US20220006850A1 - Prosthetic mitral valve with improved anchors and seal - Google Patents

Abstract

A method for replacing a native heart valve includes advancing a delivery catheter having a valve prosthesis disposed along a distal end portion thereof, wherein the valve includes an inner frame having an hourglass shape and an outer sealing frame connected to and surrounding the inner frame. A valve body is mounted within the inner frame and includes a plurality of leaflets. The leaflets have longitudinal curvatures when in an open position, wherein the curvatures are shaped for conforming to the curved interior surface of the inner frame. This combination of features reduces the possibility of blood stagnating between the leaflets and inner frame, which reduces the possibility of thrombus formation.

Description

PRIORITY CLAIM AND INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE TO ANY PRIORITY APPLICATIONS
• This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/343,554, filed Jun. 9, 2021, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/286,436, filed Feb. 26, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,051,934, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/781,817, filed Dec. 19, 2018, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/636,672, filed Feb. 28, 2018, the entirety of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
BACKGROUNDField
• Certain embodiments disclosed herein relate generally to prostheses for implantation within a lumen or body cavity. In particular, certain embodiments relate to expandable prostheses such as replacement heart valves, such as for the mitral valve, that are configured to be secured to intralumenal tissue and prevent paravalvular leakage.
Description of the Related Art
• Human heart valves, which include the aortic, pulmonary, mitral and tricuspid valves, function essentially as one-way valves operating in synchronization with the pumping heart. The valves allow blood to flow downstream, but block blood from flowing upstream. Diseased heart valves exhibit impairments such as narrowing of the valve or regurgitation, which inhibit the valves' ability to control blood flow. Such impairments reduce the heart's blood-pumping efficiency and can be a debilitating and life threatening condition. For example, valve insufficiency can lead to conditions such as heart hypertrophy and dilation of the ventricle. Thus, extensive efforts have been made to develop methods and apparatuses to repair or replace impaired heart valves.
• Prostheses exist to correct problems associated with impaired heart valves. For example, mechanical and tissue-based heart valve prostheses can be used to replace impaired native heart valves. More recently, substantial effort has been dedicated to developing replacement heart valves, particularly tissue-based replacement heart valves that can be delivered with less trauma to the patient than through open heart surgery. Replacement valves are being designed to be delivered through minimally invasive procedures and even percutaneous procedures. Such replacement valves often include a tissue-based valve body that is connected to an expandable frame that is then delivered to the native valve's annulus.
• These replacement valves are often intended to at least partially block blood flow. However, a problem occurs when blood flows around the valve on the outside of the prosthesis. For example, in the context of replacement heart valves, paravalvular leakage has proven particularly challenging. An additional challenge relates to the ability of such prostheses to be secured relative to intralumenal tissue, e.g., tissue within any body lumen or cavity, in an atraumatic manner. Yet another challenge arises when trying to reduce the likelihood of thrombosis within parts of the replacement valves.
SUMMARY
• Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to a prosthesis, such as but not limited to a replacement heart valve. Further embodiments are directed to delivery systems, devices and/or methods of use to deliver and/or controllably deploy a prosthesis, such as but not limited to a replacement heart valve, to a desired location within the body. In some embodiments, a replacement heart valve and methods for delivering a replacement heart valve to a native heart valve, such as a mitral valve, are provided.
• In some embodiments, a delivery system and method are provided for delivering a replacement heart valve to a native mitral valve location. The delivery system and method may utilize a transseptal approach. In some embodiments, components of the delivery system facilitate bending of the delivery system to steer a prosthesis from the septum to a location within the native mitral valve. In some embodiments, a capsule is provided for containing the prosthesis for delivery to the native mitral valve location. In other embodiments, the delivery system and method may be adapted for delivery of implants to locations other than the native mitral valve.
• The present disclosure includes, but is not limited to, the following embodiments.
• Embodiment 1: A mitral valve prosthesis configured to transition between a compressed position and an expanded position, the prosthesis having a proximal end and a distal end, the prosthesis comprising an inner frame comprising a body comprising a plurality of circumferentially extendable struts, and a plurality of longitudinally extending struts, wherein the plurality of circumferentially extendable struts and the plurality of longitudinally extending struts form two or more rows of cells, and a plurality of inner frame anchoring features extending distally from the body, wherein the inner frame is generally hourglass shaped in the expanded position, an outer frame connected to the inner frame and comprising a plurality of connected first v-shaped struts extending around a circumference of the prosthesis, and a plurality of separate second v-shaped struts, each of the separate second v-shaped struts attached within each of the connected first v-shaped struts, a valve body connected within an interior surface of the inner frame, the valve body comprising a plurality of leaflets arranged to allow flow in a first direction and prevent flow in a second direction opposite the first direction, wherein the leaflets conform to the interior surface of the inner frame when the valve body is in an open position for reducing a formation of thrombi between the plurality of leaflets and the interior surface of the inner frame, and a fabric skirt connected to an inner surface of the outer frame and extending distally beyond a distal end of the outer frame, wherein the fabric skirt is adapted for contacting a mitral annulus and forming a seal.
• Embodiment 2: The mitral valve prosthesis of Embodiment 1, wherein the plurality of separate second v-shaped struts are thinner than the plurality of connected first v-shaped struts.
• Embodiment 3: The mitral valve prosthesis of Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2, further comprising a stiffness improving material attached to the outer frame, the inner frame, and the plurality of inner frame anchoring features, the stiffness improving material providing tension to the inner frame anchoring features when the prosthesis is in the expanded position and not providing tension to the inner frame anchoring features when the prosthesis is in the compressed position.
• Embodiment 4: The mitral valve prosthesis of any one of Embodiments 1-3, wherein the plurality of inner frame anchoring features extend radially outwardly and then proximally, wherein each of the plurality of inner frame anchoring features ends with an anchoring tip.
• Embodiment 5: The mitral valve prosthesis of Embodiment 4, wherein a distal end of the outer frame is longitudinally spaced above each of the anchoring tips.
• Embodiment 6: The mitral valve prosthesis of any one of Embodiments 1-5, wherein a distal end of the outer frame ends proximal to a distal end of the two or more rows of cells.
• Embodiment 7: The mitral valve prosthesis of any one of Embodiments 1-6, wherein the inner frame comprises a mushroom tab at a proximal end of at least one of the plurality of longitudinally extending struts.
• Embodiment 8: The mitral valve prosthesis of any one of Embodiments 1-7, wherein the inner frame and the outer frame each comprise a plurality of apertures at or near a proximal end of the inner frame and the outer frame, and wherein each of the plurality of apertures of the inner frame generally aligns with an aperture of the plurality of apertures of the outer frame.
• Embodiment 9: The mitral valve prosthesis of any one of Embodiments 1-8, wherein the outer frame comprises a plurality of outer frame anchoring features extending radially outwards.
• Embodiment 10: The mitral valve prosthesis of any one of Embodiments 1-9, wherein the skirt is positioned between the inner frame and the outer frame.
• Embodiment 11: The mitral valve prosthesis of any one of Embodiments 1-11, further comprising a valve body positioned within an interior of the inner frame, the valve body comprising a plurality of leaflets configured to allow flow in a first direction and prevent flow in a second opposite direction.
• Embodiment 12: The mitral valve prosthesis of any one of Embodiments 1-11, wherein the expandable replacement heart valve prosthesis is configured to act as a replacement mitral heart valve.
• Embodiment 13: The mitral valve prosthesis of any one of Embodiments 1-12, wherein each of the plurality of inner frame anchoring features ends with a pair of L-shaped anchors, the pair of L-shaped anchors being radially offset from one another.
• Embodiment 14: The mitral valve prosthesis of any one of Embodiments 1-13, wherein the outer frame comprises a plurality of proximally extending struts extending between connections of adjacent connected first v-shaped struts.
• Embodiment 15: The mitral valve prosthesis ofEmbodiment 14, wherein the outer frame comprises a circumferential shoulder spaced from a proximal end and a distal end of the outer frame, the circumferential shoulder being the radially outermost portion of the outer frame.
• Embodiment 16: The mitral valve prosthesis of Embodiment 16, wherein the proximally extending struts are spaced radially inwards from the circumferential shoulder, and wherein a distal end of each of the plurality of first v-shaped struts is spaced radially inwards from the circumferential shoulder.
• Embodiment 17: The mitral valve prosthesis of any one of Embodiments 1-16, wherein the expandable replacement heart valve prosthesis comprises nine inner frame anchoring features.
• Embodiment 18: A delivery assembly configured to delivery an expandable replacement heart valve prosthesis, the delivery assembly comprising a steerable delivery system configured to releasably retain the expandable replacement heart valve prosthesis in a compressed position, and the expandable replacement heart valve prosthesis configured to expandable between the compressed position and an expanded position, the prosthesis comprising an inner frame comprising a plurality of circumferentially extendable struts, a plurality of longitudinal extending struts, and a plurality of inner frame anchoring features, wherein the inner frame is generally hourglass shaped in the expanded position, and an outer frame connected to the inner frame and comprising a plurality of connected first v-shaped struts extending around a circumference of the prosthesis, wherein the steerable delivery system is configured to sequentially expand portions of the prosthesis from the compressed position to the expanded position.
• Embodiment 19: The delivery assembly of Embodiment 18, wherein the outer frame further comprises a plurality of separate second v-shaped struts, each of the separate second v-shaped struts attached within each of the connected first v-shaped struts.
• Embodiment 20: The delivery assembly of Embodiment 18 or Embodiment 19, wherein the steerable delivery system further comprises an anchor separator comprising a body, a plurality of extensions extending radially away from the body, the plurality of extensions forming a plurality of longitudinally extending grooves, each of the plurality of longitudinally extending grooves configured to receive one of the plurality of inner frame anchoring features in the compressed position, and a lumen longitudinally extending through the body, wherein the body and the plurality of extensions are radially inwardly tapered at a proximal end and distal end of the anchor separator.
• Embodiment 21: An expandable replacement heart valve prosthesis. The prosthesis can be configured to transition between a compressed position and an expanded position. The prosthesis can comprise an inner frame. The inner frame can comprise a plurality of circumferentially extendable struts. The inner frame can comprise a plurality of longitudinally extending struts. The plurality of circumferentially extendable struts and the plurality of longitudinally extending struts can form two or more rows of cells. The inner frame can comprise a plurality of inner frame anchoring features. The inner frame can be generally hourglass shaped in the expanded position. The prosthesis can comprise an outer frame. The outer frame can be connected to the inner frame. The outer frame can comprise a plurality of connected first v-shaped struts. The plurality of connected first v-shaped struts can extend around a circumference of the prosthesis. The outer frame can comprise a plurality of separate second v-shaped struts. Each of the separate second v-shaped struts can be attached within each of the connected first v-shaped struts. The plurality of separate second v-shaped struts can be thinner than the plurality of connected first v-shaped struts. The prosthesis can comprise a stiffness improving material attached to the outer frame. The stiffness improving material can be attached to the inner frame. The stiffness improving material can be attached to the plurality of inner frame anchoring features. The stiffness improving material can provide tension to the inner frame anchoring features when the prosthesis is in the expanded position. The stiffness improving material may not providing tension to the inner frame anchoring features when the prosthesis is in the compressed position.
• Embodiment 22: The prosthesis of Embodiment 21, wherein the stiffness improving material can comprise sutures, fabric, or cloth.
• Embodiment 23: The prosthesis of Embodiments 21-22, wherein the outer frame can comprise a plurality of outer frame anchoring features.
• Embodiment 24: The prosthesis of Embodiments 21-23, wherein the prosthesis can be configured for use as a replacement mitral valve.
• Embodiment 25: The prosthesis of any one of Embodiments 21-24, wherein the prosthesis can comprise a skirt positioned between the inner frame and the outer frame. The skirt can be configured to automatically tuck within cells in the outer frame when the prosthesis is compressed.
• Embodiment 26: The prosthesis of any one of Embodiments 21-25, wherein the prosthesis can comprise a valve body. The valve body can be positioned within an interior of the first frame. The valve body can comprise a plurality of leaflets configured to allow flow in a first direction and prevent flow in a second opposite direction.
• Embodiment 27: An expandable replacement heart valve prosthesis configured to transition between a compressed position and an expanded position, wherein the inner frame can comprise a generally cylindrical first frame and an inwardly curved secondary frame located within the generally cylindrical first frame and attached to the generally cylindrical first frame, the inwardly curved secondary frame forming a generally hourglass shape within a longitudinal lumen of the inner frame.
• Embodiment 28: The prosthesis of Embodiment 27, wherein the secondary frame can comprise a plurality of longitudinal struts on an outer surface of a fabric component.
• Embodiment 29: The prosthesis of Embodiment 27, wherein the secondary frame can comprise a balloon filled with fluid.
• Embodiment 30: The prosthesis of Embodiment 27, wherein the secondary frame can comprise a swellable material.
• Embodiment 31: The prosthesis of any one of Embodiments 21-26, comprising the features of any one of Embodiments 27-30.
• Embodiment 32: The prosthesis of any one of Embodiments 21-31, wherein each of the plurality of inner frame anchoring features can end with a pair of L-shaped anchors, the pair of L-shaped anchors being radially offset from one another.
• Embodiment 33: A delivery system configured to deliver a prosthesis comprising a plurality of anchors, including any of the prostheses described herein this specification. The delivery system comprises an anchor separator comprising a body, a plurality of extensions extending radially away from the body, the plurality of extensions forming a plurality of longitudinally extending grooves for receiving the anchors of the prosthesis, and a lumen longitudinally extending through the body. The body and the plurality of extensions are radially inwardly tapered at a proximal end and distal end of the anchor separator.
• Embodiment 34: An expandable replacement heart valve prosthesis. The prosthesis can be configured to transition between a compressed position and an expanded position. The prosthesis can comprise a frame. The frame can have an inlet side. The frame can have a middle portion. The frame can have an outlet side. The frame can decrease in diameter at least from the inlet side to the middle portion. The prosthesis can comprise a valve body comprising a plurality of leaflets positioned within the frame. Each of the valve leaflets can have an inlet end positioned along the decreasing diameter portion of the frame.
• Embodiment 35: The prosthesis of Embodiment 34, wherein the frame can be an hourglass shape.
• Embodiment 36: An expandable replacement heart valve prosthesis. The prosthesis can be configured to transition between a compressed position and an expanded position. The prosthesis can comprise an inner frame. The inner frame can comprise a plurality of inner frame anchoring features. The features can extend from a lower portion of the inner frame. The prosthesis can comprise an outer frame. The outer frame can be connected to the inner frame. The prosthesis can comprise a stiffness improving material. The material attached to the outer frame. The material attached to the inner frame. The material attached to the plurality of inner frame anchoring features. The stiffness improving material can provide tension to the inner frame anchoring features when the prosthesis is in the expanded position. The material may not provide tension to the inner frame anchoring features when the prosthesis is in the compressed position.
• Embodiment 37: The prosthesis of Embodiment 36, wherein the inner frame anchoring features can comprise a plurality of anchors. The anchors can extend radially outward from the inner frame. The anchors can extend generally toward an upper portion of the inner frame.
• Embodiment 38: The prosthesis of any one of Embodiments 36 or 37, wherein the outer frame can extend over the inner frame.
• Embodiment 39: The prosthesis of any one of Embodiments 36-38, wherein the stiffness improving material can comprise suture, fabric, or cloth material. The material can extend from a lower portion of the outer frame. The material can attach to the inner frame anchoring features. The material can attach to a lower portion of the inner frame.
• Embodiment 40: An expandable replacement heart valve prosthesis. The prosthesis can be configured to transition between a compressed position and an expanded position. The prosthesis can comprise a frame. The frame can comprise a plurality of connected first v-shaped struts. The struts can extend around a circumference of the prosthesis. The frame can comprise a plurality of separate second v-shaped struts. Each of the separate second v-shaped struts can be attached within each of the connected first v-shaped struts. The plurality of separate second v-shaped struts can be thinner than the plurality of connected first v-shaped struts.
• Embodiment 41: An expandable replacement heart valve prosthesis. The prosthesis can be configured to transition between a compressed position and an expanded position. The prosthesis can comprise a frame. The frame can comprise a plurality of circumferentially extendable struts. The frame can comprise a plurality of longitudinally extending struts. The plurality of circumferentially extendable struts and the plurality of longitudinally extending struts can form two or more rows of cells.
• Embodiment 42: A frame which can comprise a cell pattern as shown and described inFIGS. 3, 4 and/or 5A.
• Embodiment 43: A prosthesis comprising one or more features of the foregoing description.
• Embodiment 44: A method of treating valve insufficiency comprising one or more features of the foregoing description.
• Embodiment 45: A delivery system for delivering the prosthesis comprising one or more features of the foregoing description.
• Embodiment 46: The mitral valve prosthesis of any one of Embodiments 1-17, wherein free edges of a distal end of each of the plurality of leaflets are spaced away from the inner frame.
• Embodiment 47: The mitral valve prosthesis of any one of Embodiments 1-17 and 46, wherein the fabric skirt is connected to an outer surface of a distal end of the inner frame, and wherein the fabric skirt is held in tension between the outer frame and the inner frame.
• Embodiment 48: The mitral valve prosthesis of any one of Embodiments 1-17 and 46-47, wherein the fabric skirt has sufficient flexibility to conform against a mitral annulus.
• Embodiment 49: A mitral valve prosthesis configured to transition between a compressed position and an expanded position, the prosthesis having a proximal end and a distal end, the prosthesis comprising an inner frame comprising a body comprising a plurality of circumferentially extendable struts, and a plurality of longitudinally extending struts, wherein the plurality of circumferentially extendable struts and the plurality of longitudinally extending struts form two or more rows of cells, and a plurality of inner frame anchoring features extending distally from the body, wherein the inner frame is generally hourglass shaped in the expanded position, an outer frame connected to the inner frame and comprising a plurality of connected first v-shaped struts extending around a circumference of the prosthesis, and a plurality of separate second v-shaped struts, each of the separate second v-shaped struts attached within each of the connected first v-shaped struts, a valve body connected within an interior surface of the inner frame, the valve body comprising a plurality of leaflets arranged to allow flow in a first direction and prevent flow in a second direction opposite the first direction, and a fabric skirt connected to an inner surface of the outer frame and an outer surface of a distal end of the inner frame under tension, wherein the fabric skirt extends distally beyond a distal end of the outer frame, and wherein the fabric skirt is adapted for conforming against a mitral annulus.
• Embodiment 50: A mitral valve prosthesis configured to transition between a compressed position and an expanded position, the prosthesis having a proximal end and a distal end, the prosthesis comprising an inner frame comprising a body comprising a plurality of circumferentially extendable struts, and a plurality of longitudinally extending struts, wherein the plurality of circumferentially extendable struts and the plurality of longitudinally extending struts form two or more rows of cells, and a plurality of inner frame anchoring features extending distally from the body, wherein the inner frame is generally hourglass shaped in the expanded position, an outer frame connected to the inner frame and comprising a plurality of connected first v-shaped struts extending around a circumference of the prosthesis, and a plurality of separate second v-shaped struts, each of the separate second v-shaped struts attached within each of the connected first v-shaped struts.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• These and other features, aspects and advantages are described below with reference to the drawings, which are intended to illustrate embodiments of prostheses including embodiments of various components of these prostheses.
• FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a multi-portion replacement prosthesis.
• FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of an inner frame of the multi-portion replacement prosthesis shown inFIG. 1.
• FIG. 3 illustrates a flat pattern of an embodiment of the inner frame shown inFIG. 2.
• FIG. 4 illustrates a portion of the inner frame ofFIG. 2.
• FIGS. 5A-5E illustrate an inner frame having an hourglass shape.
• FIGS. 5F-5I illustrate leaftlets opening in a frame having an hourglass shape such as shown inFIGS. 5A-5E.
• FIGS. 5J-5K illustrate a cross section of leaftlets in open and closed positions in a frame having an hourglass shape such as shown inFIGS. 5A-5E.
• FIGS. 6A-6D illustrate an embodiment of an outer frame of the multi-portion replacement prosthesis shown inFIG. 1.
• FIG. 7A illustrates a flat pattern of the outer frame ofFIG. 6 in a compressed configuration.
• FIG. 7B illustrates a flat pattern of the outer frame ofFIG. 6 in an expanded configuration.
• FIGS. 7C-7D illustrate alternate embodiments of a flat pattern of an outer frame.
• FIGS. 8A-8B illustrate alternative flat patterns for an outer frame.
• FIGS. 9-11 illustrate a multi-portion replacement prosthesis with an outer skirt.
• FIG. 12 illustrate a multi-portion replacement prosthesis having outer frame anchoring features.
• FIGS. 13A-13B illustrate auto-tucking features of embodiments of the disclosed prosthesis.
• FIGS. 14A-14B illustrate an embodiment for improving inner frame anchoring feature stiffness.
• FIG. 15 illustrates an alternate embodiment for improving inner frame anchoring feature stiffness.
• FIG. 16 illustrates assessment of prosthesis function prior to release.
• FIGS. 17A-17B illustrate an embodiment of replacement prosthesis.
• FIGS. 18A-20 illustrate an embodiment of an alternative replacement prosthesis.
• FIG. 21 illustrates an embodiment of a replacement prostheses.
• FIG. 22 shows an embodiment of an inner frame of an alternate replacement prosthesis.
• FIG. 23 shows an embodiment of an outer frame of an alternate replacement prosthesis.
• FIG. 24 show an embodiment of anchoring elements.
• FIGS. 25A-25B illustrate embodiments of an anchor separator.
• FIG. 26 illustrates an embodiment of an anchor separator within a frame of a replacement prosthesis.
• FIGS. 27A-27B show and embodiment of an anchor separator in use with a replacement prosthesis.
• FIGS. 28A-28B show an embodiment of a suturing system for attachment to a delivery system.
• FIG. 29 is an embodiment of an alternative replacement prosthesis.
• FIGS. 30A-30D illustrates an embodiment of a multi-portion replacement prosthesis.
• FIG. 31 illustrates an alternate embodiment of an inner frame with a secondary inner frame having an hourglass shape.
• FIG. 32 illustrates a schematic representation of a transseptal delivery approach.
• FIG. 33 illustrates a schematic representation of a valve prosthesis positioned within a native mitral valve.
• FIG. 34 illustrates a schematic representation of a valve prosthesis positioned within a native mitral valve.
• FIG. 35 shows an embodiment of a delivery system for use with any of the prostheses disclosed herein.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
• The present specification and drawings provide aspects and features of the disclosure in the context of several embodiments of prostheses, replacement heart valves, and methods that are configured for use in the vasculature of a patient, such as for replacement of natural heart valves in a patient. These embodiments may be discussed in connection with replacing specific valves such as the patient's mitral valve. However, it is to be understood that the features and concepts discussed herein can be applied to replacing other types of valves including, but not limited to, the aortic valve, the pulmonary valve, and the tricuspid valve. Moreover, it is to be understood that the features and concepts discussed herein can be applied to products other than heart valve implants. For example, the controlled positioning, deployment, and/or securing features described herein can be applied to medical implants, for example other types of expandable prostheses, for use elsewhere in the body, such as within a vein, or the like. In addition, particular features of a prosthesis should not be taken as limiting, and features of any one embodiment discussed herein can be combined with features of other embodiments as desired and when appropriate.
• Certain terminology may be used in the following description for the purpose of reference only, and thus are not intended to be limiting. For example, terms such as “upper”, “lower”, “upward”, “downward”, “above”, “below”, “top”, “bottom” and similar terms refer to directions in the drawings to which reference is made. Terms such as “proximal”, “distal”, “radially outward”, “radially inward”, “outer”, “inner”, and “side”, describe the orientation and/or location of portions of the components or elements within a consistent but arbitrary frame of reference which is made clear by reference to the text and the associated drawings describing the components or elements under discussion. Such terminology may include the words specifically mentioned above, derivatives thereof, and words of similar import. Similarly, the terms “first”, “second”, and other such numerical terms referring to structures neither imply a sequence or order unless clearly indicated by the context.
• In some embodiments, the term “proximal” may refer to the parts of the prostheses, or components thereof, which are located closer to the operator of the device and system (e.g., the clinician implanting the prosthesis). The term “distal” may refer to the parts of the prostheses, or components thereof, which are located further from the operator of the device and system (e.g., the clinician implanting the prosthesis). However, it is to be understood that this terminology may be reversed depending on the delivery technique utilized (e.g., a transapical approach as compared to a transseptal approach). In some situations, the prosthesis, or components thereof, may be oriented such that an upper end is a proximal portion and a lower end is a distal portion.
• In some situations, the prosthesis, or components thereof, the upper end may be an inflow end and the lower end may be an outflow end. For example, a valve body used with the prosthesis can allow flow from the upper end to the lower end. However, it is to be understood that the inflow end and the outflow end may be reversed. For example, the valve body used with the prosthesis can allow flow from the lower end to the upper end.
• A longitudinal axis of the prosthesis, or components thereof, may be defined as the central axis that extends through the center of the prosthesis or component between the upper and lower ends of the prosthesis or component (e.g., the prosthesis, the outer frame, and/or the inner frame). The prostheses described herein may be replacement valves that can be designed to replace a damaged or diseased native heart valve such as a mitral valve, as discussed above. It should be understood that the prostheses are not limited to being a replacement valve.
• As will be described in further detail below, the prostheses can include an inner frame and/or an outer frame or an inner portion and/or an outer portion. In some embodiments, the inner frame can be a valve frame designed to support a valve body. In some embodiments, the outer frame can be a sealing frame designed to form a seal about a periphery of the outer frame. For example, the outer frame can engage tissue of a body cavity about a periphery of the outer frame and form a seal with said tissue. In some embodiments described herein, the outer frame can be attached to the inner frame at one or more stationary couplings such that the outer frame is fixed to the inner frame at one or more locations. It is to be understood that the outer frame can be attached to the inner frame via one or more movable couplings such as, but not limited to, rails. This can beneficially allow the outer frame to be adjusted relative to the inner frame to better conform to the anatomy of a patient's body cavity.
• The inner frame and/or outer frame may be described as having an upper region, an intermediate region, and a lower region. In some situations, such as those in which the prostheses are positioned within a native mitral valve, the upper region can be generally positioned supra-annularly (i.e., above the plane of the annulus), the intermediate region can be generally positioned intra-annularly (i.e., within the plane of the annulus), and the lower region can be positioned sub-annularly (i.e., below the plane of the annulus). However, it is to be understood that in some situations, the positioning of the inner frame and/or outer frame relative to the annulus can differ. Moreover, it is to be understood that in some embodiments, the inner frame and/or outer frame can omit one or more of the upper region, the intermediate region, and/or the lower region.
• While certain combinations of inner frames and outer frames are described herein, it is to be understood that the inner frames and outer frames can be interchanged. This can beneficially allow the prosthesis to be configured in a manner which better suits the native anatomy of the patient. Moreover, while the inner frames and outer frames can be attached prior to delivery into the patient, it is to be understood that the inner frames and outer frames can be delivered separately into the patient and subsequently attached in the patient's body. This can beneficially reduce the crimp profile when delivering the frames to the body cavity. The prostheses described herein can be used as a standalone device. For example, the prosthesis can be deployed at a native mitral valve and be sized and shaped appropriately to replace the function of the native mitral valve. However, it is to be understood that the prostheses described herein can be used with other devices. For example, one or more clips can be used to hold together native leaflets of a heart valve. This can advantageously allow a smaller prosthesis to be utilized at the native mitral valve.
Embodiments of Replacement Valves and Frames
• FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the frame of amulti-portion prosthesis100 in an expanded configuration. Theprosthesis100 can include, but are not limited to, aninner frame120, anouter frame140, a valve body160 (shown inFIGS. 9-11), and a skirt180 (also shown inFIGS. 9-11). A longitudinal axis of theprosthesis100 may be defined as the central axis that extends through the center of theprosthesis100 between the upper and lower ends of theprosthesis100. In some situations, theprosthesis100 may be oriented such that an upper end of theprosthesis100 is a proximal portion and a lower end of theprosthesis100 is a distal portion. The illustratedprosthesis100, as well as other prostheses described herein, may include components which are self-expanding or balloon expandable. For example, in some embodiments, theinner frame120 and/orouter frame140 can be self-expanding. Theprosthesis100, as well as other prostheses described herein, may be a replacement valve that can be designed to replace a damaged or diseased native heart valve such as a mitral valve, as discussed above. It should be understood that theprosthesis100, as well as other prostheses described herein, are not limited to being a replacement valve.
• Embodiments of the disclosedprosthesis100 may have a reduced crimp inner diameter (ID), such as 25 Fr, 24 Fr, 23 Fr, 22 Fr, 21 Fr, or 20 Fr. Embodiments of the disclosedprosthesis100 may have a reduced crimp ID, such as less than 25 Fr, 24 Fr, 23 Fr, 22 Fr, 21 Fr, or 20 Fr. Embodiments of the disclosedprosthesis100 may have a reduced crimp ID, such as greater than 25 FR, 24 Fr, 23 Fr, 22 Fr, 21 Fr, or 20 Fr. In some embodiments, theprosthesis100 may have a crimp length of 48, 47, 46, 45, 44, 43, 42, 41, or 40 mm. In some embodiments, theprosthesis100 may have a crimp length of less than 48, 47, 46, 45, 44, 43, 42, 41, or 40 mm. In some embodiments, theprosthesis100 may have a crimp length of greater than 48, 47, 46, 45, 44, 43, 42, 41, or 40 mm. In some embodiments, theprosthesis100 may only require retrieval forces of 60, 55, 50, 45, or 40 lbs. to compress theprosthesis100. In some embodiments, theprosthesis100 may only require retrieval forces of less than 60, 55, 50, 45, or 40 lbs. to compress theprosthesis100. In some embodiments, theprosthesis100 may only require retrieval forces of greater than 60, 55, 50, 45, or 40 lbs. to compress theprosthesis100.
• As further disclosed below, themulti-portion prosthesis100 can be made of one or more frames, such as one, two, or three frames. In some embodiments, theprosthesis100 can be a dual-frame design, having an inner and an outer frame. In some embodiments, the inner and outer frame are integrally formed into one frame. In other embodiments, the frames can be separate and connected together.
Inner Frame
• FIG. 2 illustrates theinner frame120 of theprosthesis100 with theouter frame140 removed for clarity. Further,FIG. 3 illustrates a flat pattern of theinner frame120. Theinner frame120 can generally include aninner frame body122 and an inner frame anchoring feature124 (if used in a mitral valve, also known as a ventricular or distal anchor). Theinner frame body122 can have anupper region126, anintermediate region128, and alower region130. As shown, theinner frame body122 can have a generally cylindrical shape such that the diameters of theupper region126, theintermediate region128, and thelower region130 are generally equivalent. However, it is to be understood that the diameters of theupper region126, theintermediate region128, and/or thelower region130 can be different, such as the hourglass shape discussed below with respect toFIGS. 5A-5E. For example, in some embodiments, a diameter of theintermediate region128 can be larger/smaller than theupper region126 and thelower region130 such that theframe body122 has a generally bulbous shape. In some embodiments, the diameter of thelower region130 can be larger than the diameter of theupper region126. In other embodiments, the diameter of theupper region126 can be larger than the diameter of thelower region130. Moreover, although theinner frame body122 has been described and illustrated as being cylindrical or having circular cross-sections, it is to be understood that all or a portion of theinner frame body122 can have a non-circular cross-section such as, but not limited to, a D-shape, an oval or an otherwise ovoid cross-sectional shape.
• In some situations, such as those in which theprosthesis100 is positioned within a native mitral valve, theupper region126 can be generally positioned supra-annularly (i.e., above the plane of the annulus), theintermediate region128 can be generally positioned intra-annularly (i.e., within the plane of the annulus), and thelower region130 can be positioned sub-annularly (i.e., below the plane of the annulus). However, it is to be understood that in some situations, the positioning of theinner frame120 relative to the annulus can differ. For example, theintermediate region128 can be positioned supra-annularly. Moreover, it is to be understood that in some embodiments, theinner frame120 can omit one or more of theupper region126, theintermediate region128, and/or thelower region130.
• As shownFIG. 2, theinner frame120 can include inner frame anchoring feature(s)124 (in some embodiments ventricular anchors) which can extend generally downwardly and/or radially outwardly at or proximate a lower end of thelower region130 of theinner frame body122. The innerframe anchoring feature124 can extend upwardly towards theupper region126 after extending radially outwards. As will be discussed in further detail below, components of theinner frame120, such as the innerframe anchoring feature124, can be used to attach or secure theprosthesis100 to a native valve. For example, in some situations, the innerframe anchoring feature124 can be used to attach or secure theprosthesis100 to a native mitral valve. In such an embodiment, the innerframe anchoring feature124 can be positioned to contact or engage a native mitral valve annulus on a ventricular side, tissue beyond the native valve annulus on a ventricular side, native leaflets on a ventricular side, and/or other tissue at or around the implantation location during one or more phases of the cardiac cycle, such as systole and/or diastole. When positioned within the native mitral valve, the innerframe anchoring feature124 can beneficially eliminate, inhibit, or limit upward movement of theprosthesis100 when subject to upwardly directed forces such as those which are applied on theprosthesis100 during systole. As shown, theprosthesis100 can have nine inner frame anchoring features124, but in some embodiments may have more or less, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 inner frame anchoring features124.
• With continued reference to theinner frame120 illustrated inFIG. 2, the innerframe anchoring feature124 can have ends ortips124apositioned radially outwardly relative to the longitudinal axis of theprosthesis100. The innerframe anchoring feature124 can extend at or proximate a lower end of thelower region130 of theinner frame body122. As shown, the innerframe anchoring feature124 can be formed from a plurality of individual anchors extending from theframe body122. The anchors can extend downwardly from one or more attachment points to theframe body122 including, but not limited to, lower apices ofcells134b. The anchors can bend to extend generally radially outwardly of the longitudinal axis of theprosthesis100. As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the anchors can extend upwardly towards an end or tip124a.
• As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the tips or ends124aextend upwardly in a direction parallel or generally parallel to the longitudinal axis of theprosthesis100. In some embodiments, the tip or end124aof anchoringfeature124 can extend generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of theprosthesis100. This can beneficially increase the tissue contact area of thetip124aof the anchor. This increased tissue contact area can beneficially reduce the stress applied by thetip124ato tissue thereby reducing the amount of pressure and potential for trauma to the tissue. In some embodiments, the tip or ends124aof theanchoring feature124 extend radially inward towards the longitudinal axis and/or radially outward away from the longitudinal axis.
• The tips or ends124aas described above can advantageously provide atraumatic surfaces that may be used to contact or engage intralumenal tissue without causing unnecessary or undesired trauma to tissue. For example, the tips or ends124acan form flat, substantially flat, curved or other non-sharp surfaces to allow the tips to engage and/or grasp tissue, without necessarily piercing or puncturing through tissue. A looped end or looped anchor, such as shown inFIG. 5A, may assist the frame in not getting caught up on structures at or near the treatment location. For example, each loop can be configured so that when theprosthesis100 is deployed in-situ and the anchoring features124aexpands away from theframe bodies122, the movement of each loop from a delivered position to a deployed position avoids getting caught on the papillary muscles. In some embodiments, the innerframe anchoring feature124 can include a lacrosse-head-shaped tip or end124a. In some embodiments, the tips or ends124aof theinner frame120 may have a split design such as shown inFIG. 24.
• The anchoring features124 can include nine individual anchors; however, it is to be understood that a greater number or lesser number of individual anchors can be used. For example, the number of individual anchors can be chosen as a multiple of the number of commissures for the valve body160 (shown inFIG. 10). As such, for aprosthesis100 with avalve body160 having three commissures, the innerframe anchoring feature124 can have three individual anchors (1:1 ratio), six individual anchors (2:1 ratio), nine individual anchors (3:1 ratio), twelve individual anchors (4:1 ratio), fifteen individual anchors (5:1 ratio), or any other multiple of three. It is to be understood that the number of individual anchors need not correspond to the number of commissures of thevalve body160. Moreover, while theprosthesis100 includes anchoring features124 with twelve anchors each, it is to be understood that a greater number of anchors or a lesser number of anchors can be used.
• With reference to theinner frame120 illustrated inFIGS. 9-11 and 17B, the innerframe anchoring feature124 can include covers and/orcushions138 to surround or partially surround at least a portion of the innerframe anchoring feature124, such as the tips or ends124a. The covers and/orcushions138 can be similar to those described in U.S. Publication No. 2015/0328000, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The covers and/orcushions138 can either fit snuggly around thetips124aof the innerframe anchoring feature124 or can have extra padding so that the covers extend radially away from theinner frame body122. As shown in the illustrated embodiment, covers and/orcushions138 are attached to a subset of anchors of the innerframe anchoring feature124 such that a cover and/or cushion138 is used on every third anchor. In some embodiments, the outerframe anchoring feature144 can include covers and/or cushions to surround or partially surround at least a portion of the outerframe anchoring feature144, such as the tips or ends144a.
• It is to be understood that greater or fewer numbers of covers and/orcushions138 can be used with anchors of the innerframe anchoring feature124. For example, a cover and/or cushion138 can be used on every other anchor such that there is a 1:2 ratio of covers and/orcushions138 to anchors. As another example, a cover and/or cushion138 can be used on every anchor (as shown inFIGS. 9-11). In some embodiments, all of the anchors can have the covers and/or cushions with some of the anchors having less cushioning than others. In some embodiments, all of the anchors can have the padded covers. In other embodiments, all of the anchors can have the snuggly fitting cushions.
• The cover and/or cushion138 can be formed from a deformable material. When the top portion of the cover and/or cushion138 is subject to pressure due to a downwardly directed force, the cover and/or cushion138 can compress and expand laterally outward. Such a force may be exerted upon the cover and/or cushion138 when the cover and/or cushion138, for example, when the cover and/or cushion138 contacts a ventricular side of the mitral valve annulus during systole. The compression and lateral expansion of cover and/or cushion138 can increase the surface area of the cover and/or cushion138 in contact with the tissue, thereby exerting less pressure on the tissue and reducing the potential for trauma.
• Theinner frame120 can be formed from many different materials including, but not limited to a shape-memory metal such as Nitinol. Theinner frame120 can be formed from a plurality of struts forming open cells, discussed below. In some embodiments, theinner frame120 can have a relatively rigid construction as compared to other components of theprosthesis100 including, but not limited to, theouter frame140. This can be achieved, for example, by the dimensions of the struts and by the configuration of the struts. The relatively rigid construction can more strongly resist deformation when subject to stress. This can be beneficial during certain portions of the cardiac cycle, such as systole, during which theinner frame120 may be subject to significant stresses on the innerframe anchoring feature124. The relatively rigid construction can also be beneficial when avalve body160 is positioned within theinner frame120 to maintain the shape of thevalve body160. Moreover, the relatively rigid construction can be beneficial when theinner frame120 is used for a valve-in-valve procedure wherein a supplemental prosthesis is positioned within theinner frame120. However, although theinner frame120 has been described as having a relatively rigid construction, it is to be understood that in some embodiments theinner frame120 can have a construction relatively flexible construction. For example, theinner frame120 can have a construction which is about as flexible as, or more flexible than, other components of theprosthesis100, such as theouter frame140.
• The diameter of theupper region126,intermediate region128, and/orlower region130 of theinner frame body122 may be chosen such that theinner frame body122 is adequately spaced from the body cavity when theprosthesis100 is positioned within the body cavity. For example, in embodiments where theprosthesis100 is positioned within the native mitral valve, theinner frame body122 may have a diameter which is less than the diameter of the native mitral valve annulus. In situations where the native mitral valve annulus is about 40 mm in diameter, the diameter of theinner frame body122 can be about 30 mm. Accordingly, the diameter of theinner frame body122 may be about 75% of the diameter of the native mitral valve annulus.
• In some embodiments, the diameter of theinner frame body122 may be between about 40% to about 90% of the diameter of the native valve annulus, between about 60% to about 85%, of the diameter of the native valve annulus, between about 70% to about 80% of the diameter of the native valve annulus, any other sub-range between these ranges, or any other percentage as desired. In some embodiments, the diameter of theinner frame body122 can be in the range of about 20 mm to about 40 mm when expanded, in the range of about 25 mm to about 35 mm when expanded, in the range of about 28 mm to about 32 mm when expanded, any other sub-range within these ranges when expanded, or any other diameter when expanded as desired. Although theinner frame body122 has been described and illustrated as being cylindrical or having circular cross-sections, it is to be understood that all or a portion of theinner frame body122 can be have a non-circular cross-section such as, but not limited to, a D-shape, an oval or an otherwise ovoid cross-sectional shape.
• In other embodiments, the diameter of portions of theinner frame body122 such as theupper region126,intermediate region128, and/orlower region130 may be chosen such that theinner frame body122 is positioned at the periphery of the body cavity. For example, in embodiments where theprosthesis100 is positioned within the native mitral valve, theinner frame body122 may have a diameter which is about equal to the diameter of the native mitral valve annulus.
• FIG. 4 illustrates a portion of theinner frame body122. As shown, theinner frame body122 can include a plurality of struts with at least some of the struts forming cells134a-b. Any number of configurations of struts can be used, such as rings of undulating struts shown forming ellipses, ovals, rounded polygons, and teardrops, but also chevrons, diamonds, curves, and various other shapes. The upper row ofcells134aand the lower row ofcells134bcan have a diamond/parallelogram or generally diamond/parallelogram shape. The rows of cells134a-bcan be formed via a combination of struts. As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the upper row ofcells134acan be formed from a first set of circumferentially-expansible struts136aat the top and bottom and alongitudinally extending strut138. The lower row ofcells136bcan be formed from the second set of circumferentially-expansible struts136bon the top and bottom and alongitudinally extending strut138 on each side, which can be a continuation of the longitudinally extending strut mentioned above. As shown, the upper row ofcells134aand the lower row ofcells136bcan share one circumferentially-expansible strut. For example, the bottom strut of the upper row ofcells134aand the top strut of lower row ofcells136bmay be shared. The first and second sets of struts136a-bcan have a zig-zag or undulating shape forming a repeating “V” shape. While the struts136a-bare generally described and illustrated as being straight segments, it is to be understood that some or all of the struts136a-bmay not form entirely straight segments. For example, the struts136a-bcan include some curvature such that the upper and/or lower apices are curved as shown inFIG. 2.
• Further, as shown inFIG. 4 thelongitudinally extending strut138 can generally extend from a bottom of theinner frame body122 to a top of theinner frame body122. Advantageously, thelongitudinally extending strut138 may effectively experience little to no strain during crimping. Thelongitudinally extending strut138 may be one single strut extending through both rows ofcells134a/134b. Further, as shown each cell of the rows ofcells134a/134bcan be circumferentially between longitudinally extendingstruts138.
• As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the upper row ofcells134aand the lower row ofcells134bextend in a direction generally parallel to the longitudinal axis of theprosthesis100. There can be a row of eighteencells134aand a row of eighteencells134b. While each of the cells134a-bare shown as having the same shape as other cells134a-bof the same row but mirrored, it is to be understood that the shapes of cells134a-bwithin a row can differ. Moreover, it is to be understood that any number of rows of cells can be used and any number of cells may be contained in the rows. In some embodiments, the number of cells can correspond to the number of anchors or anchor tips forming the innerframe anchoring feature124. In some embodiments, both rows of cells134a-bcan have different numbers of cells. Moreover, it is to be understood that fewer or greater numbers of rows of cells can be used.
• The geometry of cells134a-bcan allow the cells134a-bto foreshorten as theinner frame120 is expanded. As such, one or more of cells134a-bcan allow theinner frame120 to foreshorten as theinner frame120 is expanded. Foreshortening of theinner frame120 can be used to secure the prosthesis to intralumenal tissue in a body cavity such as tissue at or adjacent a native valve including, but not limited to, a native valve annulus and/or leaflets. For example, expansion of theinner frame120 can allow the innerframe anchoring feature124 to extend radially outward and draw closer to tissue of the body cavity, such as a native valve annulus and/or leaflets, to engage tissue of the body cavity. In some embodiments, the use of longitudinally extendingstrut138 can reduce the foreshortening.
• Additionally, as shown inFIG. 2, theinner frame120 can include tabs (or locking tabs)104 extending from a portion of theinner frame120. Thetabs104 can extend at or proximate an upper end of theupper region126 of theinner frame body122 such as upper apices ofcells134a. Theinner frame120 can include twelve lockingtabs104, however, it is to be understood that a greater number or lesser number of locking tabs can be used, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11. The lockingtabs104 can extend generally upwardly from theupper region126 of theinner frame body122 in a direction generally aligned with the longitudinal axis of theprosthesis100. As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the lockingtabs104 can include a longitudinally-extendingstrut132a. At an upper end of thestrut132a, thelocking tab104 can include anenlarged head132b. As shown, theenlarged head132bcan have a semi-circular or semi-elliptical shape forming a “mushroom” shape with thestrut132a.
• In some embodiments, theinner frame120 can include aneyelet106. Theeyelet106 can be advantageously used to couple theinner frame120 to anouter frame140. For example, a suture can be passed through theeyelet106 for coupling to aneyelet143 of theouter frame140. In some embodiments, theeyelet106 can be used to couple to other components of a prosthesis in which theinner frame120 is used such as, but not limited to, a valve body and/or a skirt.
• While the lockingtabs104 have been described as being attached to theinner frame body122, it is to be understood that the lockingtabs104 can be attached to other portions of theprosthesis100 such as, but not limited to, theouter frame body142. For example, in some embodiments, the lockingtabs104 can extend from an upper end of anupper region146 of theouter frame body142. Moreover, it is to be understood that portions of, or the entirety of, the lockingtabs104 can be omitted. For example, in some embodiments, thestrut132acan be omitted such that theenlarged head132bandeyelet106 are positioned at an upper end of theupper region126 of theinner frame body122, such as at upper apices ofcell134a.
• In some embodiments, eachtab104 can be aligned vertically over an innerframe anchoring feature124. In some embodiments, eachtab104 is circumferentially offset from an innerframe anchoring feature124. In some embodiments, there are the same number oftabs104 as inner frame anchoring features124. In some embodiments, there are a different number oftabs104 as inner frame anchoring features124. There can bemore tabs104 than inner frame anchoring features124. There can beless tabs104 as inner frame anchoring features124.
• In some embodiments, thetab104 can be advantageously used to couple theinner frame120 with multiple types of delivery systems. For example, the shape of thetab104 can be used to secure theinner frame120 to a “slot” based delivery system. Theeyelets106 can be used to secure theinner frame120 to a “tether” based delivery system such as those which utilize sutures, wires, or fingers to control delivery of theinner frame120 and the prosthesis. This can advantageously facilitate recapture and repositioning of theinner frame120 and the prosthesis in situ. In some embodiments, theinner frame120 and prosthesis can be used with the delivery systems described herein, including but not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,414,644 and 8,652,203 U.S. Publication Nos. 2015/0238315, 2019/0008640, 2017/0056169, 2016/0317301 and 2017/0056171, the entireties of each of which have been incorporated by reference herein. In such embodiments, thetab104 may be omitted to advantageously the axial dimension between the upper end and the lower end of the inner frame120 (i.e., the “height” of the inner frame120).
• Theinner frame120, and any other frame described herein, may include features and concepts similar to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,403,983, 8,414,644, and 8,652,203, U.S. Publication Nos. 2011/0313515, 2014/0277390, 2014/0277427, 2014/0277422, 2015/0328000, 2018/0021129, and 2018/0055629, the entireties of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference and made a part of this specification. This is inclusive of the entire disclosure and is not in any way limited to the disclosure of the associated frames. Moreover, although theinner frame120 has been described as including aninner frame body122 and an innerframe anchoring feature124, it is to be understood that theinner frame120 need not include all components. For example, in some embodiments, theinner frame120 can include theinner frame body122 while omitting the innerframe anchoring feature124. Moreover, although theinner frame body122 and the innerframe anchoring feature124 have been illustrated as being unitarily or monolithically formed, it is to be understood that in some embodiments theinner frame body122 and the innerframe anchoring feature124 can be formed separately. In such embodiments, the separate components can be attached using any of the fasteners and/or techniques described herein. For example, the innerframe anchoring feature124 can be formed separately from theinner frame body122 and can be attached to theinner frame body122.
• FIGS. 5A-5E illustrates aninner frame220 with an “hourglass” or generally hourglass shape. A full multi-portion replacement valve with an hourglass inner frame is shown with respect toFIGS. 30A-30D. Theinner frame220 can incorporate any or all of the features discussed above with respect toinner frame120, for example innerframe anchoring feature124, and theinner frame120 can incorporate any or all of the features discussed above with respect toinner frame220.Inner frame220 can include anupper region226, anintermediate region228, and alower region230. As shown, theintermediate region228 can have a smaller diameter than theupper region226, thelower region230, or both. This can form an hourglass shape wherein theintermediate region228 is thinner in diameter than both theupper region226 and thelower region230. In some embodiments, theupper region226 and thelower region230 can have approximately the same diameter. In some embodiments, theupper region226 can have a larger diameter than thelower region230. In some embodiments, theupper region226 can have a smaller diameter than thelower region230.
• FIGS. 5A-5E further illustrates that theinner frame220 can smoothly transition between the different diameters forming a curved shape. In some embodiments, the struts making up theinner frame220 can be curved to form the hourglass. In some embodiments, the struts can be relatively straight, and there can be inflection points in the struts or at meeting points between the struts. In some embodiments, theinner frame220 can be concave. In some embodiments, a portion of theinner frame220, such as theupper region226, theintermediate region228, and/or thelower region230 may be concave. In some embodiments, theinner frame220 can curve inward, or be thinner, in the middle than at the top and bottom. In some embodiments, theinner frame220 can form the hourglass shape in its fully expanded form. In some embodiments, an hourglass can be shaped from a linear radially inwards taper from theupper region226 to the intermediate region228 (so the diameter is smaller at theintermediate region228 than the upper region226) and a subsequent radially outwards taper (e.g., reversing the taper) from theintermediate region228 to the lower region230 (so the diameter is smaller at theintermediate region228 than the lower region230). In some embodiments, theframe220 may have a tapered waist or a narrowed waist.
• In some embodiments, theinner frame220 can taper radially inwards (e.g., reducing diameter) in one direction from one end to the other end. For example, theupper region226 may have the largest diameter, and theinner frame220 can taper radially inwards to theintermediate region228, and further radially inwards to thelower region230. In some embodiments, thelower region230 may have the largest diameter, and theinner frame220 can radially inwards to theintermediate region228, and further radially inwards to theupper region226. The taper may be smooth, or may be a series of straight portions, like steps. In some embodiments, the taper may occur in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 straight lines reducing the diameter. In some embodiments, the taper may be curved. In some embodiments, the taper may be linear.
• In some embodiments, a portion of theinner frame220 may be tapered radially inwards, and a different portion may be cylindrical (or generally cylindrical). For example, theupper region226 may be tapered radially inwards, but theintermediate region228 and/or thelower region230 may be cylindrical. In some embodiments, thelower region230 may be tapered radially inwards, but theintermediate region228 and/or theupper region226 may be cylindrical.
• In some embodiments, a portion of theinner frame220 may be tapered radially inwards, and a different portion may be concave (or generally concave). For example, theupper region226 may be tapered radially inwards, but theintermediate region228 and/or thelower region230 may be generally. In some embodiments, thelower region230 may be tapered radially inwards, but theintermediate region228 and/or theupper region226 may be generally.
• The hourglass shape and/or tapering described above can allow for the leaflets of the valve to be “flush” against theinner frame220 when opened. Further, the longitudinal length of the leaflets can be against theinner frame220 as much as possible. For example, each of the valve leaflets can have an inlet end positioned along the decreasing diameter portion of the frame as discussed above. Additionally, the narrowerintermediate region228 can provide for smaller replacement valve leaflets to be used, and the smaller diameter can allow for increased blood flow through the narrower area.
• Embodiments of theinner frame220 can advantageously reduce thrombogenicity. For example the hourglass shape can help create a vortex which encourages particles to be washed-out during valve opening with high turbulence during closing. This can also include squeezing out any thrombus that may be forming in the gap between leaflets and theframe220. In addition, this shape can reduce leaflet thickening, which can cause increased risk of stroke. This can allow for the reduction or avoidance of blood thinners, or at least the avoidance of lifetime blood thinners. This could clinically lead to less anticoagulation, better durability, and lower stroke.
• FIGS. 5F-5I illustrate thevalve leaflets231 opening in an hourglass shapedframe220.FIG. 5F shows the outflow end open,FIG. 5G shows the inflow end open,FIG. 5H shows the outflow end closed, andFIG. 5I shows the inflow end closed. In some embodiments, the inlet end of thevalve leaflets231 can lie flat along theinner frame220 when the valve is open. Thus, if theinner frame220 is in a cylindrical frame, thevalve leaflets231 may not be parallel to the walls of the frame because theleaflets231 naturally are inclined outwards in the opened position, causing compression or distortion of the leaflets. However, using theinner frame220 shapes described above (an hourglass, tapered, concave or similar shape) where thevalve leaflet231 inlets are, then thevalve leaflets231 more naturally rest closer to theframe220 itself when the valve is open as shown inFIGS. 5F and 5G, and do not compress or deform. Thus, theleaflets231 follow the shape of thehourglass frame220 when opening, providing for optimal washout. In some embodiments, theleaflets231 can be attached generally at theintermediate region228, so when theleaflets231 are opened they can extend further radially outwards in the larger diameter regions.
• Further, the hourglassinner frame220 can allow for the leaflets of the valve body to conform with and/or contact the inner surface of the hourglassinner frame220. Thus, the hourglass design can improve washout by reducing any gap between the seamline of the leaflets and the wall of theinner frame220 on which the leaflets are attached to. Specifically,FIG. 5J shows theleaflets262 in the closed position andFIG. 5K shows theleaflets262 in the fully open position generally conforming to theinner frame220. Thus, as shown, in some embodiments the only portions of each of theleaflets262 that do not contact theframe220 when opened are the free edges of theleaflets262 at the outlet end. Accordingly, almost the entire “belly” or “surface” of each of the leaflets262 (e.g., the surface of theleaflets262 which face the interior surface of the inner frame220) conform to and/or contact theinner frame220 of the hourglass shape (e.g., reducing any gap between theleaflets262 and the interior surface of the inner frame220). In some embodiments, over 50%, over 75%, over 90%, over 95%, or over 99% of the belly of theleaflets262 can conform to and contact the interior surface of theinner frame220 when in the fully open position. In some embodiments, the free edges of the outlet end of theleaflets262 do not contact theinner frame220. In some embodiments, only the free edges of the outlet end of theleaflets262 do not contact theinner frame220. In some embodiments, the free edges of the outlet end of theleaflets262 are spaced away from the interior surface of theinner frame220.
• This configuration can be advantageous as free edges contacting the frame can create major durability issues, as constant opening and closing can wear on the edges and damage/destroy them. Thus, advantageously the hourglassinner frame220 is shaped to achieve optimal contact between the leaflet surface and the frame surface when theleaflets262 are fully opened while avoiding contact by the free edges to reduce overall damage to the leaflets during motion. This can improve washout and reduce thrombogenicity, while also providing a more durable leaflet.
• While the hourglass and tapering shape is described above in conjunction with theinner frame220, similar dimensions/shapes can be used with respect to theouter frame140 or a single frame prosthesis. Further, this can be applied to any type of valve, such as a replacement mitral valve or a replacement aortic valve.
• FIG. 31 illustrates an example alternate configuration of the hourglass shape discussed above for theinner frame220, and can include any or all of the features discussed with respect toframes120/220 shown inFIGS. 2 and 5A. Instead of theinner frame220′ being an hourglass shape as discussed above with respect toinner frame220, theinner frame220′ can have a non-hourglass cylindrical shape such as shown inFIG. 2 between itsupper region226′,intermediate region228′, andlower region230′, as shown inFIG. 31. For example, theinner frame220′ can have a substantially constant cross-sectional dimension, e.g., generally circular, between itsupper region226′,intermediate region228′, andlower region230′. An additional secondaryinner frame502 can then be attached (permanently or removably) on an inner surface of theinner frame220′. The secondaryinner frame502 can have a generally circular cross section.
• The secondaryinner frame502 can be shaped to form an hourglass within the lumen of theinner frame220′. For example, an intermediate region288′ can have a smaller radial diameter than theupper region226′ and thelower region230′. In some embodiments, theupper region226′ and thelower region230′ can have approximately the same dimensions. In other embodiments, the dimensions may be different. In some embodiments, the transition between different diameters can be smooth, such as with a curve, or can be angular with discrete corners. The secondaryinner frame502 can have a concave shape.
• As shown inFIG. 31, the secondaryinner frame502 can attach generally at proximal (e.g., in theupper region226′) and distal (e.g., in thelower region230′) ends of the secondaryinner frame502, and a central portion of the secondaryinner frame502 can be located radially inwards from the ends and from the inner surface of theinner frame220′.
• In some embodiments, a proximal portion of the secondaryinner frame502 can be attached to theinner frame220′ proximal to where thetabs104 begin. In some embodiments, a proximal portion of the secondaryinner frame502 can be attached to theinner frame220′ distal to where thetabs104 begin. In some embodiments, a proximal portion of the secondaryinner frame502 can be attached to theinner frame220′ where thetabs104 begin.
• In some embodiments, a distal portion of the secondaryinner frame502 can be attached to theinner frame220′ proximal to where the innerframe anchoring feature124 begins bending radially outwards. In some embodiments, a distal portion of the secondaryinner frame502 can be attached to theinner frame220′ distal to where the innerframe anchoring feature124 begins bending radially outwards. In some embodiments, a distal portion of the secondaryinner frame502 can be attached to theinner frame220′ where the innerframe anchoring feature124 begins bending radially outwards.
• The secondaryinner frame502 can be attached to theinner frame220′ by, for example, sutures, adhesives, frictional forces, mechanical attachment, or the two frames can be integrally formed together.
• The secondaryinner frame502 can be an “ultra-thin walled” inner frame, such as between 200-400 microns of thickness, though the particular size is not limiting. For example, the secondaryinner frame502 may be formed of a plurality of longitudinal strips (e.g., ribs), for example metallic, composite, or polymer strips. The strips could bow inwardly as theinner frame220′ foreshortens upon radial expansion. In some embodiments, the strips could always be bowed inwardly. In some embodiments, the strips could be used in combination with a fabric or polymer. Thus, the secondaryinner frame502 could generally be a tube of fabric with a plurality of ribs on the outside of the fabric that would push the fabric inwardly to form the hourglass shape. Alternatively, a thin braided mesh which can bow inwardly, such as during foreshortening, could be used in conjunction with a fabric as discussed above.
• In some embodiments, a cloth or other fabric can be used to form the hourglass shape. For example, the cloth could act as a pocket that would fill with blood and harden over time into the particular hourglass shape. Alternatively, a balloon could be used to form the hourglass shape where the balloon could be filed with saline or other biocompatible fluid.
• In some embodiments, a swellable material could be used to form the secondaryinner frame502. The swellable material could absorb water, or other fluid, from blood and swell into the desired shape.
• The secondaryinner frame502 can be advantageous as it leverages the highly stable cylindrical inner frame design ofinner frame220′ while still providing the anti-thrombosis benefit of the hourglass secondaryinner frame502.
Outer Frame
• With reference next to theouter frame140 which is illustrated alone inFIGS. 6A-6D. Theouter frame140 can be incorporated into a prosthesis with any of the variations of the described inner frames. Theouter frame140 can provide a structure to which various components of theprosthesis100 can be attached. Theouter frame140 can be attached to theinner frame120 using any of the fasteners and/or techniques described herein including, but not limited to, mechanical fasteners, such as sutures, staples, fabric screws, rivets, interfacing members (e.g., tabs and slots which can be on theinner frame120 and the outer frame140), and any other type of mechanical fastener as desired, chemical fasteners such as adhesives and any other type of chemical fastener as desired, fastening techniques such as welding, soldering, sintering, and any other type of fastening technique as desired, and/or a combination of such fasteners and techniques. In some embodiments, theinner frame120 and theouter frame140 can be indirectly attached via an intermediate component, such as theskirt180. In some embodiments, sutures are used to attachedeyelet143 of theouter frame140 witheyelet106 of theinner frame120.
• Theouter frame140 can be attached to theinner frame120 at one or more attachment points. Theouter frame140 can be tautly attached to theinner frame120 such that little to no relative movement between theouter frame140 and theinner frame120 occurs at the one or more attachment points. In other embodiments, theouter frame140 can be loosely attached to theinner frame120 such that some relative movement between theouter frame140 and theinner frame120 can occur at the one or more attachment points. Although theouter frame140 is illustrated as a separate component from theinner frame120, it is to be understood that theframes120,140 can be unitarily or monolithically formed.
• As shown in the illustrated embodiment, theouter frame140 can include anouter frame body142. In some embodiments, such as shown inFIG. 12, theouter frame140 can further include an outer frame anchoring feature144 (if used in a mitral valve, also known as an atrial or proximal anchor). However, as shown inFIGS. 6A-6D (andFIGS. 9-11), the outer frame may not include an outerframe anchoring feature144.
• Theouter frame body142 can have anupper region146, anintermediate region148, and alower region150. In some situations, such as those in which theprosthesis100 is positioned within a native mitral valve, theupper region146 can be generally positioned supra-annularly, theintermediate region148 can be generally positioned intra-annularly, and thelower region150 can be positioned sub-annularly. However, it is to be understood that in some situations, the positioning of theouter frame140 relative to the annulus can differ. Moreover, it is to be understood that in some embodiments, theouter frame140 can omit one or more of theupper region146, theintermediate region148, and/or thelower region150.
• When in an expanded configuration such as a fully expanded configuration, theouter frame body142 can have an enlarged/bulbous shape with theintermediate region148 and thelower region150 being larger than theupper region146, or theintermediate region148 being larger than thelower region150 and theupper region146. The bulbous shape of theouter frame body142 can advantageously allow theouter frame body142 to engage a native valve annulus, native valve leaflets, or other body cavity, while spacing the inlet and outlet from the heart or vessel wall. This can help reduce undesired contact between theprosthesis100 and the heart or vessel, such as the atrial and ventricular walls of the heart. The bulbous shape can further enhance securement of theouter frame body142 to the body cavity. For example, in some embodiments, the bulbous shape can allow theintermediate region148 to extend further radially outward compared to an anchoring feature. In this manner, theintermediate region148 can exert a greater radial force on tissue of the body cavity and/or can more completely conform to the tissue of the body cavity, such as the native valve annulus and/or native leaflets.
• Theupper region146 of theouter frame body142 can include a generally longitudinally-extendingsection146aand an outwardly-extendingsection146b. The longitudinally-extendingsection146acan be generally concentric with theinner frame body122. The outwardly-extendingsection146bcan extend radially outwardly away from the longitudinal axis102 of theprosthesis100. The outwardly-extendingsection146bcan extend in a direction that is more perpendicular to the longitudinal axis102 than parallel and/or in a downward direction from the longitudinally-extendingsection146a. However, it is to be understood that the outwardly-extendingsection146bcan extend generally perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis102 and/or in an upward direction from the longitudinally-extendingsection146a. Moreover, it is to be understood that the longitudinally-extendingsection146acan be omitted such that theupper region146 extends radially outwardly at the upper end of theupper region146.
• At the juncture between the longitudinally-extendingsection146aand the outwardly-extendingsection146b, theouter frame body140 can include abend152. Thebend152 can be about a circumferential axis such that the outwardly-extendingsection146bextends in a direction more perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of theouter frame140 than the longitudinally-extendingsection146a. In some embodiments, thebend152 can generally form an arc with an angle between about 20 degrees to about 90 degrees. For example, as shown in the illustrated embodiment, the arc can have an angle of about 60 degrees. In some embodiments, thebend152 can form an arc with an angle between about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees. The radius of curvature of the arc may be constant such that thebend152 forms a circular arc or may differ along the length of thebend152.
• In some embodiments, the outwardly-extendingsection146bcan form an angle of between about 20 degrees to about 70 degrees with a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of theprosthesis100, an angle of between about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees with a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of theprosthesis100, an angle of between about 40 degrees to about 50 degrees with a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of theprosthesis100, an angle of about 45 degrees with a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of theprosthesis100, any subrange within these ranges, or any other angle as desired. In some embodiments, the outwardly-extendingsection146bcan form an angle of less than 70 degrees with a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of theprosthesis100, an angle of less than 55 degrees with a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of theprosthesis100, an angle of less than 40 degrees with a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of theprosthesis100, an angle of less than 25 degrees with a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of theprosthesis100, or less than any other angle as desired.
• Theintermediate region148 of theouter frame body142 can extend generally downwardly from the outwardly-extendingsection146bof theupper region146. As shown, theintermediate region148 can have a generally constant diameter from an upper end of theintermediate region148 to a lower end of theintermediate region148 such that theintermediate region148 forms a generally cylindrical shape. However, it is to be understood that the diameters of the upper end, the lower end, and/or the portion therebetween can be different. For example, a diameter of the portion between the upper end and the lower end can be larger than the upper end and the lower end such that theintermediate region148 has a generally bulbous shape. In some embodiments, the diameter of the lower end can be larger than the diameter of the upper end. In other embodiments, the diameter of the upper end can be larger than the diameter of the lower end. Moreover, although theouter frame body142 has been described and illustrated as being cylindrical or having circular cross-sections, it is to be understood that all or a portion of theouter frame body142 can be have a non-circular cross-section such as, but not limited to, a D-shape, an oval or an otherwise ovoid cross-sectional shape.
• In some embodiments, thelower region150 can be curved and/or inclined towards the longitudinal axis of the frame such that the lower ends of thelower region150 can extend in a direction that is between about 20 degrees to about 80 degrees with respect to a plane parallel to the longitudinal axis, between about 25 degrees to about 70 degrees with respect to a plane parallel to the longitudinal axis between about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees with respect to a plane parallel to the longitudinal axis, about 30 degrees with respect to a plane parallel to the longitudinal axis. Thelower region150 can be curved and/or inclined towards the longitudinal axis such that the lower ends of thelower region150 can extend in a direction generally perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.
• In some embodiments, theouter frame body142 in an expanded configuration can have a diameter at its widest portion of between about 30 mm to about 60 mm, between about 35 mm to about 55 mm, about 40 mm, any sub-range within these ranges, or any other diameter as desired. In some embodiments, theouter frame body142 in an expanded configuration can have a diameter at its narrowest portion between about 20 mm to about 40 mm, any sub-range within these ranges, or any other diameter as desired. In some embodiments, theouter frame body142 in an expanded configuration can have a diameter at a lower end of thelower region150 between about 20 mm to about 40 mm, any sub-range within these ranges, or any other diameter as desired. In some embodiments, in an expanded configuration, the ratio of the diameter of theouter frame body142 at its widest portion to the diameter of theframe body142 at its narrowest portion can be about 3:1, about 5:2, about 2:1, about 3:2, about 4:3, any ratio within these ratios, or any other ratio as desired.
• Theouter frame body142 can have an axially compact configuration relative to the radial dimension. Theouter frame body142 in an expanded configuration can have an the axial dimension between the upper and lower ends of the outer frame body142 (i.e., the “height” of the outer frame body142) of between about 10 mm to about 40 mm, between about 18 mm to about 30 mm, about 20 mm, any sub-range within these ranges, or any other height as desired. In some embodiments, the ratio of the diameter of the largest portion of theouter frame body142 to the height of theouter frame body142 when the frame is in its expanded configuration can be about 3:1, about 5:2, about 2:1, about 3:2, about 4:3, about 13:10, about 5:4, or about 1:1. Thus, in some embodiments the width at the largest portion of theouter frame body142 can be greater than the height of theouter frame body142.
• With continued reference to theouter frame140 illustrated inFIGS. 6A-6D, theouter frame body142 can include a plurality of struts with at least some of thestruts forming cells154. Any number of configurations of struts can be used, such as rings of undulating struts shown forming ellipses, ovals, rounded polygons, and teardrops, but also chevrons, diamonds, curves, and various other shapes.
• Thecells154 can have an irregular octagonal shape such as a “teardrop” shape. Thecells154 can be formed via a combination of struts. As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the upper portion ofcells154 can be formed from a set of circumferentially-expansible struts156ahaving a zig-zag or undulating shape forming a repeating “V” shape. The circumferentially-expansible struts156acan be inclined or curved radially outwardly away from the longitudinal axis of theprosthesis100 such that an upper portion of thestruts156aare positioned closer to the longitudinal axis of theprosthesis100 than the lower portion of thestruts156a. The bottom portion ofcells154 can be formed from a set ofstruts156bextending downwardly from a central or generally central location of each of the “V” shapes. Thestruts156bcan extend along with a plane parallel to and/or extending through the longitudinal axis of theprosthesis100.
• While thestruts156 are generally described and illustrated as being straight segments, it is to be understood that some or all of thestruts156 may not form entirely straight segments. For example, thestruts156 can include some curvature such that the upper and/or lower apices are curved.
• The geometry ofcells154 can allow thecells154 to foreshorten as theouter frame140 is expanded. As such, one or more ofcells154 can allow theouter frame140 to foreshorten as theouter frame140 is expanded. Foreshortening of theouter frame140 can be used to secure the prosthesis to intralumenal tissue in a body cavity such as tissue at or adjacent a native valve including, but not limited to, a native valve annulus and/or leaflets. For example, expansion of theouter frame140 can allow theouter frame140 to exert a radially outward force against the tissue at or adjacent the native valve, such as the native valve annulus and/or leaflets.
• FIGS. 7A-7B illustrate a flat pattern of theouter frame140 in the compressed (FIG. 7A) and expanded (FIG. 7B) position. As shown, struts156bare generally held circumferentially betweenstruts156ain both the compressed and expanded position. Further, in some embodiments, thestruts156a/156bcan be asymmetric, thus making some struts compressible/expandably weaker than other struts. In particularly, struts156bcan have a different width/thickness thanstruts156a. While symmetric cells can have uneven expansion and crimp, the asymmetric cells disclosed herein can have even expansion and crimping. Further, having the different width/thickness can promote stability of the valve. The larger struts can be what the delivery system hold onto, so these can be stronger so when the delivery system crimps theprosthesis100, it has more leverage over the thinner struts. However, in some embodiments struts156a/156bare the same thickness/width (e.g., are symmetric).
• In some embodiments, struts156bcan be 100%, 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, or 30% the thickness/width ofstruts156a. In some embodiments, struts156bcan be less than 100%, 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, or 30% the thickness/width ofstruts156a. In some embodiments, struts156bcan be greater than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, or 30% the thickness/width ofstruts156a.
• FIGS. 7C-7D illustrates another embodiment of a flat pattern of anouter frame140, and can include any or all of the features discussed above with respect toFIGS. 7A-7B. Features disclosed with respect toFIGS. 7C-7D can be used in conjunction with, or instead of any of the outer frame features discussed herein. Advantageously, theouter frame140 can include anotch151 that partially extends into thestrut156a′ at the connection between thestruts156a′/156b′. The notch can be rounded, as shown inFIG. 7D, or may be triangular, squared, or another cut pattern and the particular shape of the notch is not limiting. Thenotch151 can save approximately 0.25 mm of material per strut, allowing for a total reduction of 4.55 mm in circumference as compared to non-notched configurations. Further, as the peak force is generally at the connection of thestruts156a′/156b′, and the design can reduce the overall straight on theouter frame140.
• Additionally, theouter frame140 can include atab145 extending proximally away from theeyelet143, such as also shown in the followingFIGS. 8A-8B. This can allow for better attachment between the outer frame and the inner frame, for example by allowing for a second aperture per strut and more area for sutures to attach, and can provide for an alternative attachment mechanism. Thus, thetab145 can be, for example, a mushroom tab as disclosed herein with respect to theinner frame120, and may allow for attachment into the delivery system.
• FIGS. 8A-8B illustrate flat patterns of alternative configurations of theouter frame140, and can include any or all of the features disclosed above with respect toFIGS. 7A-7D. Notably,FIG. 8A illustrates anouter frame140 having outerframe anchoring feature144, an expanded version of which is shown inFIG. 12. In addition, bothFIGS. 8A and 8B includetabs145 extending upwards.
• In embodiments including the outerframe anchoring feature144, such as shown inFIG. 12, the outerframe anchoring feature144 can extend outwardly relative to the longitudinal axis102 of theprosthesis100. The outerframe anchoring feature144 can extend at or proximate the juncture between theupper region146 and theintermediate region148 of theouter frame body142. The outerframe anchoring feature144 can extend in a direction that is more perpendicular to the longitudinal axis102 than parallel and/or can extend in a downward direction from the longitudinally-extendingsection146a. The outerframe anchoring feature144 can extend in a direction generally aligned with the outwardly-extendingsection146bof theupper region146. However, it is to be understood that the outerframe anchoring feature144 can extend generally perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis102 and/or in an upward direction.
• In some embodiments, the outerframe anchoring feature144 can extend in a direction that is more perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of theprosthesis100 than parallel. As shown, the outerframe anchoring feature144 can extend in a downward direction generally parallel to the outwardly-extendingsection146b. In some embodiments, the outerframe anchoring feature144 can extend generally perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis102 and/or in an upward direction.
• As shown in the illustrated embodiment, theouter frame140 can includetabs118 extending from a portion of theouter frame140 such as an upper end of theouter frame140. Thetabs118 can include aneyelet143. Thetab118 can be advantageously used to couple theouter frame140 to aninner frame120 of the prosthesis. For example, a suture can be passed through theeyelet143 for coupling to aninner frame120. In some embodiments, thetabs118 can be used to couple to other components of a prosthesis in which theouter frame140 is used such as, but not limited to, a valve body and/or a skirt.
• In some embodiments, thetab118 can be advantageously used to couple theouter frame140 with multiple types of delivery systems. For example, the shape of thetab118 can be used to secure theouter frame140 to a “slot” based delivery system. Theeyelets120 can be used to secure theouter frame140 to a “tether” based delivery system such as those which utilize sutures, wires, or fingers to control delivery of theouter frame140 and the prosthesis. This can advantageously facilitate recapture and repositioning of theouter frame140 and the prosthesis in situ. In some embodiments, theouter frame140 and prosthesis can be used with the delivery systems described herein, including but not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,414,644 and 8,652,203 and U.S. Publication Nos. 2015/0238315, the entireties of each of which are incorporated by reference herein. In some embodiments, a tab can be positioned at an end of a strut similar to locking tabs232.
• While the below discusses anchoringfeatures124,144, it will be understood that theprosthesis100 may not includefeature144. One or both anchoringfeatures124,144 (if used) can contact or engage a native valve annulus, such as the native mitral valve annulus, tissue beyond the native valve annulus, native leaflets, and/or other tissue at or around the implantation location during one or more phases of the cardiac cycle, such as systole and/or diastole. In some embodiments, one or both anchoringfeatures124,144 (if used) do not contact or engage, or only partially contact or engage, a native valve annulus, such as the native mitral valve annulus, tissue beyond the native valve annulus, native leaflets, and/or other tissue at or around the implantation location during one or more phases of the cardiac cycle, such as systole and/or diastole. However, it is to be understood that in some embodiments, when theprosthesis100 is used for a replacement mitral valve prosthesis, during diastole and/or systole, both the innerframe anchoring feature124 and the outer frame anchoring feature144 (if used) can be sized to contact or engage the native mitral valve annulus.
• The anchoring features124,144 (if used) andanchor tips124a,144a(if used) are preferably located along theprosthesis100 with at least part of the foreshortening portion positioned between the anchoring features124,144 (if used) so that a portion of the anchoring features124,144 (if used) will move closer together with expansion of theprosthesis100. This can allow the anchoring features124,144 (if used) to close in on opposite sides of the native mitral annulus to thereby secure the prosthesis at the mitral valve. In some embodiments, the anchoring features124,144 (if used) can be positioned such that the anchoring features124,144 (if used) do not contact opposing portions of the native mitral annulus at the same time. For example, when theprosthesis100 is used for a replacement mitral valve prosthesis, during at least systole, in some embodiments the innerframe anchoring feature124 is sized to contact or engage the native mitral valve annulus whereas the outer frame anchoring feature144 (if used) is sized to be spaced from the native mitral valve annulus. This can be beneficial when outer frame anchoring feature144 (if used) is used to provide stabilization and help align the prosthesis. In some embodiments, the anchoring features124,144 (if used) can be positioned such that the anchoring features124,144 (if used) grasp opposite side of the native mitral annulus.
• While the anchoring features124,144 (if used) have been illustrated as extending from the lower end of thelower region130 of theinner frame body122 and at a junction between theupper region146 and theintermediate region148 of theouter frame body142 respectively, it is to be understood that the anchoring features124,144 (if used) can be positioned along any other portion of theprosthesis100 as desired. Moreover, while two anchoring features124,144 (if used) have been included in the illustrated embodiment, it is to be understood that a greater number or lesser number of sets of anchoring features can be utilized.
• Components of theouter frame140, such as theouter frame body142 can be used to attach or secure theprosthesis100 to a native valve, such as a native mitral valve. For example, theintermediate region148 of theouter frame body142 and/or theouter anchoring feature144 can be positioned to contact or engage a native valve annulus, tissue beyond the native valve annulus, native leaflets, and/or other tissue at or around the implantation location during one or more phases of the cardiac cycle, such as systole and/or diastole. In situations where theouter frame body142 is positioned within a native mitral valve, theouter frame body142 can beneficially eliminate, inhibit, or limit downwardly directed forces such as those which are applied on theprosthesis100 during diastole and/or upwardly directed forces such as those which are applied on theprosthesis100 during systole. As another example, theouter frame body142 can be sized and positioned relative to the innerframe anchoring feature124 such that tissue of the body cavity positioned between theouter frame body142 and the innerframe anchoring feature124, such as native valve leaflets and/or a native valve annulus, can be engaged or pinched to further secure theprosthesis100 to the tissue. For example, thelower region150 of theouter frame body142 can be positioned at or proximate a tip or end of the innerframe anchoring feature124. As shown, thelower region150 of theouter frame body142 is positioned such that at least a portion is positioned radially inward of and below the innerframe anchoring feature124. In some embodiments, a portion of theouter frame140, such as thelower region150, can be attached to theinner frame body122 via one or more tethers or sutures to limit the outward extension of theouter frame140 relative to theinner frame body122. This can beneficially maintain a portion of theouter frame140 between theinner frame body122 and the innerframe anchoring feature124. Although the innerframe anchoring feature124 is shown extending from theinner frame body122, it is to be understood that such an anchoring feature can extend from theouter frame body140.
• Use of aninner frame120 and anouter frame140 can be beneficial for the design of the prosthesis in that theinner frame120 can be designed to suit the structure of thevalve body160 and theouter frame140 can be designed to suit the anatomy of the body cavity in which theprosthesis100 is to be used. For example, the valve body160 (shown inFIG. 10) can be cylindrical and have a smaller diameter than the body cavity. In such an embodiment, theinner frame120 can advantageously have a smaller shape and/or size to support thevalve body160 while theouter frame140 can have a larger shape and/or size to secure theprosthesis100 to the body cavity. Moreover, in embodiments in which theouter frame140 is larger than theinner frame120, the shape of theouter frame140 can beneficially enhance hemodynamic performance. For example, the shape of theouter frame140 with a larger, generally cylindricalintermediate region148 can allow for significant washout on an underside of thevalve body160. This washout can beneficially reduce the risk of thrombosis or clot formation under and around thevalve body160.
• Theouter frame140 can be formed from many different materials including, but not limited to, a shape-memory metal such as Nitinol. Theouter frame140 can be formed from a plurality of struts forming open cells. In some embodiments, theouter frame140 can have a more flexible construction as compared to other components of theprosthesis100 such as, but not limited to, theinner frame120. This can be achieved, for example, by the dimensions of the struts and by the configuration of the struts. For example, fewer struts, thinner struts, and/or a different material for the struts can be used. The more flexible construction can allow theouter frame140 to better conform to the anatomy of the body cavity, such a native valve annulus and/or native leaflets. This can be beneficial for anchoring against the body cavity and/or forming a seal against the body cavity. However, it is to be understood that in some embodiments theouter frame140 can have a construction which is about as rigid as, or more rigid than, other components of theprosthesis100, such as theinner frame120.
• Theouter frame140, and any other frame described herein, may include features and concepts similar to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,403,983, 8,414,644, and 8,652,203, U.S. Publication Nos. 2011/0313515, 2014/0277390, 2014/0277427, 2014/0277422, 2018/0021129, 2018/0055629, and 2015/0328000, the entireties of each of which have been incorporated by reference. Moreover, although theouter frame140 has been described as including anouter frame body142 and an outerframe anchoring feature144, it is to be understood that theouter frame140 need not include all components. For example, in some embodiments, theouter frame140 can include theouter frame body142 while omitting the outerframe anchoring feature144. Moreover, although theouter frame body142 and the outerframe anchoring feature144 have been illustrated as being unitarily or monolithically formed, it is to be understood that in some embodiments theouter frame body142 and the outerframe anchoring feature144 can be formed separately. In such embodiments, the separate components can be attached using any of the fasteners and techniques described herein. For example, the outerframe anchoring feature144 can be formed separately from theouter frame body142 and can be attached to theouter frame body142.
Skirt
• FIGS. 9-11 illustrate theprosthesis100 with theskirt180. Theskirt180 can be attached to theinner frame120 and/or outer frame140 (or any of the alternate frames disclosed herein). As shown, theskirt180 can be positioned around and secured to a portion of, or the entirety of, the exterior of theinner frame120 and/orouter frame140, such as in between the twoframes120/140. Theskirt180 can also be secured to a portion of thevalve body160. Theskirt180 can follow the contours of theouter frame140, such as the contours of theupper region146, theintermediate region148, and/or thelower region150. In some embodiments, theskirt180 can be used to attach theouter frame140 to theinner frame120. Although not shown, it is to be understood that theskirt180 can be positioned around and secured to a portion of, or the entirety of, an interior of theinner frame120 and/or theouter frame140. Moreover, it is to be understood that while theskirt180 can follow the contours of portions of theinner frame120 and theouter frame140, at least a portion of theskirt180 can be spaced apart from at least a portion of both theinner frame120 and theouter frame140. In some embodiments, theskirt180 can be spaced apart from theupper region146 of theouter frame140. For example, theskirt180 can be positioned below theupper region146. In such an embodiment, the spaced-apart portion of theskirt180 can be loose such that theskirt180 is movable relative to theupper region146 or can be taut such that theskirt180 is generally fixed in position.
• Theskirt180 can be annular and can extend entirely circumferentially around theinner frame120 and/orouter frame140. Theskirt180 can prevent or inhibit backflow of fluids, such as blood, around theprosthesis100. For example, with theskirt180 positioned annularly around an exterior of theinner frame120 and/orouter frame140, theskirt180 can create an axial barrier to fluid flow exterior to theinner frame120 and/orouter frame140 when deployed within a body cavity such as a native valve annulus. Theskirt180 can encourage tissue in-growth between theskirt180 and the natural tissue of the body cavity. This may further help to prevent leakage of blood flow around theprosthesis100 and can provide further securement of theprosthesis100 to the body cavity. In some embodiments, theskirt180 can be tautly attached to theinner frame120 and/orouter frame140 such that theskirt180 is generally not movable relative to theinner frame120 and/orouter frame140. In some embodiments, theskirt180 can be loosely attached to theinner frame120 and/orouter frame140 such that theskirt180 is movable relative to theinner frame120 and/orouter frame140.
• In some embodiments, theskirt180 can be formed from a material such as knit polyester (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvalerolactone (PVL)) or any other biocompatible material such as those which are wholly or substantially fluid impermeable, flexible, stretchable, deformable, and/or resilient. Theskirt180 and/or the liner may be made from the same or similar materials. As shown in the illustrated embodiment, theskirt180 can be formed as separate components. The components can be attached together using any of the fasteners and/or techniques described herein including, but not limited to, mechanical fasteners, such as sutures, staples, screws, rivets, interfacing members (e.g., tabs and slots), and any other type of mechanical fastener as desired, chemical fasteners such as adhesives and any other type of chemical fastener as desired, fastening techniques such as welding, soldering, sintering, and any other type of fastening technique as desired, and/or a combination of such fasteners and techniques.
• In some embodiments, theskirt180 can be attached to theinner frame120, such as at one of the struts. For example, theskirt180 can attach to longitudinally extendingstrut138 or thecircumferentially extending struts136a/13b. Theskirt180 can be attached through sutures, adhesives, tying, etc. and the attachment is not limiting. In some embodiments, theskirt180 can also be attached to theouter frame140.
• As theskirt180 is attached to theinner frame120, when theprosthesis100 first begins to crimp, such as for retraction/retrieval, theskirt180 is pulled inwardly with theinner frame180. Thus, theskirt180 can be tucked between the struts of theouter frame140. It can be advantageous to perform this automatic tucking as in some embodiments a large amount of material (such as cloth) of theouter skirt180 is needed to seal particularly large annuluses. Accordingly, theskirt180 can bunch up/prevent low profile crimping or require large amounts of force to fully crimp the prosthesis because of theskirt180 “clogging” the struts and preventing closure. Thus, manual tucking can be avoided and retrieval forces can be removed.FIGS. 13A-13B illustrate the automatic tucking of the cloth into theprosthesis100.
• As shown inFIG. 9, the ventricular portion (e.g., the bottom, distal, or lower portion) of the skirt180 (e.g., fabric skirt) may act as a “curtain” around theinner frame220. For example, theventricular portion182 of theouter skirt180 is not attached to theouter frame140 as theouter frame140 ends above this portion of theskirt180. Thisportion182 is also not attached to theinner frame220 until the bottom of theskirt180. Thus, theportion182 of theouter skirt180 is circumferentially unattached, and is instead held generally in tension between an inner surface of theouter frame140 and the an outer surface of the ventricular or distal end of theinner frame220. This allows theouter skirt180 to flex or bend when radial pressure is applied to it. Thus, theouter skirt180 has the flexibility to conform to a valve annulus, such as the mitral valve annulus, which can create an improved seal between theprosthesis100 and the annulus. This can be especially advantageous as by having the curtain configuration and a reducedouter frame140, the overall profile of the device can be reduced. Further, by eliminating the lower portion of the outer frame140 (e.g., the portion that would surround portion182), theouter frame140 can compress more easily against theinner frame220 and the overall structure can compress to a much smaller diameter as compared to a device having an outer frame extending all the way to the inner frame anchoring features124.
• FIGS. 14A-B and15 illustrate an embodiment of aprosthesis100 which can improve the stiffness of the inner frame anchoring features124 using theouter skirt180. In particular, theskirt180 can be added into theprosthesis100 to increase the stiffness of the inner frame anchoring features124, for example by distributing force between theinner frame120, theouter frame140, and the added stiffness improving material192 (which can be a portion of skirt180). Thus, thestiffness improving material192 can be incorporated into, or can be the same, as theskirt180 or can be its own separate material.
• FIGS. 14A-B illustrate an example embodiment of the improved stiffness. As shown, the prosthesis can include theinner frame120 having the inner frame anchoring features124, theouter frame140, and thestiffness improving material192. In some embodiments, thestiffness improving material192 can be cloth, fabric, or other soft material such as discussed above with respect toskirt180. As shown, thestiffness improving material192 can be attached at three different points on theprosthesis100. Thestiffness improving material192 can be located between theframes120/140 our radially outwards of bothframes120/140.
• At one point, thestiffness improving material192 can be attached to a lower end of theouter frame140. Thisstiffness improving material192 can be attached at the base apices ofstruts156aor at the base apices ofstruts156b. However, thestiffness improving material192 can be attached at any particular point of theouter frame140. In some embodiments, thestiffness improving material192 can be attached to outerframe anchoring feature144 if used. The attachment can be sutures, threads, chemical adhesives, mechanical fastening, and the particular attachment is not limiting.
• Next, thestiffness improving material192 can be attached on the inner frame anchoring features124. For example, it can be attached approximately midway along the inner frame anchoring features124, such as shown inFIGS. 14A-B. However, thestiffness improving material192 can be attached at any point along the inner frame anchoring features124, and the particular location is not limiting. The attachment can be generally at the midpoint of thestiffness improving material192, but this is not limiting. The attachment can be sutures, threads, chemical adhesives, mechanical fastening, and the particular attachment is not limiting.
• Further, the second end of thestiffness improving material192 can be attached to a portion of theinner frame120. For example, it can be attached at thelongitudinally extending strut138 or at thecircumferentially extending struts136b. Thestiffness improving material192 can be attached at the first and second ends generally at the same longitudinal position. At some embodiments, thestiffness improving material192 is attached to theinner frame120 at a different longitudinal position than where it is attached to theouter frame140. In some embodiments, thestiffness improving material192 is attached to theinner frame120 at a lower longitudinal position (e.g., towards the inner frame anchoring features124) than where it is attached to theouter frame140. In some embodiments, thestiffness improving material192 is attached to theinner frame120 at a higher longitudinal position (e.g., away from the inner frame anchoring features124) than where it is attached to theouter frame140. The attachment can be sutures, threads, chemical adhesives, mechanical fastening, and the particular attachment is not limiting.
• FIG. 14A shows theprosthesis100 in the expanded position. As shown, thestiffness improving material192 is pulled taught, thereby applying an upward force on thestiffness improving material192 and thus the inner frame anchoring features124. Once theprosthesis100 begins compress, as shown inFIG. 14B, thestiffness improving material192 becomes slack, thus reducing the stiffness of the inner frame anchoring features124 and facilitating retrieval.
• In some embodiments, thestiffness improving material192 can extend along a circumference of theprosthesis100 such as discussed above with respect toskirt180. In some embodiments, thestiffness improving material192 can extend partially around the circumference of theprosthesis100. In some embodiments, multiple thestiffness improving material192 can be used. In some embodiments, thestiffness improving material192 is attached to every inner frame anchoring features124. In some embodiments, thestiffness improving material192 is attached to every other inner frame anchoring features124. In some embodiments, thestiffness improving material192 is attached to every third inner frame anchoring features124.
• Further, the use of thestiffness improving material192 can create a “sealed void”, “clot pocket”, “cloth pocket”, or “pocket” between theinner frame120 and theouter frame140. The pocket is an empty volume covered with thestiffness improving material192 between theinner frame120 and theouter frame140. This can reduce thrombosis formation on theprosthesis100 as in an open configuration blood can flow through struts in the frames and circulate between the frames causing thrombus. In some embodiments, there can be a number of holes in thestiffness improving material192, and thus thestiffness improving material192 can inflate, clot over, and permanently stay inflated.
• FIG. 15 illustrates an alternatestiffness improving material192 where thestiffness improving material192 is one or more sutures. As shown, a single suture can extend around the circumference of theprosthesis100, but in some embodiments multiple discrete sutures can be used. In this embodiment, the sutures extend between outer frame anchoring features144 and circumferentially adjacent innerframe anchoring feature124, thus forming a “zig-zag” pattern around theprosthesis100. As shown, thestiffness improving material192 can pass through apertures at the ends of the outer frame anchoring features144. Thestiffness improving material192 can either be tied in or pass through the apertures. Thestiffness improving material192 can then attach to material around the innerframe anchoring feature124. In some embodiments, thestiffness improving material192 can wrap around the inner frame anchoring features124 themselves, such as forming a loop in the suture or extending through an aperture or around a protrusion in the innerframe anchoring feature124. However, in some embodiments outer frame anchoring features144 may not be used and the sutures can attach directly to theouter frame140 such as discussed above.
• Advantageously, the use of thestiffness improving material192 of any of the above embodiments can prevent theouter frame140 from crimping inside theinner frame120. This can be done by providing sufficient tension with thestiffness improving material192 to prevent insertion of lower portions of theouter frame140 from entering theinner frame120.
• Although theprosthesis100 has been described as including aninner frame120, anouter frame140, avalve body160, and askirt180, it is to be understood that theprosthesis100 need not include all components. For example, in some embodiments, theprosthesis100 can include theinner frame120, theouter frame140, and thevalve body160 while omitting theskirt180. Moreover, although the components of theprosthesis100 have been described and illustrated as separate components, it is to be understood that one or more components of theprosthesis100 can be integrally or monolithically formed. For example, in some embodiments, theinner frame120 and theouter frame140 can be integrally or monolithically formed as a single component.
• Additionally, theprosthesis100 may only include a single frame. For example, just theinner frame120, just theouter frame140, or a combination of the two in a single frame. Thus, the concepts discussed above, such as the hourglass shape, the strut/cell shape, etc. can be incorporated into a single frame prosthesis.
• Moreover, theprosthesis100 may be applicable to a prosthesis having more than just theinner frame120 and theouter frame140. Thus, the concepts discussed above, such as the hourglass shape, the strut/cell shape, etc. can be incorporated into a prosthesis having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 frames.
• FIG. 16 illustrates an embodiment of theprosthesis100 being radially compressed.
• FIGS. 17A-17B illustrate embodiments of theprosthesis100 with some modifications which can be used in conjunction with any of the implementations disclosed herein. As shown in the figures, theouter frame140 can have a substantial angular change (e.g., bend or shoulder) between theupper region146 and theintermediate region148 and thelower region150. In some embodiments, the bend could be 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 degrees. In some embodiments, the bend could be greater than 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 degrees. In some embodiments, the bend could be less than 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100 degrees. In some embodiments, thelower region150 may have approximately the same radial diameter than theintermediate region148. In some embodiments, thelower region150 may have smaller radial diameter than theintermediate region148. This can, for example, allow the frame to act as a “plug” or “cork” within the mitral valve annulus. In some embodiments, the mitral valve annulus, or other structural heart features, may apply radially inward pressure on theprosthesis100, causing some indents, bends, or compression of theintermediate region148 or thelower region150, which can allow theprosthesis100 to achieve a tighter fit. Theprosthesis100 can have a scalloped inflow. This can help reduce atrial projection and promote flow prior to release from the delivery system.FIG. 17B illustrates an embodiment of an innerframe anchoring feature124. As shown, the distal tip can be covered by a first material121, such as ePTFE or other plastic, while the main curve can be covered by asecond material123. Thesecond material123 can be a foam or fabric. In some embodiments, thesecond material123 can be a PET-covered polyurethane foam, though this is not limiting. The two materials can be attached together, such as by suturing, shrinkage, friction, or mechanical fastening, or can be separate.
• FIG. 29 illustrates an alternate embodiment of aprosthesis100 which can include any or all of the features described herein. As shown, theouter frame140 can have a bulbous (or generally bulbous shape). For example, theouter frame140 can have a shoulder as shown inFIG. 29.
• The different iterations of the prosthesis frame disclosed above, such as, but not limited to, the ones shown inFIG. 1,FIG. 9,FIG. 12,FIG. 17A,FIG. 21,FIG. 29, andFIG. 30A, can provide advantageous for the implantation procedure. For example, as discussed below, theprosthesis100 expands from a compressed configuration to an expanded configuration during delivery. This can be done in or around the mitral annulus. When theouter frame140, including any of the variations of theouter frame140 discussed above, is expanded, it can circumferentially press against tissue on the circumference of the mitral annulus. This shape can provide a form of retention to stop theprosthesis100 from going into the left ventricle in diastole, and generally stabilize theprosthesis100 in the mitral valve annulus. Thus, in some implementations theprosthesis100outer frame140 may not fully expand, and may be minimally to partially compressed within the mitral annulus. In other implementations, theprosthesis100 may fully expand, and be retained within the left ventricle by the inner frame anchoring features and in the left atrium by the bulbous shape, for example including the shoulders, of theouter frame140. In some implementations, after release of theprosthesis100, it can be moved towards the left ventricle by the heart where it will then “cork” in the mitral annulus.
Valve Body
• With reference next to thevalve body160 illustrated inFIG. 10, thevalve body160 can be positioned within theinner frame120. Thevalve body160 can be a replacement heart valve which includes a plurality ofvalve leaflets262. Thevalve leaflets262 can include a first edge, second edge, and tabs for attaching thevalve leaflets262 together at commissures of thevalve body160. The tabs can be used to secure thevalve leaflets262 to theinner frame120. The first edge can be an arcuate edge and can be generally fixed in position relative to theframe120. The second edge can be a freely moving edge which can allow thevalve body160 to open and close.
• The plurality ofvalve leaflets262 can function in a manner similar to the native mitral valve, or to any other valves in the vascular system as desired. The plurality ofvalve leaflets262 can open in a first position and then engage one another to close the valve in a second position. The plurality ofvalve leaflets262 can be made to function as a one way valve such that flow in one direction opens the valve and flow in a second direction opposite the first direction closes the valve. For example, thevalve body160 can open allow to blood to flow through thevalve body160 in a direction from an upper end to a lower end. Thevalve body160 can close to inhibit blood flow through thevalve body160 in a direction from the lower end to the upper end. In situations where theprosthesis100 is oriented such that an upper end is a proximal end and a lower end is a distal end, thevalve body160 can be positioned such that thevalve body160 can open to allow blood to flow through thevalve body160 in a proximal-to-distal direction and close to inhibit blood flow in a distal-to-proximal direction. Thevalve body160 can be constructed so as to open naturally with the beating of the heart. For example, thevalve body160 can open during diastole and close during systole. Thevalve body160 can replace a damaged or diseased native heart valve such as a diseased native mitral valve.
• Thevalve body160 can include a liner. The liner can be used to assist with fluid flow through and/or around theprosthesis100, such as through and around theinner frame120 and thevalve leaflets262. The liner can surround at least a portion of thevalve leaflets262 and be connected to one or more of thevalve leaflets262. For example, the one ormore valve leaflets262 can be attached to the liner along the first edge of thevalve leaflets262.
• The liner can be positioned within the interior of theinner frame120 and can form an inner wall of theprosthesis100. For example, the liner can be positioned such that the liner is radially inward, relative to the longitudinal axis of theprosthesis100, from the struts136a-cof theinner frame120. In this manner, the fluid pathway towards thevalve leaflets262 can be relatively smooth. It is also contemplated that the liner can at least be partially positioned along an exterior of theinner frame120 and/orouter frame140 such that at least a portion of the liner is radially outward, relative to the longitudinal axis of theprosthesis100, from struts of theinner frame120 and/orouter frame140. The liner can be positioned along an upper or inlet side of theinner frame120. The liner can extend from the first edge of thevalve leaflets262 towards the upper end of theinner frame120. The liner can also extend below the first edge of thevalve leaflet262 towards the lower end of theinner frame120. The liner can also be made to move with foreshortening portions of theinner frame120.
• In some embodiments, the liner can extend the entire length of theinner frame120 or theinner frame body122. In other embodiments, it can extend along only part of the length of theinner frame body122 as shown. In some embodiments, the ends of thevalve leaflets262 can coincide with ends of the liner. In addition, one or more of the ends of theinner frame body122 can coincide with the ends of the liner. An end of the liner can be positioned between the upper end of theinner frame120 and thevalve leaflets262. The end of the liner can extend above an upper end of theinner frame body122 and extend along a portion of the locking tabs. In some embodiments, the end of the liner can be positioned at or proximate an uppermost portion of the first or arcuate edge of thevalve leaflet262 below the upper end of theinner frame body122.
• Other shapes and configurations can also be used for thevalve body160. In some embodiments, the liner may extend along the length of the leaflets, but is not connected to them. In the illustrated embodiment, the liner is attached to theinner frame120 and at least a portion of theleaflets262, such as the first or arcuate edge, is attached to the liner. Portions of thevalve leaflets262, such as the portions of the first edge and/or tabs, can also be attached to theinner frame120. The liner and/or thevalve leaflets262 can be attached to theinner frame120 or to each other using any of the fasteners and/or techniques described herein including, but not limited to, mechanical fasteners, such as sutures, staples, screws, rivets, interfacing members (e.g., tabs and slots), and any other type of mechanical fastener as desired, chemical fasteners such as adhesives and any other type of chemical fastener as desired, fastening techniques such as welding, soldering, sintering, and any other type of fastening technique as desired, and/or a combination of such fasteners and techniques.
• The liner can be constructed in multiple different ways. The liner can be made a layer of resilient material, such as such as knit polyester (e.g., polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyvalerolactone (PVL)) or any other biocompatible material such as those which are wholly or substantially fluid impermeable, flexible, stretchable, deformable, and/or resilient. In some embodiments, the liner can be made from a material that is more flexible than the valve leaflet material. The upper and/or lower end of the liner can be straight, curved, or have any other desired configuration. For example, as shown in the illustrated embodiment, the liner can have a straight edge forming the end. In other embodiments, the end can be patterned to generally correspond to the undulations at one end of theinner frame120. The liner can be formed of one piece or multiple pieces.
• In another embodiment of the liner, the end can extend past theinner frame120 and can be wrapped around it. Thus, the liner can extend from the interior of theinner frame120 to the exterior of theinner frame120. The liner can extend completely around theinner frame120 for ¼, ⅓, ½, or more of the length ofinner frame120.
• Methods of placement and delivery of theprosthesis100 can be found in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2018/005629, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Additional Valve Prostheses
• FIGS. 18A-20 illustrate alternative embodiments of a prosthesis that can used with the discloseddelivery systems10 and methodology discussed herein.FIGS. 18A-20 illustrates another alternate embodiment of a prosthesis, which is similar to the prosthesis described with respect to FIG. 33-35 of U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2018/0055629, except that an outer frame anchoring feature is described in this publication. The entirety of U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2018/0055629, including the description relating to FIGS. 33-35 as well as all other description relating to the prosthesis, delivery system and methods, are hereby incorporated by reference. The embodiments ofFIGS. 18A-20 can have similar or the same features to the other prostheses discussed herein. In some embodiments, the prosthesis may be a single frame prosthesis. In some embodiments, the prosthesis may be a dual frame prosthesis. In some embodiments for use as a replacement mitral valve, the prosthesis includes distal or ventricular anchors similar to those described above (see, for example, anchoringfeature1524 described below), but does not include proximal or atrial anchors.
• With reference next toFIG. 18A, an embodiment of aprosthesis1500 in an expanded configuration is illustrated. Theprosthesis1500 can include aninner frame1520, anouter frame1540, avalve body1560, and one or more skirts, such as anouter skirt1580 and aninner skirt1590.
• With reference first to theinner frame1520, theinner frame1520 can include aninner frame body1522 and an innerframe anchoring feature1524. Theinner frame body1522 can have anupper region1522a, anintermediate region1522b, and alower region1522c. As shown, theinner frame body1522 can have a generally bulbous shape such that the diameters of theupper region1522aand thelower region1522care less than the diameter of theintermediate region1522b. The diameter of theupper region1522acan be less than the diameter of thelower region1522c. This can beneficially allow the use of asmaller valve body1560 within theinner frame1520 while allowing theinner frame body1522 to have a larger diameter proximate the connection between theinner frame body1522 and the innerframe anchoring feature1524. This larger diameter can reduce the radial distance between the connection and the tip or end of the innerframe anchoring feature1524. This can beneficially enhance fatigue resistance of the innerframe anchoring feature1524 by reducing the length of the cantilever.
• While the illustratedinner frame body1522 is bulbous, it is to be understood that the diameters of theupper region1522a, theintermediate region1522b, and/or thelower region1522ccan be the same such that theinner frame body1522 can have more of a constant cross-sectional dimension along one or more regions. Moreover, while the illustrated embodiment includes alower region1522ahaving a greater diameter than theupper region1522c, it is to be understood that the diameters of the upper andlower regions1522a,1522ccan be the same or the diameter of theupper region1522acan be greater than the diameter of thelower region1522c. Moreover, although theinner frame body1522 has been described and illustrated as being cylindrical or having circular cross-sections, it is to be understood that all or a portion of theinner frame body1522 can have a non-circular cross-section such as, but not limited to, a D-shape, an oval or an otherwise ovoid cross-sectional shape.
• With reference next to theouter frame1540 illustrated inFIG. 18A, theouter frame1540 can be attached to theinner frame1520 using any suitable fastener and/or other technique. Although theouter frame1540 is illustrated as a separate component from theinner frame1520, it is to be understood that theframes1520,1540 can be unitarily or monolithically formed.
• As shown in the illustrated embodiment, theouter frame1540 can include anouter frame body1542. Theouter frame body1542 can have anupper region1542a, anintermediate region1542b, and alower region1542c. When in an expanded configuration such as a fully expanded configuration, theouter frame body1542 can have an enlarged shape with theintermediate region1542band thelower region1542cbeing larger than theupper region1542a. The enlarged shape of theouter frame body1542 can advantageously allow theouter frame body1542 to engage a native valve annulus, native valve leaflets, or other tissue of the body cavity, while spacing the upper end from the heart or vessel wall.
• Theupper region1542aof theouter frame body1542 can include a first section1546aand asecond section1546b. The first section1546acan be sized and/or shaped to generally match the size and/or shape of theinner frame1520. For example, the first section1546acan have a curvature which matches a curvature of theupper region1522aof theinner frame body1522. Thesecond section1546bcan extend radially outwardly away from theinner frame1520. As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the transition between the first section1546aand thesecond section1546bcan incorporate a bend such that thesecond section1546bextends radially outwardly at a greater angle relative to the longitudinal axis.
• Theintermediate region1542bof theouter frame body1542 can extend generally downwardly from the outwardly-extendingsection1546bof theupper region1542a. As shown, theintermediate region1542bcan have a generally constant diameter from an upper end to a lower end such that theintermediate region1542bforms a generally cylindrical shape. Thelower region1542cof theouter frame body1542 can extend generally downwardly from the lower end of theintermediate region1542b. As shown, thelower region1542cof theouter frame body1542 can have a generally constant diameter from an upper end to a lower end such that thelower region1542cforms a generally cylindrical shape. As shown, the diameters of theintermediate region1542band thelower region1542care generally equivalent such that theintermediate region1542band thelower region1542ctogether form a generally cylindrical shape.
• While the intermediate andlower regions1542b,1542chave been described as cylindrical, it is to be understood that the diameters of the upper end, the lower end, and/or the portion therebetween can be different. For example, a diameter of the portion between the upper end and the lower end can be larger than the upper end and the lower end such that theintermediate region1542band/orlower region1542cforms a generally bulbous shape. In some embodiments, the diameter of the lower end can be larger than the diameter of the upper end. In other embodiments, the diameter of the upper end can be larger than the diameter of the lower end. Moreover, although theouter frame body1542 has been described and illustrated as being cylindrical or having circular cross-sections, it is to be understood that all or a portion of theouter frame body1542 can be have a non-circular cross-section such as, but not limited to, a D-shape, an oval or an otherwise ovoid cross-sectional shape.
• Theouter frame1540, such as theouter frame body1542 can be used to attach or secure theprosthesis1500 to a native valve, such as a native mitral valve. For example, theintermediate region1542bof theouter frame body1542 can be positioned to contact or engage a native valve annulus, tissue beyond the native valve annulus, native leaflets, and/or other tissue at or around the implantation location during one or more phases of the cardiac cycle, such as systole and/or diastole. As another example, theouter frame body1542 can be sized and positioned relative to the innerframe anchoring feature1524 such that tissue of the body cavity positioned between theouter frame body1542 and the innerframe anchoring feature1524, such as native valve leaflets and/or a native valve annulus, can be engaged or pinched to further secure theprosthesis1500 to the tissue.
• With continued reference to theprosthesis1500 illustrated inFIG. 18A, thevalve body1560 is attached to theinner frame1520 within an interior of theinner frame body1522. Thevalve body1560 functions as a one-way valve to allow blood flow in a first direction through thevalve body1560 and inhibit blood flow in a second direction through thevalve body1560.
• Thevalve body1560 can include a plurality ofvalve leaflets1562, for example threeleaflets1562, which are joined at commissures. Thevalve body1560 can include one or moreintermediate components1564. Theintermediate components1564 can be positioned between a portion of, or the entirety of, theleaflets1562 and theinner frame1520 such that at least a portion of theleaflets1542 are coupled to theframe1520 via theintermediate component1564. In this manner, a portion of, or the entirety of, the portion of thevalve leaflets1562 at the commissures and/or an arcuate edge of thevalve leaflets1562 are not directly coupled or attached to theinner frame1520 and are indirectly coupled or “float” within theinner frame1520. For example, a portion of, or the entirety of, the portion of thevalve leaflets1562 proximate the commissures and/or the arcuate edge of thevalve leaflets1562 can be spaced radially inward from an inner surface of theinner frame1520. By using one or moreintermediate components1564, thevalve leaflets1562 can be attached tonon-cylindrical frames1520 and/orframes1520 having a diameter larger than that of the diameter of thevalve leaflets1562.
• With reference next to theouter skirt1580 illustrated inFIG. 18A, theouter skirt1580 can be attached to theinner frame1520 and/orouter frame1540. As shown, theouter skirt1580 can be positioned around and secured to a portion of, or the entirety of, the exterior of theouter frame1540. Theskirt1580 can also be secured to a portion of thevalve body1560 such as, but not limited to, theintermediate components1564. For example, theskirt1580 can be attached to an inflow region of theintermediate components1564. As shown, theouter skirt1580 can follow the contours of theouter frame1540; however, it is to be understood that at least a portion of theskirt1580 can be spaced apart from at least a portion of both theinner frame1520 and theouter frame1540.
• With reference next to theinner skirt1590 illustrated inFIG. 18A, theinner skirt1590 can be attached to thevalve body1560 and theouter skirt1580. As shown, a first end of theinner skirt1590 can be coupled to thevalve body1560 along portions of thevalve body1560 which are proximate theinner frame1520. A second end of theinner skirt1590 can be attached to the lower region of theouter skirt1580. In so doing, a smooth surface can be formed under each of the leaflets. This can beneficially enhance hemodynamics by allowing blood to more freely circulate and reducing areas of stagnation. In some embodiments, theinner skirt1590 can beneficially reduce contact between theouter frame body1542 and theinner frame body1522.
• Although theprosthesis1500 has been described as including aninner frame1520, anouter frame1540, avalve body1560, andskirts1580,1590, it is to be understood that theprosthesis1500 need not include all components. For example, in some embodiments, theprosthesis1500 can include theinner frame1520, theouter frame1540, and thevalve body1560 while omitting theskirt1580. Moreover, although the components of theprosthesis1500 have been described and illustrated as separate components, it is to be understood that one or more components of theprosthesis1500 can be integrally or monolithically formed. For example, in some embodiments, theinner frame1520 and theouter frame1540 can be integrally or monolithically formed as a single component.
• FIG. 18B illustrates an alternate embodiment ofFIG. 18A with modifications to the design of the skirts (or cloth)1580/1590. As shown, theskirts1580/1590 can contact both theinner frame1520 andouter frame1540. Theskirts1580/1590 can start on the inside of the outer1540, transition to the outside of theouter frame1540, then attach to the bottom of the outside of theinner frame1520, then proceed up along the outside of theinner frame1520. By closing theskirts1580/1590, this could avoid/reduce clot formation/embolization.
• With reference next toFIGS. 19-20, an embodiment of aprosthesis1600 in an expanded configuration is illustrated. Thisprosthesis1600 may be similar in construction to theprosthesis1500 described above. Theprosthesis1600 can include aninner frame1620, anouter frame1640, avalve body1660, and one or more skirts, such as anouter skirt1680 and aninner skirt1690.
• With reference first to theouter frame1640 illustrated inFIGS. 19-20, theouter frame1640 can be attached to theinner frame1620 using any known fasteners and/or techniques. Although theouter frame1640 is illustrated as a separate component from theinner frame1620, it is to be understood that theframes1620,1640 can be unitarily or monolithically formed.
• As shown in the illustrated embodiment, theouter frame1640 can include anouter frame body1642. Theouter frame body1642 can have anupper region1642a, anintermediate region1642b, and alower region1642c. At least a portion of theupper region1642aof theouter frame body1642 can be sized and/or shaped to generally match the size and/or shape of anupper region1622aof theinner frame1620. As shown in the illustrated embodiment, theupper region1642aof theouter frame body1642 can include one or more struts which generally match the size and/or shape of struts of theinner frame1620. This can locally reinforce a portion of theprosthesis1600 by effectively increasing the wall thickness of the combined struts.
• When in an expanded configuration such as in a fully expanded configuration, theouter frame body1642 can have a shape similar to that ofouter frame body1542 described above in connection withFIG. 18A. As shown, theintermediate region1642band thelower region1642ccan have a diameter which is larger than the diameter of theupper region1642a. Theupper region1642aof theouter frame body1642 can have a decreasing diameter from a lower end to an upper end such that theupper region1642ais inclined or curved radially inwards towards the longitudinal axis of theprosthesis1600. Although theouter frame body1642 has been described and illustrated as being cylindrical or having circular cross-sections, it is to be understood that all or a portion of theouter frame body1642 can be have a non-circular cross-section such as, but not limited to, a D-shape, an oval or an otherwise ovoid cross-sectional shape.
• With continued reference to theouter frame1600 illustrated inFIG. 19, theouter frame body1642 can include a plurality of struts with at least some of the struts forming cells1646a-c. Any number of configurations of struts can be used, such as rings of undulating struts shown forming ellipses, ovals, rounded polygons, and teardrops, but also chevrons, diamonds, curves, and various other shapes.
• The upper row of cells1646acan have an irregular octagonal shape such as a “heart” shape. This additional space can beneficially allow theouter frame1640 to retain a smaller profile when crimped. The cell1646acan be formed via a combination of struts. As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the upper portion of cells1646acan be formed from a set of circumferentially-expansible struts1648ahaving a zig-zag or undulating shape forming a repeating “V” shape. Thestruts1648acan extend radially outwardly from an upper end to a lower end. These struts can generally match the size and/or shape of struts of theinner frame1620.
• The middle portion of cells1646acan be formed from a set ofstruts1648bextending downwardly from bottom ends of each of the “V” shapes. Thestruts1648bcan extend radially outwardly from an upper end to a lower end. The portion of the cells1646aextending upwardly from the bottom end ofstruts1648bmay be considered to be a substantially non-foreshortening portion of theouter frame1640.
• The lower portion of cells1646acan be formed from a set of circumferentially-expansible struts1648chaving a zig-zag or undulating shape forming a repeating “V” shape. As shown in the illustrated embodiment, thestruts1648ccan incorporate a curvature such that the lower end ofstruts1648cextend more parallel with the longitudinal axis than the upper end of thestruts1648c. One or more of the upper ends or tips of the circumferentially-expansible struts1648ccan be a “free” apex which is not connected to a strut. For example, as shown in the illustrated embodiment, every other upper end or tip of circumferentially-expansible struts1648bis a free apex. However, it is to be understood that other configurations can be used. For example, every upper apex along the upper end can be connected to a strut.
• The middle and/or lower rows ofcells1646b-ccan have a different shape from the cells1646aof the first row. The middle row ofcells1646band the lower row ofcells1646ccan have a diamond or generally diamond shape. The diamond or generally diamond shape can be formed via a combination of struts.
• The upper portion ofcells1646bcan be formed from the set of circumferentially-expansible struts1648csuch thatcells1646bshare struts with cells1646a. The lower portion ofcells1646bcan be formed from a set of circumferentially-expansible struts1648d. As shown in the illustrated embodiment, one or more of the circumferentially-expansible struts1648dcan extend generally in a downward direction generally parallel to the longitudinal axis of theouter frame1640.
• The upper portion ofcells1646ccan be formed from the set of circumferentially-expansible struts1648dsuch thatcells1646cshare struts withcells1646b. The lower portion ofcells1646ccan be formed from a set of circumferentially-expansible struts1648e. Circumferentially-expansible struts1648ecan extend generally in a downward direction.
• As shown in the illustrated embodiment, there can be a row of nine cells1646aand a row of eighteencells1646b-c. While each of the cells1646a-care shown as having the same shape as other cells1646a-cof the same row, it is to be understood that the shapes of cells1646a-cwithin a row can differ. Moreover, it is to be understood that any number of rows of cells can be used and any number of cells may be contained in the rows.
• As shown in the illustrated embodiment, theouter frame1600 can include a set ofeyelets1650. The upper set ofeyelets1650 can extend from anupper region1642aof theouter frame body1642. As shown, the upper set ofeyelets1650 can extend from an upper portion of cells1646a, such as the upper apices of cells1646a. The upper set ofeyelets1650 can be used to attach theouter frame1640 to theinner frame1620. For example, in some embodiments, theinner frame1620 can include one or more eyelets which correspond to theeyelets1650. In such embodiments, theinner frame1620 andouter frame1640 can be attached together viaeyelets1650 and corresponding eyelets on theinner frame1620. For example, theinner frame1620 andouter frame1640 can be sutured together through said eyelets or attached via other means, such as mechanical fasteners (e.g., screws, rivets, and the like).
• As shown, the set ofeyelets1650 can include two eyelets extending in series from each “V” shaped strut. This can reduce the likelihood that theouter frame1640 twists along an axis of the eyelet. However, it is to be understood that some “V” shaped struts may not include an eyelet. Moreover, it is to be understood that a fewer or greater number of eyelets can extend from a “V” shaped strut.
• Theouter frame1640 can include a set of lockingtabs1652 extending from at or proximate an upper end of theupper region1642a. As shown, the lockingtabs1652 can extend upwardly from the set ofeyelets1650. Theouter frame1640 can include twelvelocking tabs1652, however, it is to be understood that a greater number or lesser number of locking tabs can be used. The lockingtabs1652 can include a longitudinally-extending strut1652a. At an upper end of the strut1652a, thelocking tab1652 can include anenlarged head1652b. As shown, theenlarged head1652bcan have a semi-circular or semi-elliptical shape forming a “mushroom” shape with the strut1652a. Thelocking tab1652 can include aneyelet1652cwhich can be positioned through theenlarged head1652b. It is to be understood that thelocking tab1652 can include an eyelet at other locations, or can include more than a single eyelet.
• Thelocking tab1652 can be advantageously used with multiple types of delivery systems. For example, the shape of the struts1652aand theenlarged head1652bcan be used to secure theouter frame1640 to a “slot” based delivery system, such as the inner retention member40 described above. Theeyelets1652cand/oreyelets1650 can be used to secure theouter frame1640 to a “tether” based delivery system such as those which utilize sutures, wires, or fingers to control delivery of theouter frame1640 and theprosthesis1600. This can advantageously facilitate recapture and repositioning of theouter frame1640 and theprosthesis1600 in situ.
• Theouter frame1640, such as theouter frame body1642 can be used to attach or secure theprosthesis1600 to a native valve, such as a native mitral valve. For example, theintermediate region1642bof theouter frame body1642 and/or the outer anchoring feature1644 can be positioned to contact or engage a native valve annulus, tissue beyond the native valve annulus, native leaflets, and/or other tissue at or around the implantation location during one or more phases of the cardiac cycle, such as systole and/or diastole. As another example, theouter frame body1642 can be sized and positioned relative to the innerframe anchoring feature1624 such that tissue of the body cavity positioned between theouter frame body1642 and the innerframe anchoring feature1624, such as native valve leaflets and/or a native valve annulus, can be engaged or pinched to further secure theprosthesis1600 to the tissue. As shown, the innerframe anchoring feature1624 includes nine anchors; however, it is to be understood that a fewer or greater number of anchors can be used. In some embodiments, the number of individual anchors can be chosen as a multiple of the number of commissures for thevalve body1660. For example, for avalve body1660 have three commissures, the innerframe anchoring feature1624 can have three individual anchors (1:1 ratio), six individual anchors (2:1 ratio), nine individual anchors (3:1 ratio), twelve individual anchors (4:1 ratio), fifteen individual anchors (5:1 ratio), or any other multiple of three. In some embodiments, the number of individual anchors does not correspond to the number of commissures of thevalve body1660.
• With continued reference to theprosthesis1600 illustrated inFIGS. 19-20, thevalve body1660 is attached to theinner frame1620 within an interior of the inner frame body1622. Thevalve body1660 functions as a one-way valve to allow blood flow in a first direction through thevalve body1660 and inhibit blood flow in a second direction through thevalve body1660.
• Thevalve body1660 can include a plurality of valve leaflets1662, for example three leaflets1662, which are joined at commissures. Thevalve body1660 can include one or moreintermediate components1664. Theintermediate components1664 can be positioned between a portion of, or the entirety of, the leaflets1662 and theinner frame1620 such that at least a portion of theleaflets1642 are coupled to theframe1620 via theintermediate component1664. In this manner, a portion of, or the entirety of, the portion of the valve leaflets1662 at the commissures and/or an arcuate edge of the valve leaflets1662 are not directly coupled or attached to theinner frame1620 and are indirectly coupled or “float” within theinner frame1620.
• With reference next to theouter skirt1680 illustrated inFIG. 19, theouter skirt1680 can be attached to theinner frame1620 and/orouter frame1640. As shown, theouter skirt1680 can be positioned around and secured to a portion of, or the entirety of, the exterior of theouter frame1640. Theinner skirt1690 can be attached to thevalve body1660 and theouter skirt1680. As shown inFIG. 40, a first end of theinner skirt1690 can be coupled to thevalve body1660 along portions of thevalve body1660 which are proximate theinner frame1620. A second end of theinner skirt1690 can be attached to the lower region of theouter skirt1680. In so doing, a smooth surface can be formed along under each of the leaflets. This can beneficially enhance hemodynamics by allowing blood to more freely circulate and reducing areas of stagnation.
• Although theprosthesis1600 has been described as including aninner frame1620, anouter frame1640, avalve body1660, andskirts1680,1690, it is to be understood that theprosthesis1600 need not include all components. For example, in some embodiments, theprosthesis1600 can include theinner frame1620, theouter frame1640, and thevalve body1660 while omitting theskirt1680. Moreover, although the components of theprosthesis1600 have been described and illustrated as separate components, it is to be understood that one or more components of theprosthesis1600 can be integrally or monolithically formed. For example, in some embodiments, theinner frame1620 and theouter frame1640 can be integrally or monolithically formed as a single component.
• FIG. 21 illustrates an embodiments of the frame ofprosthesis1600 which can have two different sizes. Theprostheses1600 may just be scaled for size, and there are no substantive/functional differences between the two.Prosthesis100 can also be made of various sizes.
• FIG. 22 shows theinner frame1520 ofprosthesis1600 andFIG. 23 shows theouter frame1540 ofprosthesis1600.
• FIG. 24 illustrates a distal end of an innerframe anchoring feature1624 ofprosthesis1600, though the same structure can be used for any of theprostheses100 disclosed herein. As shown, the distal tip1625 of the innerframe anchoring feature1624 can include two struts1627 ending with generally L-shaped anchors1629 that face circumferentially opposite directions. As shown, the L-shaped anchors1629 are not circumferentially aligned so that each L-shaped anchor1629 has a free end. For example, a first of the struts1627 can bend radially inward as compared to a second of the struts1627. The L-shaped anchors1629 can be spaced 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 mm away from each other. In some embodiments, more struts1627 and more anchors1629 can be used. The L-shaped anchors1629 provide for a greater area of attachment of any cushions/sutures, thereby preventing slippage or movement of the cushions.
Anchor Separator
• FIGS. 25A-27B illustrate embodiments of an anchor separator that can be used with any of the above-described embodiments of prostheses.
• In some loading procedures, the inner frame anchoring features disclosed herein may not load uniformly, but instead cross or spiral as they load. This non-uniform loading can be disadvantageous as it can cause non-uniform straining of the inner frame anchoring feature, which may make the prosthesis more prone to fracturing or cracking. The non-uniform loading can also cause increases in valve loading and/or deployment forces, which may cause further loads on the frame, on soft tissue, or on fabric/suturing components.
• Accordingly,FIGS. 25A-25B illustrate an embodiment of ananchor separator2500. As shown, theanchor separator2500 can be abody2502 having alumen2504 extending generally along a longitudinal centerline of thebody2502, and can include a plurality of longitudinally extendinggroves2506 formed by a plurality ofextensions2508 on an outer radial surface of thebody2502. Thebody2502 can be generally tubular with theextensions2508 extending radially off of thetubular body2502.
• As shown, theextensions2508 can be generally triangular shaped having a base of the triangle being the outer radialmost position, though the particular shape is not limiting.Adjacent extensions2508 form generallyrectangular grooves2506 or slots between them along a longitudinal length of thebody2502 configured to receive the inner frame anchoring features1624. In some embodiments, the extensions/grooves2508/2506 can extend fully along a longitudinal length of thebody2502. In some embodiments, the extensions/grooves2508/2506 can extend 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, or 75% of a longitudinal length of thebody2502. In some embodiments, the extensions/grooves2508/2506 can extend greater than 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, or 75% of a longitudinal length of thebody2502. In some embodiments, the extensions/grooves2508/2506 can extend less than 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, or 75% of a longitudinal length of thebody2502.
• In some embodiments, thebody2502 can have 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12grooves2506. In some embodiments, thebody2502 can have greater than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12grooves2506. In some embodiments, the body can have less than 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12grooves2506. In some embodiments, thebody2502 can have the same amount ofgrooves2506 as the prosthesis has inner frame anchoring features1624. In some embodiments, thebody2502 can havefewer grooves2506 than the replacement valve has inner frame anchoring features1624. In some embodiments, thebody2502 can havemore grooves2506 than the replacement valve has inner frame anchoring features1624.
• In some embodiments, such as shown inFIGS. 25A-25B, thebody2502 can be tapered radially inwards towards the proximal and distal ends of the body2502 (e.g., generally along a longitudinal axis). Further, as shown, theextensions2508 can similarly be radially tapered inwards on the proximal and distal ends. This can reduce or prevent theseparator2500 from catching on the deployed prostheses when the delivery system is retracted through the prosthesis.
• Accordingly, the inner frame anchoring features can be releasably loaded into thegrooves2506 to prevent them from twisting, rotating, moving, or displacing out of plane. The inner frame anchoring features can be retained in thegrooves2506 by a radially outer sheath, and when the sheath is removed the inner frame anchoring features1624 can release from thegrooves2506. An example prosthesis is shown inFIG. 26 with anchoring features1624 (but similarly could be used for124) inserted into theseparator2500. The inner frame anchoring features can be loaded uniformly around a circumference of theseparator2500.FIGS. 27A-27B illustrate theseparator2500 used with a delivery system, such asdelivery system10 disclosed below.
• In some embodiment, theseparator2500 can slide along a shaft, such as the nosecone shaft of the delivery system described in US Pat. App. Pub. Nos. 2017/0056169, 2016/0317301, 2017/0056171, 2019/0008640, the entirety of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, theseparator2500 can be fixed to the shaft. In some embodiments, theseparator2500 can have an axial/longitudinal degree of freedom along the shaft. In some embodiments, theseparator2500 can have a rotational degree of freedom along the shaft. Preferably, theseparator2500 can be axially fixed but can have free rotation. This can allow theseparator2500 to be adjusted as the prosthesis gets pulled inside the delivery system catheter, thereby aligning all of the inner frame anchoring features circumferentially. In some embodiments, theseparator2500 may not be attached to the delivery system.
Delivery System Suture Attachment
• FIGS. 28A-28B illustrate aprosthesis100, including any discussed above, having asuture2802 configured to attach to a delivery system, such as the one discussed below. For example, fingers, knobs, or shafts in the delivery system may releasable hold onto thesuture2802. In some embodiments, the delivery system can include an additional suture for connecting to suture2802, such as shown inFIG. 28B. Theadditional suture2804 can wrap around and/or intertwine withsuture2802 to connect theprosthesis100 to the delivery system.
• Thesuture2802 can be permanently attached to theprosthesis100 or can be removed upon delivery. In some embodiments, thesuture2802 can be biodegradable.
• As shown, thesuture2802 can generally extend around an outer circumference of the atrial end of theprosthesis100. In some embodiments, thesuture2802 can extend fully or partially around the circumference. Thesuture2802 can be attached to theprosthesis100 in a number of ways. In some embodiments, thesuture2802 can pass through theeyelets120 in the outer frame. Thesuture2802 can pass through all or some of theeyelets120. In some embodiments, thesuture2802 can wrap or otherwise attach to thetabs104 of the inner frame. In some embodiments, thesuture2802 can attach to both the outer frame and the inner frame. In some embodiments, thesuture2802 can be compressed between the two frames. In some embodiments, thesuture2802 can be attached, such as chemically or mechanically, to theprosthesis100.
Delivery System
• FIG. 35 illustrates an embodiment of a delivery device, system, orassembly10, such as described in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2019/0008640, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Thedelivery system10 can be used to deploy a prosthesis, such as a replacement heart valve, within the body. In some embodiments, thedelivery system10 can use a dual plane deflection approach to properly delivery the prosthesis. Replacement heart valves can be delivered to a patient's heart mitral valve annulus or other heart valve location in various manners, such as by open surgery, minimally-invasive surgery, and percutaneous or transcatheter delivery through the patient's vasculature. Example transfemoral approaches may be found in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2015/0238315, filed Feb. 20, 2015, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. While thedelivery system10 is described in connection with a percutaneous delivery approach, and more specifically a transfemoral delivery approach, it should be understood that features ofdelivery system10 can be applied to other delivery system, including delivery systems for a transapical delivery approach.
• Thedelivery system10 can be used to deploy a prosthesis, such as a replacement heart valve as described elsewhere in this specification, within the body. Thedelivery system10 can receive and/or cover portions of the prosthesis such as a first end (e.g., atrial end) and second end (e.g., ventricular end) of theprosthesis100. For example, thedelivery system10 may be used to deliver an expandable implant orprosthesis100, where theprosthesis100 includes the first end and the second end, and wherein the second end is configured to be deployed or expanded before the first end. Discussion of the attachment of theprosthesis100 to thedelivery system10 can be found in U.S. Publication No. 2015/0328000A1, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Further details and embodiments of a replacement heart valve or prosthesis and its method of implantation are described in U.S. Publication Nos. 2015/0328000 and 2016/0317301 the entirety of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference and made a part of this specification.
• Thedelivery system10 can be relatively flexible. In some embodiments, thedelivery system10 is particularly suitable for delivering a replacement heart valve to a mitral valve location through a transseptal approach (e.g., between the right atrium and left atrium via a transseptal puncture).
• As shown inFIG. 35, thedelivery system10 can include ashaft assembly12 comprising a proximal end11 and adistal end13, wherein ahandle14 is coupled to the proximal end of theassembly12. Theshaft assembly12 can be used to hold the prosthesis for advancement of the same through the vasculature to a treatment location. Thedelivery system10 can further comprise a relatively rigid live-on (or integrated)sheath51 surrounding theshaft assembly12 that can prevent unwanted motion of theshaft assembly12. The live-onsheath51 can be attached at a proximal end of theshaft assembly12 proximal to thehandle14, for example at a sheath hub. Theshaft assembly12 can include an implant retention area at its distal end that can be used for this purpose. In some embodiments, theshaft assembly12 can hold an expandable prosthesis in a compressed state at implant retention area for advancement of theprosthesis100 within the body. Theshaft assembly12 may then be used to allow controlled expansion of theprosthesis100 at the treatment location. In some embodiments, theshaft assembly12 may be used to allow for sequential controlled expansion of theprosthesis100. In some embodiments, theprosthesis100 may be rotated in the implant retention area.
• As discussed in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2019/0008640, the distal end of thedelivery system10 can include one or more subassemblies such as an outer sheath assembly, a mid shaft assembly, a rail assembly, an inner shaft assembly, and a nose cone assembly. In some embodiments, thedelivery system10 may not have all of the assemblies disclosed herein. For example, in some embodiments a full mid shaft assembly may not be incorporated into thedelivery system10.
• In particular, embodiments of the discloseddelivery system10 can utilize a steerable rail in the rail assembly for steering the distal end of thedelivery system10, allowing the implant to be properly located in a patient's body. The steerable rail can be, for example, a rail shaft that extends through thedelivery system10 from thehandle14 generally to the distal end. In some embodiments, the steerable rail has a distal end that ends proximal to the implant retention area. A user can manipulate the bending of the distal end of the rail, thereby bending the rail in a particular direction. In preferred embodiments, the rail has more than one bend along its length, thereby providing multiple directions of bending. As the rail is bent, it presses against the other assemblies to bend them as well, and thus the other assemblies of thedelivery system10 can be configured to steer along with the rail as a cooperating single unit, thus providing for full steerability of the distal end of the delivery system.
• Once the rail is steered into a particular location in a patient's body, theprosthesis100 can be advanced along or relative to the rail through the movement of the other sheaths/shafts relative to the rail and released into the body. For example, the rail can be bent into a desired position within the body, such as to direct theprosthesis100 towards the native mitral valve. The other assemblies (e.g., the outer sheath assembly, the mid shaft assembly, the inner assembly, and the nose cone assembly) can passively follow the bends of the rail. Further, the other assemblies (e.g., the outer sheath assembly, the mid shaft assembly, the inner assembly, and the nose cone assembly) can be advanced together (e.g., relatively together, sequentially with one actuator, simultaneously, almost simultaneously, at the same time, closely at the same time) relative to the rail while maintaining theprosthesis100 in the compressed position without releasing or expanding the prosthesis100 (e.g., within the implant retention area). The other assemblies (e.g., the outer sheath assembly, the mid shaft assembly, the inner assembly, and the nose cone assembly) can be advanced distally or proximally together relative to the rail. In some embodiments, only the outer sheath assembly, mid shaft assembly, and inner assembly are advanced together over the rail. Thus, the nose cone assembly may remain in the same position. The assemblies can be individually, sequentially, or simultaneously, translated relative to the inner assembly in order to release theimplant100 from the implant retention area.
• In some embodiments, the outer sheath assembly, the mid shaft assembly, the inner shaft assembly, and the nose cone assembly translate together (e.g., relatively together, sequentially with one actuator, simultaneously, almost simultaneously, at the same time, closely at the same time). This distal translation can occur while theimplant100 remains in a compressed configuration within the implant retention area.
• Starting with the outermost assembly, thedelivery system10 can include an outer sheath assembly forming a radially outer covering, or sheath, to surround an implant retention area and prevent the implant from radially expanding. Specifically, the outer sheath assembly can prevent radial expansion of the distal end of the implant from radially expanding. Moving radially inward, the mid shaft assembly can be composed of a mid shaft hypotube with its distal end attached to an outer retention member or outer retention ring for radially retaining a portion of the prosthesis in a compacted configuration, such as a proximal end of theprosthesis100. The mid shaft assembly can be located within a lumen of the outer sheath assembly. Moving further inwards, the rail assembly can be configured for steerability, as mentioned above and further described below. The rail assembly can be located within a lumen of the mid shaft assembly. Moving further inwards, the inner shaft assembly can be composed of an inner shaft with its distal end attached to inner retention member or inner retention ring (such as a PEEK ring) for axially retaining the prosthesis, for example the proximal end of the prosthesis. The inner shaft assembly can be located within a lumen of the rail assembly. Further, the most radially-inward assembly is the nose cone assembly which includes the nose cone shaft having its distal end connected to the nose cone. The nose cone can have a tapered tip. The nose cone assembly is preferably located within a lumen of the inner shaft assembly. The nose cone assembly can include a lumen for a guide wire to pass therethrough.
• Theshaft assembly12, and more specifically the nose cone assembly, inner assembly, rail assembly, mid shaft assembly, and outer sheath assembly, can be collectively configured to deliver aprosthesis100 positioned within the implant retention area to a treatment location. One or more of the subassemblies can then be moved to allow theprosthesis100 to be released at the treatment location. For example, one or more of the subassemblies may be movable with respect to one or more of the other subassemblies. Thehandle14 can include various control mechanisms that can be used to control the movement of the various subassemblies as will also be described in more detail below. In this way, theprosthesis100 can be controllably loaded onto thedelivery system10 and then later deployed within the body. Further, thehandle14 can provide steering to the rail assembly, providing for bending/flexing/steering of the distal end of thedelivery system10.
• The inner retention member, the outer retention ring, and the outer sheath assembly can cooperate to hold theprosthesis100 in a compacted configuration. The inner retention member can engage struts (for example132a/132b) at the proximal end of theprosthesis100 inFIG. 2. For example, slots located between radially extending teeth on the inner retention member can receive and engage the struts which may end in mushroom-shaped tabs on the proximal end of theprosthesis100. The mid shaft assembly can be positioned over the inner retention member so that the first end of theprosthesis100 is trapped between the inner retention member and the outer retention ring, thereby securely attaching it to thedelivery system10 between the mid shaft assembly and the inner retention member. The outer sheath assembly can be positioned to cover the second end of theprosthesis100.
• The outer retention member may be attached to a distal end of the mid shaft hypotube which can in turn be attached to a proximal tube at a proximal end, which in turn can be attached at a proximal end to thehandle14. The outer retention member can provide further stability to theprosthesis100 when in the compressed position. The outer retention member can be positioned over the inner retention member so that the proximal end of theprosthesis100 is trapped therebetween, securely attaching it to thedelivery system10. The outer retention member can encircle a portion of theprosthesis100, in particular the first end, thus preventing theprosthesis100 from expanding. Further, the mid shaft assembly can be translated proximally with respect to the inner assembly into the outer sheath assembly, thus exposing a first end of theprosthesis100 held within the outer retention member. In this way the outer retention member can be used to help secure aprosthesis100 to or release it from thedelivery system10. The outer retention member can have a cylindrical or elongate tubular shape, and may be referred to as an outer retention ring, though the particular shape is not limiting.
• The mid shaft hypotube itself can be made of, for example, high density polyethylene (HDPE), as well as other appropriate materials as described herein. The mid shaft hypotube can be formed of a longitudinally pre-compressed HDPE tube, which can provide certain benefits. For example, the pre-compressed HDPE tube can apply a force distally onto the outer retention member, thus preventing accidental, inadvertent, and/or premature release of theprosthesis100. Specifically, the distal force by the mid shaft hypotube keeps the distal end of the outer retention member distal to the inner retention member, thus preventing the outer retention member from moving proximal to the inner retention member before it is desired by a user to release theprosthesis100. This can remain true even when thedelivery system10 is bent/deflected at a sharp angle. Further disclosure for the outer retention member and mid shaft hypotube can be found in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2016/0317301, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• In the compressed position, the inner frame anchoring features124 can be located in a delivered configuration where the inner frame anchoring features124 point generally distally. The inner frame anchoring features124 can be restrained in this delivered configuration by the outer sheath assembly. Accordingly, when the outer sheath is withdrawn proximally, the inner frame anchoring features124 can flip positions (e.g., bend approximately 180 degrees) to a deployed configuration (e.g., pointing generally proximally). In other embodiments, the inner frame anchoring features124 can be held to point generally proximally in the delivered configuration and compressed against the body of the prosthesis frame.
• Thedelivery system10 may be provided to users with aprosthesis100 preinstalled. In other embodiments, theprosthesis100 can be loaded onto the delivery system shortly before use, such as by a physician or nurse.
Valve Delivery Positioning
• Methods of using thedelivery system10 in connection with a replacement mitral valve will now be described. In particular, thedelivery system10 can be used in a method for percutaneous delivery of a replacement mitral valve to treat patients with moderate to severe mitral regurgitation. The below methods are merely examples of the how the delivery system may be used. It will be understood that the delivery systems described herein can be used as part of other methods as well.
• As shown inFIG. 32, in one embodiment thedelivery system10 can be placed in the ipsilateralfemoral vein1074 and advanced toward theright atrium1076. A transseptal puncture using known techniques can then be performed to obtain access to theleft atrium1078. Thedelivery system10 can then be advanced in to theleft atrium1078 and then to theleft ventricle1080.FIG. 32 shows thedelivery system10 extending from the ipsilateralfemoral vein1074 to theleft atrium1078. In embodiments of the disclosure, a guide wire is not necessary to position thedelivery system10 in the proper position, although in other embodiments, one or more guide wires may be used.
• Accordingly, it can be advantageous for a user to be able to steer thedelivery system10 through the complex areas of the heart in order to position a replacement mitral valve in line with the native mitral valve. This task can be performed with or without the use of a guide wire with the above disclosed system. The distal end of the delivery system can be advanced into theleft atrium1078. A user can then manipulate the rail assembly to target the distal end of thedelivery system10 to the appropriate area. A user can then continue to pass thebent delivery system10 through the transseptal puncture and into theleft atrium1078. A user can then further manipulate thedelivery system10 to create an even greater bend in the rail assembly. Further, a user can torque theentire delivery system10 to further manipulate and control the position of thedelivery system10. In the fully bent configuration, a user can then place the replacement mitral valve in the proper location. This can advantageously allow delivery of a replacement valve to an in-situ implantation site, such as a native mitral valve, via a wider variety of approaches, such as a transseptal approach.
• The rail assembly can be particularly advantageous for entering into the native mitral valve. As discussed above, the rail assembly can form two bends, both of which can be located in theleft atrium1078. The bends in the rail assembly can position the prosthesis (such as any of the designs disclosed above) so that it is coaxial with the native mitral valve. Once the prosthesis is coaxial, the outer sheath assembly, mid shaft assembly, inner assembly, and nose cone assembly can together be advanced (e.g., using a depth knob of a handle) distally relative to the rail assembly. These assemblies advance straight off of the rail assembly, thus advancing them coaxial with the native mitral valve until the prosthesis is to be released while maintain the prosthesis in the compressed configuration, as discussed below.
• Reference is now made toFIG. 33 which illustrates a schematic representation of a portion of an embodiment of areplacement heart valve100 positioned within a native mitral valve of aheart83. Further details regarding how the prosthesis may be positioned at the native mitral valve are described in U.S. Publication No. 2015/0328000A1, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated by reference, including but not limited to FIGS. 13A-15 and paragraphs [0036]-[0045]. A portion of the native mitral valve is shown schematically and represents typical anatomy, including a left atrium positioned above anannulus1106 and a left ventricle positioned below theannulus1106. The left atrium and left ventricle communicate with one another through amitral annulus1106. Also shown schematically inFIG. 33 is a nativemitral leaflet1108 havingchordae tendineae1110 that connect a downstream end of themitral leaflet1108 to the papillary muscle of theleft ventricle1080. The portion of theprosthesis100 disposed upstream of the annulus1106 (toward the left atrium) can be referred to as being positioned supra-annularly. The portion generally within theannulus1106 is referred to as positioned intra-annularly. The portion downstream of theannulus1106 is referred to as being positioned sub-annularly (toward the left ventricle).
• As shown inFIG. 33, the replacement heart valve (e.g., prosthesis100) can be positioned so that themitral annulus1106 is located above the inner frame anchoring features124. In some situations, theprosthesis100 can be positioned such that ends or tips of the inner frame anchoring features124 contact theannulus1106 as shown, for example, inFIG. 33. In some situations, theprosthesis100 can be positioned such that ends or tips of the inner frame anchoring features124 do not contact theannulus1106. In some situations, theprosthesis100 can be positioned such that the inner frame anchoring features124 do not extend around theleaflet1108.
• As illustrated inFIG. 33, thereplacement heart valve70 can be positioned so that the ends or tips of the inner frame anchoring features124 are on a ventricular side of themitral annulus1106. The inner frame anchoring features124 can be positioned such that the ends or tips of the inner frame anchoring features124 are on a ventricular side of the native leaflets beyond a location wherechordae tendineae1110 connect to free ends of the native leaflets. The inner frame anchoring features124 may extend between at least some of thechordae tendineae1110 and, in some situations such as those shown inFIG. 33, can contact or engage a ventricular side of theannulus1106. It is also contemplated that in some situations, the inner frame anchoring features124 may not contact theannulus1106, though the inner frame anchoring features124 may still contact thenative leaflet1108. In some situations, the inner frame anchoring features124 can contact tissue of theleft ventricle104 beyond theannulus1106 and/or a ventricular side of the leaflets.
• During delivery, the inner frame anchoring features124 (along with the frame) can be moved toward the ventricular side of theannulus1106, such as by translating the other assemblies proximally with respect to the rail assembly, with the inner frame anchoring features124 extending between at least some of thechordae tendineae1110 to provide tension on thechordae tendineae1110. The degree of tension provided on thechordae tendineae1110 can differ. For example, little to no tension may be present in thechordae tendineae1110 where theleaflet1108 is shorter than or similar in size to the inner frame anchoring features124. A greater degree of tension may be present in thechordae tendineae1110 where theleaflet1108 is longer than the inner frame anchoring features124 and, as such, takes on a compacted form and is pulled proximally. An even greater degree of tension may be present in thechordae tendineae1110 where theleaflets1108 are even longer relative to the inner frame anchoring features124. Theleaflet1108 can be sufficiently long such that the inner frame anchoring features124 do not contact theannulus1106.
• As discussed above, theprosthesis100 may not include an outer frame anchoring feature. However, some embodiments such as shown inFIG. 12 may include the outerframe anchoring feature144. The outerframe anchoring feature144, if present, can be positioned such that the ends or tips of the outerframe anchoring feature144 are adjacent the atrial side of theannulus1106 and/or tissue of the left atrium beyond theannulus1106. In some situations, some or all of the outerframe anchoring feature144 may only occasionally contact or engage atrial side of theannulus1106 and/or tissue of theleft atrium1078 beyond theannulus1106. For example, the outerframe anchoring feature144 may be spaced from the atrial side of theannulus1106 and/or tissue of the left atrium beyond theannulus1106. The outerframe anchoring feature144 could provide axial stability for theprosthesis100. It is also contemplated that some or all of the outerframe anchoring feature144 may contact the atrial side of theannulus1106 and/or tissue of the left atrium beyond theannulus1106.FIG. 34 illustrates theprosthesis100 implanted in theheart83. Although the illustrated replacement heart valve includes both proximal and distal anchors, it will be appreciated that proximal and distal anchors are not required in all cases. For example, a replacement heart valve with only distal anchors may be capable of securely maintaining the replacement heart valve in the annulus. This is because the largest forces on the replacement heart valve are directed toward the left atrium during systole. As such, the distal anchors are most important for anchoring the replacement heart valve in the annulus and preventing migration.
• From the foregoing description, it will be appreciated that an inventive product and approaches for implantable prostheses are disclosed. While several components, techniques and aspects have been described with a certain degree of particularity, it is manifest that many changes can be made in the specific designs, constructions and methodology herein above described without departing from the spirit and scope of this disclosure.
• Certain features that are described in this disclosure in the context of separate implementations can also be implemented in combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single implementation can also be implemented in multiple implementations separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations, one or more features from a claimed combination can, in some cases, be excised from the combination, and the combination may be claimed as any subcombination or variation of any subcombination.
• Moreover, while methods may be depicted in the drawings or described in the specification in a particular order, such methods need not be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, and that all methods need not be performed, to achieve desirable results. Other methods that are not depicted or described can be incorporated in the example methods and processes. For example, one or more additional methods can be performed before, after, simultaneously, or between any of the described methods. Further, the methods may be rearranged or reordered in other implementations. Also, the separation of various system components in the implementations described above should not be understood as requiring such separation in all implementations, and it should be understood that the described components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single product or packaged into multiple products. Additionally, other implementations are within the scope of this disclosure.
• Conditional language, such as “can,” “could,” “might,” or “may,” unless specifically stated otherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include or do not include, certain features, elements, and/or steps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features, elements, and/or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments.
• Conjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y, and Z,” unless specifically stated otherwise, is otherwise understood with the context as used in general to convey that an item, term, etc. may be either X, Y, or Z. Thus, such conjunctive language is not generally intended to imply that certain embodiments require the presence of at least one of X, at least one of Y, and at least one of Z.
• Language of degree used herein, such as the terms “approximately,” “about,” “generally,” and “substantially” as used herein represent a value, amount, or characteristic close to the stated value, amount, or characteristic that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result. For example, the terms “approximately”, “about”, “generally,” and “substantially” may refer to an amount that is within less than or equal to 10% of, within less than or equal to 5% of, within less than or equal to 1% of, within less than or equal to 0.1% of, and within less than or equal to 0.01% of the stated amount. If the stated amount is 0 (e.g., none, having no), the above recited ranges can be specific ranges, and not within a particular % of the value. For example, within less than or equal to 10 wt./vol. % of, within less than or equal to 5 wt./vol. % of, within less than or equal to 1 wt./vol. % of, within less than or equal to 0.1 wt./vol. % of, and within less than or equal to 0.01 wt./vol. % of the stated amount.
• Some embodiments have been described in connection with the accompanying drawings. The figures are drawn to scale, but such scale should not be limiting, since dimensions and proportions other than what are shown are contemplated and are within the scope of the disclosed inventions. Distances, angles, etc. are merely illustrative and do not necessarily bear an exact relationship to actual dimensions and layout of the devices illustrated. Components can be added, removed, and/or rearranged. Further, the disclosure herein of any particular feature, aspect, method, property, characteristic, quality, attribute, element, or the like in connection with various embodiments can be used in all other embodiments set forth herein. Additionally, it will be recognized that any methods described herein may be practiced using any device suitable for performing the recited steps.
• While a number of embodiments and variations thereof have been described in detail, other modifications and methods of using the same will be apparent to those of skill in the art. Accordingly, it should be understood that various applications, modifications, materials, and substitutions can be made of equivalents without departing from the unique and inventive disclosure herein or the scope of the claims.

Claims (20)

What is claimed is:

1. A method of replacing a native mitral valve, the method comprising:

advancing a delivery catheter through a patient's vasculature, the delivery catheter having a replacement valve prosthesis disposed along a distal end portion thereof and configured to transition between a compressed configuration and an expanded configuration, wherein the replacement valve prosthesis comprises:

an inner frame having an hourglass shape when the prosthesis is in the expanded configuration;

an outer frame connected to the inner frame,

wherein, when the prosthesis is in the expanded configuration, a longitudinal length of the outer frame overlaps with at least an intermediate region of the inner frame;

a valve body coupled to a curved interior surface of the inner frame formed by the hourglass shape of the inner frame, the valve body comprising a plurality of leaflets arranged to allow blood flow in a first direction and prevent blood flow in a second direction opposite the first direction,

wherein, when the prosthesis is in the expanded configuration and the valve body is in the open configuration, the leaflets are adapted to have a longitudinal curvature that follows the curved hourglass shape of the inner frame such that the leaflets conform to and lie flush against the curved interior surface of the inner frame;

releasing the prosthesis from the delivery catheter so that the prosthesis expands from the compressed configuration to the expanded configuration within the native mitral valve; and

removing the delivery catheter from the patient's vasculature.

2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein, when the valve body is in the open configuration, only a free edge at a distal end of each of the leaflets does not contact the inner frame.

3. The method ofclaim 1, wherein an upper region of the inner frame and an upper region of the outer frame each comprises corresponding eyelets, and wherein the inner frame and the outer frame are attached via the corresponding eyelets of the inner frame and the outer frame.

4. The method ofclaim 1, wherein, when the prosthesis is in the expanded configuration and when the valve body is in the open configuration, an intermediate portion of a longitudinal length of each of the leaflets contacts a waist of the intermediate region of the inner frame.

5. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the inner frame further comprises a plurality of inner frame anchoring features extending radially outwardly and then proximally toward a proximal end of the prosthesis when the prosthesis is in the expanded configuration.

6. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the outer frame has a bulbous shape.

7. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the outer frame comprises a circumferential shoulder spaced from a proximal end of the outer frame and the distal end of the outer frame, the circumferential shoulder being a radially outermost portion of the outer frame.

8. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the prosthesis further comprises a fabric skirt connected to an outer surface of a distal end of the inner frame.

9. The method ofclaim 8, wherein the fabric skirt is held in tension between the outer frame and the inner frame.

10. A method of replacing a native mitral valve, the method comprising:

advancing a delivery catheter through a patient's vasculature, the delivery catheter having a replacement valve prosthesis disposed along a distal end portion thereof and configured to transition between a compressed configuration and an expanded configuration, wherein the replacement valve prosthesis comprises:

an inner frame comprising an upper region, an intermediate region, and a lower region,

wherein, when the prosthesis is in the expanded configuration, the intermediate region has a narrower diameter than both the upper region and the lower region so as to form an interior surface that tapers radially inward from the upper region toward the intermediate region and tapers radially outward from the intermediate region to the lower region;

an outer frame connected to the inner frame,

wherein, when the prosthesis is in the expanded configuration, at least the intermediate region of the inner frame is positioned radially within a portion of a length of the outer frame; and

a valve body connected along the interior surface of the inner frame, the valve body comprising a plurality of leaflets arranged to allow blood flow in a first direction and prevent blood flow in a second direction,

wherein, when the prosthesis is in the expanded configuration, each of the leaflets has a longitudinal curvature that conforms to the interior surface of the inner frame;

releasing at least a portion of the prosthesis from the delivery catheter so that the prosthesis expands from the compressed configuration to the expanded configuration within the native mitral valve; and

removing the delivery catheter from the patient's vasculature.

11. The method ofclaim 10, wherein the upper region of the inner frame and an upper region of the outer frame each comprises corresponding eyelets, and wherein the inner frame and the outer frame are coupled together via the corresponding eyelets of the inner frame and the outer frame.

12. The method ofclaim 10, wherein, when the prosthesis is in the expanded configuration and when the valve body is in the open configuration, an intermediate portion of a longitudinal length of each of the leaflets contacts a waist of the intermediate region of the inner frame.

13. The method ofclaim 10, wherein the outer frame comprises a circumferential shoulder spaced from a proximal end of the outer frame and a distal end of the outer frame, the circumferential shoulder being a radially outermost portion of the outer frame.

14. The method ofclaim 10, wherein over 90% of a longitudinal length of each of the leaflets contacts the interior surface of the inner frame when the valve body is in the open configuration.

15. The method ofclaim 10, wherein only a free edge at a distal end of each of the leaflets does not contact the inner frame when the valve body is in the open configuration.

16. A method of replacing a native heart valve, the method comprising:

advancing a delivery catheter through a patient's vasculature, the delivery catheter having a replacement valve prosthesis disposed along a distal end portion thereof and configured to transition between a compressed configuration and an expanded configuration, wherein the replacement valve prosthesis comprises:

an inner frame comprising an upper region, an intermediate region, and a lower region,

wherein the intermediate region has a smaller diameter than the upper region and the lower region so as to form a first curved interior surface extending from the upper region to the intermediate region and a second curved interior surface extending from the lower region to the intermediate region;

an outer frame connected to the inner frame, and

a valve body positioned within the inner frame, the valve body comprising a plurality of leaflets arranged to allow blood flow in a first direction and prevent blood flow in a second direction,

wherein, when the prosthesis is in the expanded configuration and the valve body is in an open configuration, a longitudinal length of each leaflet is adapted to have a final curvature that conforms to the curved interior surface of the inner frame;

releasing at least a portion of the prosthesis from the delivery catheter so that the prosthesis expands from the compressed configuration to the expanded configuration within the native heart valve; and

removing the delivery catheter from the patient's vasculature.

17. The method ofclaim 16, wherein the native heart valve is a mitral valve.

18. The method ofclaim 16, wherein the native heart valve is a tricuspid valve.

19. The method ofclaim 16, wherein over 90% of the longitudinal length of each leaflet contacts at least one of the first and second curved interior surfaces of the inner frame when the valve body is in the open configuration.

20. The method ofclaim 16, wherein only a free edge at a distal end of each of the plurality of leaflets does not contact the inner frame when the valve body is in the open configuration.

Images