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US2905851A - Single anode rectifier with forced draft air cooling - Google Patents

Single anode rectifier with forced draft air cooling
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US2905851A
US2905851AUS689064AUS68906457AUS2905851AUS 2905851 AUS2905851 AUS 2905851AUS 689064 AUS689064 AUS 689064AUS 68906457 AUS68906457 AUS 68906457AUS 2905851 AUS2905851 AUS 2905851A
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rectifier
enclosure
cavity
envelope
anode
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US689064A
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Caussin Charles
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Westinghouse Electric Corp
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Description

c. CAUSSIN 2,905,851
SINGLE ANODE RECTIFIER WITH FORCED DRAFT AIR COOLING Sept. 22, 1959 Filed 001;. 9, 1957 Fig.
linv
Fig. 4
Fig.2
United States Patent Application October 9,1957, Serial No.. 689,064
7 Claims. (Cl. 313-163) The present invention relates to single anode rectifiers utilizing forced draft air cooling.
Single anode rectificrs produce a substantial amount of heat in the region of the cathode, which heat has to be removed in some manner. It has previously been suggested to cool these rectifiers by means of circulating water. However, it is not always possible to have sufficient water for cooling the rectifiers adequately, and it was therefore further suggested to utilize water refrigeration in a closed circuit combined with a water-air heat exchanger which comprises a radiator and a blower.
Certain designs contemplated an apparatus provided with additional vanes which increased the surface of the chamber into which the cooling air was directly blown. However, it was determined that the maximum temperature of the rectifier wall was between 45' to 55 C. and substantial difficulties arose in removing the heat from the hot region, when the ambient temperature reached 35 to 40 C.
Because of the above-mentioned difliculties, the rectifiers had to be modified to utilize an operating voltage of lower value, so that the rectifier could be cooled by water cooling alone.
In mercury vapor rectifiers large amounts of heat are developed at the cathode in comparison with other portions of the rectifier. However, a relatively high tempera ture zone must be maintained in some portions of the rectifier, such as near the anode, so as to prevent condensation of the mercury vapor. With water or air cooling it is not possible to produce zones of substantially different temperatures in the rectifier; The previously suggested solution of this problem was to introduce into the rectifier a thermal screen around and above the anode, which was rather inconvenient and did not satisfactorily control the temperature difference between the anode and the cathode.
In the present invention, 1 provide a single anode rectifier comprising a cooling system with forced draft air cooling which will eliminate the above-mentioned disadvantages, so that the cathode region is cooled to a greater extent than the anode region in the upper part of the rectifier. My invention allows the rectifier to be operated at its normal operating voltage without voltage increases to compensate for any modifications made accordingly to my invention.
According to the present invention the rectifier comprises an envelope which is water tight and encloses a mercury pool cathode in the inside part of the rectifier, and an anode disposed in the upper part of the rectifier. The water tight envelope is disposed in an enclosure which extends around at least the lower part of the rectifier, thereby forming a cavity between the envelope and the-enclosure. This cavity may be partially filled by a vaporizable liquid, the level of which is approximately the same as that of the mercury of the cathode. Means are also provided for cooling the vapors of said liquid by air under forced draft.
ice
Therefore, it is, an object of my invention to provide an improved single anode, rectifier. i
It is another object to provide an improved mercury vapor single anode rectifier.
It is a further object to, provide an improved ignijtron,
It is, an additional object to provide an improved single anode rectifier having a. mercury pool cathode, which rectifier is surrounded by an enclosure forming a cavity between the enclosure and the rectifier, which cavity is partially filled with a vaporizable liquid to a level at least as high as that of the mercury in the. mercury pool cathode.
It is an auxiliary object to provide an improved single anode rectifier having a mercury pool cathode, which rectifier is surrounded by an enclosure forming a cavity between the enclosure and the rectifier, which cavity is partially filled with a vaporizable liquid and havingarrow 8 under forced draft.
the outer portion of the enclosure forcibly air cooled.
It is, a supplementary object to provide an improved single anode rectifier surrounded by an enclosure thereby forming a cavity between the enclosure and the rectifier, which cavity is partially filled by a vaporizable liquid, and which cavity is connected to a radiator the outside of which is cooled by forced air.
It is still another object to provide an improved rectifying device in which a plurality of single anode rectifiers are enclosed within an enclosure. thereby forming a cavity in; which the plurality of rectifiers are located, which cavity is partially filled with a vaporizable liquid andwhich cavity is connected to a radiator the outside of which is cooled by forced air.
These and other objects. of my invention will be apparent from the, following description, taken in accordance with the accompanying drawing, through which like reference characters indicate like parts, which drawing forms a part of this application and in which:
Figure l is a front sectional view of a single anode rectifier in accordance with one embodiment of my invention;
Fig. 2- is a top sectional view along the line II--Il of Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is a front sectional view of a single anode rectifier in accordance with another embodiment of my invention; and i Fig. 4 is a schematically represented front sectional view of another embodiment of myinyention,
In Fig. 1 there is shown a single anode rectifier of the type known as an ignitron having a water tight envelope 1 containing theanode 2, which may be made of a material such as graphite, and a pool cathode 3 of a material such as mercury. Agrid electrode 4 and an ignitor 27 are also shown. Thelead 5 of theanode 2, may be insulated from the body of the rectifier by means of a tube 6 of insulating material such as glass, which is scaled into the envelope, or other suitable means, The envelope 1 is positioned in anenclosure 7 which is also water tight and which extends around the envelope 1 thereby forming acavity 30 between theenclosure 7 and the envelope 1. A portion of theenclosure 7 surrounds the bottom of the device where the cathode 3 is positioned. In the embodiment shown in Fig. l theenclosure 7 also extends to the upper part of said envelope 1.v
As can be observed, particularly in Fig. 2, the upper part of the outer wall 2.8v of the enclosure is provided with a plurality ofvane members 29 which may be cooled by air which is circulated in the direction ofthe In order to improve the cooling-action, theenclosure 7 is placed inside of a housing 9 forguiding the forcibly circulated air. Anannular partition 10 is located inside of theenclosure 7 and has apassage 11 at its lower end and apassage 12 at its upper end. Preferably, the portion of the outer side of theenclosure 7 constitutingvanes 29 does not reach to the bottom of the rectifier so that said lower part is enclosed by acylindrical portion 13 only.
Theenclosure 7 contains acoolant liquid 14 in sufiicient quantity to reach alevel 15 which is at least as high as the level of the mercury in the cathode 3. Thecoolant liquid 14 may be water if desired. However, since theenclosure 7 must be under vacuum, other more volatile liquid materials may be more suitable, such as trichlorotrifluoroethane, better known commercially under the name of Freon-113. This liquid boils at about 45 C. under normal atmospheric pressure. It is chemically unreactive and is a good electric insulator. It is also possible to use other similar products, such as fluorides which preferably should not contain any hydrogen. Generally, any liquid can be used which is conventionally used in the refrigeration art.
When constructing the apparatus, thecoolant liquid 14 can be poured in at atmospheric pressure by means of asmall tube 16, located at the upper part of theenclosure 7. When theenclosure 7 is filled up with thecoolant liquid 14 up to thelevel 15, it is heated to about 45 C. at which temperature thecoolant liquid 14, if it is Freon, starts to boil. Its vapors replace the air in the enclosure and thetube 16 may then be sealed by a method such as welding.
The operation of my invention may be described as follows:
During the operation of the rectifier, the temperature of the cathode 3 increases, and thecoolant liquid 14 which is disposed in the vicinity of the cathode 3 forms a substantial volume of gas by vaporization. This warm vapor rises along the wall 1 of the rectifier, and keeps the upper region of the rectifier at a temperature which is high enough to prevent any condensation of mercury vapor in this upper region of the rectifier.
The coolant vapor then passes through thepassage 12 and comes into contact with theouter wall 28 of theenclosure 7. As theouter wall 28 is cooled by a forced air draft, the coolant vapor condenses to its liquid state upon striking it. The condensed liquid flows down theouter wall 28 until it reaches the base of the vanes, and then circulates through thepassage 11 thereby reaching its starting point in the portion of thecavity 30 near the cathode 3.
Therefore, the rectifier is strongly cooled in the zone of the cathode 3 and is cooled to a lesser extent in the zone of theanode 2. This is particularly favorable for the operation of the rectifier. It is also possible to control the conditions of the operation by simply adjusting thelevel 15 of the liquid, i.e. controlling the amount of liquid vaporized in the enclosure.
Fig. 3 shows another embodiment of the present invention, comprising a water tight envelope 1 enclosing a mercury pool cathode 3, and ananode 2 located in the upper portion of the rectifier. The envelope 1 is surrounded by a watertight enclosure 17 thereby forming acavity 31 which is partly filled with acoolant liquid 14 up to thelevel 18. The vapor from thecoolant 14 travels in the direction of the arrow 19 into aradiator 20, which is cooled by forced draft of air. The coolant vapor condenses in theradiator 20 and flows down into thecavity 31 through achannel 21.
Finally, Fig. 4 shows another embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment comprisesseveral rectifier tubes 22, which are disposed in asingle housing 29, thereby forming acavity 23 which contains a coolant liquid similar to that used in Figs. 1-3 up to alevel 24. Thecavity 23 is connected to a radiator (not shown) similar to that shown in Fig. 3 by anupper channel 25 for the vapor from thecavity 23 and by alower channel 26 through which the condensed coolant returns by gravity into the rectifier. As in Figs. 1 to 3, the radiator is cooled by a forced draft of air.
. While the present invention has been shown in a few forms only, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that it is not so limited but is susceptible of various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.
I claim as my invention:
1. In a single anode rectifier, the combination of an envelope enclosing a mercury pool cathode, an ignitor electrode and an anode, an enclosure enclosing said envelope, thereby forming a cavity between said enclosure and said envelope, said cavity being only partially filled with a vaporizable liquid to a level at least as high as that of the mercury in the mercury pool cathode.
2. In a single anode rectifier, the combination of an envelope enclosing a mercury pool cathode, an agnitor electrode and an anode, an enclosure enclosing said envelope, thereby forming a cavity between said enclosure and said envelope, said cavity being only partially filled with a vaporizable liquid to a level at least as high as that of the mercury in the mercury pool cathode, the outer portion of said enclosure located in the region of said anode being subject to forced air cooling.
3. In a single anode rectifier, the combination of an envelope enclosing a mercury pool cathode, an ignitor electrode and an anode, an enclosure enclosing said envelope, thereby forming a cavity between said enclosure and said envelope, said cavity being only partially filled with a vaporizable liquid to a level at least as high as that of the mercury in the mercury pool cathode, the outer portion of said enclosure located in the region of said anode comprising a plurality of vane members.
4. In a single anode rectifier, the combination of an envelope enclosing a mercury pool cathode, an ignitor electrode and an anode, an enclosure enclosing said envelope, thereby forming a cavity between said enclosure and said envelope, said cavity being only partially filled with a vaporizable liquid to a level at least as high as that of the mercury in the mercury pool cathode, the outer portion of said enclosure located in the region of said anode comprising a plurality of vane members, said vane members being subject to forced draft air cooling.
5. In a single anode rectifier, the combination of an envelope enclosing a mercury pool cathode, an ignitor electrode and an anode, an enclosure enclosing said envelope, thereby forming a cavity between said enclosure and said envelope, said cavity being only partially filled with a vaporizable liquid to a level at least as high as that of the mercury in the mercury pool cathode, and a housing member surrounding said enclosure.
6. In a single anode rectifier, the combination of an envelope enclosing a mercury pool cathode, an ignitor electrode and an anode, an enclosure enclosing said envelope, thereby forming a cavity between said enclosure and said envelope, said cavity being only partially filled with a vaporizable liquid to a level at least as high as that of the mercury in the mercury pool cathode, said cavity being connected to a radiator, the outside of which is exposed to forced draft air cooling.
7. In a rectifying device, the combination of a plurality of mercury pool cathode ignitrons within a single housing member, said housing member forming a cavity in which said ignitrons are positioned, said cavity being only partially filled with a vaporizable liquid to a level at least as high as that of the mercury in said ignitrons, said cavity being connected to a radiator, the outside of which is exposed to forced draft air cooling.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,159,884 Aspinwall Nov. 9, 1915 1,159,910 Eaton et al. Nov. 9, 1915 2,016,885 Braband Oct. 8, 1935 2,135,883 Dallenbach Nov. 8, 1938 2,170,482 Mulder Aug. 22, 1939' 2,2427% Kingdon et al -4- May 20, 1941
US689064A1957-10-091957-10-09Single anode rectifier with forced draft air coolingExpired - LifetimeUS2905851A (en)

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Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication numberPriority datePublication dateAssigneeTitle
US4607498A (en)*1984-05-251986-08-26Dinh Company, Inc.High efficiency air-conditioner/dehumidifier
US20100125367A1 (en)*2008-11-172010-05-20Dri-Eaz Products, Inc.Methods and systems for determining dehumidifier performance
US20100269526A1 (en)*2009-04-272010-10-28Robert PendergrassSystems and methods for operating and monitoring dehumidifiers
USD634414S1 (en)2010-04-272011-03-15Dri-Eaz Products, Inc.Dehumidifier housing
US8122729B2 (en)2007-03-132012-02-28Dri-Eaz Products, Inc.Dehumidification systems and methods for extracting moisture from water damaged structures
US8784529B2 (en)2011-10-142014-07-22Dri-Eaz Products, Inc.Dehumidifiers having improved heat exchange blocks and associated methods of use and manufacture
USD731632S1 (en)2012-12-042015-06-09Dri-Eaz Products, Inc.Compact dehumidifier

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication numberPriority datePublication dateAssigneeTitle
US1159884A (en)*1915-01-231915-11-09Westinghouse Electric & Mfg CoElectrode-cooling system.
US1159910A (en)*1914-07-131915-11-09Westinghouse Electric & Mfg CoCooling system.
US2016885A (en)*1930-03-071935-10-08Gen ElectricVapor discharge device
US2135883A (en)*1935-01-041938-11-08Dallenbach WalterElectric discharge apparatus
US2170482A (en)*1935-03-301939-08-22Philips NvMercury-vapor rectifier
US2242786A (en)*1939-03-301941-05-20Gen ElectricPool-type discharge device

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication numberPriority datePublication dateAssigneeTitle
US1159910A (en)*1914-07-131915-11-09Westinghouse Electric & Mfg CoCooling system.
US1159884A (en)*1915-01-231915-11-09Westinghouse Electric & Mfg CoElectrode-cooling system.
US2016885A (en)*1930-03-071935-10-08Gen ElectricVapor discharge device
US2135883A (en)*1935-01-041938-11-08Dallenbach WalterElectric discharge apparatus
US2170482A (en)*1935-03-301939-08-22Philips NvMercury-vapor rectifier
US2242786A (en)*1939-03-301941-05-20Gen ElectricPool-type discharge device

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication numberPriority datePublication dateAssigneeTitle
US4607498A (en)*1984-05-251986-08-26Dinh Company, Inc.High efficiency air-conditioner/dehumidifier
US8122729B2 (en)2007-03-132012-02-28Dri-Eaz Products, Inc.Dehumidification systems and methods for extracting moisture from water damaged structures
US20100125367A1 (en)*2008-11-172010-05-20Dri-Eaz Products, Inc.Methods and systems for determining dehumidifier performance
US8290742B2 (en)2008-11-172012-10-16Dri-Eaz Products, Inc.Methods and systems for determining dehumidifier performance
US20100269526A1 (en)*2009-04-272010-10-28Robert PendergrassSystems and methods for operating and monitoring dehumidifiers
US8572994B2 (en)2009-04-272013-11-05Dri-Eaz Products, Inc.Systems and methods for operating and monitoring dehumidifiers
US9089814B2 (en)2009-04-272015-07-28Dri-Eaz Products, Inc.Systems and methods for operating and monitoring dehumidifiers
USD634414S1 (en)2010-04-272011-03-15Dri-Eaz Products, Inc.Dehumidifier housing
US8784529B2 (en)2011-10-142014-07-22Dri-Eaz Products, Inc.Dehumidifiers having improved heat exchange blocks and associated methods of use and manufacture
USD731632S1 (en)2012-12-042015-06-09Dri-Eaz Products, Inc.Compact dehumidifier

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