed portion and sound absorbent padding substantially illling the cabinet around the tweeter.

5. In a tweeter unit as described in claim 1, saiddiaphragm having a thickness at the center substantially equal Ato and no greater than that at the edge thereof.

6. In a tweeter unit as described in claim 1, wherein compliant air vcushioning means are coupled to the rear of said diaphragm comprising a chamber bounded in part by the rear surface thereof and having a mean thickness of at least one-quarter of the diameter of the voice coil.

7. A mechano-acoustic coupler having a generally ring shape portion symmetrical about a central axis and having a central aperture of predetermined diameter, a front surface having the shape of the frustum of a conoid and a rear surface having a centrally disposed ilat annular portion; baille means disposed in centrally spaced relationship to the front surface of the coupler having a mean diameter smaller than that of the central aperture and lying within the confines of said front surface, at least one rib `connecting the baille means with the ring shape portion, the ring shape yportion and the baille means forming an acoustic coupler for a ilanged diaphragm aillxed by its ilange to the rear flat annular portion; the rear surface of the ring shape portion having a peripheral rearwardly-extending ilange with an interior cylindrical surface concentric with the central axis for aligning the coupler with a magnetic system.

8. A mechano-acoustic coupler having a generally ring shape portion symmetrical about a central axis and having a central aperture of predetermined diameter, a front surface having the shape of the frustum of Va conoid and a rear surface having a centrally disposed ilat annular portion; baille means disposed in centrally spaced relationship to the front surface of the coupler having a mean diameter smaller than that of the central aperture and lying within the conilnes of said front surface, at least one rib connecting the centrally disposed member with the ring shape portion, the ring shape portion and the central member forming an acoustic coupler for a ilanged diaphragm ailxed by its ilange to the rear flat annular portion, the rear surface of the ring shape portion having a peripheral rearwardly-extending ilange with an interior cylindrical surface concentric with the central axis for aligning the coupler with a magnetic system, and a peripherally disposed annular shoulder on the front surface of the ring shape portion concentric with the central axis for mating with the rim of a casing.

9. A mechano-acoustic coupler as described inclaim 8 consisting of one integral die-formed piece.

10. A mechano-acoustic coupler having a generally ring shape portion symmetrical about a central axis and having a central aperture of predetermined diameter, a front surface having the shape of the frustum of a conoid and a rear surface having a centrally disposed ilat annular portion; a spheroidal baille member disposed in centrally spaced relationship to the front surface of the coupler having a mean diameter in the plane perpendicular to the central axis smaller than that of the central aperture and lying within the confines of said front surface, the spheroidal member having at least one rib connecting the spheroidal member with the ring shape portion, the ring shape portion and the central member forming an acoustic coupler for a flanged diaphragm affixed by its flange to the rear flat annular portion.

11. In a transducer of the type described, a tweeter unit comprising: a diaphragm with a generally curved acoustic driving portion, symmetrical about a central axis, said diaphragm having a front and rear surface and haying a thickness at the center substantially equal to and no greater than that at the edge thereof; a generally flat, annular rim; and a voice coil concentric therewith having a preselected diameter; a magnetic system having a concentric air gap for surrounding the voice coil, the central pole having a flat front surface; compliant air cushioning means coupled to the rear of said diaphragm comprising a chamber bounded by the rear surface thereof and by the flat surface of the magnetic pole; a mechano-acoustic coupler having a generally ring shape symmetrical about said central axis, the front thereof having a generally conoidal frustum shape with a predetermined included angle, said front disposed concentrically with the axis of the diaphragm, a generally planar rear surface juxtaposed to the annular rim of the diaphragm and acoustically sealed thereto: an exterior annular peripherally disposed shoulder on said coupler arranged concentric with said conoidal portion; miniature baille means in juxtaposition to the center of the diaphragm in spaced relationship thereto and having a diameter less than that of the voice coil; means for supporting said baffle means on said coupler comprising at least one rib; and a casing surrounding the magnetic system and diaphragm and aflixed to said annular shoulder.

12. In a transducer of the type described, a tweeter unit comprising: a diaphragm with a generally curved convex acoustic driving portion, symmetrical about a central axis, said diaphragm having a flange with a peripheral flat annular rim; a voice coil concentric therewith having a preselected diameter; a magnetic system having a concentric air gap for surrounding the voice coil; a mechano-acoustic coupler having a generally ring shape symmetrical about said central axis, the front surface thereof having a generally conoidal frustum shape with a predetermined included angle and disposed concentrically with the axis of the diaphragm, the rear surface thereof having a first flat annular shoulder for sealing to the flat annular rim of the diaphragm and a second generally flat annular shoulder offset forwardly from the first and overhanging the flange of the diaphragm; and miniature baffle means adjacent to the center of the convex portion of the diaphragm in spaced relationship thereto and having a diameter smaller than that of the voice coil.

13. A tweeter comprised of a generally ring-shaped member having a central axis, the inner surface having the shape of an inverted conoidal frustum that has an included angle of between and 120 degrees and symmetrical about said central axis, an end on the ringshaped member, said end having a planar annular surface perpendicular to the said central axis, a diaphragm having a convex domed portion and a generally flat flange portion, means for aflixing part of said flange portion to the planar annular surface, the diaphragm dome portion having a thickness at the middle no greater than that at the edge of the dome, a voice coil suspended from the edge of the dome on the concave side thereof, and a baille-like member suspended in the middle of said ringshaped member having a diameter between one-half and three quarters that of the diameter of said voice coil and disposed in closely spaced relationship to the convex side of the dome, whereby the combination of the conoidal frustum and the baille-like member comprise a horn-like mechano-acoustic coupler having a miniature acoustic baffle in the middle thereof, whereby to provide acoustical radiation at extreme high frequencies over a wide angle. 14. A tweeter and cabinet assembly comprising, in combination a tweeter characterized by mechano-acoustic coupling means comprised of a generally ring-shaped member having a central axis, the inner surface having the shape of an inverted conoidal frustum having an included angle between 80 and 120 degrees and symmetrical about the central axis, a diaphragm having a convex domed portion and a generally flat flange portion, means for supporting said flange portion adjacent a planar annular surface on said ring-shaped member, the diaphragm dome portion having a thickness at the middle no greater than that at the edge of the dome, a voice suspended from the edge of the dome, and a baille-like member suspended in the middle of the ring-shaped member having a diameter between one-half and three-quarters that of the domed portion and disposed in closely spaced relationship thereto, whereby to provide acoustical radiation at extreme high frequencies over a wide angle; a cabinet having a perforated front wall and solid rear wall and a top having a frontal edge; said tweeter being affixed to said cabinet with the front surface of said tweeter disposed substantially in a plane perpendicular to the central axis of the tweeter and intersecting the frontal edge of the top wall; and sound absorbent padding mounted in the cabinet around the tweeter.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,907,723 Bostwick May 9, 1933 1,964,606 Thuras June 26, 1934 2,475,782 Giannini July 12, 1949 2,926,740 Holland Mar. 1, 1961 FOREIGN PATENTS 494,696 Great Britain Oct. 31, 1938

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