- where V_ECA_iis the minimum equivalent clear airflow rate required in the breathing zone to mitigate long-range transmission risk in IRMM, cfm (L/s), ECA_iis the equivalent clean airflow rate required per person in IRMM, cfm (L/s) per person, and P_Z,IRMMis the number of people in the breathing zone in IRMM. P_Z,IRMMcan default to the number of occupants used to calculate the ventilation rate per the applicable standard or design occupancy or lower number of occupants during IRMM accepted by the owner. Where the occupancy category for a proposed space or zone is not listed, the requirements for the listed occupancy category that is most similar in terms of occupant density and activities shall be used. Where the occupancy category for a proposed space or zone involves group vocalization above a conversational level, the equivalent clean airflow rate required per person in IRMM shall be multiplied by a factor of 2. In a dwelling unit, the breathing zone consists of the habitable space as defined in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.22. It is a region within the dwelling-unit habitable space betweenplanes 3 and 72 in. (75 and 1800 mm) above the floor and more than 2 ft (600 mm) from the walls or fixed air-conditioning equipment.

In some embodiments, for air distribution and natural ventilation, a clean airflow rate to each zone can be calculation, which shall be greater than or equal to the minimum equivalent clean air (ECA) required, which can be determined in accordance with:

\sum [z_{f} * (V_{OT} + V_{VMS})] + \sum V_{ACS} + V_{NV} \geq V_{{ECA}_{i}}

- where z_frefers to the zone air fraction, calculated by dividing the supply airflow rate to the zone by the total supply airflow rate to all zones, V_OTrefers to the outdoor air intake flow rate measured in cubic feet per minute (cfm) or liters per second (L/s), V_VMSrefers to the multizone air cleaning system equivalent clean airflow rate, computed as a V_ACSfor an air cleaning system whose output is shared amongst zones, also in cfm or L/s, V_ACSrefers to the air cleaning system equivalent clean airflow rate, typically as a function of the recirculated airflow rate to be treated (VRC), and V_NVrefers to the outdoor airflow rate from a natural ventilation system, measured in the same units, and V_ECA_irefers to the minimum equivalent clean airflow rate required in the breathing zone, also expressed in cfm or L/s.

In some embodiments, various methods of testing can be implemented to determine the ECA of various devices. For example, effectiveness tests can be conducted following general industry standards, focusing on evaluating the filter's capability to reduce airborne pathogens and assessing the overall effectiveness of the air cleaning systems. In another example, safety elements of these systems can be examined or tested to ensure they do not emit harmful byproducts or exceed established safety thresholds. When specific standards do not cover the effectiveness or safety performance of a system, custom tests can be performed by an independent laboratory. These tests provide a comprehensive assessment of the system's performance under a variety of operating conditions. Accordingly, the ECA values derived from these devices can be assured to be accurate, reliable, and in compliance with general health and safety guidelines.

Additionally or alternatively, the processing circuits can selectively control, in real-time or near real-time, access to the at least one area of the building, wherein selectively controlling access further includes locking at least one door controlling access to the at least one area. Specifically, this control might include automatically engaging locks on doors leading to the affected area to prevent entry or exit. For example, if a high concentration of an infectious agent is detected in a specific wing or area of a building, the processing circuits could lock the doors to that wing, limiting exposure and containing the spread until remediation efforts are complete.

In some embodiments, the processing circuits can communicate a presence of the infectious agent to a plurality of individuals selected based on cross-referencing location data of the plurality of sensors and location data of user devices of the plurality of individuals, wherein the communication of the presence further includes a notification to avoid the at least one area of the building. In particular, the processing circuits may send alerts or messages directly to the mobile devices of individuals who are in or near the affected area. Specifically, these notifications can include details about the detected agent and instructions to avoid the area for safety reasons. Moreover, the cross-referencing of sensor and user device locations provides that only those individuals in the vicinity or with a high likelihood of entering the area receive the alert. For example, employees working on the same floor as the detected infectious agent would receive a notification, while those in a different part of the building (or different building on the same campus) would not. In another example, visitors entering the building might receive an alert if their intended destination within the building is near an area with a detected infectious agent.

In some embodiments, the processing circuits can in response to indicating the infectious agent based on the infectious agent data, determine a plurality of guidelines or procedures corresponding with the at least one area of the building (e.g., in combination with or alternatively to delivering an amount of ECA), wherein the plurality of guidelines or procedures are different from a first area of the building and a second area of the building. For example, in a hospital's waiting area, the guidelines might include increased social distancing and mandatory mask-wearing, while in its intensive care unit, the procedures might involve stricter access control and enhanced personal protective equipment requirements. In another example, a corporate office might implement reduced occupancy in common areas like cafeterias but maintain normal operations in isolated office spaces. In particular, guidelines or procedures can be tailored to the specific activities and risk levels associated with each area. Specifically, areas with higher public interaction may have more stringent guidelines compared to less frequented zones. Moreover, these guidelines can be dynamically updated as the situation within the building evolves or as new information about the infectious agent becomes available.

In some embodiments, the processing circuits can generate a graphical user interface (GUI) including graphical information and steps for the determined plurality of guidelines or procedures, wherein the GUI includes at least one interactive item corresponding with implementing the determined plurality of guidelines or procedures. Specifically, the interactive item (i.e., actionable element) can be a button or item that influences an actionable activity (e.g., selection an action or perform an action related to air quality monitoring). In particular, the interactive item could initiate a process such as activating an air purifier or adjusting HVAC settings directly from the GUI. For example, a button in the GUI could allow users to instantly modify air filtration levels in their specific location. In some embodiments, the processing circuit can provide the GUI to at least one computing device within the at least one area of the building or associated with the at least one area, wherein the at least one computing device is associated with the at least one area based on at least one of scheduling information, a designation of association, or a previous presence of the at least one computing device within the at least one area. For example, the scheduling information could include room bookings, ensuring that the GUI related to that room's air quality appears on devices booked for meetings there. In another example, a designation of association could be based on the department or team affiliation of a user, linking their device to specific areas commonly used by their group. In yet another example, a previous presence of the at least one computing device within the at least one area could tailor the GUI to show guidelines and controls relevant to areas where the device was recently detected. Accordingly, this ensures that the GUI is contextually relevant and useful to its users, improving compliance and effectiveness of the guidelines.

In some embodiments, the processing circuits can (1) monitor an amount of the infectious agent in the building, (2) determine controlling the amount of equivalent clear air and the plurality of guidelines or procedures decreased the amount of the infectious agent in the building, and (3) modify the selective control of the amount of equivalent clear air of the air flowing through the air handling unit of the HVAC system. Monitoring can include continuously assessing air quality data from sensors and comparing it against established infectious agent thresholds. For example, sensors might track changes in particulate matter that could indicate the presence of an infectious agent. Determining the controls and guidelines have decreased the amount of the infectious agent can include analyzing trends in the collected data over time and comparing these against the periods before and after implementing specific controls. For example, a noticeable reduction in airborne pathogens following the adjustment of HVAC settings or the implementation of new safety guidelines would indicate their effectiveness. Modifying the selective control can include making further adjustments to the HVAC settings based on the effectiveness of the previous changes, such as fine-tuning air filtration rates or ventilation patterns. For example, if the data shows a significant improvement in air quality, the processing circuits might reduce the intensity of the air purification measures (e.g., reduce the amount of ECA delivered) to maintain a balance between air quality and energy efficiency.

In some embodiments, a map can be generated and presented using the infectious agent data. The map, created by integrating data from multiple sources, could provide a visual representation of the concentration of infectious agents across different areas. The processing circuits could utilize the building's blueprint as a base, overlaying continuous sensor data that reflects current conditions, along with historical infectious agent data to offer context and trend analysis. Each sensor's location, whether it's monitoring a specific room, area, or floor, would be pinpointed on the map, providing readings of infectious agent levels. The map could also include time stamps to show how the risk evolves throughout the day. In some embodiments, severity or risk metrics, such as the concentration of infectious agents like COVID-19, could be visually represented (e.g., through a color-coding system). For example, areas with low concentrations (below 10 ppm) could be marked in green, indicating a relatively safe environment. Moderate levels (10 ppm to 50 ppm) might be highlighted in yellow. High-risk areas (above 50 ppm) would be marked in red.

In some embodiments,method300, encompassing steps similar to those in blocks310-330, can be effectively adapted for use in “moving buildings or areas” like subways and public buses. In a subway train, sensors integrated throughout each carriage could monitor air quality, temperature, humidity, and the presence of infectious agents. For instance, increased levels of airborne pathogens detected near the doors as passengers board could prompt the onboard HVAC system to enhance air filtration or circulation. Conversely, sensors in less crowded carriages might indicate cleaner air, leading to different HVAC adjustments in those areas. Similarly, in a public bus scenario, processing circuits responding to pathogen presence could adjust airflow to isolate contaminated areas, like the front half of the bus, by increasing air exchange with the outside or activating localized air purifiers. This could be complemented by real-time mobile alerts to passengers, advising precautionary measures. The bus's HVAC system might also dynamically adjust to increase filtration efficiency, especially in areas with higher pathogen concentrations.

Expanding further on the subway example, the implementation ofmethod300 in this context can address the unique challenges of a constantly changing environment. The subway cars, continuously moving between stations and varying in passenger load, demand a dynamic response system. Sensors could be placed at strategic locations like near doors, seating areas, and ventilation units to continuously monitor for changes in air quality and pathogen levels. When a high concentration of an infectious agent is detected, the processing circuits could immediately activate enhanced air purification systems, such as HEPA filters or UV lights, within specific subway cars. This response would be particularly important during peak hours when passenger density increases the risk of airborne transmission. Additionally, the processing circuits could adjust the internal airflow to prevent the spread of contaminants from one car to another. In the event of a significant health risk, the processing circuits might also communicate with the train operator or central control to take broader actions, such as temporarily halting service or diverting the train to a less crowded route. Additionally, in response to the detection of high levels of infectious agents, some cars of the subway may be automatically closed off to passengers, limiting access to those areas until they are deemed safe again.

Referring now toFIG.4, a block diagram ofsensors420 in a networked environment, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the sensor(s)420 can be configured to collect samples (e.g., liquid and fluid, solid, gaseous). Asensor420 can be configured to collect, test, and provide infectious agent data over a sampling period. In some embodiments, themulti-spectral analysis system424 can continuously test the samples collected by thecollection apparatus422 to allow for continuous readings of infectious agents that can be used by theHVAC system100 and controllers described herein with real-time data regarding potential presence of infectious agents and infectious agent loads within specific rooms, areas, or spaces within the building. For example, thesensor420 could be, but is not limited to, particle counters, particulate matter (PM) sensors, volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors, CO2 sensors, temperature and humidity sensors, aerosol mass spectrometers, or infrared spectrometers. As used herein, “continuous air quality monitoring” refers to the regular and systematic measurement of various air quality parameters over a period of time (e.g., sampling period), which may range from frequent intervals to near-constant monitoring. This approach does not imply non-stop measurement but encompasses consistent assessments at predefined intervals, providing an understanding of air quality trends and immediate detection of any anomalies or hazardous conditions. The frequency of these assessments can be customized to suit the specific needs of the environment being monitored.

In general, thesensors420 include integrated processing circuits and memory components. These elements enable the sensor to execute a variety of instructions for its operation. The processing circuitry is configured to interpret data collected by the sensor, performing tasks such as initial data analysis, calibration, and error detection. Meanwhile, the memory component stores operational software, calibration data, and temporarily holds the collected data (e.g., infectious agent data). This configuration allows thesensor420 to function autonomously, processing and preparing data for further analysis by themulti-spectral analysis system424 or for direct use by theHVAC system100 and its controllers. Accordingly, thesensor420 can operate efficiently and reliably in a range of environmental conditions, providing accurate and timely data regarding the presence of infectious agents.

In some embodiments, thecollection apparatus422 is configured to gather fluids, such as those obtained from the condensation of cooling coils, solid samples from surfaces or particulates, and gaseous samples from the ambient air. The apparatus may include mechanisms like condensate traps for fluid collection, particulate filters for solids, and air samplers for gaseous samples. For example, thecollection apparatus422 could be, but is not limited to, devices such as fluid collectors for a variety of liquid sources (e.g., condensation from cooling coils, environmental moisture), solid sample collectors (e.g., surface swabs, particulate filters), and gas samplers (e.g., air quality monitors, vapor analyzers). In one example, thecollection apparatus422 can be configured to collect condensation from a cooling coil (disposed within sensor420). Thecollection apparatus422 can include one or more pipe systems, fittings, sponge systems, wash systems, suction systems, drip pans, mechanical wipe systems, etc. Condensation that forms on the cooling coil ofsensor420 can be collected by thecollection apparatus422 and provided to themulti-spectral analysis system424 for analysis and testing. Additionally, thecollection apparatus422 can collect liquid from a heating coil (also disposed within sensor420), upon the liquid vapor in the air condensing.

Referring still to the cooling coil and heating coil example. While the coiling/dehumidification water in the air condenses on the surface of the cooling coil, making the entire surface of the cooling coil wet. Over time this water flows down the surface (based on gravitational force) of the cooling coil and is collected by thecollection apparatus422, e.g., in a drain pan or drip pan or collection pan. In some cases, the particles of the sample are collected in the condensate water and are representative of the particles in the air. This condensate water could be fed directly to themulti-spectral analysis system424 by thecollection apparatus422. In some embodiments, thecollection apparatus422 could be installed to collect moisture from a thermo-electric cooler of thesensor420. Thecollection apparatus422 could cause moisture in the air to condense onto a plate. Dirt in the air would be trapped in the water and the water would be collected for analysis. In some embodiments, thecollection apparatus422 can wipe the plate to ensure a clean start on each cycle.

In some embodiments, themulti-spectral analysis system424 provides a broader range of testing capabilities, enabling thesensor420 to analyze fluids, solids, and gases for the presence of infectious agents. Themulti-spectral analysis system424 could encompass a variety of analytical techniques, such as spectrometry, chromatography, and molecular biology methods, which are adaptable to different sample types. For example, themulti-spectral analysis system424 could be, but is not limited to, an analytical tool capable of processing and analyzing a wide range of sample types, including spectrometry for fluid analysis (e.g., infrared, mass spectrometry), microscopic techniques for solid samples (e.g., electron, atomic force microscopy), and advanced gas analysis methods (e.g., gas chromatography, mass spectrometry).

Thecollection apparatus422 and themulti-spectral analysis system424 are configured to work together efficiently. Thecollection apparatus422 gathers fluids, solids, and gases, and then transports these samples directly to themulti-spectral analysis system424. For fluid samples, this could involve pathways or pumps that move the liquid. Solid samples could be transported in a way that prevents contamination, while gaseous samples are channeled through airtight tubing. At themulti-spectral analysis system424, each sample type is analyzed using appropriate techniques.

Referring in great detail to the transport of the samples by thecollection apparatus422, the system is designed to handle each type of sample with precision. Fluid samples, such as those collected from condensation, are moved through channels that are either sloped to utilize gravity or equipped with pumps for active transport. These channels are sealed and constructed to prevent any leakage or evaporation, ensuring that the samples reach themulti-spectral analysis system424. Solid samples, which could range from surface swabs to particulate matter, can be handled in a manner that minimizes their exposure to external elements. They can be transported in enclosed carriers that protect them from any potential contaminants. For gaseous samples, thecollection apparatus422 can use airtight tubing systems. These tubes can maintain a consistent pressure and composition of the gas sample from the point of collection to the analysis system. Once these samples are delivered to themulti-spectral analysis system424, they undergo an analysis.

Additionally, as shown, the analyzed and tested samples can be saved into infectious agent data and provided to theAHU controller230 or the BMS controller266 (not shown) overnetwork410.Network410 represents a digital communication system, comprising wired or wireless connections, which facilitates the transmission of data between thesensors420 and

controllers

230 and266. The conversion of samples into infectious agent data can include processing the physical samples through themulti-spectral analysis system424, which then translates the results into digital data formats. This digital data, encapsulating detailed information about the presence and concentration of infectious agents, is subsequently relayed over thenetwork420 to the appropriate control systems for further action or monitoring.

Referring now toFIG.5, an illustrative example abuilding500 with sensors and controls, according to some embodiments. As shown, thebuilding500 can include

area sensors

502,504,506,508,510,512,514,516,518 (shown with a designated letter A-I). In particular, each sensor can be positioned within an area of the building. In general, an “area” of the building can refer to any distinct zone or section within the structure, such as individual rooms, common spaces, corridors, HVAC zones, or any other designated part of the building that has specific use or occupancy characteristics. For example, sensors502-506 are positioned in a designated public area of the building500 (e.g., most commonly trafficked areas of people, such as entrances, dining areas, hallways, etc.). In another example, sensors508-516 are positioned within various rooms or spaces of the building. In yet another example, sensor518 is positioned withHVAC ducting520, shown in dotted lines within thebuilding500. In some embodiments, the sensors502-518 can be configured to collect various samples. Each sensor can be uniquely configured to collect particular samples in the various areas. Some sensors can be temporary or permanent. For example, temporary sensors can be installed (e.g., sensor514) when a particular area is indicated as having a certain level or presence of an infectious agent. In some embodiments, thebuilding500 can include various

IoT devices

522,525,526,526,530. For example, the IoT devices522-530 can control access to various areas ofbuilding500.

Expanding on the function and placement of sensors502-518 in building500, each sensor is designated to a specific location to monitor environmental variables. For example,sensor502 could be located near the main entrance to track air quality where foot traffic is highest, potentially utilizing the measurements as a baseline prevalence of an infectious agent. Sensor514 (e.g., a temporary installation) could be positioned in a conference room used for large gatherings, specifically to monitor CO2 levels and airborne pathogens, alerting to any changes that exceed normal ranges. These sensors502-518 can measure parameters like temperature and humidity but can also detect finer details such as particulate matter (PM) size or specific pathogen presence. Sensor518, placed within theducting520, can monitor air passing through the HVAC system for pathogens. Based on its readings, the air handling unit can modify airflow to specific areas of the building. If an infectious agent is detected, the system can redirect air away from affected zones, increase filtration in those areas, increase outdoor air intake, or activate a negative pressure room.

The IoT devices522-530, dispersed at critical points, are multifunctional. For example,device526 might be linked to a meeting room, programmed to allow entry only when air quality parameters are within safe limits. Ifsensor510 in the same room detects high levels of CO2 or an airborne pathogen,device526 could temporarily lock the room or redirect occupants to a safer area, effectively preventing exposure. The IoT devices522-530 can also be programmed for conditional access; for example, allowing only personnel with specific clearances during an environmental alert, ensuring that only authorized and necessary personnel can enter sensitive areas during potential health risk events. Additionally, devices near entrances (e.g., IoT device522) might include biometric scanners, controlling access based on health data like temperature or vaccination status. In sensitive areas like research labs, access might be restricted to only those who meet specific health criteria, such as recent negative test results. IoT devices522-530 equipped with cameras can enforce mask-wearing policies, allowing entry only to compliant individuals. In response to varying infection risks, the IoT devices522-530 can adjust their parameters: for example, during a high-risk period, access to communal areas might be limited, or entry to certain floors might be restricted to essential personnel only.

In a nursing home example, sensors could be positioned differently across floors to address varying air quality needs; for example, sensors on the first floor, a public and high-traffic area, would focus on general air quality and pathogen detection, while sensors on the second floor, housing more vulnerable residents, would have heightened sensitivity to airborne pathogens. In a hospital, the placement and function of sensors would vary significantly between areas: sensors in surgery rooms would be tuned for the highest levels of air purity and contaminant detection, while sensors in general wards might focus more on overall air quality and comfort levels. Each area's specific requirements would dictate the sensor setup, ensuring that air quality is maintained according to the particular needs of the space.

Referring now toFIG.6, agraphical interface600 including interface objects, according to some embodiments. Theuser interface600 may be presented within the user client application of a computing device610 (e.g., user device, mobile device). In some embodiments, theuser interface600 is generated and provided by a controller (e.g.,BMS controller266 or AHU controller230) of theHVAC system100. The content can contain an actionable element (e.g., activity or action). In some embodiments, theuser interface600 may contain one or more actionable (or interactable) buttons or items (e.g.,602,604,606,608,609) that influences an actionable activity (e.g., selection an action or perform an action related to air quality monitoring). In general, theuser interface600 ofFIG.6 depicts an infection dashboard with actions to monitor or update the air quality of the building that, upon selection, the processing circuits can initiate and/or perform the action to monitor or improve the air quality of a building. As shown, thesummary button602 can be selected, which can in turn present a summary dashboard of current access controls, HVAC controls, and guidance of the building, including specific areas (e.g., floors, spaces, rooms).

The access controlsbutton604 can be selected, which can in turn present current access of the particular user of thecomputing device610 to particular areas of the building. For example, building access could be allowed butfloor 2 access could be disallowed because of recent detection of an infectious agent in that area. In another example, access to a specific wing of the building might be limited to essential personnel only during high-risk periods. The HVAC controlsbutton606 can be selected, which can in turn present current HVAC controls of theHVAC system100 to particular areas of the building. For example,control #1 offloor 2 could be set to increase air filtration and circulation in response to an air quality alert. In another example,control #2 ofroom 101 could be adjusted to reduce airflow (i.e., controlling the amount of ECA delivered) and limit the potential spread of contaminants. The HVAC controlsbutton608 can be selected, which can in turn present current guidance controls of theHVAC system100 to particular areas of the building. The plurality of guidelines or procedures can be different from a first area of the building and a second area of the building. For example, a list of guidelines could be provided such as wear a mask, open windows, and limit in-person meetings. In another example, guidelines could include enhanced cleaning protocols and restricted use of communal areas. The update nowbutton609 could be configured to perform sampling and testing of the sensors within the building. This action can provide the most current environmental data, including air quality and potential infectious agents. The results from this real-time analysis can then promptly updated on theuser interface600, providing an up-to-date overview of the building's conditions. Additionally, the last updated time can be presented on theuser interface600.

Referring now toFIG.7, agraphical interface700 including interface objects, according to some embodiments. Thegraphical interface700 can be presented on acomputing device610 such as a user device and/or mobile device. As shown, thegraphical interface700 can be shown in response to selecting thesummary interface object602 of the interface dashboard ofgraphical interface600. In some embodiments, theHVAC system100 can provide notifications that presents GUIs such as the one shown inFIG.7. For example, when computingdevice610 is within a particular location of a building, theHVAC system100 can provide a notification that presents the current summary interface that is customized to the particular individual and their role and responsibility within the particular building. Additionally, some companies or businesses may have a campus with multiple building. In some embodiments, prior to thecomputing device610 entering a particular building on the campus, theHVAC system100 can provide the summary interface or a different notification that presents on the viewport of thecomputing device610 that includes current information and controls of the particular building on the campus.

In some embodiments, the user can select various actionable elements such as the WHY?

buttons

612,614, and616 regarding the disallowed access tofloor 2,room 101, androom 105. Upon selection of the WHY?

buttons

612,614, and616, theuser interface700 can present a pop-up or separate screen that provides detailed explanations and data regarding the specific reasons for access restrictions tofloor 2,room 101, androom 105, such as recent air quality reports or detected infectious agents. In some embodiments, the user can select various actionable elements such as the WHAT?

buttons

618,620,622 regarding the HVAC controls offloor 2,room 101, androom 105. Upon selection of the WHAT?

buttons

618,620,622, theuser interface700 can present a pop-up or separate screen that displays the current HVAC settings or adjustments made forfloor 2,room 101, androom 105, along with the rationale for these specific controls. In some embodiments, the user can select various actionable elements such as the “Where to obtain a mask?”button624 and the “Re-schedule in-person meetings”button626 regarding the current guidelines or procedures. Upon selection of thebutton624, theuser interface700 can present a pop-up or separate screen that shows locations within the building where masks are available, including any relevant safety guidelines. Upon selection of thebutton626, theuser interface700 can present a pop-up or separate screen that assists in rescheduling in-person meetings to virtual formats or to safer locations within the building, based on current health advisories and room availability.

It should be understood that each infection dashboard can be uniquely tailored to an individual, linked to their specific account as an employee or customer of the building. This personalized dashboard means that the access controls and guidance displayed on the dashboard can vary depending on the user's role or status, offering customized information and restrictions. For example, the dashboard for a nurse may show different access permissions and health guidelines compared to those for a doctor or a receptionist, reflecting their distinct responsibilities and areas of access within the building. Additionally, to access the user client application and its features, including the personalized infection dashboard, a user may need to set up an account. This account setup process can involve providing details like role, contact information, relevant health status, and setting up a username, password, and/or biometric ensuring that the dashboard's information and controls are customized to the user's specific needs and access privileges within the building.

Configuration of Exemplary Embodiments

Although the FIGS. show a specific order of method steps, the order of the steps may differ from what is depicted. Also, two or more steps can be performed concurrently or with partial concurrence. Such variation will depend on the software and hardware systems chosen and on designer choice. All such variations are within the scope of the disclosure. Likewise, software implementations could be accomplished with standard programming techniques with rule based logic and other logic to accomplish the various connection steps, calculation steps, processing steps, comparison steps, and decision steps.

The construction and arrangement of the systems and methods as shown in the various exemplary embodiments are illustrative only. Although only a few embodiments have been described in detail in this disclosure, many modifications are possible (e.g., variations in sizes, dimensions, structures, shapes and proportions of the various elements, values of parameters, mounting arrangements, use of materials, colors, orientations, etc.). For example, the position of elements can be reversed or otherwise varied and the nature or number of discrete elements or positions can be altered or varied. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the present disclosure. The order or sequence of any process or method steps can be varied or re-sequenced according to alternative embodiments. Other substitutions, modifications, changes, and omissions can be made in the design, operating conditions and arrangement of the exemplary embodiments without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

As used herein, the term “circuit” may include hardware structured to execute the functions described herein. In some embodiments, each respective “circuit” may include machine-readable media for configuring the hardware to execute the functions described herein. The circuit may be embodied as one or more circuitry components including, but not limited to, processing circuitry, network interfaces, peripheral devices, input devices, output devices, sensors, etc. In some embodiments, a circuit may take the form of one or more analog circuits, electronic circuits (e.g., integrated circuits (IC), discrete circuits, system on a chip (SOCs) circuits, etc.), telecommunication circuits, hybrid circuits, and any other type of “circuit.” In this regard, the “circuit” may include any type of component for accomplishing or facilitating achievement of the operations described herein. For example, a circuit as described herein may include one or more transistors, logic gates (e.g., NAND, AND, NOR, OR, XOR, NOT, XNOR, etc.), resistors, multiplexers, registers, capacitors, inductors, diodes, wiring, and so on).

The present disclosure contemplates methods, systems, and program products on any machine-readable media for accomplishing various operations. The embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented using existing computer processors, or by a special purpose computer processor for an appropriate system, incorporated for this or another purpose, or by a hardwired system. Embodiments within the scope of the present disclosure include program products comprising machine-readable media for carrying or having machine-executable instructions or data structures stored thereon. Such machine-readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer or other machine with a processor. By way of example, such machine-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of machine-executable instructions or data structures and which can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer or other machine with a processor. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of machine-readable media. Machine-executable instructions include, for example, instructions and data which cause a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or special purpose processing machines to perform a certain function or group of functions.