US2723316A - Methods and apparatus for minimizing regenerative feedback - Google Patents

Description

J D. GOODELL ETAL Nov. 8, 1955 METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR MINIMIZING REGENERATIVE FEEDBACK Filed April 9, 1951 INPUT A our ur AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER ypur SH/FT AMPL/F/ER SH/F7 OSCILLATOR COS/NE VERS/O/V S/NE SINE VERSION 5/ (GS/NE VERSION MUL IPL E T R MULT/PL/ER our/ ur AMPLIFIER M/XER 40 lNVENTORs John D Goodall Tamzy Leda ATTORN E Y United States PatentQice METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR MINIMIZING REGENERATIVE FEEDBACK John D. Goodell and Tenny Lode, St. Paul, Minn., as-

signors to The Minnesota Electronics Corporation, St. Paul, Minn., a corporation of Minnesota Application April 9, 1951, Serial No. 220,064 3 Claims. 01. 179-1001 This invention relates to electro-acoustic systems, and

pertains more particularly to methods and apparatus for I minimizing the effects of regenerative feed-back therein.

In sound reinforcement systems consisting of microphones, electrical amplifiers and loud speakers, a limiting problem has been the feedback of a signal through a closed input-output-input loop. The most commonly experienced example of this occurs in simple public address systems wherein the output of the loud speaker feeds back into the system via the microphone, and in extreme cases causes sustained oscillation. However, in order to sustain any oscillation in a system of this character, it is necessary that the signal be fed back from the loud speaker to the microphone in suitable phase and magnitude. Under these conditions the signal will be continu ously re-amplified and regeneration will be built. up in the system to the maximum power output. Also, in all practical systems the frequency response of the enclosed loop will contain peaks, and as the operating level of the system is raised, the gain of one or more of these peaks will become unity or greater, resulting in sustained oscillation.

Accordingly, the principal object of the invention is to practically eliminate feed back in systems of the type referred to.

Another object is to provide apparatus that will overcome the aforementioned feed back difficulties which apparatus will be inexpensive to produce and which will require little attention in the operation thereof.

One feature of the instant invention residesin the provision of apparatus designed to shift the output frequency a certain number of cycles from the input frequency, such shift introducing neglible distortion of the signal, yet being highly effective in frustrating regeneration within the system.

The above objects, and other objects of the invention will be made more apparent hereinafter, are obtained by apparatus subsequently to be described and shown in the accompanying drawing, wherein:

Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the invention, this embodiment being primarily mechanical in nature, and

Figure 2 is a block diagram of another arrangement envisaged by the invention, this embodiment being primarily electrical.

Referring first to Figure 1 of the drawing, the system there depicted includes amicrophone 10 and'aninput amplifier 12, the output of which is fed to arecording head 14. Thehead 14 is operatively associated with a continuousmagnetic tape loop 16 which has an assumed rotation in the direction indicated.

Circumferentially displaced from therecording head 14 is a play-back head 18 which head is conventionally connected through anoutput amplifier 20 to aloud speaker 22, thus introducing a time delay of neglible duration. Asuitable erasing head 24 is interposed between the recording and play back heads for erasing the recorded sound after it has passed beneath the play backhead 18,

thereby always presenting a demagnetized section of tape to the recording head 14for repetitive use. I

The rotative speed of the tape 'loop 16 is not constant, but is deliberately. made oscillatory at either a periodic or random rate to cause a frequency shift of all signals passing through the system. Consequently no signal is ever fed back repetitively at the same frequency.

It will of course be' appreciated that the precisefre- .quency shift should be left for empirical determination.

One convenient way of mechanically varying the. rotative speed ofthe, loop .16 is to employ atape drive wheel 26 having avariable brake.member 28 in friction engagement with. the wheels periphery. A periodicand variable drag is imposed on thebrake member 28 by aneccentric cam 30 thatv may be rotated by the same motor driving thewheel 26 or by a'fs'eparate device. Obviously there exists a wide choice of driving mechanisms when using thetape loop 16, and itshould also be understood that it is Within the purviewof'lthe invention to employ other types of storage mediums than the depictedmagnetictape loop 16. A

Another approach to the solution of the problem of minimizing'the feed back is illustrated in Figure 2. In principle this arrangement is somewhat similar to the arrangement shown in Figure l,="but may be preferable from the standpoint of simplicity in that a fixed increment of frequency is added orsubtracted to each form appear ing in the signal. By adding a fixed increment or term of frequency .to each frequency term appearing in .the signal passing-.througl rthe system. it will .be observed that the frequency will be rapidly shifted in any regeneration process. Thus if a signal starts to regenerate within a peak in the response curve it is increased in frequency a each time it passes through the system and quickly reaches a frequency that is outside the region where the gain is adequate to produce oscillation. If a fixed term is subtracted from each component in a complex signal passing through a system, the result will be essentially the same.

While it is true that a signal appearing close to the frequency of which the system tends to oscillate may pass through the peak, it will not remain in the oscillatory band for any appreciable period. Even in a system where the gain at all frequencies is sufficient to cause oscillation this method is designed to eliminate or at least greatly minimize serious feed back. It will of course be understood that the additive process raises all signals to a frequency above the transmission band of the system, and that the subtractive process lowers the signals to a level below the band. As a practical matter it may be desirable to divide the spectrum and use a subtractive process on low frequencies and an additive process on high frequencies. Under many conditions the peaks will appear only at the extremes of the spectrum and the method may not be needed in the middle range. It is also true that at the high end of the spectrum the shift in observed pitch will be less for a given added constant term than at the low end. Thus a relatively large term might be added to the upper frequencies and a relatively small term subtracted at the lower frequencies. Obviously, rapid attenuation beyond the frequency limits necessary for satisfactory intelligibility will facilitate the processes described.

added as a constant is generated by a suitablephase shift oscillator 34, the result being the obtaining of sine and cosine versions of the frequency increment to be added. The sine version of the main signal and the cosine version of the incremental frequency are impressed on amultiplier 36, such as a balanced modulator, while the cosine Patented Nov. 8, 1955 version of the signal and the sine version of the incremental frequency are similarly impressed on asecond multiplier 38. The outputsfrom the twomultipliers 36 and 38 are added together in a suitablemixing circuit 40. The sum signal is amplified by thepoweramplifier 20 and then fed to theloud speaker 22.

It can readily be shown that the output of the mixer circuit 40 will contain the components of the input signal with the constant term of the. fixed frequency added to each component. Other terms will cancel out and with suitable linear networks no inter-modulation components will be introduced.

Similar methods may be used for subtraction. However, it should be noted in either case that the harmonic relationships will be somewhat disrupted by. this process and this is likely to be the limiting factor with respect to the dimensions of the constant term to be added or subtracted. As in the embodiment of Figure 1, the exact frequency tobe added or subtracted may be readily ascertained by simple experimentation. Within reasonable limits the incremental frequency selected should have no significant eflect upon intelligibility.

In accordance wifl1 the patent statutes, the principles of the methods and apparatus for minimizing the effects of regenerative feed back have been described, and while it has been endeavored to set forth the best embodiments therein, it is desired to have it understood that obvious changes maybe made within the scope of the following claims without departing from the spirit of they present invention.

We claim: i

1. A system for minimizing regenerative feedback comprising means for accepting an input signal, phase shift means for producing sine and cosine versions of said input signal, means for producing sine and cosine versions of an incremental frequency, and mixing means for combining the various sine and cosine versions to produce a output signal having a frequency diflTering slightly from that of said input signal.

2. A system for minimizing regenerative feedback comprising a microphone, means for accepting'an input signal into the system via the microphone, means for recording said signal at a constantly varying rate, a speaker, the microphone being in sound wave receiving relation with said speaker, and means for playing back the recorded signal via said speaker to produce an output signal having a frequency varying from that'of the input signal.

3. A system for minimizing regenerative feedback comprising a microphone, means for accepting an input signal into the system via the microphone, a continuous loop of magnetic tape, means for rotating the tape loop at a constantly varying rate, means for recording said input signal on the tape, a speaker, the microphone being in sound wave receiving relation with said speaker, means for playing back the recorded signal to obtain an output signal via the speaker, and means for thereafter erasing said recorded signal.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,177,769 Erickson Oct. 31, 1939- 2,286,072 Dudley June 9, 1942 2,373,560 Hanert Apr. 10, 1945 2,397,579 Veritch Apr. 2, 1946 2,424,633 Rieber July 29, 1947 2,593,113 Cutler Apr. 15, 1952

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