US20230218231A1 - Expandable catheter assembly with flexible printed circuit board (pcb) electrical pathways - Google Patents

Abstract

Provided is a flex-PCB catheter device that is configured to be inserted into a body lumen. The flex-PCB catheter comprises an elongate shaft, an expandable assembly, a flexible printed circuit board (flex-PCB) substrate, a plurality of electronic components and a plurality of communication paths. The elongate shaft comprises a proximal end and a distal end. The expandable assembly is configured to transition from a radially compact state to a radially expanded state. The plurality of electronic elements are coupled to the flex-PCB substrate and are configured to receive and/or transmit an electric signal. The plurality of communication paths are positioned on and/or within the flex-PCB substrate. The communication paths selectively couple the plurality of electronic elements to a plurality of electrical contacts configured to electrically connect to an electronic module configured to process the electrical signal. The flex-PCB substrate can have multiple layers, including one or more metallic layers. Acoustic matching elements and conductive traces can be includes in the flex-PCB substrate.

Description

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
• The present application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/242,810, filed Jan. 8, 2019, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/762,944, filed Jul. 23, 2015, which is a 371 national stage application of Patent Cooperation Treaty Application No. PCT/US2014/015261 filed Feb. 7, 2014, entitled EXPANDABLE CATHETER ASSEMBLY WITH FLEXIBLE PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB) ELECTRICAL PATHWAYS, which in turn claims priority under 35 USC 119(e) from U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/762,363, filed Feb. 8, 2013, entitled DEVICE AND METHOD FOR THE GEOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF ELECTRICAL DIPOLE DENSITIES ON THE CARDIAC WALL, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
• The present application, while not claiming priority to, may be related to U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/695,535, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DIAGNOSING AND TREATING HEART TISSUE, filed Aug. 31, 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference by its entirety.
FIELD OF INTEREST
• The invention relates to the field of medical devices used within the body, and more particularly to the field of medical devices comprising expandable assemblies, e.g., such as expandable catheters used in electrophysiology, and methods for using such devices and expandable assemblies.
BACKGROUND
• The use of electrodes within a body for measuring certain electrical characteristics of the heart is routinely performed, sometimes referred to as cardiac mapping. And the use of ablation catheters to selectively ablate nerves or tissue, for example, within the body is also routinely performed. Cardiac mapping and ablation are performed separately, using different, specialized devices or systems.
• An ablation catheter can be used, for example, in a medical procedure to treat some types of arrhythmias, which are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. An ablation catheter is a long, thin, flexible tube that is put into a blood vessel in the arm, groin (upper thigh), or neck of the patient and guided into the heart through the blood vessel. In catheter ablation, radiofrequency (RF) energy is usually used to produce heat that selectively destroys the heart tissue.
• For cardiac mapping, as an example, currently electrodes can be localized within the body either by a permanent magnetic field, a magnetic field generated by electromagnets, or an impedance measurement.
• The Carto 3 System by Biosense Webster, Inc. is an example of an electromagnetic field measurement system, in accordance with the prior art. Such a system needs specialized electrodes with electromagnetic coils.
• The Localisa® Intracardiac Navigation System by Medtronic, Inc. is an example of an impedance measurement system, in accordance with the prior art. (Localisa is registered as a United States trademark by Medtronic Inc.) Such a system can be inaccurate due to tissue anisotropy and respiration.
SUMMARY
• According to one aspect, a device that is configured to be inserted into a body lumen comprises an elongate shaft comprising a proximal end and a distal end; an expandable assembly configured to transition from a radially compact state to a radially expanded state; a flexible printed circuit board (flex-PCB) substrate; a plurality of electronic elements coupled to the flex-PCB substrate and configured to at least one of receive or transmit an electrical signal; and a plurality of communication paths positioned at least one of on or within the flex-PCB substrate and selectively coupling the plurality of electronic elements to a plurality of electrical contacts configured to electrically connect to an electronic module configured to process the electrical signal.
• The expandable assembly can be further configured for insertion into a heart chamber.
• The device can comprise a dipole mapping device.
• The device can be insertable in a body lumen selected from a group comprising: a femoral vein; a femoral artery; an intrajugular vein; an intrajugular artery; the Vena Cava; and combinations of these.
• The electrical signal can comprise a signal selected from a group comprising: electrical power; an information signal; a sensor signal; a control signal; and combinations of these.
• The electronic module is configured to perform a function selected a group comprising: transmitting a power signal; transmitting a drive signal; transmitting an information signal; receiving an information signal; receiving a sensor signal; processing an information signal; analyzing an information signal; and combinations of these.
• At least some of the plurality of electronic elements can be fixedly attached to the flex-PCB substrate and/or the expandable assembly.
• At least one of the plurality of electronic elements can comprise at least one element selected from a group comprising: an electrode; an ultrasound transducer; an accelerometer; a sensor; a transducer; and combinations of these.
• At least one of the plurality of electronic elements can comprise a sensor selected from a group comprising: a temperature sensor; a pressure sensor; a strain gauge; and combinations of these.
• At least one of the plurality of electronic elements can comprise a transducer selected from a group comprising: a sound transducer; an ultrasound transducer; an electrode; a heating element; a cooling element; and combinations of these.
• The plurality of electronic elements can comprise at least two different types of electronic elements. For example, the at least two types of electronic elements can comprise at least one electrode and at least one ultrasound transducer. The plurality of electronic elements can comprise at least four electrodes and at least four ultrasound transducers. The plurality of electronic elements can comprise at least six electrodes and at least six ultrasound transducers. The plurality of electronic elements can comprise at least eight electrodes and at least eight ultrasound transducers.
• At least one of the plurality of electronic elements can comprise at least one electrode. The at least one electrode can comprise an electrode deposited on the flex-PCB substrate. The at least one electrode can comprise an electrode deposited using a deposition process selected from a group comprising: electro-deposition; ion beam deposition; sputtering; and combinations of these. The at least one electrode can comprise a material selected from a group comprising: copper; gold; platinum; iridium; stainless steel; and combinations of these. The at least one electrode can comprise a conductive coating, for example a conductive coating selected from a group comprising: iridium oxide; Platinum Black; PEDOT; carbon nanotubes; and combinations of these.
• At least one of the plurality of electronic elements can comprise an ultrasound transducer. The flex-PCB substrate can comprise an electrically conductive pad and the ultrasound transducer can be electrically connected to the electrically conductive pad. The device can further comprise a housing configured to maintain the ultrasound transducer in electrical contact with the conductive pad. The device can further comprise a clip configured to secure the ultrasound transducer to the flex-PCB substrate. The ultrasound transducer can be soldered to the conductive pad.
• The plurality of electronic elements can comprise a plurality of ultrasound transducers. The expandable assembly can comprise at least two splines with at least two ultrasound transducers mounted to each spline. The at least two ultrasound transducers mounted to a first spline can be linearly staggered from at least two ultrasound transducers mounted to a second spline, such that a protrusion of an ultrasound transducer on the first spline extends between protrusions of the at least two ultrasound transducers on the second spline.
• The plurality of electronic elements can be configured to transmit and/or receive signals from the electronic module via the plurality of communication paths.
• The plurality of electronic elements can comprise one or more piezoelectric transducers (PZT). The one or more piezoelectric transducers can comprise a matching layer, an active element on the matching layer, and a backing material on the active element. The matching layer can be a quarter-wave matching layer based on immersion in blood. The matching layer can be part of a metallic layer of the flex-PCB substrate. The plurality of communication paths can comprise conductive traces formed within the flex-PCB substrate. The conductive traces can be formed around pads of the matching layer. The conductive traces can form part of a first metallic layer of the flex-PCB substrate and the matching layer can be a second metallic layer of the flex-PCB substrate.
• The expandable assembly can comprise a spline support, and the flex-PCB substrate can be attached to the spline support in one or more locations. For example, the flex-PCB substrate can be attached to the spline support in two or more discrete locations, where at least two of the two or more discrete locations are separated by a region in which the flex-PCB substrate and the spline support are unattached. The device can further comprise an adhesive, at least one crimp, and/or at least one capture element that attaches the flex-PCB substrate to the spline support in the one or more locations.
• The flex-PCB substrate can comprise materials selected from a group comprising: polyimide; polyester; nylon; Pebax; liquid crystal polymer; and combinations of these.
• The flex-PCB substrate can have a laminate construction, for example a laminate construction comprising multiple layers of conductors.
• The flex-PCB substrate can comprise a first layer with a first set of conductors and a second, opposing layer with a second set of conductors. The flex-PCB substrate can further comprise at least one via between the first layer and the second layer.
• The plurality of electronic elements can comprise at least one electronic element selected from a group comprising: a multiplexer; a transducer; a sensor; an A/D converter; a D/A converter; an electric to optical signal converter; an optical to electrical signal converter; an analog signal filter; a digital signal filter; an amplification circuit; a pre-amplification circuit; and combinations of these.
• The flex-PCB can comprise a distal end where the expandable assembly is positioned; a proximal end comprising the plurality of electrical contacts; and a middle portion therebetween comprising at least portions of the plurality of communication paths, where the middle portion substantially extends into the shaft. The flex-PCB substrate proximal end can be positioned proximal to the shaft proximal end.
• The device can further comprise at least one communication conduit, where the at least one communication conduit can comprise a distal end electrically attached to the flex-PCB substrate and an elongate portion that extends through a majority of the length of the shaft. The at least one communication conduit can comprise a conduit selected from a group comprising: a wire; a trace; a coaxial cable; an optical fiber; and combinations of these. The at least one communication conduit can comprise at least one micro coaxial cable.
• The flex-PCB can comprise a plurality of splines, and each spline can comprise a connection region comprising a series of electrical connection points, where the connection regions are arranged linearly about a central axis of the expandable assembly, and where at least one of the connection regions are staggered with respect to at least one other connection region.
• The device can further comprise a second flex-PCB substrate comprising a second plurality of electronic elements coupled to the second flex-PCB substrate and configured to at least one of receive or transmit an electrical signal and a second plurality of communication paths positioned at least one of on or within the second flex-PCB substrate and selectively coupling the second plurality of electronic elements to the plurality of electrical contacts configured to electrically connect to the electronic module. The expandable assembly can comprise at least a first spline and a second spline, where the first flex-PCB substrate can be attached to the first spline and the second flex-PCB substrate can be attached to the second spline. The first flex-PCB substrate can have a first length and a connection region at a proximal end of the first flex-PCB substrate, and the second flex-PCB substrate can have a second length and a second connection region at a proximal end of the second flex-PCB substrate, and the first and second connection regions can be arranged linearly about a central axis of the expandable assembly, where the second length can be longer than the first length and the first connection region can be positioned at a more proximal location than a location of the second connection region.
• The expandable assembly can comprise between two and eight flex-PCB substrates, where each flex-PCB substrate comprises multiple electronic elements from the plurality of electronic elements and multiple communication paths from the plurality of communication paths that couple the multiple electronic elements from each flex-PCB substrate to the electronic module. For example, the expandable assembly can comprise two to eight splines and each of the flex-PCB substrates is attached to a different spline.
• The plurality of communication paths can comprise one or more conductors comprising a material from a group comprising: copper; gold; platinum; silver; and combinations of these.
• The plurality of electronic elements can comprise multiple ultrasound transducers and wherein at least one of the plurality of communication paths is electrically connected to the multiple ultrasound transducers. The at least one communication path comprise at least one coaxial cable comprising a shield and an inner conductor, and the multiple ultrasound transducers can be electrically connected to the coaxial cable shield.
• The plurality of electronic elements can comprise at least one electrode and at least one ultrasound transducer, and at least one of the plurality of communication paths can be electrically connected to the at least one electrode and the at least one ultrasound transducer. The at least one communication path can comprise at least one coaxial cable comprising a shield and an inner conductor, and the at least one electrode and the at least one ultrasound transducer can be electrically connected to the coaxial cable inner conductor. The at least one communication path can comprise multiple coaxial cables each comprising a shield and an inner conductor, wherein the multiple coaxial cable shields can be electrically connected. For example, the at least one electrode can comprise a first electrode and a second electrode, and a first coaxial cable inner conductor can be electrically connected to the first electrode and a second coaxial cable inner conductor can be electrically connected to the second electrode.
• The plurality of electrical contacts can be configured to be removably attached to the electronic module.
• The plurality of electrical contacts can comprise an electrical connector, for example at least one of a plug or a jack.
• The elongate shaft can define an elongate lumen. The lumen can extend between the shaft proximal end and distal end. The lumen can be configured to slidingly receive a guide wire and/or a shaft of a second device, for example an ablation catheter.
• The shaft can comprise a steerable shaft.
• The expandable assembly can be attached to the distal end of the shaft.
• The shaft can comprise a distal portion, and the expandable assembly can be positioned on the shaft distal portion.
• The shaft can define a lumen, and the expandable assembly can be configured to be advanced from within the lumen of the shaft.
• The expandable assembly can comprise an array of splines comprising at least portions of the flex-PCB substrate. The plurality of electronic elements can be coupled to one or more splines in the array of splines. The flex-PCB substrate can have a substrate width and a first spline can have a first spline width approximately the same as the first substrate width. The flex-PCB substrate can be coupled to two or more splines from the array of splines.
• The expandable assembly can comprise a plurality of splines forming a basket array or basket catheter, and the plurality of electronic elements can comprise a plurality of electrodes and a plurality of ultrasound transducers, where a plurality of electrodes and a plurality of ultrasound transducers are provided on each spline. Each spline can comprise a plurality of pairs of electrodes and ultrasound transducers, with one electrode and one ultrasound transducer per pair. The flex-PCB substrate can comprise at least one metallic layer comprising at least some of the plurality of communication paths in the form of conductive traces selectively connecting the plurality of electrodes and plurality of ultrasound transducers to connection points at proximal ends of the splines. The plurality of ultrasound transducers on each spline can share a single conductive trace. One or more wires or cables can connect the connection points to the plurality of electrical contacts.
• The expandable assembly can be biased in an expanded state.
• The expandable assembly can be biased in a contracted state.
• The device can further comprise a handle attached to the proximal end of the shaft.
• The device can further comprise a sheath with a proximal end, a distal end and a lumen therebetween, where the lumen can be constructed and arranged to slidingly receive the elongate shaft and the expandable assembly. The expandable assembly can be configured to radially expand as it exits the sheath lumen.
• According to another aspect, a flex-PCB catheter configured to be inserted into a body lumen comprises an expandable assembly configured to transition from a radially compact state to a radially expanded state; a flexible printed circuit board (flex-PCB) substrate; a plurality of electronic elements coupled to the flex-PCB substrate and configured to at least one of receive or transmit an electrical signal; and a plurality of communication paths positioned at least one of on or within the flex-PCB substrate and selectively coupling the plurality of electronic elements to a plurality of electrical contacts configured to electrically connect to an electronic module configured to process the electrical signal.
• According to another aspect, a method of interacting with a body via a body lumen comprises providing a device having: an elongate shaft comprising a proximal end and a distal end, an expandable assembly configured to transition from a radially compact state to a radially expanded state, a flexible printed circuit board (flex-PCB) substrate, a plurality of electronic elements coupled to the flex-PCB substrate and configured to at least one of receive or transmit an electrical signal, and a plurality of communication paths positioned at least one of on or within the flex-PCB substrate and selectively coupling the plurality of electronic elements to a plurality of electrical contacts configured to electrically connect to an electronic module configured to process the electrical signal; introducing the expandable assembly into a region of the body and expanding the expandable assembly; and supplying at least one electrical signal to the plurality of electronic elements via at least some of the plurality of communication paths. The region of the body can comprise a cardiac chamber.
• In various embodiments of the method, the device can be configured and arranged in accordance with one or more of the embodiments described herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• The present invention will become more apparent in view of the attached drawings and accompanying detailed description. The embodiments depicted therein are provided by way of example, not by way of limitation, wherein like reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating aspects of the invention. In the drawings:
• FIG.1 is a side view of an embodiment of a catheter system comprising a flexible printed circuit board (“flex-PCB”) catheter, in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts;
• FIGS.2A and2B provide bottom and top views of portions of an embodiment of a flexible printed circuit board (“flex PCB”) that can comprise an expandable assembly, in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts;
• FIGS.3A and3B provide schematic diagrams showing an embodiment of an electrical layout of the flex-PCB catheter and related apparatuses ofFIGS.2A and2B, in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts;
• FIG.4 is a perspective view of an embodiment of proximal ends of flex-PCB splines having staggered connection portions, in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts;
• FIG.5 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a portion of an expandable assembly in a collapsed state, in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts;
• FIG.6 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a flex-PCB layer of a flex-PCB expandable assembly, in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts;
• FIGS.7A and7B are perspective views of an embodiment of a flex-PCB catheter and portions thereof, in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts;
• FIG.7C shows an exploded view of an embodiment of a multi-layer spline, in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts;
• FIG.8 shows a portion of another embodiment of a spline of a flex-PCB catheter, in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts;
• FIG.9A is a perspective view of an embodiment of a flex-PCB catheter, in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts;
• FIG.9B is a front view of an embodiment of the flex-PCB catheter ofFIG.9A in a collapsed state within an outer shaft, in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts; and
• FIG.10 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a flex-PCB catheter, in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
• Various exemplary embodiments will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some exemplary embodiments are shown. The present inventive concept can, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the exemplary embodiments set forth herein.
• It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are used to distinguish one element from another, but not to imply a required sequence of elements. For example, a first element can be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element can be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of the present invention. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
• It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “on” or “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it can be directly on or connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements can be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” or “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another element, there are no intervening elements present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., “between” versus “directly between,” “adjacent” versus “directly adjacent,” etc.).
• The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes” and/or “including,” when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
• Spatially relative terms, such as “beneath,” “below,” “lower,” “above,” “upper” and the like may be used to describe an element and/or feature's relationship to another element(s) and/or feature(s) as, for example, illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use and/or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. For example, if the device in the figures is turned over, elements described as “below” and/or “beneath” other elements or features would then be oriented “above” the other elements or features. The device can be otherwise oriented (e.g., rotated90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly.
• FIG.1 is a side view of an embodiment of a catheter system comprising a flexible printed circuit board (“flex-PCB”) catheter, in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts.
• In the embodiment ofFIG.1, acatheter system2 includes anintroducer10 and a flex-PCB catheter100. In this embodiment, theintroducer10 includes ahandle12 and ashaft14 that includes at least one lumen. In some embodiments,introducer10 comprises a standard transseptal access sheath or other device configured to provide access to a body space such as a heart chamber. Theshaft14 is configured to slidingly receive and/or accommodate translation of the flex-PCB catheter100 within theshaft14.Handle12 can include a knob, lever, switch or other control, such ascontrol13 that is configured to steer and/or deflect the distal end ofintroducer10 and/or perform another function. In the example embodiment ofFIG.1, thehandle12,control13, andshaft14 are generally known in the art, so not discussed in detail herein.
• The flex-PCB catheter100 includes ahandle112 and an elongate,flexible shaft114, extending fromhandle112. Attached to the distal end ofshaft114 is a radially expandable and/or compactable assembly,expandable assembly110. In an alternative embodiment,expandable assembly110 is mounted to a distal portion ofshaft114, proximal to the distal end ofshaft114. In some embodiments,expandable assembly110 is attached toshaft114 as described in reference to applicant's co-pending U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/695,535, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DIAGNOSING AND TREATING HEART TISSUE, filed Aug. 31, 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference by its entirety.Shaft114 andexpandable assembly110 are constructed and arranged to be inserted into a body (e.g., a human body) through a body vessel, such as a blood vessel. Such blood vessel can include a femoral vein, femoral artery, intrajugular vein, intrajugular artery, and vena cava, as examples. Theexpandable assembly110 can, for example, be or include a dipole mapping device, e.g., for mapping electrical activity of the heart. In some embodiments, handle112 includes a knob, lever, switch or other control,control113.Control113 can be configured to perform a function such as, for example, steering the distal end ofshaft114; controlling the expansion and/or contraction ofexpandable assembly110 such as via retraction or advancement, respectively, of one or more control rods not shown, making an electrical connection such as to provide power to a component ofexpandable assembly110 or electrically connecting to a sensor ofexpandable assembly110, and combinations of these.
• A set of one or more electrical, optical, or electro-optical wires or cables (e.g., coaxial wire or cable)115 (collectively, “wires115”) can be provided as a communication path between the flex-PCB catheter100 an external electrical component or system, such aselectronic module360. Thewires115 can extend through theshaft114 to an opening in thehandle112, and terminate at one or more electrical connections (ECs)116. Theelectrical connections116 can take the form of plugs, jacks, or other connectors configured for removable attachment or coupling toelectronic module360 and/or another computer or otherwise electrically-based system, such as throughelectrical signal conduits361, as shown. Such external systems can include, as examples, a power delivery system, an electrical recording system, an ultrasonic imaging or driving system, a display system, a diagnostic system, a medical treatment system, or combinations thereof, which can be user interactive.
• In various embodiments, theexpandable assembly110 can be resiliently biased in a radially expanded state (e.g. a resiliently biased array of nickel titanium alloy filaments). For example, theexpandable assembly110 can be resiliently biased in a radially expanded state such that it can be radially compacted and positioned withinshaft14 and self-expand when the confinement withinshaft14 is relieved, such as when theshaft14 is retracted relative toshaft114 and/or whenshaft114 is advanced relative toshaft14 such as to causeexpandable assembly110 to exit the distal end ofshaft14. In other embodiments, theexpandable assembly110 can be resiliently biased in a collapsed or radially compacted state, such as when a control rod or other mechanism is used to radially expand theexpandable assembly110.
• The flex-PCB catheter100, in this embodiment, includes a set ofsplines120 that include at least one flex-PCB layer, which can be referred to as flex-PCB splines. The flex-PCB layer can be attached to a flexible filament, such as a metal (e.g. nickel titanium alloy) or plastic filament. In this embodiment, a plurality of thesplines120 have a flex-PCB configuration that includes at least one flex-PCB substrate or base layer,substrate200 on or within which a plurality of active and/or passive electrical, optical, or electro-optical elements (EEs)150, collectively referred to as “electronic elements150” are provided with accompanyingcommunication paths102, e.g., electrical, optical, or electro-optical communication paths.
• Electronic elements150 can be configured to receive and/or transmit an electrical signal, such as an electrical signal selected from a group comprising: electrical power, an information signal, a sensor signal, a control signal, and combinations thereof. These electrical signals can be transmitted from, received by, and/or otherwise processed byelectronic module360 or other external device as described herein above. In some embodiments,electronic module360 processing comprises a function selected from a group comprising: transmitting a power signal, transmitting a drive signal, transmitting an information signal, receiving an information signal, receiving a sensor signal, processing an information signal, analyzing an information signal, and combinations thereof.
• The flex-PCB catheter100 can include connection points104, wherein thecommunication paths102 couple theelectronic elements150 to the connection points104 according to a specified circuit layout. In this embodiment, thewires115 couple the connection points104 to the external electrical connections (ECs)116 via or withinshaft114 for connection or communication withelectronic module360. As shown inFIG.1, connection points104 are typically positioned within a distal portion ofshaft114.
• In some embodiments,wires115 each include a conductor surrounded by an insulator, such as a coaxial cable, which can include a shield surrounding the conductor in addition to the insulator. In some embodiments,wires115 comprise conductive traces positioned on a flexible printed circuit board (flex-PCB) substrate, such as whensubstrate200 further comprises wires115 (e.g. whensubstrate200 extends proximally throughshaft114, such as to coupleelectronic elements150 to the externalelectrical connections116, avoiding the need for connection points104).
• In various embodiments, the flex-PCB catheter100 can be considered to include theexpandable assembly110, comprising theelectronic elements150, formed at a distal end and the connection points104 formed at a proximal end (near or within shaft114). Theexpandable assembly110 can, in some embodiments, take to the form of an array, such as a basket array, as inFIG.1. In such cases, theexpandable assembly110 can be referred to as a flex-PCB basket catheter. The basket array can be configured to have the above-mentioned biasing in an expanded or collapsed state, such as an array of nickel-titanium or other flexible splines one or more of which includes a flex-PCB attached thereto. Flex-PCB substrate200 can be attached toexpandable assembly110 with anattachment element201, such as an adhesive, a clip, a crimp, at attachment element or the like. In some embodiments, flex-PCB substrate200 is continually attached along a length of one ormore splines120. Alternatively or additionally, flex-PCB substrate200 can be attached along a length of one ormore splines120 with one ormore attachment elements201 positioned at one or more discrete attachment locations (as shown inFIG.1), such as to allow independent flexing of flex-PCB substrate200 andsplines120 alongside or in-between the one or more attachment elements201 (e.g. bending at an unattached segment allows relative movement between flex-PCB substrate andspline120 at that segment, decreasing the rigidity ofexpandable assembly110 when flex-PCB substrate200 is attached).
• In various embodiments, thesplines120 can have the same length or different lengths. And in some embodiments, the connection points104 ondifferent splines120 can be staggered to accommodate a tight collapsed or contracted configuration of theexpandable assembly110, as will be discussed below.
• In various embodiments, theelectronic elements150 can include more than one type of electrical, optical, or electro-optical components. Therefore, different types of electrical components can be included on or in one ormore splines120 to accommodate one or more active and/or passive functions. In some embodiments,different splines120 can include different numbers, types, and/or arrangements ofelectronic elements150.
• As examples, types ofelectronic elements150 can include, but are not limited to, electrodes, transducers, accelerometers, sensors, integrated circuits (e.g., semiconductors), and so on. As examples, such sensors can include, but are not limited to, temperature sensors, pressure sensors (e.g., strain gauges), voltage sensors, current sensors, acoustic sensors, and so on. As examples, such transducers can include, but are not limited to, ultrasound transducers, sound transducers, heating elements, cooling elements, and so on. The integrated circuits could include, but are not limited to, multiplexers (MUX), demultiplexers (DEMUX), A/D converters, D/A converters, electrical/optical converters, optical/electrical converters, analog or digital signal filters (or other filters), amplifiers, pre-amplifiers, transducers, combinations thereof, and so on. For instance, a MUX can be used to reduce the number of wires to theexpandable assembly110. An A/D converter could be used to reduce wires and/or reduce or eliminate noise susceptibility such as to avoid a need for coax cables. An amplifier can be used to boost one or more signals.
• FIGS.2A and2B provide bottom and top views, respectively, of portions of an embodiment of a flex-PCB substrate200 that forms part of thespline120 of theexpandable assembly110 ofFIG.1, in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts. For the purposes of this description, the bottom view is a perspective from within theexpandable assembly110 and the top view is a perspective from outside theexpandable assembly110. Each of thesplines120 includes a span orlength214 between theelectrode regions212 andconnection portion216.
• In various embodiments, the flex-PCB substrate200 can include a single layer or a multilayer flex-PCB, each of which can comprise electrical pathways on one or both sides (i.e.
• single sided or double sided). In the embodiment ofFIGS.2A and2B, the flex-PCB substrate200 has a multi-layer construction, where the layers are laminated together, with the flex-PCB substrate comprising the connection points104 andcommunication paths102, and supporting theelectronic elements150. Thecommunication paths102 andconnection points104 can be formed on either or both sides of, or within, the flex-PCB substrate200, or combinations thereof. Similarly, theelectronic elements150 can be mounted on either or both sides of, or disposed within, the flex-PCB substrate200, or combinations thereof.
• In this embodiment, theelectronic elements150 are arranged at the distal end of the flex-PCB substrate200 in anelectrode region212 and the connection points104 are arranged at the proximal end of the flex-PCB substrate200 in aconnection portion216, with thecommunication paths102 couplingspecific connection points104 with specificelectronic elements150 across a span orlength214 of the flex-PCB substrate200.
• FIG.2A shows a bottom view of the flex-PCB substrate200. Part (A) shows a substantially complete bottom view of the flex-PCB substrate200. Part (B) shows a view of theelectrode region212 of the flex-PCB substrate200, comprising portions of abottom cover layer210 and portions of ametallic layer220 forming part of theexpandable assembly110. Part (C) shows a view of themetallic layer220 from Part (B) in theelectrode region212. Part (D) shows a view of a portion of themetallic layer220 from Part (C). Part (E) shows a view of theconnection portion216 of the flex-PCB substrate200, comprising portions of thebottom cover layer210 and portions of themetallic layer220 forming part of the connection points104 in theconnection portion216. And part (F) shows a view of themetallic layer220 from Part (E).
• In the bottom view ofFIG.2A, the flex-PCB substrate includes thebottom cover layer210 and the metal ormetallic layer220 that is disposed on thebottom cover layer210. In the embodiment ofFIGS.2A and2B, thecommunication paths102 take the form of one or more conductive traces of themetallic layer220 formed on or within the flex-PCB substrate200.
• In theconnection portion216 of the flex-PCB substrate200, themetallic layer220 includesmetallic pads222 provided in the form of vias (pathways which provide an electrical connection from one side of a layer to the opposite side), which comprise the connection points104. That is, openings are formed in thebottom cover layer210 to expose thepads222, as the connection points104.
• In theelectrode region212 of the of themetallic layer220, having theexpandable assembly110,metallic pads224 are provided as bases for at least some of a first set of theelectronic elements150. For example, in this embodiment, themetallic pads224 can be piezoelectric transducer (PZT) pads used to support one or more ultrasound elements (not shown). Openings are formed in thebottom cover layer210 to expose themetallic pads224. Between themetallic pads224, also as part of themetallic layer220, a second set ofelectronic elements150 can be provided, e.g., in the form ofelectrodes152. In this embodiment, theelectrodes152 are provided betweenmetallic pads224, and ultimately between individual ones of the first set of electronic elements (e.g., ultrasound crystals) mounted on themetallic pads224.
• FIG.2B shows a top view of the flex-PCB substrate200. Part (A) shows a substantially complete top view of the flex-PCB substrate200. Part (B) shows a view of theelectrode region212 of the flex-PCB substrate200, comprising portions of atop cover layer230 and portions of themetallic layer220 forming part of theexpandable assembly110. Part (C) shows a view of themetallic layer220 from Part (B). Part (D) shows a view of a portion of themetallic layer220 from Part (C). Part (E) shows a view of theconnection portion216 of the flex-PCB substrate200, comprising portions of thetop cover layer230 and portions of themetallic layer220 forming part of the connection points104. And part (F) shows a view of themetallic layer220 from Part (E).
• In the embodiment ofFIG.2B, there is shown thetop cover layer230 and themetallic layer220. Thetop cover layer230 is combined with thebottom cover layer210, with themetallic layer220 maintained between the bottom andtop cover layers210 and230 respectively. In this embodiment, thetop cover layer230 substantially covers thecommunication paths102 of the flex-PCB substrate200. Thetop cover layer230 also covers themetallic pads224 which are constructed and arranged to provide acoustic matching in theexpandable assembly110 portion of thespline120. Ultrasound crystals, as an example, can later be mounted on thetop cover layer230 and themetallic pads224, as will be discussed below. Theelectrodes152 can also be mounted on thetop cover layer230 and connect to themetallic layer220 through thetop cover layer230.
• In theconnection portion216 of the flex-PCB spline120 openings are formed in thetop cover layer230 to expose thepads222, as the connection points104.
• In themetallic layer220, traces and pads can be made of electrically conductive materials that can be formed by laser cutting, chemical etching, molding or casting, and/or by printing, as examples. Thebottom cover layer210 can be laser cut and laminated to themetallic layer220 or themetallic layer220 can be deposited and etched directly to thebottom cover layer210, in various embodiments. Thetop cover layer230 can be laminated onto thebottom cover layer210, with themetallic layer220 in between.
• In the embodiment ofFIGS.2A and2B, the flex-PCB substrate200 supports eight (8) sets of electronic elements150 (e.g.16 components) for a givenspline120. In other embodiments, a different number of sets ofelectronic elements150 could be used, e.g., 2, 4, or 6 sets of electronic elements perspline120. In the present example embodiment, each set ofelectronic elements150 includes oneelectrode152 and one corresponding ultrasound transducer coupled to one correspondingmetallic pad224. Theelectrodes152 can comprise one or more coatings, such as a coating constructed and arranged to reduce impedance at one or more ranges of frequencies, as an example. The ultrasound transducers, as an example, can be mounted to the flex-PCB substrate200 in any of a variety of ways, e.g., they can be contained within cups or a housing, in some embodiments. (See, e.g.,FIG.8.)
• In various embodiments, themetallic pads224 of themetallic layer220 can serve as an acoustic matching layer that maximizes the power transfer and efficiency of a corresponding transducer (e.g., an ultrasound transducer). Themetallic pads224 are specifically configured to match the acoustic impedance of the transducer material (e.g., PZT) to that of the propagating medium (water, blood, etc.).
• Optimal impedance matching is achieved when the matching layer thickness is a quarter (¼) wavelength at an operating frequency within that material when the acoustic impedance is given by Z_match=sqrt(Z_transducer *Z_media). It can be difficult to find or engineer a material to have the exact acoustic impedance for a quarter-wave matching layer, thus, the thickness and acoustic impedance can be varied in order to minimize losses. Composite or multi-layer materials can be used for matching layers, in various embodiments. The loss due to impedance mismatch of the matching layer can be calculated or simulated, and the particulars of themetallic pads224 determined therefrom.
• In the present embodiment, the flex-PCB substrate200 can be configured as, or to include, a matching layer—as part ofmetallic layer220. For example, a polyimide layer of the flex-PCB substrate can be configured with an acoustic impedance that can be used as a matching layer when the thicknesses of the bonding adhesive, metallized electrode, and substrate layers are controlled. The thickness of each of these layers in the flex-PCB substrate200 design is selected to balance the tradeoffs of acoustic and electrical performance, as well as the availability and/or cost of materials.
• The bottom cover layer (or backing layer)210 also affects the power transfer efficiency and bandwidth of the transducer mounted on the flex-PCB substrate200. Thebottom cover layer210 is selected to minimize the energy transmitted out of the back of the transducer, while also attenuating any acoustic energy that does enter the bottom cover layer210 (e.g. to increase the transducer bandwidth).
• Theelectrodes152 can be deposited directly on thebottom cover layer210, e.g. via electro-deposition, ion beam deposition, sputtering, and combinations thereof. As an alternative to the deposition on thebottom cover layer210, theelectrodes152 can be mounted to the flex-PCB substrate200 (e.g. with an adhesive such as an insulating glue), then electrically connected tocommunication paths102 within the flex-PCB substrate200. In various embodiments, theelectrodes152 can be formed from copper, gold, platinum, iridium, stainless steel and/or other conductive materials or elements. Theelectrodes152 can optionally be coated with a surface coating, such as iridium oxide, platinum black (Pt black), PEDOT (i.e., poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)), or carbon nanotubes, as examples.
• In various embodiments, thecommunication paths102 can be traces within or on the flex-PCB substrate formed of copper, gold, platinum, or silver, as examples. In various embodiments, the matching layermetallic pads224 can be formed of copper, gold, platinum, or silver, as examples. And in various embodiments, the bottom and top cover layers,210 and230 respectively, can be formed of polyimide, polyester, nylon, polyether block amide (PEBA or PEBAX), liquid crystal polymer (LCP), and so on.
• FIGS.3A and3B provide schematic diagrams showing an embodiment of anelectrical layout300 of the flex-PCB catheter100 ofFIGS.1,2A and2B connected to a set of corresponding coaxial cables310 (as an example of wires115), in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts.FIG.3A represents a schematic of an embodiment of connections of thecoaxial cables310 to the flex-PCB catheter100.FIG.3B represents a schematic of an embodiment of connections of thecoaxial cables310 to at least one external system,electronic module360, via theelectrical connections116.
• Theelectrical layout300 shows thecoaxial cables310 comprising eight (8) coax cables, includingcoax cable312, coupled to respective eight (8)electrodes320, includingelectrode322, which can be equivalent to theelectrodes152, and to eight (8)ultrasound transducers340, includingultrasound transducer342. These elements, along with the communication paths102 (e.g., conductive traces), are shown in schematic form inFIG.3A.
• Coax cable312, as an example, includes aninner conductor312a,aninsulator312b,ashield312c,and acasing312d.Theinner conductor312aofcoax cable312 couples to theelectrode322 and then to a terminal of theultrasound transducer342. A second terminal of theultrasound transducer342 couples to theshield312cofcoax cable312. In this embodiment, the second terminals of theultrasound transducers340 can share a common wire or trace, as a manner of being commonly connected. The shields of all of thecoax cables310 are also commonly connected. In other embodiments, the second terminals of theultrasound transducers340 and/or shields need not be commonly connected, or different sets of the second terminals of theultrasound transducers340 and/or the shields can be commonly connected. In some embodiments, coaxcables310 comprise an electrical characteristic selected from a group comprising: an approximate capacitance of 115 pF/meter at 1 kHz; a characteristic impedance between 75 Ω and 1000 Ω; a characteristic impedance of approximately 200 Ω; an attenuation of between 0.3 dB/meter and 1.0 dB/meter at 10 MHz; an attenuation of approximately 0.5 dB/meter at 10 MHz; and combinations of these.
• The othercoax cables310 can have the same configuration and arrangement with theirrespective electrodes320 andultrasound transducers340.
• In the embodiment ofFIG.3B, thecoax cables310 are coupled toelectronic module360. In this embodiment, theelectronic module360 includes apatient isolation circuit362, anelectrode transceiver circuit364,ultrasound transceiver circuit366, acontroller368, and auser interface370. The foregoing circuits can, as an example, form or be part of an external system that provides cardiac activity analysis, mapping (e.g. recording and/or analysis of recorded electrical signals), treatment (e.g. providing ablative energy), or some combination thereof.
• In the embodiment shown in the high-level schematic ofFIG.3B, the electrode circuitry, ultrasound circuitry, user interface, and controller are electrically isolated from the patient (e.g. to prevent undesired delivery of a shock or other undesired electrical energy to the patient), via thepatient isolation circuit362, which can form part ofelectronic module360 or can be separate therefrom.
• FIG.4 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the connection portions216 (i.e., proximal ends) of thesplines120 of anexpandable assembly110, in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts. In this embodiment, thesplines120 have linearly staggeredconnection portions216a,216band216c(generally216), and eachconnection portion216 has a set of linear staggered connection points104a,104band104c(generally104), respectively. Generally, theconnection portions216 are on a portion of the flex-PCB catheter100 that is contained within a distal portion of a shaft, such asshaft114 ofFIG.1. Linear staggering ofconnection portions216, and/or the linear staggering of connections points104 allows an efficiently radially compact design of a surrounding shaft, and/or a shaft through which theconnection portions216 will be advanced through (e.g. shaft14 ofFIG.1). In this embodiment, the proximal endsconnection portions216a,216b,and216care staggered with respect to their locations on theirrespective splines120a,120b,and120c.Thus, thecorresponding connection portions216a,216b,and216c(and connection points104a,104b,and104c) of at least twosplines120a,120b,and/or120c,are not directly adjacent and side-by-side to each other—they are offset or staggered. This can be the case for some or all of thesplines120 forming the flex-PCB catheter100.
• InFIG.4, thesplines120 are shown having different lengths, but in other embodiments the splines could be substantially the same length, with their connection portions at different locations on the splines. Thus, the connection portions would remain offset or staggered, even if thesplines120 are substantially the same length, and allow efficient radially compacting ofsplines120 due to the staggered positioning.
• FIG.4 further includes a callout (A) that shows an embodiment of an arrangement ofconnections104bin theconnection portion216bforspline120b.In this embodiment, nine connections are shown forspline120b,in a linearly staggered arrangement as described above. Eight (8) connections are provided to eight (8) conductors via the flex-PCB substrate200, such as theinner conductor312aofcoax cable312 inFIGS.3A and3B. A ninth connection is also provided to a shield as a wire or trace shared by the eight (8) transducers onspline120b,e.g., seetransducers340 and shield312cofcoax cable312 inFIGS.3A). In this embodiment, the right-most connection is connected to the shield, but in other embodiments this need not be the case. This arrangement of connections can also be provided for one or more other splines in theexpandable assembly110.
• In this embodiment, the conductors (or wires) can be laser welded, bonded with conductive adhesive, or soldered to respective vias (see, e.g.,pads222 inFIGS.2A and2B). Each connection can have a vertical dimension (i.e., depth and/or height). Staggering connection portions alleviates congestion caused by the vertical dimensions of the connections, and theconnection portions216 generally, allowing an efficient, radially compact configuration of the portions of the device including the connection points104.
• FIG.5 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a portion of anexpandable assembly110 in a collapsed state, in accordance with aspects of the present invention. InFIG.5, a backing layer is externally visible, such as thetop cover layer230 shown inFIG.2B.
• In this embodiment, theexpandable assembly110 includes six (6) splines120, includingsplines120a,120b,and120c.Each of thesplines120 includes a plurality of firstelectronic element locations520 and a plurality of secondelectronic element locations530. Thus, two or more types ofelectronic elements150 can be included in eachspline120. As examples, the firstelectronic element locations520 can include or accommodate ultrasound transducers,e.g. transducer524, and the secondelectronic element locations530 can include or accommodate electrodes, e.g.,electrode522.
• In this embodiment, the firstelectronic element locations520 are wider than adjacent and/or intermediate regions of thesplines120, and the secondelectronic element locations530, and are generally circular. In other embodiments, the firstelectronic element locations520 could have different shapes. To facilitate a more compact arrangement of theexpandable assembly110 and thesplines120, the firstelectronic element locations520 are staggered or offset from spline to spline. Therefore, a protrusion of one firstelectronic element location520 onspline120acan be located between two protrusions of neighboring firstelectronic element locations520 on neighboringspline120b,as an example. This staggered arrangement can be provided for all of thesplines120.
• The embodiment ofFIG.5 shows substantiallystraight splines120 with laterally protruding firstelectronic element locations520. In other embodiments, thesplines120 need not be substantially straight. For example, thesplines120 could have plural curved sections (e.g., a sinusoidal wave shape), a saw tooth or zigzag shape, a square wave shape, or some other shape that could create a staggered or interleaved arrangement of the expandedassembly110 in the collapsed state. In such cases, the firstelectronic element locations520 need not have lateral protrusions on one or both sides of the splines.
• FIG.6 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a flex-PCB substrate200 of the flex-PCB catheter100 (e.g., a basket catheter), in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts. In this embodiment, the flex-PCB substrate200 is configured to accommodate sixsplines120. Eachspline120 defines a plurality ofopenings602 in theelectrode regions212 to accommodate mounting of a plurality of electronic elements, such as ultrasound crystals as an example or otherelectronic elements150 described inFIG.1.
• The flex-PCB substrate200 defines acentral opening604. Theopening604 could accommodate passage of a guidewire and/or a second catheter, e.g., an ablation catheter, in some embodiments, described further inFIG.10.
• The flex-PCB substrate200 can be a single or multi-layer flex-PCB layer made as a single work piece. For example, the flex-PCB substrate200 could be laser cut from a single piece of flex-PCB material. As such, manufacturing complexity and time, and cost can be reduced.
• Also, in this embodiment, thesplines120 have various lengths so that the connection portions can be staggered, as discussed above. But this need not be the case in all embodiments. In some embodiment, thesplines120 can be substantially the same length.
• FIGS.7A-7B are perspective views of embodiments of a flex-PCB catheter and portions thereof, in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts. The flex-PCB catheter can take the form of the flex-PCB catheter100 ofFIGS.1,2A and2B, as an example.
• In the embodiment ofFIG.7A, the flex-PCB catheter100 includes the expandable assembly110 (e.g., basket catheter) comprising sixsplines120. Each spline includes eightsets730 ofelectronic elements150, each set730 comprising anultrasound transducer154 and anelectrode152. In other embodiments, more or less splines could be provided, with different numbers ofelectronic elements150 and/or electronic element sets730.
• Each of thesplines120 includes a span orlength214 between theelectrode regions212 andconnection portion216, as described with respect toFIGS.2A,2B and4. In an embodiment, thespans214 andconnection portions216 are maintained within a shaft (e.g. shaft114 ofFIG.1), in both the expanded state (as shown) and the collapsed state of theexpandable assembly110. Also, in this embodiment, thesplines120 have various lengths so that theconnection portions216 are linearly staggered, minimizing the required diameter ofshaft114, as discussed above in relation toFIG.4.
• Referring toFIG.7B, in this embodiment, theultrasound transducer154 is of the immersion type, since it can be immersed in blood within the heart, in the example embodiment. Theultrasound transducer154 comprises anacoustic matching layer734, an active element (e.g., a PZT pad or electrode)736, and a backing material (or cover)738.
• The flex-PCB catheter100 ofFIG.7B includes the flex-PCB substrate200 having defined openings that are occupied by acoustic matching (or balancing)pads732. As an example, theacoustic matching pad732 can be soldered or glued into place. Theactive element736 can be mounted on theacoustic matching pad732, and thebacking material738 can be disposed on theactive element736, as is shown.
• InFIGS.7A and7B aspline support750 is shown that can assist in giving shape and/or shape biasing to theexpandable assembly110.
• FIG.7C shows an exploded view of embodiment of a multi-layer spline, in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts. The spline ofFIG.7C can be an embodiment ofspline120.
• The portion ofspline120 inFIG.7C comprises a first laminate layer762 (e.g.,top cover layer230 ofFIG.2B), a firstmetallic layer764, asecond laminate layer766, a secondmetallic layer768, a third laminate layer770 (e.g.,bottom cover layer210 ofFIG.2A), active elements (e.g., PZT)736, andbacking material738. Thelayers762,764,766,768, and770 can be laminated together to form an embodiment of the flex-PCB substrate200.
• In this embodiment, the firstmetallic layer764 includeselectrodes152, forming part of electronic element sets730, balance traces782 disposed beneath theactive elements736, and anelectrode trace784 that connects theelectrodes152. In the embodiment ofFIG.7C, eachactive element736 has the same amount of balance pad (or trace)782 “underneath” it, which is different from the embodiment ofFIGS.2A and2B, where traces do not travel “beneath,” but around the metallic (e.g., PZT)pads224. In this configuration, balance traces782 are positioned beneath eachelement736 and are configured to acoustically balance eachelement736. In some embodiments, balance traces782 do not carry an electrical signal (i.e. traces782 are not electrically connected to any other electronic component or conductive trace). For example, along aspline120, the area beneath eachactive element736 can include a set of electrical traces including one or more electrode traces784 and zero or more balance traces782. To achieve an acoustic or other mechanical balance, the total number of traces is the same quantity beneath eachactive element736. For example, in a spline containing eightactive elements736, the most proximalactive element736 will have eight electrode traces784 and zero balance traces782 positioned beneath it, each successive more distalactive element736 will have oneless electrode trace784 and onemore balance trace782 positioned beneath it (as compared to theactive element736 just proximal to that active element736), incrementally continuing to the most distalactive element736 which has oneelectrode trace784 and seven balance traces782 beneath it. In alternative embodiments, electrode traces784 can be positioned in an area not beneath eachactive element736, such as to avoid the need for balance traces782 as is shown in
• FIG.2A.
• In this embodiment, the secondmetallic layer768 is an ultrasound transducer trace that includespads786 on which theactive elements736 are mounted. The pads are electrically connected withtrace lines788. The various traces provided in the first and secondmetallic layers764,768 can be configured to accomplish the connections shown in the schematic diagram ofFIG.3A.
• FIG.8 shows a portion of another embodiment of a spline of a flex-PCB catheter, in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts. In various embodiments, that is,spline120 can take the form shown inFIG.8.
• In the embodiment ofFIG.8, an embodiment of the flex-PCB substrate200 is shown with a plurality ofultrasound transducers800 mounted thereon. In this embodiment,ultrasound transducer800 includes a matchingmaterial802 within the flex-PCB substrate200 and an active element (e.g., a PZT pad)804 on the matchingmaterial802 and abacking material806 on theactive element804.
• InFIG.8, the flex-PCB substrate200 can be substantially covered by aspline support850, which can be attached to the flex-PCB substrate200 in one or more locations. The location can be discrete, non-continuous locations—e.g. including an unfixed portion to allow relative motion between, to avoid thespline120 from becoming stiff.
• Theultrasound transducer800 can be attached to thespline support850 and/or flex-PCB substrate200 with adhesive, crimp, and/or housing that surrounds (captures)ultrasound transducer800. In this embodiment, theultrasound transducer800 is coupled to thespline120 using ahousing810. Thehousing810 can include aninner housing component812, and the two can substantially surround and secure theultrasound transducer800. Thehousing810 can be coupled or secured to thespline120 via any or a variety of securing mechanisms. InFIG.8, thehousing810 is secured to spline120 using one ormore clips814.
• A benefit of the two piece protective cups, i.e.,housing810 andinner housing component812, is to secure theultrasound transducers800 to the array and to protect the flex-PCB substrate to active element804 (e.g., PZT) bond from side loads.
• FIG.9A is a perspective view of an embodiment of a flex-PCB catheter, in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts. In the embodiment ofFIG.9A, theexpandable assembly110 includes a plurality ofsplines120 configured as shown in the embodiment ofFIG.8. In this embodiment, theultrasound transducers800 are coupled to thesplines120 using ahousing810. However, in other embodiments, theultrasound transducers800 could be coupled to thesplines120 in different manners and/or different electronic elements could be included.
• In this embodiment, an array ofultrasound transducers800 andsensing electrodes152 are substantially equally distributed across a number ofsplines120—shown in an expanded state. Proximal ends (nearest the shaft114) of thesplines120 are attached to a distal end of theshaft114, such as at a location on or withinshaft114, or betweenshaft114 and an inner, translatable (i.e. advanceable and retractable)shaft910. Distal ends of thesplines120 are connected to distal end ofinner shaft910, which is retracted and advanced to expand and collapse, respectively, theexpandable assembly110.Inner shaft910 can be advanced and retracted via a control on a proximal handle, such ascontrol113 ofhandle112 ofFIG.1.Inner shaft910 can include alumen912, such as a lumen constructed and arranged to receive a guidewire.
• FIG.9B is a sectional view of a shaft portion of an embodiment of flex-PCB catheter ofFIG.9A, in accordance with aspects of the inventive concepts.
• There are three different tubes in this embodiment. The outer tube or 1^sttube isshaft114, which surrounds the other two tubes as well as microcoax cables310.Shaft114 can comprise a diameter and otherwise be constructed and arranged to be inserted through a transseptal sheath or other introduction device, such asintroducer10 ofFIG.1, to deliver the flex-PCB catheter100 internal to the body. The 2^ndtube,shaft920 comprises a tube with multiple radially outward facing projections which effectively createmultiple lumens921 betweenshaft114 and shaft920 (e.g. the 6 lumens shown inFIG.9B). In some embodiments,lumens921 comprises between 2 and 12 lumens. In some embodiments,shaft114 andshaft920 comprises a single structure, such as a single extrusion of plastic material made from a die that creates thelumens921.
• Lumens921 house and segregate/group the wires115 (e.g., micro coax cables310).Shaft114,inner shaft910 and/orlumens921 provide radial support to flex-PCB catheter100.Shaft920 includes a central lumen,channel922, for a 3^rdtube, an inner,translatable shaft910. Theinner shaft910 includeslumen912 which can be configured to receive a guidewire for over-the-wire insertion of flex-PCB catheter100 into or out of a body, such as into or out of a heart chamber. Alternatively or additionally,lumen912 can be used to pass a second electrode, to inject fluid, such as contrast media, or the like. Thelumen912 extends from at least a proximal end of the shaft114 (e.g. from thehandle112, shown inFIG.1) to a distal end ofshaft114.Shaft910 can be operably connected to a control on a handle, such ascontrol113 ofhandle112 ofFIG.1.
• In various embodiments, advantages of the flex-PCB catheter100 include: a 360×360 isochronal map of electrical activity of the heart, rapid acquisition of cardiac chamber geometry, low profile insertion/retraction (e.g. due to staggered connection points as described hereinabove), enhanced flexibility (e.g. due to the flexible PCB construction), reduced cost (e.g. due to the flexible PCB construction), and variable profile. “Over-the-wire” design facilitates safe, efficient catheter placement to a body location, such as within a heart chamber. The flex-PCB approach enables cost-reduced, efficient and compact electrical communication among elements of the flex-PCB catheter.
• In various embodiments, the 1^sttube (shaft114) has an outer diameter less than about 15 Fr, such as less than 11 Fr or less than 9 Fr, such as to be introduced through a 15 Fr, 11 Fr or 9 Fr transseptal sheath.Inner shaft910 can be configured to be advanced over a 0.032″ to 0.038″ diameter interventional guidewire.
• In various embodiments, 1 to 12 splines can be used, with 6 splines presently preferred. When 6 splines are used, the angle between each pair of splines can be similar, i.e. approximately 60° with 6 splines to achieve 360° coverage. With a different number of splines, a different angle between splines could be used. In some embodiments, dissimilar angular separation between splines can be employed.
• In various embodiments, a diameter ofexpandable assembly110 in its expanded state is about 1 to 4 cm, but about 2.5 cm is presently preferred.
• Various materials can be used for construction of various devices discussed herein. For example, the splines can comprise or be made from nickel titanium alloy, which is presently preferred, stainless steel, cobalt chromium, and some rigid plastics, such as polyimide or PEEK, as examples.
• Theexpandable assembly110 can include an array of components. For example, the flex-PCB substrate is provided with ceramic PZT material for ultrasound, and gold pads for electrodes, e.g., coated with impedance lowering coatings, such as PEDOT or IrOx.
• One or more of the shafts, e.g.,outer shaft114,inner shaft910, and/ormulti-lumen shaft920, can be comprised of a metal or plastic braid (e.g. a stainless steel braid), with flat wire preferred, encapsulated by a thermoplastic material (e.g., Pebax, Nylon, Polyurethane) with an inner lubricious liner (e.g., PTFE, FEP, Nylon).
• Referring now toFIG.10, a perspective view of the distal portion of asystem2 for diagnosing and/or treating a heart arrhythmia or other heart condition, such as atrial fibrillation and/or ventricular tachycardia, is illustrated. Thesystem2 includes anintroducer10, a flex-PCB catheter100 and anablation catheter1000.Introducer10 can be configured similar tointroducer10 ofFIG.1, includingshaft14 sized to slidingly receive flex-PCB catheter100. Flex-PCB catheter100 comprises ashaft920, andcatheter1000 includes ashaft1010.Shaft920 includes aninner lumen912 configured to slidingly receiveshaft1010 ofcatheter1000.Shaft920 can be of similar construction toshaft114 ofFIG.1, with the addition oflumen912.
• The diagnostic flex-PCB catheter100 andcatheter1000 are constructed and arranged for insertion into a body location, such as the chamber of a heart.Shafts920 and1010 are typically constructed of sufficiently flexible material to allow insertion through the tortuosity imposed by the patient's vascular system. Attached to the distal end ofshaft920 isexpandable assembly110, which can be of similar construction toexpandable assembly110 ofFIG.1. As shown inFIG.10,expandable assembly110 has been advanced from the distal end ofshaft14 ofintroducer10 such thatexpandable assembly110 is radially expanded.Expandable assembly110 includes a plurality ofelectrodes152 and a plurality ofultrasound transducers154 onsplines120 forming a basket array or basket catheter, in this embodiment. In the embodiment ofFIG.10, twoelectrodes152 are positioned between some pairs ofultrasound transducers154. Any number, ratio and placement ofelectrodes152,ultrasound transducers154, and/or other electronic elements (e.g. other sensors or transducers) can be included.Expandable assembly110 includes a ring-shaped opening on its distal end, opening1030 sized and positioned to allow the distal end ofcatheter1000 to exit there through.
• Shaft1010 ofablation catheter1000 includes at least oneablation element1020, positioned at the tip or otherwise on a distal portion ofshaft1010.Ablation element1020 is constructed and arranged to deliver energy to tissue, such as whenablation catheter1000 is attached to a source of energy, such as radiofrequency energy and/or other energy type in accordance with known principles.
• In various embodiments, the flex-PCB catheter100, as a diagnostic catheter, can be used for mapping tissue, such as an organ or portion of an organ (e.g. a portion of a heart wall). The flex-PCB catheter100 can include one or more ultrasound transducers, such asultrasound transducers154, these transducers used to provide two or three dimensional distance information such as distance information used to create a two or three dimensional map of tissue, determine relative position of tissue such as tissue walls and/or determine device locations such as relative locations of one or more portions of a device ofsystem2 or another device. The flex-PCB catheter100 can include one or more electrodes, such as one ormore electrodes152, such as electrodes used to record physiologic electric activity such as electrical activity of the heart, or to measure a transmitted electrical signal such as a signal used to measure a distance between the electrode and another electrode. Three dimensional anatomical mapping information collected by flex-PCB catheter100 can be used by theelectronic module360 ofFIG.3B to create a three dimensional display of an anatomical location of which at least a portion is to be treated byablation catheter1000. For example, the flex-PCB catheter100 can be coupled to a computer system configured to display anatomical mapping information generated by the flex-PCB catheter100, such as volumes, locations, shapes, contours, and movement of organs, nerves, and other tissue within the body. The flex-PCB catheter100 can be coupled to the computer system to display the electrical mapping information, such as to display dipole mapping or other information, as an example.
• Additionally, the location ofablation catheter1000 or other inserted devices can be displayed, such as their position relative to tissue or the flex-PCB catheter100. For example, flex-PCB catheter100 can be used to map the heart, whileablation catheter1000 can be directed to a tissue location in the heart targeted for treatment (e.g. targeted for treatment based on information provided by the flex-PCB catheter100). For example,ablation catheter1000 can be configured to ablate cardiac tissue to treat a patient suffering from a cardiac arrhythmia, such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, supraventricular tachycardias (SVT), Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, and ventricular tachycardias (VT). An ablation catheter is described herein as a form of a treatment device for purposes of conveying aspects of the invention, but a different type of treatment device (e.g., a pacing device; a defibrillation device; a stent delivery device; a drug delivery device, a stem cell delivery device, or the like) can be used in other embodiments in combination with flex-PCB catheter100. In some embodiments, one or more of these treatment devices can be inserted through thelumen912 of the flex-PCB catheter100.
• In some embodiments, the flex-PCB catheter100 can be configured to access the left atrium of the patient while utilizing a single transseptal puncture through which all the catheter components can access the left atrium (and subsequently the left ventricle in some cases). In other embodiments, the flex-PCB catheter100 can be configured to access the left ventricle of the patient while utilizing a single crossing of the aortic valve through which all the catheter components access the left ventricle (and subsequently the left atrium in some cases).
• In some methods,shaft14 is inserted through the atrial septum and into the left atrium, followed by the insertion of the flex-PCB catheter100 through a lumen ofshaft14. Subsequently,ablation catheter1000 is inserted through thelumen912 ofshaft920. In other methods,shaft14 is inserted into the left atrium, followed by the simultaneous insertion of the flex-PCB catheter100 and ablation catheter1000 (e.g. the flex-PCB catheter100 is inserted withablation catheter1000 residing at least partially within lumen912). In some embodiments,shaft14 can include or be a steerable sheath. In some embodiments, the flex-PCB catheter100 and/orablation catheter1000 are steerable, so that manual, semi-automatic, or automatic steering can be performed by an operator and/or a robotic control assembly.
• The flex-PCB catheter100 can be positioned in the left atrium and can provide information selected from the group comprising: electrical information, such as surface charge information, anatomical geometry information, such as heart wall surface information or heart wall thickness information, other physiologic and anatomical information, such as those known in the art, and combinations of these.Shaft920 of the flex-PCB catheter100 can be configured to be inserted into the heart via the venous system, for example a vein in a leg or a vein in a neck.Shaft920 can include a braid within its outer and inner surfaces, not shown, but typically a braid of plastic or metal fibers that enhance the structural integrity and performance ofshaft920. In some embodiments, the braid ofshaft920 can include conductors, such aswires115 ofFIG.1.
• In various embodiments, the inserted catheter or other elongated device inserted throughlumen912 can include another catheter, such as a diagnostic catheter configured to record signals from a location selected from a group comprising: the left atrium, the right atrium, the Bundle of HIS, the right ventricular apex, a pulmonary vein, and the coronary sinus. Alternatively or additionally, the inserted catheter can comprise another type of catheter device.
• In various embodiments, theexpandable assembly110 is constructed and arranged to be biased in the expanded shape shown inFIGS.9A and10, as examples. The expanded geometry ofexpandable assembly110, including at least two ormore splines120 in an expanded or partially expanded state, can be described as a “basket” having a substantially hollow center and spaces betweenadjacent splines120. In the illustrated embodiment, the basket is spherical, but can include any suitable shape, for example an ellipsoid. Thus, in other embodiments,expandable assembly110 can comprise different shapes or combination of shapes, such as an array ofsplines120 where two ormore splines120 comprise similar or dissimilar shapes, dimensions or configurations. In some embodiments, two ormore splines120 can include a varied radius of curvature.
• As discussed above, theexpandable assembly110 can be biased in an expanded or collapsed (non-expanded or contracted state). In an example,expandable assembly110 can be self-expanding such thatsplines120 are resiliently biased in the curved geometry shown inFIGS.9A and10.Expandable assembly110 can automatically expand when it exits the distal end ofshaft14, such as by retraction and/or advancement, respectively, of a shaft, such asshaft920 ofFIG.9A.
• Eachspline120 can include a similar or dissimilar arrangement ofelectrodes152 and/orultrasound transducers154 as anadjacent spline120 or anyother spline120 inexpandable assembly110. In some embodiments,expandable assembly110 includes eightsplines120, where eachspline120 can include two to eightelectrodes152 and two to eightultrasound transducers154. In some embodiments,expandable assembly110 includes sixsplines120, where eachspline120 can include eightelectrodes152 and eightultrasound transducers154. In some embodiments, one ormore splines120 include a number ofelectrodes152 that is greater or less than the number ofultrasound transducers154 that are included on thatspline120. For example, aspline120 can include sevenelectrodes152 and either six or eightultrasound transducers154. In some embodiments, a set ofelectrodes152 andultrasound transducers154 can be arranged in an alternating arrangement, such that one or moresingle ultrasound transducers154 lies between twoelectrodes152. In some embodiments, some sets ofelectrodes152 andultrasound transducers154 can be arranged such that one or moresingle electrodes152 is positioned between twoultrasound transducers154.
• In various embodiments,electrodes152 can be configured to record electric signals, such as voltage and/or current signals. The recorded signals can be used to produce electrogram information, dipole mapping information, distance information, such as the distance between any device and/or component ofsystem2, and other information or combinations of information described in detail herein. Any or allelectrodes152 can comprise a dipole mapping electrode, such as an electrode with an impedance or other electrical property configured to provide information related to surface charge or other dipole mapping parameter.
• In some embodiments, theelectrodes152 are of sufficiently low impedance, e.g., in the range less than10,000 ohms, such as to achieve high-fidelity recording of signal frequencies greater than or equal to0.1 Hz. In some embodiments, one ormore electrodes152 include an iridium oxide coating, such as to reduce the impedance ofelectrodes152. Alternatively or additionally, numerous forms of coatings or other treatments can be included with one ormore electrodes152, such as a platinum black coating or a carbon nanotube layer. In addition or as an alternative to recording electric signals,electrodes152 can be constructed and arranged to deliver electric energy, such as radiofrequency energy. In some embodiments, flex-PCB catheter100 can deliver therapy, such as an ablation therapy delivered to tissue, in addition to its function as a diagnostic catheter, e.g. providing electrical, anatomical and/or device mapping information. In some embodiments, one ormore electrodes152 each comprise one or more coils, such as when the one or more coils are configured to create one or more magnetic fields.
• In various embodiments,electrodes152 can include various materials, such as non-polarizing metals and/or polarizing metals. In some embodiments, one ormore electrodes152 comprise at least one non-noble metal such thatelectrodes152 oxidize when in contact with at least one of blood, blood plasma or saline solutions. In some embodiments,electrodes152 include a coating, for example a coating selected from a group comprising: a metal oxide coating, a conductive polymer coating, and combinations of these. In some embodiments, one ormore electrodes152 can include an outer layer and an inner layer, such as when the outer layer comprises an impedance lowering coating or other layer and the inner layer comprises a layer configured to bond the outer layer to the metallic and/or other remaining portion of the one ormore electrodes152.
• In some embodiments, theultrasound transducers154 can be configured to record distance information, such as the distance between any device and/or component of the flex-PCB catheter100 and tissue, such as cardiac wall or other solid tissue.Ultrasound transducers154 can include a construction comprising: single or multi-element piezoelectric ceramics, piezoelectric micro-machined ultrasound transducers (pMUT), capacitive micro-machined ultrasound transducers (cMUT); piezoelectric polymers, and combinations of these, as examples.
• Theablation element1020 of theablation catheter1000 can include a functional element selected from a group comprising: one or more electrodes, a vessel configured to deliver cryogenic energy, a laser diode, an optical fiber configured to deliver ablative energy, a microwave energy delivery element, an ultrasound energy delivery element, a drug, stem cell, or other agent delivery element, a mechanical or other ablation device delivery element, and combinations of these. In the case whereablation element1020 includes one or more electrodes, the electrodes can include electrodes constructed and arranged to deliver radiofrequency (RF) energy. In the case of multiple electrodes, the electrodes can be configured for bipolar RF energy delivery.Ablation catheter1000 can be operably connected to an external device configured to deliver energy toablation element1020, suchelectronic module360 ofFIG.3B. Typical energy delivered byablation element1020 comprises an energy selected from a group comprising: electromagnetic energy, such as radiofrequency energy, cryogenic energy, laser energy, light energy, microwave energy, ultrasound energy, chemical energy, and combinations of these.
• Similar to theintroducer10 andshaft14, flex-PCB catheter100 and/orablation catheter1000 can be steerable, such as via a pull wire and anchor, as is known in the art.Ablation catheter1000 can be steered and advanced by an operator, such as a clinician, so as to exit at any opening of theexpandable assembly110, including the space between twosplines120 or throughopening1030, such as to be further advanced to contact and ablate cardiac tissue.
• While the foregoing has described what are considered to be the best mode and/or other preferred embodiments, it is understood that various modifications can be made therein and that the invention or inventions can be implemented in various forms and embodiments, and that they can be applied in numerous applications, only some of which have been described herein. It is intended by the following claims to claim that which is literally described and all equivalents thereto, including all modifications and variations that fall within the scope of each claim.

Claims (15)

1. (canceled)

2. A device that is configured to be inserted into a body lumen, comprising:

an elongate shaft comprising a proximal end and a distal portion;

an expandable assembly positioned on the distal portion of the elongate shaft and configured to transition from a radially compact state to a radially expanded state, wherein the expandable assembly comprises a plurality of splines;

a plurality of electrodes and a plurality of ultrasound transducers positioned on the plurality of splines and configured to at least on of receive or transmit electrical signals, wherein each of the plurality of ultrasound transducers comprise a first terminal and a second terminal; and

a plurality of communication paths selectively coupling the plurality of electrodes and the plurality of ultrasound transducers to an electronic module configured to process the electrical signals, wherein the plurality of communications paths comprises a first set of conductors and a second set of conductors,

wherein the electrodes of the first set of electrodes and the first terminals of the plurality of ultrasound transducers are coupled to the conductors of the first set of conductors, and

the second terminals of the plurality of ultrasound transducers are coupled to the conductors of the second set of conductors.

3. The device according toclaim 2, wherein each conductor of the first set of conductors is coupled to an electrode of the plurality of electrodes, and the first terminal of an ultrasound transducer of the plurality of ultrasound transducers.

4. The device according toclaim 2, where each conductor of the second set of conductors is coupled to the second terminal of two or more of the plurality of ultrasound transducers.

5. The device according toclaim 4, wherein each of the two or more ultrasound transducers are individually addressable by the electronic module.

6. The device according toclaim 2, further comprising a flexible printed circuit board substrate, wherein the flexible printed circuit board substrate is coupled to the splines of the expandable assembly, wherein the plurality of electrodes and the plurality of ultrasound transducers are coupled to the flexible printed circuit board substrate, and at least a portion of the plurality of communication paths are positioned at least one of on or within the flexible printed circuit board substrate.

7. The device according toclaim 6, wherein each of the plurality of ultrasound transducers comprises as matching layer.

8. The device according toclaim 7, wherein the matching layer comprises at least a portion of the flexible printed circuit board substrate.

9. The device according toclaim 6, wherein the flexible printed circuit board substrate comprises materials selected from a group comprising: polyimide; polyester; nylon;

Pebax; liquid crystal polymer; and combinations thereof.

10. The device according toclaim 2, wherein the device comprises a dipole mapping device.

11. The device according toclaim 2, wherein the plurality of electrodes comprises at least8 electrodes, and the plurality of ultrasound transducers comprises at least8 transducers.

12. The device according toclaim 2, wherein the plurality of splines comprises at least two splines with at least two ultrasound transducers positioned on each of the at least two splines.

13. The device according toclaim 12, wherein the at least two ultrasound transducers mounted to a first spline are linearly staggered from the at last two ultrasound transducers mounted to a second spline, such that a protrusion of an ultrasound transducer on the first spline extends between protrusions of the at least two ultrasound transducers on the second spline.

14. The device according toclaim 2, further comprising one or more coaxial cables each comprising an inner conductor and a shield, wherein at least one of the first set of conductors comprises the inner conductor of one of the one or more coaxial cables, and at least on of the second set of conductors comprises the shield of one of the one or more coaxial cables.

15. The device according toclaim 14, wherein the one or more coaxial cables comprise at least two coaxial cables, and wherein the shields of the two or more coaxial cables are electrically connected.

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